Superposition

LECTURE
Third Edition
BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY
SUPERPOSITION
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
19
Chapter
9.7 9.8
by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)
Deflection by Superposition
Slide No. 1
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Method of Superposition
When a beam is subjected to several loads
(see Fig. 18) at various positions along the
beam, the problem of determining the
slope and the deflection usually becomes
quite involved and tedious.
This is true regardless of the method used.
However, many complex loading
conditions are merely combinations of
Slide No. 2
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relatively simple loading conditions
P
w1
L
Figure 18
y w2
x
x
a
(a)
b
(b)
Slide No. 3
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Assumptions:
The beam behaves elastically for the combined
loading.
The beam also behaves elastically for the each
of the individual loads.
Small deflection theory.
Slide No. 4
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If it is assumed that the beam behaves
elastically for the combined loading, as well
as for the individual loads, the resulting final
deflection of the loaded beam is simply the
sum of the deflections caused by each of the
individual loads.
Slide No. 5
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This sum may be an algebraic one (Figure
19) or it might be a vector sum as shown in
Figure 20, the type depending on whether
or not the individual deflection lie in the
same plane.
The superposition method can illustrated
by various practical examples.
Slide No. 6
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y
Figure 19
w1
||
P
a
x
y
y w2
||
+w
x
y
wt
x
+
x
Slide No. 7
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Principle of Superposition:
Deformations of beams subjected to
combinations of loadings may be
obtained as the linear combination of
the deformations from the individual
loadings
Procedure is facilitated by tables of

solutions for common types of
loadings and supports.
Slide No. 8
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Figure 20
w
y
A
= y2 + z2
Slide No. 9
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Illustrative Example for the Use of

Superposition
Consider the beam shown in Fig. 21, with
a flexural rigidity of EI = 100 MNm.
y
150 kN
2m
Figure 21
20 kN/m
D
L=8m
Slide No. 10
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Superposition
If we are interested on finding the slope
and the deflection, say of point D, then we
can use the superposition method to do
that as illustrated in the following slides.
First we find the slope and deflection due
the effect of each load, i.e., w, P, etc.
Slide No. 11
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Superposition
The resulting final slope and deflection of
point D of the loaded beam is simply the
sum of the slopes and deflections caused
by each of the individual loads as shown in
Figure 22.
We need to find both the slope and
deflection caused by the concentrated load
(120 kN) and distributed load (20 kN/m)
Slide No. 12
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Superposition
150 kN
y
2m
20 kN/m
=
x
150 kN
2m
+
x
L=8m
20 kN/m
x
L=8m
L=8m
Figure 22. Original Loading is Broken into Two Individual Loads
Slide No. 13
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150 kN Superposition150 kN
y
y
2m
2m
2m
20 kN/m
x
D
L=8m
L=8m
20 kN/m
x
D
L=8m
D = D due to P + D due to w
Figure 23. Original Deflection is Broken into Two Individual Deflections
Slide No. 14
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Superposition
Slope and Deflection caused by P
By either the direct integration or the singularity
functions method, it can be seen that the slope
and deflection (due to P) of point D of this
particular loaded beam are given, respectively,
as
2
3PL3
( D )P = PL
and ( y D )P =
32 EI
256 EI
Slide No. 15
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Superposition
Slope and Deflection caused by P
Therefore,
( D )P =
PL2 150 103 (8) 2

=
= 0.003 rad
32 EI 32(100 106 )
(25a)
( yD )P =
3PL3
3 150 103 (8)
=
= 0.009 m
256 EI 256(100 106 )
(25b)
Slide No. 16
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Superposition
Slope and Deflection caused by w
By either the direct integration or the singularity
functions method, it can be seen that the slope
and deflection (due to w) of point D of this
particular loaded beam are given, respectively,
as
(26a)
( D )P = w ( 4 x 3 + 6 Lx 2 L3 )
24 EI
(26b)
( yD )P = w ( x 4 + 2 Lx 3 L3 x )
24 EI
Slide No. 17
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Superposition
Slope and Deflection caused by w
With w = 20 kN/m, x = 2 m, and L = 8 m, thus
( D )P =
w
20 103
( 356) = 0.00293 rad
4 x 3 + 6 Lx 2 L3 =
24 EI
24 100 106
( yD )P =
w
20 10
( 912) = 0.0076 m
x 4 + 2 Lx 3 L3 x =
24 EI
24 100 106
Slide No. 18
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Superposition
Combining the slopes and deflections

