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ABSTRACT
The interpretation and recognition of Depositional Systems using seismic data require a strong knowledge in
stratigraphy, structural geology, tectonics, biostratigraphy, sedimentology and geophysics; even when a geoscientist
doesnt be a specialist of one of these. The mentioned disciplines interact and complement each other in different stages
of study and exploration of hydrocarbon basins. Five stages have been proposed and studied in Interpreting
Depositional Systems. (1) Review of basic concepts used in the definition of Depositional Sequences and Systems
Tracts within the context of sequence stratigraphy. (2) The deepening in the physical foundations of rocks, that allows
to obtain images of the subsurface through the application of seismic reflection method. It also is indicated how to tie
the seismic data with well data through the synthetic seismogram. (3) The seismic stratigraphic interpretation, describes
how Depositional Sequences and their Systems Tracts are interpreted in the well and seismic data. (4) The recognition
of Depositional Systems, describes how the seismic facies analysis is more accurate on the interpretation, because of the
association of particular Systems Tracts with particular deposition processes. The Depositional Sequences and Systems
Tracts have predictable stratal patterns and lithofacies; thus, they provide a new way to establish a chronostratigraphic
correlation framework based on physical criteria. (5) The advanced seismic interpretation allows geoscientists extract
more information from seismic data and their applications include hydrocarbon play evaluation, prospect identification,
risk analysis and reservoir characterization.
Keywords: depositional systems, seismic stratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, seismic sequence, seismic facies, potential
reservoir rocks.
RESUMO
A interpretao e reconhecimento de Sistemas Deposicionais com uso de dados ssmicos precisam de um conhecimento
forte em estratigrafia, geologia estrutural, tectnica, bioestratigrafia, sedimentologia e geofsica; mesmo quando o
geocientista no seja especialista duma destas. As disciplinas mencionadas interagem e se complementam nos diferentes
estgios de estdio e explorao de bacias sedimentares petrolferas. Cinco estgios foram propostos e estudados na
Interpretao de Sistemas Deposicionais. (1) Reviso dos conceitos bsicos utilizados na definio de Sequncias
Deposicionais e Tratos de Sistemas no contexto de estratigrafia de sequncias. (2) O aprofundamento nos fundamentos
fsicos das rochas, que permitem a obteno de imagens do subsolo atravs da aplicao do mtodo da ssmica de
reflexo. Tambm se indica a maneira de ligar a informao ssmica com os dados de poos atravs do sismograma
sinttico. (3) A interpretao sismoestratigrfica, descreve como as Sequncias Deposicionais e seus respectivos Tratos
de Sistema so interpretados nos dados de poos e nos dados ssmicos. (4) O reconhecimento de Sistemas
Deposicionais, descreve como o analise de fcies ssmicas mais preciso na interpretao, por causa da associao de
determinados Tratos de Sistemas com determinados processos de deposio. As Sequncias Deposicionas e os Tratos
de Sistema tm padres estratais e litofcies previsveis; portanto eles fornecem uma nova maneira de estabelecer um
arcabouo de correlao cronoestratigrfica com base em critrios fsicos. (5) A interpretao ssmica avanada permite
aos geocientistas extrair a maior informao dos dados ssmicos e suas aplicaes incluem a avaliao de hydrocarbon
plays, identificao de prospectos, analise de riscos e caracterizao de reservatrios.
Palavras chave: sistemas deposicionais, sismoestratigrafia, estratigrafia de sequncias, sequencia ssmica, fcies
ssmicas, rochas reservatrio potenciais.
1. INTRODUCTION
Application of seismic stratigraphic interpretation
techniques to sedimentary basin analysis has
resulted in a new way to subdivide, correlate, and
map sedimentary rocks. This technique is called
sequence stratigraphy and its application to a grid
of seismic data groups seismic reflections into
package of genetically related depositional
Fig. 1. Eustasy, relative sea level, and water depth as a function of sea level, seafloor, and datum reference
surfaces (Catuneanu, 2006).
surface to which subaerial erosion proceeds and
below which deposition and burial is possible.
a. Base Level
This surface is dynamic, moving upward and
downward through time relative to the center of
Base level (of deposition or erosion) is generally
Earth in parallel with eustatic rises and falls in sea
regarded as a global reference surface to which
level (Catuneanu, 2006). For simplicity, base level
long-term continental denudation and marine
is often approximated with the sea level. In
aggradation tend to proceed. Is an Imaginary
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b.
Accommodation
c.
Depositional Sequence
Seismic Stratigraphy
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram showing an idealized depositional sequence and their respective systems tracts (Web 1).
Fig. 5. Recognition of seismic reflection terminations and interpretation of stratigraphic surfaces and systems
tracts within a seismic line. (Catuneanu, 2006).
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e.
