Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
ILS (Instrument Landing System)
[Definition]
Instrument Landing System (ILS) is defined as a precision runway approach
aid based on two radio beams which together provide pilots with both
vertical and horizontal guidance during an approach to land.
An Instrument Landing System is a precision runway approach aid employing
two radio beams to provide pilots with vertical and horizontal guidance
during the landing approach. The localizer (LOC) provides azimuth guidance,
while the glideslope (GS) defines the correct vertical descent profile. Marker
beacons and high intensity runways lights may also be provided as aids to
the use of an ILS, although the former are more likely nowadays to have
been replaced by a DME integral to the ILS or one otherwise located on the
aerodrome, for example with a VOR.
[ILS Ground Equipment]
Localizer
This equipment provides lateral guidance to the runway centreline
from about 5nm out.(five nautical miles). The localizer is used to
provide lateral guidance to the aircraft and thus allows for tracking the
extended runway centreline. The localizer information is typically
displayed on a course deviation indicator (CDI) which is used by the
pilot until visual contact is made and the landing completed. The
localizer radiates on a carrier frequency between 108 to 112 MHz with
50 kHz channel spacing. This carrier is modulated with audio tones of
90 Hz, 150 Hz, and 1020 Hz. The 1020 Hz tone is used for facility
identification.
Glide Path
This equipment provides the aircraft with a glide angle - usually 3
degrees. The Localizer and Glide Path combine to bring the aircraft to a

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
point where the aircraft is 50 feet high at the runway threshold
(decision point).
The glide slope provides the pilot with vertical guidance. This signal
gives the pilot information on the horizontal needle of the CDI to allow
the aircraft to descend at the proper angle to the runway touchdown
point. The glide slope radiates on a carrier frequency between 329 and
335 MHz and is also modulated with 90 Hz and 150 Hz tones. The glide
slope frequencies are paired with the localizer, meaning the pilot has
to tune only one receiver control.
Markers Beacons
Marker beacons are used to alert the pilot that an action (e.g., altitude
check) is needed. This information is presented to the pilot by audio
and visual cues. The ILS may contain three marker beacons: inner,
middle and outer. The inner marker is used only for Category II
operations. The marker beacons are located at specified intervals
along the ILS approach and are identified by discrete audio and visual
characteristics (see Table 1). All marker beacons operate on a
frequency of 75 MHz.
Marker Beacon Characteristics
Marker
Beacon

Pilot Alert

Distance to
Threshold

Modulated
frequency

Audio
Keying

Outer

Glide Path Intercept

4 to 7nm

400Hz

------

Middle

Category 1 Decision
Height

3500 ft

1300Hz

.-.-.-

Inner

Category 2 Decision
Height

1000 ft

3000Hz

......

1. The Outer Marker at approximately 5nm helps the a/c adjust its course and height.
2. The Middle Marker is located at approximately 3500 feet and used similarly.
3. The Inner Maker at 1000 feet is used only for Category II operations.

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
[Advantages and Disadvantages]
The localizer and glide slope beams are subject to interference. There I was,
flying a Boeing Cat II minimums, just 150' in the air when a truck drives
through the localizer beam at the opposite side of the runway. The localizer
beam decided it needed to be several hundred feet to the right and the
airplane decided it needed to chase the beam with maximum bank angle.
The ILS is easy, you can find them at most airports, and you can use airports
with ILS approaches as alternates.
[Limitations]
Localizer and glide-slope signals are subject to the same type of bounce from
hard objects as space waves.
Reflection. Surface vehicles and even other aircraft flying below 5,000 feet
above ground level (AGL) may disturb the signal for aircraft on the approach.
False courses. In addition to the desired course, glideslope facilities
inherently produce additional courses at higher vertical angles. The angle of
the lowest of these false courses will occur at approximately 912. An
aircraft flying the LOC/glide-slope course at a constant altitude would
observe gyrations of both the glide-slope needle and glide-slope warning flag
as the aircraft passed through the various false courses. Getting established
on one of these false courses will result in either confusion (reversed glideslope needle indications), or result in the need for a very high descent rate.
However, if the approach is conducted at the altitudes specified on the
appropriate approach chart, these false courses will not be encountered.
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)
[Definition]
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) include constellations of Earthorbiting satellites that broadcast their locations in space and time, of

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
networks of ground control stations, and of receivers that calculate ground
positions by trilateration.
GNSS are used in all forms of transportation: space stations, aviation,
maritime, rail, road and mass transit. Positioning, navigation and timing play
a critical role in telecommunications, land surveying, law enforcement,
emergency response, precision agriculture, mining, finance, scientific
research and so on. They are used to control computer networks, air traffic,
power grids and more.
[Satellite Navigation]
Satellite navigation and positioning data are now used in a wide range of
areas that include mapping and surveying, monitoring of the environment,
precision agriculture and natural resources management, disaster warning
and emergency response, aviation, maritime and land transportation and
research areas such as climate change and ionospheric studies.
Modern satellite navigation is based on the use of no-request range
measurements between navigational satellite and the user. It means that the
information about the satellite's coordinates given to the user, is included
into navigation signal. The way of range measurements is based on the
calculation of the receiving signal time delay compared with the signals,
generated by the users equipment.
Every satellite has calibration oscillator of the reference frequency f0 =
10,23 Hz, which forms the signals from its oscillation, named L1 and L2.
They are used as encoded signals transmissitters and data senders, they are
also used for the most precise ranging between the user and the satellite.

[GPS overview]
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S.-owned utility that provides
users with positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services. This system
consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment, and the
user segment. The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the
space and control segments.

