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I.
INTRODUCTION
A. Problem Description
A grid-connected single-phase PV system based on a
single-phase PQ theory control method [5], [13] is shown in
Fig. 1. It also shows a sag generator, which functions by
switching the resistance Rs and RL to simulate a grid fault. By
adjusting the active power and reactive power references (P*,
Q*), the power factor can be controlled.
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idc
ig
S2
vdc
PV Cdc
Grid
Rs
vinv
RL
L1/2
ig
Control System
Sag Generator
S1
vg
Sag Detection
PWM
Power
Caculator
*
dPWM
vdc
Sag Signal
*
vPWM
ig
Current
Controller
P
ig*
Power
Controllers
MPPT
ipv
vdc
LVRT
Vm
*
vdc
2
*
Vm
2
0.8
V t 1.1 p.u.
over-voltage,
normal operation, 0.9 p.u. d V 1.1 p.u.
, (1)
k V V0 I I , 0.5 p.u. d V 0.9 p.u.
N
q0
VN
V 0.5 p.u.
I N Iq0 ,
k = 3.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
Voltage (p.u.)
Fig. 2. Power factor curve under different voltage sag depths according to the
E.ON grid code defined for wind power systems.
Ig = 2 A
Current THD (% )
16
14
12
10
Ig = 6 A
8
6
Ig = 10 A
4
2
0
-80
P
P Q
k = 4.0
k = 2.0
0.2
where,
V, V0, and VN are the amplitudes of the instantaneous grid
voltage, initial voltage before grid faults and the nominal
grid voltage,
Iq, Iq0, and IN are the required current, the initial reactive
current before a grid failure and the nominal current, and
k = (Iq/In)/(V/Vn) 2 p.u., Iq= Iq-Iq0, V=V-V0.
cos M
0.6
0.4
Iq
L1/2
cos()
ipv
Pinv
Pdc
Ppv
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
Power Angle ()
60
80
Fig. 3. Measured grid current THD vs. power angle for a single-phase gridconnected system under different current levels in normal operation using
proportional resonant current control method.
2 V V0
1 k
, 0.5 p.u. d V 0.9 p.u.
VN
0,
V 0.5 p.u.
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L1
dig
dt
vinv vg ,
(3)
dvdc
(4)
,
dt
where vinv is the PV inverter output voltage, vg is the grid
voltage and L1 is the inverter-side filter.
idc
i pv Cdc
ig
1
L1
vinv1
ig
ig 1
vinvi vg1
n
iCCi iGGi
i 2
i 2
vgi ,
igg11
igi ,
(6)
i 2
It is also implied in (5) and (6) that the current harmonics iGi
in the injected current ig can be eliminated by the inverter
output voltage vinv if an appropriate control method is applied
to the grid-connected PV inverter.
Given that the grid voltage quality is good enough, the
harmonics distortion induced by the grid voltage distortion
could be ignored. Since the harmonics induced by the PV
inverters are dominant in the injected current, the following
discussion is done firstly by considering of iCi . By neglecting
the high switching frequency harmonics (or they can be
filtered out by means of an LC-filter), the PV inverter output
voltage vinv can be written as,
d PWM vdc
dvdc
dvv
C dv 2
vdc iPV CdcVdc dc dc dc ,
dt
2 dt
(8)
n
n
i
v
v
igi .
1
1
g
invi
inv
i 2
i 2
(5)
in which,
vinv1 and vinvi are the fundamental frequency component and
the i-th harmonic component of the output voltage vinv ,
vg1 and vgi are the fundamental frequency component and the
i-th harmonic component of the grid voltage vg ,
ig1 is the fundamental frequency component of ig, and
iCi and iGi are the i-th current harmonic of the grid current ig
caused by the harmonic components of the inverter output
voltage vinv and the grid voltage vg respectively.
vinv
(9)
vdc |
cos 2Z0t M M1 dt .
CdcVdc
v g1
jX L1
(7)
viinv1
vinv1
ig1
viinv1
,
d PWM 1Vdc d PWM 1vdc Vdc d PWM vdc d PWM
P
vinvi
i 2
viinv1
where,
dPWM is the output of the current controller and the input to the
PWM modulator and -1d dPWM d1, dPWM1 and d PWM are the
fundamental frequency component and harmonic
components of dPWM,
Vdc and v dc are the DC and AC components of the voltage vdc
across the DC power decoupling capacitor Cdc.
This equation demonstrates that the voltage harmonics vinvi is
induced by the PWM harmonics, d PWM , and the voltage
variation, v dc , across the DC capacitor. Consequently, such
impact will propagate to the injected current and affect the
power quality. Here, the high order component, v dc d PWM , is
ignored for simplicity.
