A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

7/31/2015
ACompleteGrammarofEsperanto
ProjectGutenberg'sACompleteGrammarofEsperanto,byIvyKellermanReed
ThiseBookisfortheuseofanyoneanywhereatnocostandwith
almostnorestrictionswhatsoever.Youmaycopyit,giveitawayor
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Title:ACompleteGrammarofEsperanto
Author:IvyKellermanReed
PostingDate:December4,2010[EBook#7787]
ReleaseDate:March,2005
FirstPosted:May25,2003
LastUpdated:November13,2004
Language:English
Charactersetencoding:UTF8
***STARTOFTHISPROJECTGUTENBERGEBOOKACOMPLETEGRAMMAROFESPERANTO***
ProducedbyWilliamW.Patterson,CarloTraverso,Charles
FranksandtheOnlineDistributedProofreadingTeam.We
thanktheCaseWesternReserveUniversityLibrary
PreservationDepartmentthathasgivenustheimagefiles
withwhichthepresentebookhasbeenprepared.
TRANSCRIBER'SNOTE:
TheEsperantoalphabetcontains28characters.Thesearethe
charactersofEnglish,butwith"q","w","x",and"y"removed,and
sixdiacriticallettersadded.Thediacriticallettersare"c",
"g","h","j"and"s"withcircumflexes(or"hats",asEsperantists
fondlycallthem),and"u"withabreve.Zamenhofhimselfsuggested
thatwherethediacriticalletterscauseddifficulty,onecould
insteaduse"ch","gh","hh","jh","sh"and"u".AplainASCII
fileisonesuchplace;therearenoASCIIcodesforEsperanto's
specialletters.
However,therearetwoproblemswithZamenhof's"hmethod".There
isnodifferencebetween"u"and"u"withabreve,andthereisno
waytodetermine(withoutpriorknowledgeoftheword(s)involved,
andsometimesabitofcontext)whetheran"h"followingoneof
thoseotherfivelettersisreallythesecondhalfofadiacritical
pair,orjustan"h"thathappenedtofinditselfnexttooneof
them.Consequentlyother,unambiguous,methodshavebeenusedover
theyears.Oneisthe"xmethod",whichusesthedigraphs"cx",
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"gx","hx","jx","sx"and"ux"torepresentthespecialletters.
Thereisnoambiguitybecausetheletter"x"isnotanEsperanto
letter,andeachdiacriticalletterhasauniquetransliteration.
ThisisthemethodusedinthisProjectGutenbergetext.
ACOMPLETE
GRAMMAROFESPERANTO
THEINTERNATIONALLANGUAGE
WITH
GRADEDEXERCISESFORREADINGANDTRANSLATION
TOGETHERWITHFULLVOCABULARIES
BY
IVYKELLERMAN,A.M.,PH.D.
MEMBEROFTHEEXECUTIVECOMMITTEEANDCHAIRMANOFEXAMINATIONS
FORTHEESPERANTOASSOCIATIONOFNORTHAMERICA,MEMBER
OFTHEINTERNATIONALLINGVAKOMITATO
TO
DR.L.L.ZAMENHOF
THEAUTHOROF
ESPERANTO
PREFACE.
Thisvolumehasbeenpreparedtomeetatwofoldneed.AnadequatepresentationoftheInternational
Languagehasbecomeanimperativenecessity.Suchpresentation,includingfullandaccurate
grammaticalexplanations,suitablygradedreadinglessons,andsimilarlygradedmaterialfortranslation
fromEnglish,hasnotheretoforebeenaccessiblewithinthecompassofasinglevolume,orinfactwithin
thecompassofanytwoorthreevolumes.
Thecombinationofgrammarandreaderhereofferedisthereforeunique.Itistofurnishnotmerelyan
introductiontoEsperanto,orasuperficialacquaintancewithit,butagenuineunderstandingofthe
languageandmasteryofitsusewithoutrecoursetoadditionaltextbooks,readers,etc.Inotherwords,this
onevolumeaffordsascompleteaknowledgeofEsperantoasseveralyears'studyofagrammarand
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variousreaderswillaccomplishforanynationallanguage.Inflection,wordformationandsyntaxare
presentedclearlyandconcisely,yetwithadegreeofcompletenessandinasystematicorderthat
constituteanewfeature.Otherpointsworthyofnotearethefollowing:
Thereasonsforsyntacticalusagesaregiven,insteadofmerestatementsthatsuchusagesexist.For
example,clausesofpurposeandofresultarereallyexplained,insteadofbeingdismissedwiththe
unsatisfactoryremarkthat"theimperativefollowsporke,"orthe"useoftiel...keandtia...kemustbe
distinguishedfromthatoftiel...kielandtia...kia,"etc.,withbutlittleintimationofwhenandwhypor
ke,tiel...keandtia...kearelikelytooccur.
Affixesarenotmentioneduntilsomefamiliaritywiththegeneralcharacterofthelanguageisassured,as
wellasthepossessionofafairvocabulary.Theyareintroducedgradually,withadequateexplanationand
illustration.Ofimportanceinconnectionwithwordformationisanelementdistinctlynewthe
explanationandclassificationofcompoundwords.Suchwords,likeaffixes,arewithhelduntiltheuseof
simplewordsisfamiliar.
Anothernewfeatureisthegradualintroductionofcorrelativewordsintheirlogicalorder,andintheir
propergrammaticalcategories,beforetheyarecalled"correlatives,"ortabulated.Thetabulationfinally
presentedisarealclassification,withregardtothemeaningandgrammaticalcharacterofthewords,not
merelyanarbitraryalphabeticalarrangement.Theuseofprimaryadverbsprecedestheexplanationof
adverbderivationprepositions,especiallyde,da,je,etc.,receivecarefulattention,alsotheverbsystem,
andthedifferentiationofwordswhoseEnglishequivalentsareambiguous.
