Finger-Vein Recognition

As face, iris, and finger print recognition finger vein recognition is also based on pattern
classification .The discrimination ability of proposed FVCode determines its reliability in
personal identification. To test the discriminability of the extracted FVCodes at the mth
scale, the cosine similarity measure classifier here is adopted for classification .The classifier
is defined as,
=arg min R mk Ck (Rm,Rkm)
(Rm,Rmk)=1-RmTRKm/||Rm||||Rkm||
According to the above section, we extract FVCodes in two lter scales considering the
variability of the nger-vein network. Therefore, fusion of the matching results based on R
may improve the performance of identication. Many approaches have been proposed in
multi-biometrics fusion, such as Bayes algorithm, KNN classier, OS-Rule, SVM classier,
decision templates algorithm, DempsterShafer (DS) algorithm. Compared to other
approaches, the DS evidence theory works better in integrating multiple evidences for
decision making.

Experiments
Finger-vein image database: To Test we build an image database which contains 150 ngervein images from 10 individuals. Each individual contributes 15 nger-vein images from
three different ngers: forenger, middle nger and ring nger (5 images per nger) of the
right hand. The captured nger-vein images are 8-bit gray images with a resolution of
320*240.
Parameter selection of Gabor lters: For a specific application, the parameters f 0, rx, ry and h
usually govern the optimal out-put of Gabor filter in Eq. (1).Considering that both the
diameters and the spread manners of vessels hold high random characteristics, r x is set equal
to ry for reducing diameter deformation arising from elliptic Gaussian envelop, h varies from
zero to p with a p=8 interval and the center frequency f mk varies with channels. To determine
the relation of r and fmk, a schemen proposed by Daugman (1985) is used here, which is
defined as

fmk

1
ln2

mk
2
+1
2
2 mk 1

Where mk ([0.5,2.5])denotes the spatial frequency bandwidth (in octaves) of a Gabor filter
at the kth channel and m scale. Let be seven pixel width in the initial scale, we build abank

of

even-symmetric

Gabor

filters

with

four

scales

as

below

(Fig

1).

Fig 1: Bank of even-symmetric Gabor filters [1].

Using 2D image convolution operation, the filtered versions of an image are listed in (Fig 2).
Noticeably, Gabor filters corresponding to the top row and the bottom row of (Fig 2)
respectively, are undesirable to exploit the finger-vein information. The filtered images with
two scales corresponding to the two rows in the middle of Fig. 5 therefore are used for fingervein feature extraction. Based on Eq. (5), the local statistics of filtered images are shown in
Fig 3, where the statistical information in ared box is used for finger-vein feature analysis.

Fig 2: 2-D convolution output of finger-vein image [2]

Fig 3:Filtered images [3]

Performance evaluation of FVC code : Due to the high randomicity of the finger-vein
networks, the discriminability of the proposed FVCode may embody not only in different
individuals but also in different fingers of an identical individual. So, to investigate the
differences among forefinger, middle finger and ring finger, 5 finger-vein images from one
finger are selected as testing samples while the rest as training. Since the dimension of a
FVCode is not high (only 342), dimension reduction is not necessary for improving feature
matching efficiency. Moreover, the integrality of FVCodes describing finger-vein networks
may be destroyed by dimension reduction. Hence, based on the extracted FVCodes, the
classi-fication results are listed in Table 1, where F_finger, M_finger and R_finger,
respectively represent forefinger, middle finger and ring finger, FRR and FAR respectively
represent false rejection rate and false acceptance rate, and m=1 and m=2, respectively
correspond to the first row and the second row listed in the red box of Fig. 3.
F_finger(350)
M_finger(350)
R_finger(350)
FAR(%)
m=1

F_finger
346 (98.86%)
3
M_finger
2
343 (98%)
R_finger
2
4
m=2
F_finger
344 (98.29%)
3
M_finger
4
342(97.41%)
R_finger
2
5
FRR%
m=1
1.143
2.000
m=2
1.714
2.286
Table 1 Finger Vein Image Classification

2
7
341(97.43%)

0.714
1.286
0.857

3
8
339(96.86%)

0.857
1.857
1.000

2.571
3.143

To obtain an unbiased estimate of the true recognition rate, aleave-one-out cross-validation

method is used here. That is, leaving one example out sequentially and training on the rest
accordingly ,we conduct a classification of the omitted example. Consider that cumulative
match scores (CMS) proposed in Phillips, Moon, Rizvi, and Rause (2000) be more general in
measuring classification performance, we therefore use it to evaluate the proposed fingervein
recognition algorithm. CMS can report the correct match probability (CMP) corresponding to
the ranked n matches, and CCR is equivalent to the first CMP (rank = 1).

Conclusion
A new method of personal identification based on finger-vein recognition has been discussed
elaborately in this paper. First, a normalized stable region representing finger-vein network in
image plane was determined. Then, a bank of Gabor filters were designed to exploit the
underlying finger-vein characteristics considering the variations of finger-vein networks, and
both local and global finger vein features were extracted to form FVCodes. Finally, fingervein classification was implemented using the nearest cosine classifier, and a fusion scheme
in decision level was adopted to improve the reliability of identification. Experimental results
have shown that the pro-posed method performed well in personal identification.

References
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