M1
O1
ig1 M
v g1
3
O2
L1i g1
jZ 0
1
4
Fig. 4. Simplified model and the phasor diagram of the AC side circuit
shown in Fig. 1 (only fundamental components).
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seen from (5) and (6). This explains why under different
power angle the average THDs shown in Fig. 3 are variable.
Moreover, it is shown in (9) thatv dc mainly comprises of
even harmonics with a frequency of 2k0 (k =1, 2, 3, ).
Consequently, dPWM1 v dc will produce odd harmonics with the
frequency of (2k+1)0, k =1, 2, . It will inherently inject
odd current harmonics because both dPWM1 and v dc are
unavoidable elements in a closed-loop control for a gridconnected PV inverter.
2
3
jZ0 L1ig1
M1
O1
ig1
v g1
O2
4
Normal Operation at Unity Power Factor
2
3
ig1
4
M1
O1
v inv1
vg L1
ig
dt
v inv1
v g1
2 3
L1
ig
O2
pinv
(10)
4
Low Voltage Ride Through Operation
n
n
i 2
i 2
dvvd
| Vg1I g1 cos 2Z0t M Z0 L1I g21 sin 2Z0t , (11)
CdcVdc dc
dt
and,
Vg1 I g1
Z0 L1I g21
vdc |
cos 2Z0t M
sin 2Z0t dt. (12)
CdcVdc
CdcVdc
ig
i
K rc
*
g
Q s
e T0 s
Gf s
*
vPWM
PR Control
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GRC s
K rc eT0 s Q s
1 eT0 s Q s
Gf s ,
(13)
GPR s
KP KR
s
s
Z02
(14)
GRC z
K rc z
1 z
N
N
Q z
Qz
Gf z ,
(15)
0 Krc 2 .
vg
(16)
Q z D1 z D0 D1 z 1 ,
in the discrete-time domain, where,
2D1 D0
RC Control
2
2
vg
+vg
Gp(s)
Q*
Q s
ig*
Gq(s)
1, D0 , D1 ! 0.
K rc
P*
(17)
e T0 s
Gf s
*
vPWM
PR Control
Gplant(s)
ig
ig
vg
Fig. 7. Closed-loop control scheme for a single-phase grid-connected system based on the single-phase PQ theory [5], [13] and the proposed current
harmonics suppression method.
IV.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
LC Filter
L
Cf
dSPACE
Control Desk
Danfoss
Inverter
0 = 250 rad/s
Delta
DC-Source
LC Filter
Kpp=1.2, Kpi=52
Kqp=1, Kqi=50
Krc=1.8
3
Transformer
RS
RL
PR Controller Parameters
KP=22, KR=2000
m=4
fs = fsw = 10 kHz
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Vg = 325 V
THDig=8.53%
THDig=4.04%
ig
vg
ig
vg
(b) low voltage ride through operation (0.5 p.u. voltage sag, cos = 0)
Fig. 9. Experimental results for a single-phase grid-connected system in different operation modes with proportional resonant control
method: 1. grid voltage [vg: 100 V/div]; 2. grid current [ig: 5 A/div]; [t = 4 ms/div].
vg
PR Control
vg
ig
ig
THDig=8.68%
THDig=4.87%
PR+MRC Control
vg
vg
ig
ig
THDig=3.00%
THDig=3.16%
vg
PR+RC Control
vg
ig
ig
THDig=1.85%
THDig=2.35%
(b) low voltage ride through operation (0.45 p.u. voltage sag)
Fig. 10. Experimental results of a single-phase grid-connected system in different operation conditions with various current control methods
based on the single-phase PQ theory: 1. grid current [ig: 5 A/div]; 2. grid voltage [vg: 100 V/div]; [t = 4 ms/div]; [fFFT = 125 Hz/div].
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14
1.40
12
1.20
Mag (% of Fundamental)
Current THD (% )
PR Control
10
8
6
PR+MRC Control
4
2
PR+RC Control
0
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
Power Angle ()
40
60
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
80
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Harmonic Order
Fig. 12. FFT of the grid current for a single-phase grid-connected system in
normal operation using different current control methods.
Fig. 11. Measured grid current THD vs. power angle for a single-phase gridconnected system under Ig = 6 A and Vg = 230 V in normal operation using
various current control methods.
1.40
Mag (% of Fundamental)
V.
PR+MRC, THD=3.00%
PR+RC,
THD=1.86%
1.20
PR+MRC, THD=3.16%
PR+RC,
THD=2.35%
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Harmonic Order
Fig. 13. FFT of the grid current for a single-phase grid-connected system in
low voltage ride through operation (0.45 p.u. voltage sag) using different
current control methods.
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REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
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