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
Each GPS satellite transmits data on two frequencies, L1 (1575.42 Mhz) and
L2 (1227.60 MHz). The atomic clocks aboard the satellite produces the
fundamental L-band frequency, 10.23 Mhz. The L1and L2 carrier frequencies
are generated by multiplying the fundamental frequency by 154 and 120,
respectively. Two pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes, along with satellite
ephemerides (Broadcast Ephemerides), ionospheric modeling coefficients,
status information, system time, and satellite clock corrections, are
superimposed onto the carrier frequencies, L1 and L2. The measured travel
times of the signals from the satellites to the receivers are used to compute
the pseudo ranges.

[GPS Segment]

Space segment

Space segment composed of navigation satellites, which generate a group of

radionavigational signals transferring a huge overhead information content
simultaneously. Main functions of every satellite are- forming and beaming of
radiosignals, which are necessary for users navigation determination and
satellites onboard systems control.

Earth segment

Earth segment is composed of cosmodrome, command-measuring complex

(CMC) and control centre. Cosmodrome provides taking the satellites to the
required orbits, during the first deploying of the navigation system, and also
periodical compensation of the constellation on the scope of satellites fails.
Command-measuring complex serves for the navigational satellites
information supply, necessary for the navigation sessions implementation,
and also for its control as the space crafts. Control Centre, connected with
the cosmodrome and command-measuring complex, coordinates the
operation of all the satellites systems.

Users segment

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
User's segment is composed of users equipment. It serves for the navigation
signals reception, navigation parameters measuring and measurements
processing. For solving of the navigation problems, users equipment has
special embedded computer. The variety of user's equipment provides the
needs of ground, sea, aviation and space users.

[GPS Operation]
GPS satellites transmit two radio signals. These are designated as L1 and L2.
A Civilian GPS uses the L1 signal frequency (1575.42 MHz) in the UHF band.
The signals travel by line of sight, meaning they will pass through clouds,
glass, plastic etc but will not travel through solid objects such as buildings
and mountains.

The GPS signal contains three different bits of information a pseudo

random code, almanac data and ephemeris data.
The pseudo random code is simply an I. D. code that identifies which satellite
is transmitting information. You can often view this number on your GPS
unit's satellite information page, the number attached to each signal bar
identifies which satellites it's receiving a signal from.
Almanac data is data that describes the orbital courses of the satellites.
Every satellite will broadcast almanac data for EVERY satellite. Your GPS
receiver uses this data to determine which satellites it expects to see in the
local sky. It can then determine which satellites it should track. With Almanac
data the receiver can concentrate on those satellites it can see and forget
about those that would be over the horizon and out of view. Almanac data is
not precise and can be valid for many months.
Ephemeris data is data that tells the GPS receiver where each GPS satellite
should be at any time throughout the day. Each satellite will broadcast its
OWN ephemeris data showing the orbital information for that satellite only.
Because ephemeris data is very precise orbital and clock correction data
necessary for precise positioning, its validity is much shorter. It is broadcast
in three six second blocks repeated every 30 seconds. The data is considered
Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
valid for up to 4 hours but different manufacturers consider it valid for
different periods with some treating it as stale after only 2 hours.

[Other GNSS]
There are satellite-based augmentation systems, such as the United States
Wide-area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary
Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Russian System of Differential
Correction and Monitoring (SDCM), the Indian GPS Aided Geo Augmented
Navigation (GAGAN) and Japanese Multi-functional Transport Satellite
(MTSAT) Satellite-based Augmentation Systems (MSAS). Combining them
with proven terrestrial technologies such as inertial navigation, will open the
door to new applications for socio-economic benefits. The latter are
applications that require not just accuracy, but in particular reliability or
integrity. Safety-critical transportation applications, such as the landing of
civilian aircraft, have stringent accuracy and integrity requirements.

ILS VS GNSS
With GNSS:
Approach/Departure path
Narrow lateral linear segments
Less of missed approaches
Incremental capabilities
More Prcised Approach and advantage to Multiple Runway Ends
Greater Siting Flexibility
Multiple Glideslopes For Aircraft Simultaneously Approaching the Same Runway
Facilitates access into airports in complex environments e.g. high terrain
Efficiency Benefits
Elimination of ILS Critical Areas

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score:

Ateneo de Naga University

GE5
College of Engineering
Department of ECE and CpE
1
Navigational Aids
[ECTE002]
Closely Spaced Parallel Approaches
Safety Benefits
Reduced Accidents due to Greater Precision Approach Coverage;
Advanced Surface Guidance in Low Visibility;
Societal Benefits
Ability to Use Common Avionics/Procedures Worldwide For Seamless and Simplified
Navigation
Reduced Impact on Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Economy
More possible Potential for lower minima (CAT II/III)
More fuel efficient profiles
Reduces costs for operators due to less of equipments

REFERENCES:
Griffin, D. (2011, June 26). How does the Global Positioning System (GPS) work ?
Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://www.pocketgpsworld.com/howgpsworks.php
The Global Positioning System. (2014, February 11). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from
http://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/
Satellite navigation principles. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from
https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/guide/navfaq.php
http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2013/Ed_GNSS_eBook.pdf
R.J.Bandet,
R.
(n.d.).
Glide
Path.
Retrieved
June
10,
2015,
from
http://www.pilotfriend.com/training/flight_training/nav/ils.htm
Instrument Landing System (ILS). (2015, March 16). Retrieved June 10, 2015, from
http://code7700.com/ils.html#advantages
http://www.aci.aero/Media/aci/file/2008%20Events/Safety%20Seminar
%202008/Speakers/day%202/Dr%20Sean%20XIAO%20ILS%20Replacement.pdf

Name:
LUCIO,
DANILYN P
Year: 5th Year BS ECE

Course Code:
ECTE 002
Navigational
Aids

Nature of Activity:
Assignment 1 (ILS Vs GNSS)
Date: June 11, 2015

Score: