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Honor and
Integrity
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Chapter 6
Air Conditioning System
Basic
Window
Colls
Air
Inside
Conditioner
a HOT)
Condenser
Fan Motor
(COLO)
Coils
Expansion
valve
Evaporator
CONDENSER
F I LTE R D E H Y D R ATO R
BLOW tfi
E VAP O R ATO R
COMPRESSOR
H I G H P R H S U R E i U F E i H E ATE O Y f c P O R r - G N S t S S L R E W P W
L O W P F F 5 5 T J S E C O L D YAP O H
Cn
:uu u
EXPANSION VALVE
WT-JOPsa
Air Conditioning
Introduction to Air Conditioning
A system that keeps air cool and dry.
Air conditioning may be required in buildings which have a high heat gain and as a result a high
internal temperature.
The heat gain may be from solar radiation and/or internal gains such as people, lights and business
machines.
The diagram below shows some typical heat gains in a room.
Solar Radiation: Up
to 700 W/m2 glass
area (U.K.)
CT
t*
i f
1
Occupants (sedentary):
Sensible gain 90-100 Watt per person
Latent gain 40Watts per person
Sensible Gain Lights:
G 5 to 25 W/m2 floor
area.
http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index files/ac1.htm
o
If the inside temperature of a space rises to about 25 C then air conditioning will probably be necessary to maintain comfort
levels.
This internal temperature (around 25oC) may change depending on some variables such as:
type of building
location of building
duration of high internal temperature
expected comfort conditions.
degree of air movement
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-change-rate-room-d 867.htmlAIR
CHANGE RATE REFERENCE
percentage saturation
In some buildings it may be possible to maintain a comfortable environment with mechanical ventilation but the air change rate
(A measure of how quickly the air in an interior space is replace by outside (or conditioned) air by ventilation and infiltration) will
tend to be high (above about 8 air changes per hour) which can in itself cause air distribution problems.
Since air conditioning is both expensive to install and maintain, it is
Lower level of
best avoided if possible.
This may possibly be achieved by careful building design and by uti
window blinds or shading methods
heat absorbing glass
heat reflecting glass
openable windows
higher ceilings
smaller windows on south facing facades
alternative lighting schemes.
The diagram shows some of these methods.
If air conditioning is the only answer to adequate comfort in a building then the main choice of system can be considered.
Full comfort air conditioning can be used in summer to provide cool air (approx. 13oC to 18oC) in summer and
warm air (approx. 28oC to 36oC) in winter.
Also the air is cleaned by filters, dehumidified to remove moisture or humidified to add moisture.
Air conditioning systems fall into three main categories, and are detailed in the following pages;
First, let study the Psychrometry for air conditioning and discusses some properties of moist air.
Psychrometrics or psychrometry are terms used to describe the field of engineering concerned
with the determination of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures (which deal
with air and water vapor mixtures).
Although the principles of psychrometry apply to any physical system consisting of gas-vapor
mixtures, the most common system of interest is the mixture of water vapor and air, because of its
application in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and meteorology.
In human terms, our comfort is in large part a consequence of, not just the temperature of the
surrounding air, but (because we cool ourselves via perspiration) the extent to which that air is
saturated with water vapor.
The Ideal Gas Laws are used to determine psychrometric data for air so that the engineer can carry
out calculations.
To make life easier a chart has been compiled with all the relevant psychrometric data indicated.
This is called the Psychrometric Chart.
Note:
i.
For a given, fixed, total air-vapor pressure, the properties of the mixture are given in graphical form on
a psychrometric chart.
Temperalui&
Enthalpy
Relative
Humitfily
Dewpoint____i
Temperature
Humidity
Ratio
Dry-Bulb *"
Temperature!
_SpecHic
Volume
t
C
O
Cooling (lowering
temperature),
Heating (raising temperature),
Humidifying (adding moisture),
Dehumidifying (removing
moisture)
4. Percentage saturation
The Percentage saturation is another indication of the amount of moisture in air.
This is the ratio of the moisture content of moist air to the moisture content of saturated air at the same temperature.
When air is saturated it is at 100% saturation and cannot hold any more moisture.
5. Specific enthalpy
This is the amount of heat energy (kJ) in air per kg.
If heat is added to the air at a heater battery for example, then the amount to be added can be determined from Specific enthalpy change.
6. Specific volume
This is the volume of moist air (dry air + water vapour) per unit mass.
The units of measurement are m3 per kg.
Also specific volume = 1 / density.
Normal Temperature [
Barometric Pressure: 101.325 kPa
1992 American Society of Heating, C
Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.
Sensible
Total heat
Enthalpy I
Humidity ratio A W
Psychrometric Chart
PERCENTAGE SATURATION 90
80 70 60 50 40
30
20
WET-BULB
TEMPERATURE 30,
MOISTURE
CONTENT
Rg/kg da.
SPECIFIC 50
ENTHALPY
kJ/kfi /
SPECIFIC _
VOLUME nf
0.35
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE C
Example:
http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index files/psy4.htm
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY kJ/ko
14-46 The pressure, temperature, and wet-bulb temperature of an are specified. The adiabatic saturation temperature is to be
determined.
Anafysis For an adiabatic saturation process, we obtained Eq. 14-14 in the text,
Water
-W
which is equal to the inlet specific humidlty. Therefore, the adiabatic saturation temperature is
T2 = 29C
k
2
<p2 = 1) and
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
Atmospheric air
The atmosphere is a mixture of air (oxygen and nitrogen) and water vapour.
The air in the atmosphere normally contains some water vapor and is referred to atmospheric
air.
Air that contains no water is called dry air.
Although the amount of water vapor in the air is small, it plays a major role in human comfort.
Therefore it is an important consideration in air conditioning applications.
The dry air and vapor of atmospheric air in air conditioning application range (temperature
changes from -10 C to 50 C) can be treated as ideal gas.
Since water vapor is an ideal gas, the enthaply of water vapor is function of temperature only, h
= h(T).
In the temperature range encountered in air-conditioning applications, both the dry air and the
water vapor can be treated as ideal gases.
The enthalpy change of dry air during a process can be determined from
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
The partial
pressure of vapor,
increases with the
amount of vapor
in air
The enthalpy of water vapor in the air can be taken to be equal to the enthalpy of the
saturated vapor at the same temperature:
(kj/kg)
T in C
southern U.S.
2008 CarsonDunlop.co
HUMIDITY
If the air is at 100-percent relative humidity, sweat will not evaporate into the air.
As a result, we feel much hotter than the actual temperature when the relative
humidity is high.
-Relative humidity is the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the highest possible absolute humidity
(which depends on the current air temperature). A reading of 100 percent relative humidity means that the air
is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more, creating the possibility of rain. This doesn't
mean that the relative humidity must be 100 percent in order for it to rain -- it must be 100 percent where the
clouds are forming, but the relative humidity near the ground could be much less.
- Humans are very sensitive to humidity, as the skin relies on the air to get rid of moisture. The process of
sweating is your body's attempt to keep cool and maintain its current temperature. If the air is at 100-percent
relative humidity, sweat will not evaporate into the air. As a result, we feel much hotter than the actual
temperature when the relative humidity is high. If the relative humidity is low, we can feel much cooler than
the actual temperature because our sweat evaporates easily, cooling -us off.
a=
RP
a
p
a
Pv = 0 dry air
Pv < 3.1698 kPa - unsaturated air
Pv= 3.1698 kPa 0 saturated air.
= 0.622
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
Relative humidity (0) is a term used to describe the amount of water vapor that exists in a
gaseous mixture of air and water vapor.
The comfort level depends more on the amount of moisture the air holds(^ v) relative to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature(^ g).
The ratio of these two quantities is called the relative humidity
f
m
v
Specific humidity
a = 0.622
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
P-P
0.622
Enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit mass of dry air, instead of per unit mass of
the air-water-vapor mixture, as
H = Ha + Hv = maha + mvhv
Specific enthalpy:
m
h = h + ^h
a
since
m
a
h=h
g
= ha + ahv
= CpT + ahg
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Duty, Honor and
integrity In
ha= 1.005/
kJ/kg.C
h= 1.005t + rn( 2501 + 1.863t) kJ/kg.C
14-14 Humid air is expanded in ail isentropiq nozzle. The amount of water vapor that has condensed during the process
is to be determined.
Assumptions The ail and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Properties The specific heat ratio of air at room temperature is k = 1.4 (Table A-2a). The saturation properties of water
are to be obtained from water tables.
Analysis Since rlie mole fraction of the water vapor in this mixture is very small.
\
r2 m
= (502 K)
Tx
lOOkPa
700 kPa
\ 0.4.'L4
= 288 K
We will assume that the air leaves the nozzle at a relative humidity of
100% (will be verified later). The vapor pressur e and specific
humidity at the outlet are then
P\\2 - $ 2 P g . 2 ^2^t@L5 D C
0.622P,,,
P~Pv2
kPa)
This is less than the inlet specific humidity (0.025 kg-kg dry air), the relative humidity at the outlet must be 100% as
originally assumed. Hie amount of liquid formation is then
14-15 Huiuic! air is compressed in an is en tropic compressor. The relative humidity of the air at the compressor
outlet is to be determine cl.
Assumptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Properties The specific heat ratio of air at room Temperature is k- 1.4 (Table A-2a). The saturation properties of
water are to be obtained from water tables.
Anafysis At the inlet,
SOO kPa
P-PV1 (100-2.105)icPa
1 = L =
Humid air 6
Since the mole fraction of the water vapor in this mixture is very small.
4542
= 16.S7 kPa
(
b
)
14-16 A tank contains dry air and water vapor at specified conditions. The specific humidity, the relative
T
humidity, and die volume of the tank are to be determined.
h
Assuntptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
e
Analysis (a) The specific
humidity can be determined form its definition.
ff?.
CD =
m.
s
0.3 kg
= 0.0143 kg
H:0.'kg dry
air
21ks
a
t
u
r
(0.622 + a)Pe (0.622 + 0.0143) (4.24 69 kPa)
a
=
2.9%
(c)
cankg)(0.2S7kJ/kg-K)
be determined from the ideal gas relation
t The volume of tire tank (21
(303K) ^
for
the
dry
air.
i
9
PPav==PfP
-P
=
100-2.245
7
r
g = (0.529)(4.2469 kPa) = 2.245 kPa
o
= 97.755 kPa
.
V
7
_
n
5
5
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
p
r
e
s
k
?
a
'
'
s [kJ/kg-K]
Dew-point Temperature
T
Duty,
The
dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for
Honor and
water
vapor to condense into water. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation temperature
Integrity
saturation
An adiabatic process is defined as a process in which no external heat enters or leaves the system
under consideration. Adiabatic humidification process: Air is flowing through a perfectly insulated duct
with an open water tank in the bottom of it. If the tank is infinitely long, the air at the outlet will be 100%
saturated.
Note: The air consists of the water vapor or moisture at all times no matter what its temperature and pressure is. When we add
more moisture to the air in an enclosed space at certain temperature, the air tends to keep on absorbing the moisture. However,
after reaching certain stage, the air is no more able to absorb the moisture and all the extra moisture is converted into dew or fog.
The air that contains maximum amount of moisture that it can hold at particular temperature is called as saturated air.
Conservation of mass
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
W+WW
f
v1
v2
mf mv 2 mvi
h m (w -&
f
Conservation of energy
m
a1 a1 +
h
a1 a1
v1 v1 +
v1 v1 + ( v 2
fhf
a2 a2 +
v2 v2
h
a 2 a 2 + WV 2 v 2
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
Al + v x
+(
v2 - m vl ) h f = m a2 h a2 + m v2h v2
Dividing by ma = ma = m gives:
1
a2
Kl
+ (2 - W
l)
hh
f=
a2 + 2
K2
Relative humidity and specific humidity of air can be determined by measuring the adiabatic
saturation temperature of air, which is the temperature the air attains after flowing over water in
and 71? is the adiabatic saturation temperature.
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Duty, Honor and
Integrity
The dryer the atmospheric air, the lower the wet-bulb temperature will
be. When the relative humidity of the air is near 100 percent, there will be little difference
between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures. The wet-bulb temperature is
approximately equal to the adiabatic saturation temperature.
The wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures and the atmospheric pressure uniquely
determine the state of the atmospheric air.
Note:
The dry-bulb temperature of air is measured by a thermometer which is freely exposed to the air but is shielded from
radiation and moisture.
The Wet-bulb Temperature of air is measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a muslin sleeve which is kept
moist with distilled and clean water, freely exposed to the air and free from radiation.
3
3
14-31 The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air at a specified pressure are given. The specific humidity,. the relative
humidity* and the enthalpy of air are to be determined.
Assumptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Analysis (a) We obtain the properties of water vapor from EES. The specific humidity is determined from
c
ffli =
0% ~ 2"i +
hgl - hjj
Pl~P
(0.622)(1.938 kPa)
(95-1.938) tPa
Thus.
(1.005 kJ-kg - QC)(17 25)C (0.01295)(2460.6 hJ/kg) = 0.00963 kg H^O kg dry nil
(2546.5-71.36) kJ/tg
(b) The relative humidity is detennined from
ft =
<*\p\
(0.00963)(95 kPa)
= 0.457 or 45.7%
(c) The enthalpy of air per unit mass of dry air is determined from
hy =hal +^hvi = cpTx
14-52 The dry- and Wet-bulb temperatures of air in room at a specified pressure are given. The specific humidity ; ihe relative humidity', and the
dew-point temperature are to be determined.