produced by the concentrated (P) and
distributed (w) loads, the results are
D = ( D )P + ( D )w = 0.003 0.00293 = 0.00593 rad
y D = ( y D )P + ( y D )w = 0.009 0.0076 = 0.0166 m = 16.6 mm
Slide No. 19
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Superposition
150 kN
2m
y
20 kN/m
2m
D
L=8m
150 kN
( D )P
L=8m
( D )P
2m
20 kN/m
x
D
L=8m
( D )w
D = ( D ) p + ( D )w and y D = ( y D ) p + ( y D )w
( D )w
Figure 24. Total Slope and Deflection of Point D
10
Slide No. 20
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General Procedure of Superposition

It is evident from the last results that the
slope or deflection of a beam is the sum of
the slopes or deflections produced by the
individual loads.
Once the slopes or deflections produced
by a few typical individual loads have been
determined by one of the methods already
Slide No. 21
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General Procedure of Superposition

Presented, the superposition method
provides a means of quickly solving a wide
range of more complicated problems by
various combinations of known results.
As more data become available, yet a
wider range of problems can be solved by
the method of superposition.
11
Slide No. 22
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Slope and Deflection Tables

To facilitate the task of practicing
engineers, most structural and mechanical
handbooks include tables giving the
deflections and slopes of beams for
various loadings and types of support.
Such a table can be found in the textbook
(Table B19) and provided herein in the
next few viewgraphs (Table 1 and 2).
Slide No. 23
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Slopes and Deflection Tables

Table 1a
12
Slide No. 24
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Table 1b
Slide No. 25
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Table 1c
13
Slide No. 26
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Table 1d
Slide No. 27
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Table 2a
(Beer and Johnston 1992)
14
Slide No. 28
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Table 2b
Slide No. 29
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Table 2c
15
Slide No. 30
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Use of Slopes and Deflection Tables
Notice that the slope and deflection of the

beam of Figures 21 and 24 (repeated here)
of the illustrative example could have been
determined from the table (Table 1)
y
2m
150 kN
20 kN/m
Figure 21
D
L=8m
Slide No. 31
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150 kN
2m
y
20 kN/m
2m
D
L=8m
150 kN
( D )P
L=8m
( D )P
2m
20 kN/m
x
D
L=8m
( D )w
D = ( D ) p + ( D )w and y D = ( y D ) p + ( y D )w
( D )w
Figure 24. Total Slope and Deflection of Point D
16
Slide No. 32
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Indeed, given the information given under
cases 5 and 6 of Tables 2c, the slope and
deflection for any value x L/4 could have
been expressed analytically.
Taking the derivative of the expression
obtained in this way, would have yielded
the slope of the beam over the same
interval.
Slide No. 33
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The slope at both ends of the beam may
be obtained by simply adding the
corresponding values given in the table.
However, the maximum deflection of the
beam of Fig. 21 cannot be obtained by
adding the maximum deflections of cases 5
and 6 (Table 2c), since these deflections
occur at different points of the beam.
17
Slide No. 34
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Applying case 5 on the illustrative example
to find both the slope and deflection of
point D of the beam (Fig. 21), yields
)] (
) ]
) [ (
( ) = dy = Pb [3x (L b )] = 150 10 (6) [3(2) (8 6 )] = 0.003 rad
dx 6 EIL
6(100 10 )(8)
( y D )P =
Pb 3
150 103 (6) 3
2 82 6 2 (2 ) = 0.009 m
x L2 b 2 x =
6 EIL
6 100 106 (8)
D P
These values confirm the results obtained

using Eq. 25 of the integration method.
Slide No. 35
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Example 6
Use the method of superposition to find the
slope and deflection at point B of the
beam. y
w
C
L
2
L
2
18
Slide No. 36
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Example 6 (contd)
The given loading can be obtained by
superposing the loadings shown in the
following picture equation (Fig. 25). The
beam AB is, of course, the same in each
part of the figure.
For each the loadings 1 and 2, the slope
and deflection at B can be determined by
using the Tables 1 or 2. (Textbook Table
B-19)
Slide No. 37
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Example 6 (contd)
A
L
2
w
B
L
2
yB
Figure 25
Loading 1
C w
A
Loading 2
B
L
2
L
2
( yB )1
L
2
( B )2
( B )1
L
2
B
C
( yB )2
19
Slide No. 38
Problem 6 (contd)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
For the beam and loading shown,