Sequence Stratigraphy
Fig. 6. Predictive distribution of facies in a sequence stratigraphic framework Abbreviations: MFSmaximum flooding
surface; TStransgressive surface; SBsequence boundary; HSThighstand systems tract; TSTtransgressive
systems tract; LSTlowstand systems tract (Catuneanu, 2006).
Rock Density
Fig. 8. The density log measures the density of the rock and its contained fluids. Thus, the density log is sometimes
referred to as a porosity log. Different fluids, particularly gas, can have a pronounced effect on the density
measurement, as is shown on the diagram. Limestones and dolomites tend to have a higher density than do sandstones
of the same porosity (Slatt, 2006).
b.
Acoustic Impedance
d.
The seismic
significances:
reflections
have
two
mean
Fig. 13. In a prograding depositional system, reflections parallel stratal surfaces and therefore have time or
chronostratigraphic significance (Emery and Myers, 1996).
Fig. 14. A comparison of resolution of interpretation tools for the Beatrice Field, North Sea. (a) A single cycle sine
wave of 30 Hz in medium of velocity 2000 ms- 1 (or 60 Hz; 4000 ms- 1); (b) Big Ben, London, c. 380ft; (c) A y-ray log
through the Beatrice Oil Field (Emery and Myers, 1996).
Synthetic Seismogram
4. SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHIC
INTERPRETATION
a.
Fig. 17. Well log from Viking Formation, Alberta, Canada, illustrating coarsening-upward and fining-upward log
patterns. The depositional environment is a wave-dominated shoreface. The coarsening-upward section is interpreted
as a progradational succession; the fining-upward section is interpreted as a transgressive or backstepping succession.
(Posamentier et. al., 1999).
b.
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c.
Seismic facies units are mappable, threedimensional seismic units composed of groups of
reflections whose parameters differ from those of
adjacent facies units. Seismic facies analysis is the
description and geologic interpretation of seismic
reflection parameters (configuration, continuity,
amplitude, frequency, interval velocity and
external form) and determines as objectively as
possible all variations of seismic parameters
within individual seismic sequences and systems
tracts in order to determine lateral lithofacies and
fluid type changes (Mitchum et. al., 1977).
Each parameter provides considerable information
on the geology of the subsurface. Reflection
configuration reveals the gross stratification
patterns from which depositional processes,
erosion, and paleotopography can be interpreted.
In addition, fluid contact reflections (flat spots)
commonly are identifiable.
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Fig. 20.Diagram showing reflection termination patterns within an idealized seismic sequence (modified from Vail,
1987 in Barboza, 2005).
Fig. 21. Diagrams showing seismic reflection configurations of within a seismic sequence (modified from
Mitchum et. al., 1977 in Barboza, 2005).
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d.
Tectonic-Structural Analysis
Fig. 25. Interpretation of regional cross-section and depositional environments at a seismic resolution. (Rouby et. al.,
2011).
Fig. 26. Three dimensional model of the Brazilian southeast, located in the Rio Grande Cone. The upper and
intermediate sequences and faults system are delineated from seismic data interpretation (Lpez, 2009).
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b.
Interpretation
and
Distribution
Potential Reservoir Rocks
of
B
B
6. ADVANCED SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION
Our increasing reliance on seismic data requires
that we extract the most information available
from the seismic response. Seismic attributes and
AVO enable interpreters to extract more
information from the seismic data and their
applications include hydrocarbon play evaluation,
prospect identification and risking, reservoir
characterization, and well planning and field
development.
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a.
Seismic Attributes
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Table 1. Summary of interpretative uses of classic instantaneous seismic attributes (Checa, 2013).
Fig. 31. Horizon attributes that characterize the deep-water mid to late Pleistocene Joshua channel in the
northeastern Gulf of Mexico. (A) Dip azimuth map. (B) Surface roughness Map. (C) Dip magnitude map. (D) Curvature
map (Catuneanu, 2006).
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b.
Fig. 32. Mode conversion. At oblique incidence, a Pwave generates both a reflected P-wave and a reflected
S-wave (Ashcroft, 2011).
Fig. 35. (A) Seismic Section showing the presence of the amplitude anomaly and possible gas pipe. (B) Time
slice at the top of Yumaque Formation where the amplitude anomaly is located. (C) Comparison response of
AVO analysis from CDP gathers both within and out of anomaly zone (Fuentes et. al., 2011).
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Ashcroft, W., 2011. A Petroleum Geologist's Guide to
Seismic Reflection. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 221.
Barboza, E. G., 2005. Anlise Estratigrfica do Campo
de Namorado (Bacia de Campos) com base na
Interpretao Ssmica Tridimensional. Tese
apresentada como requisito parcial para obteno
do Ttulo de Doutor em Geocincias. Universidade
Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Instituto de
Geocincias. Programa de Ps-graduao em
Geocincias. pp. 220.
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