ASSTtmptiofis The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Arm lysis (a) We obtain the properties of water vapor from EES. The specific humidity'! is determined from
^ip
tD1 = ------------------------------------
100 kPa
22C
Ttf, =
16C.
f2
(0.622)(1.819 kPa)
<100-1.S19) kPa
Thus.
(1.005 kJ/kg QC)(16 - 22)C + (0.01152)(2463.0 kJ/kg) ^
A = (0.622 + ) #
gl
= 0.541 or 54.1%
(0. S22 + 0.0 091)(2.6452 kPa)
14-130 Air enters a cooling section at a specified pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. The temperature of the air at the exit and the rate of heat transfer are
to be determined.
_4isumptions 1 Tins is a steady-flow process and thus the mass flow rate of dry air remains constant during the entire process = mal = ma}. 2 Dry air and wafer vapor
are ideal gases. 3 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysb, (a) The amount of moisture in the air also remains constant (oj = a?) as it flows through the
cooling section since the process involves no humidification or dehumidification. The total pressure is 97 kPa. Die properties of the air at the inlet state are
^1
=(0-3)(5.629 kPa)=l.S9kPa
= 3 -Prl =97 -1.69 = 95.3IkPa
RJZ (0.287 kPa m3 /kg -K)(308 K) '"L 95.31
kPa
>
0722fvJ
6nt3 /s
0.927 mJ - kg dry air
Then the rate of heat transfer from the air in the cooling section becomes
Qan = ma <Aj - h2) = (6.47 kg.-min)(63.44-42.78)kJ/kg = 134 UJ. mill
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
Summary
In this chapter we discussed the air-water-vapor mixture, which is the most commonly
encountered gas-vapor mixture in practice. The air in the atmosphere normally contains some
water vapor, and it is referred to as atmospheric air. By contrast, air that contains no water
vapor is called dry air.
In the temperature range encountered in air-conditioning applications, both the dry air
and the water vapor can be treated as ideal gases.
The enthalpy change of dry air during a process can be determined from
The atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal-gas mixture whose pressure is the
A
h
diy air
sum of the partial pressure of dry air Pa and that of the water vapor Pv,
(kPa)
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Summary...cont.
The enthalpy of water vapor in the air can be taken to be equal to the enthalpy of the saturated
vapor at the same temperature:
CO =
m 0.622P
*
P-R
where P is the total pressure of air and Py is the vapor pressure.
Summary...cont.
There is a limit on the amount of vapor the air can hold at a given temperature. Air
that is holding as much moisture as it can is called saturated air.
The ratio of the amount of moisture air holds (mv) to the maximum amount of
moisture air can hold at the same temperature (mg) is called the relative humidity
Summary...cont.
The enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit mass of dry air, instead of per
unit mass of the air-water-vapor mixture, as
h = ha + cohv
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
Summary...cont.
Relative humidity and specific humidity of air can be determined by measuring the
air, which is the temperature the air attains after flowing over water in a long channel until it is saturated,
A more practical approach to determining the properties of air in airconditioning applications is to use a thermometer whose bulb is covered with
and
a cotton wick saturated with water and to blow air over the wick. The temperature measured in this manner is called the
wet-bulb
Summary...cont.
The properties of atmospheric air at a specified total pressure are presented in the form
of easily readable charts, called psychrometric charts. The lines of constant enthalpy
and the lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are very nearly parallel on these
charts.
The needs of the human body and the conditions of the environment are not quite
compatible. Therefore, it often becomes necessary to change the conditions of a living
space to make it more comfortable. Maintaining a living space or an industrial facility
at the desired temperature and humidity may require simple heating (raising the
temperature), simple cooling (lowering the temperature), humidifying (adding
moisture), or dehumidifying (removing moisture).
Sometimes two or more of these processes are needed to bring the air to the desired
temperature and humidity level.
Most air-conditioning processes can be modeled as steady-flow processes, and
therefore they can be analyzed by applying the steady-flow mass (for both dry air and
water) and energy balances,
Duty,
Honor and
Integrity
Summary...cont.
where subscripts i and e denote inlet and exit states, respectively. The changes in
kinetic and potential energies are assumed to be negligible.
* During a simple heating or cooling process (Tz >TnPli), the specific humidity remains
constant, but the temperature and the relative humidity change.
* Sometimes air is humidified after it is heated, and some cooling processes include
dehumidificatLOn (7b <T^pj). hi dry climates, the air can be cooled via evaporative
cooling by passing it through a section where it is sprayed with water.
* In locations with limited water supply, large amounts of wraste heat can be rejected to
the atmosphere with minimum water loss through the use of cooling towers.