determine the slope and deflection at
point B.
SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.
Slide No. 39
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Example 6 (contd)
Loading 1:
From Table 1a or Table 2a (also Table B-19 of
the textbook),
3
( B )1 = wL
6 EI
Loading 2:
and
( y B )1 = wL
8EI
(27a)
From the same tables:
( C )2
w(L / 2)
wL3
=+
=+
6 EI
48 EI
3
and
( yC )2
w(L / 2)
wL4
=+
=
8 EI
128EI
4
(27b)
20
Slide No. 40
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Example 6 (contd)
A
Loading 2
C
L
2
( B )2
( C )2
A
Figure 26
In portion CB, the bending moment for loading 2

is zero, thus the elastic curve is a straight line:
wL3
48 EI
(28)
( yB )2 = ( yC )2 + L ( C )2
(29)
( B )2 = ( C )2 = +
L
2
Slope = ( C )2
( yB )2
B
C
( yC )2
( yC )2
L
2
( yB )2
Slide No. 41
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Example 6 (contd)
Total slope and deflection:
Slope of Point B:
B = ( B )1 + ( B )2 =
wL3 wL3
7 wL3
+
=
6 EI 48EI
48EI
Deflection of Point B:
wL4
L wL3
7 wL4
= +
+
2
128 EI 2 48EI
384 EI
wL4 7 wL4
41wL4
y B = ( y B )1 + ( y B )2 =
+
=
8 EI 384 EI
384 EI
( y B )2 = ( yC )2 + L ( C )2 =
21
Slide No. 42
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Example 7
Use the method of superposition,

determine the deflection at the free end of
the cantilever beam shown in Fig. 27 in
terms of w, L, E, and I.
y
wL
w
Figure 27
Slide No. 43
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Example 7 (contd)
Loading 1
wL
w
A
B
L
Figure 28
B
L
wL
Loading 2
C
B
L
L
Straight Line
( C )1
( C )1
( C )2
( C )2
22
Slide No. 44
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Example 7 (contd)
Using the solutions listed in Table 1a.
Cases 1 and 2 (Textbook Table B-19) with
P = wL
C = ( C )1 + ( C )2 = ( C )1 + ( B )2 + L( B )2
=
wL3
P (2 L)3 wL4
+
L
3EI
8
EI
6
EI
3
wL3
71wL4
wL(2 L ) wL4
=
+
L
3EI
24 EI
6 EI
8EI
Slide No. 45
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Example 8
For the simply supported beam of Fig. 29,
use the method of superposition to
determine the total deflection at point C in
terms of P, L, E, and I.
y
Figure 29
L/4
L/4
23
Slide No. 46
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Example 8 (contd)
P
B

L/4 L/4
Loading 2
Loading 1
P
B

L/4 L/4
x = L/2
ycenter
PL3
=
48 EI
L
From Table 1b (Text B-19)
Case 5
a = 3L / 4, b = L / 4
ycenter =

L/4 L/4
L
From Table 1c (Text B-19)
Case 6
Figure 30
Pb(3L2 4b 2 )
48 EI
Slide No. 47
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Example 8 (contd)
Table 1b
24
Slide No. 48
Example 8 (contd)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Table 1c
Slide No. 49
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Example 8 (contd)
Deflection due to Loading 1:
( yC )1 =
PL3
48 EI
Deflection due to Loading 2:

2
2
2
2
3
( y ) = Pb(3L 4b ) = P(L / 4)[3L 4(L / 4) ] = 11PL
C 2
48 EI
48 EI
768 EI
Therefore, total deflection of point C

yC = ( yC )1 + ( yC )2 =
PL3 11PL3
9 PL3
=
48 EI 768 EI
256 EI
25
Slide No. 50
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Example 9
Using the method of superposition, find the
deflection at a point midway between the
supports of the beam shown in the figure in
terms of w, L, E, and I.
wL/4
y
w
A
Figure 31
L/2
3L/4
Slide No. 51
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Example 9 (contd)
The deflection at a point midway between
the supports can be determined by
considering the beam shown in Fig. 32.
Note that since the shear forces VB and VC
do not contribute to the deflection at any
point in span BC, the mid-span deflection
can be expressed as
mid = M + M
B
(28)
26
Slide No. 52
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Example 9 (contd)
wL/4
Figure 32
w
A
L/2
yV
MB =
wL L

2 4
3L/4
wL
2
VC =
wL2
=
8
C
wL
4
C
MC =
wL 3L 3wL
=
4 4 16
Slide No. 53
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Example 9 (contd)
Using the solutions listed in Table 1, Table
2, or Table B-19 of the textbook with
MB = wL2/8 and MC = 3wL2/16
mid = M + M =
B
(wL / 8)(L ) + (3wL

2
16 EI
)( )
/ 16 L2
16 EI
5wL
256 EI
27
Slide No. 54
Example 9 (contd)
Table 1d
Slide No. 55
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ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 10
For the beam in Fig. 33, determine the
flexural stress at point A and the deflection
of the left-hand end.
w = 5 psi
6 in
A
Figure 33
4 in
80 in
P = 600 lb
E = 2.4 106 psi
28
Slide No. 56
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 10 (contd)
The stress at point A is a combination of
compressive flexural stress due to the
concentrated load and a tensile flexural
stress due to the distributed load, hence,
A =
M z (3) M y (2 ) 5(4 )(80 ) / 2 (3) 600(80 )(2 )
3
3
Iz
Iy
4(6 ) / 12
6(4 ) / 12
2
= 2,666.7 + 3000.0 = 333.3 psi (compression)
Slide No. 57
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Example 10 (contd)
E = 2.4 106 psi
w = 5 psi
6 in
80 in
4 in
Figure 34
P = 600 lb
y
z
= y2 + z2
29
Slide No. 58
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Example 10 (contd)
The deflection at the end of a cantilever
beam with uniformly distributed load is
given by (see Table 1a, case 2)
5(4 )(80)
wL4
=
= 0.5926 in
8EI z 8 2.4 10 6 4(6)3 / 12
4
y0 =
)[
and with concentrated load at the end is

given by (see Table 1a, case 1)
3
PL3
600(80 )
z0 =
=
= 1.3333 in
3EI 3(2.4 106 ) [6(4)3 / 12]
Example 10 (contd)
Slide No. 59
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Table 1a
30
Slide No. 60
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Example 10 (contd)
Superimposing the results for the
deflections due to the concentrated and
distributed loads, the deflection at the free
end is the vector sum:
= y02 + z02 =
(0.5626)2 + (1.3333)2
= 1.447 in
Statically Indeterminate
Transversely Loaded Beams
Slide No. 61
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The Superposition Method

The concept of the superposition, which
states that a slope or deflection due to
several loads is the algebraic sum of the
slopes or deflections to each individual
loads acting alone can be applied to
statically indeterminate beams.
The superposition can provide the
additional equations needed in the
analysis.
31
Slide No. 62
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The Superposition Method

Procedure
Selected restraints are removed and replaced by
unknown loads, e.g., forces and couples.
Sketching of the deformation (deflection)
diagrams corresponding to individual loads (both
known and unknown).
Adding up algebraically the individual of
components of slopes or deflections to produce
the known configuration.
Slide No. 63
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Illustrative Example using Superposition

Determine the reactions at the supports for
the simply supported cantilever beam
(Fig.35) presented earlier for the
integration method.
w
B
A
L
32
Slide No. 64
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Method (contd)
First consider the reaction at B as
redundant and release the beam from the
support (remove restraint).
The reaction RB is now considered as an
unknown load (see Fig. 39) and will be
determined from the condition that the
deflection at B must be zero.
Slide No. 65
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Method (contd)
w
B
A
L
L
RB
(a)
(b)
( y B )w
A
RB
( y B )R
(c)
Figure 39. Original Loading is Broken into Two Loads
33
Slide No. 66
Application of Superposition to Statically

Indeterminate Beams
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Determine the beam deformation

Method of superposition may be
without the redundant support.
applied to determine the reactions at
the supports of statically indeterminate
Treat the redundant reaction as an
beams.
unknown load which, together with
Designate one of the reactions as
the other loads, must produce
redundant and eliminate or modify
deformations compatible with the
the support.
original supports.
Slide No. 67
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Method (contd)
In reference to Table 1a cases 1 and 2
(Table B19 of Textbook):
( y B )R
=+
RB L3
3EI
and
( y B )w = wL
8 EI
(37)
The deflection at B in the original structural

configuration must equal to zero, that is
y B = ( y B )RA + ( y B )w = 0
(38)
34
Slide No. 68
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Table 1a
Slide No. 69
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Method (contd)
Substituting Eq. 37 into Eq. 38, gives
RB L3 wL4
=0
3EI 8 EI
Solving for RB, the result is
+
3
RB = + wL
8
(39)
(40)
35
Slide No. 70
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Method (contd)
From the free-body diagram for entire
beam (Figure 40), the equations of
equilibrium are used to find the rest of the
reactions.
+ Fy = 0; RAy + RB wL = 0
(41)
RAy = wL RB
Slide No. 71
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Method (contd)
L/2
MA
RAx
wL
w
A
RAy
B
x
RB
Figure 40. Free-body Diagram for the Entire Beam
36
Slide No. 72
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Method (contd)
3
But RB = wL from Eq. 40, therefore
8
3
5
(42)
RA = wL wL = wL
8
8
L
+ M A = 0; - M A RB L + (wL ) = 0
2
1
1
3
M A = RB L + wL2 = wL L wL2
2
8
2
1
(43)
= wL2
8
Slide No. 73
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Method (contd)
From Eqs.40, 42, and 43,
RAx = 0
1
M A = wL2
8
5
RAy = wL
8
3
RB = wL
8
Which confirms the results found by using the

integration method.
37
Slide No. 74
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Example 12
A beam is loaded and supported as shown

in the figure. Determine (a) the reaction at
supports A and B in terms of w and L, and
(b) the deflection at the left end of the
distributed load in terms of w, L, E, and I.
2wL
2L
Slide No. 75
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Example 12 (contd)
2wL
w
A
2L
Cw
Aw
Aw
The portion AC in Figs. 41a and B is a straight line.
AR
AP
Cw
(a)
+
AP
Figure 41
AR
2wL
A
C
B
CR
(b)
RA
CR
CP
CP
(c)
38
Slide No. 76
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Example 12 (contd)
Note that the portion AC of the beam in

Figs. 41a and 41b is a straight line,
therefore
(a) Using the solution listed in Table 1a
with P = 2wL
A = Cw + Cw (L ) + CP + CP (L ) + AR = 0
(44)
4
3
3
2
3
w(2 L ) w(2 L )
(L ) 2wL(2 L ) 2wL(2 L ) (L ) + RA (3L ) = 0
8 EI
6 EI
3EI
2 EI
3EI
Slide No. 77
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Table 1a
39
Slide No. 78
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Example 12 (contd)
From which (Eq. 44),
2wL
RA = +
C
A
2L
Equilibrium equations give
MB
RA
38wL
27
+ Fy = 0; RA P w(2 L ) + RB = 0
RB
FBD
38wL
2 wL 2 wL + RB = 0
3EI
70 wL
RB =
27
Slide No. 79
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2wL
Example 12 (contd)
+
L
RA
2L
MB
RB
FBD
= 0; R A (3L ) P(2 L ) w(2 L )(L ) + M B = 0

38wL
(3L ) 4wL2 2wL2 + M B = 0
27
16 wL2
MB =
9
(b) Deflection at left end of distributed load (at C):

38wL
27
2
38wL
(L ) = 38wL
M C = R A (L ) =
27
27
C = CRC + CM C + CP + Cw
RC = R A =
(38wL / 27 )(2 L )3 + (38wL2 / 27 )(2 L )2 2wL(2 L )3 w(2 L )4

3EI
2 EI
3EI
8 EI
62 wL4
81EI
40
Slide No. 80
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Table 1b
41

Superposition

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Superposition

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LECTURE

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Procedure is facilitated by tables of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Illustrative Example for the Use of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Illustrative Example for the Use of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Illustrative Example for the Use of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Illustrative Example for the Use of

Figure 22. Original Loading is Broken into Two Individual Loads

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Illustrative Example for the Use of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Illustrative Example for the Use of

PL2 150 103 (8) 2

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Illustrative Example for the Use of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Illustrative Example for the Use of

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Combining the slopes and deflections

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Illustrative Example for the Use of

Figure 24. Total Slope and Deflection of Point D

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

General Procedure of Superposition

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

General Procedure of Superposition

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Slope and Deflection Tables

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Slopes and Deflection Tables

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Slopes and Deflection Tables

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Slopes and Deflection Tables

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Slopes and Deflection Tables

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

Slopes and Deflection Tables

LECTURE 19. BEAMS: DEFORMATION BY SUPERPOSITION (9.7 9.8)

ENES 220 Assakkaf