Ageneralcharacteristicofobviousadvantageisthatalmostwithoutexceptionnewformsand
constructionsareillustratedbymeansofwordsorrootsalreadyfamiliar.Likewise,thenewwordsor
rootsofeachlessonrecuratleastonceinthenextlesson,andusuallyinsomelessonthereafteraswell.
Eachreadingexercisegivesnotonlyathoroughapplicationofthegrammaticalprinciplesofthelesson,
butareviewofthoseintheprecedinglesson,andnouseismadeofwordsorconstructionsnotyet
explained.Thecomparativeeaseofthelanguage,andthelackofnecessityforrecitingparadigms,permit
thereadingexercisestobelongenoughforthestudenttofeelthathehasreallymasteredsomething.
Theseexercisesarefurtherunique,inthateachafterthefifthisacoherentnarrative,andnearlyeveryone
isastoryofgenuineinterestinitself.Thesestories,ifboundseparately,wouldaloneconstituteareader
equivalenttothoseusedinfirstandsecondyearworkinnationallanguages.(Forlistoftitles,seeTable
ofContents.)
Thesecondelementofthetwofoldneedwhichthisvolumemeetsisthenecessityforapresentationof
Esperanto,notasathingapart,butinthatformwhichwillmakeitmostserviceableasanintroductionto
nationaltongues.Asteppingstonetobothancientandmodernlanguages,Esperantomayrender
invaluableaid,andpavethewayforsurmountingthemanydifficultiesconfrontingbothstudentand
teacher.ThroughEsperanto,thelaborintheacquirementoftheselanguagesmaybereducedinthesame
proportioninwhichthepleasureandthoroughnessofsuchacquirementareincreased.Forthisreason,the
grammaticalconstructionsofEsperantoarehereexplainedasconsistentlyaspossibleinaccordancewith
theusageofnationallanguages,especiallythoseintheschoolcurriculum,andprecisenamesare
assignedtothem.Suchmattersascontrarytofactconditions,indirectquotations,clausesofpurposeand
ofresult,accusativesoftimeandmeasure,expressionsofseparation,reference,etc.,thusbecome
familiartothestudent,longbeforehemeetstheminthemoredifficultgarbofanationaltongue,whose
exceptionsseemtooutnumberitsrules,andwhoseidiomsprovemorepuzzlingthanitsexceptions,
unlessapproachedbythesmoothandgradualascentoftheInternationalLanguage,Esperanto.
IVYKELLERMAN.
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WASHINGTON,D.C.,
August3,1910.
TABLEOFCONTENTS.
LESSON
I. Alphabet.Vowels.Consonants.NamesoftheLetters.Diphthongs.Combinations
ofConsonants.Syllables.Accent.
II. Nouns.TheArticle.Adjectives.AttributiveAdjectives.PresentTenseoftheVerb
III. ThePluralNumber.PredicateAdjectiveandNoun
IV. TransitiveVerbs.TheAccusativeCase.TheConjunctionKaj.TheNegativeNe.
V. TheComplementaryInfinitive.Interrogation.TheConjunctionNek.
VI. PersonalPronouns.AgreementwithPronouns.ConjugationoftheVerb.
VII. ThePastTense.Prepositions.AccusativeCaseofPersonalPronouns.
VIII. ReflexivePronouns.ReflexiveVerbs.
IX. LimitationoftheThirdPersonalPronoun.PossessiveAdjectives.PronominalUseof
PossessiveAdjectives.LaKatokajlaPasero.
X. TheAccusativeofDirection.TheArticleforthePossessiveAdjective.Apposition.
LaArabokajlaKamelo.
XI. PossessiveCaseofNouns.ImpersonalVerbs.VerbsPrecedingtheirSubjects.
CoordinatingConjunctions.LaAraboenlaDezerto.
XII. IndirectStatements.TheIndefinitePersonalPronounOni.TheFutureTense.La
Ventoflago.
XIII. TheDemonstrativePronounTiu.TensesinIndirectQuotations.FormationofFeminine
Nouns.EnlaParko.
XIV. TheDemonstrativePronounitiu.PossessiveFormoftheDemonstrativePronoun.
TheSuffixIl.TheExpressionofMeansorInstrumentality.LaMano.
XV. TheDemonstrativeAdjective.AdverbsDefinedandClassified.Formationof
Opposites.LaRuzaJunaViro.
XVI. TheDemonstrativeAdverbofPlace.Accompaniment.TheAdverbFor.The
MeaningofPovi.MalamikojenlaDezerto.
XVII. TheDemonstrativeTemporalAdverb.ComparisonofAdjectives.Mannerand
Characteristic.Diri,ParoliandRakonti.FrederikoGrandakajlaJunaServisto.
XVIII. TheDemonstrativeAdverbofMotiveorReason.DerivationofAdverbs.Comparison
ofWordsExpressingQuantity.ComparisonsContainingOl.CausalClauses.Prila
Sezonoj.
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XIX. JuandDesinComparisons.ThePrepositionInter.ThePrepositionPro.Prepositions
withAdverbsandOtherPrepositions.LaAtunokajlaVintro.
XX. TheDemonstrativeAdverbofMannerandDegree.PrepositionsExpressingTime
Relations.EnSeptembro.
XXI. TheAccusativeofTime.AdverbsandtheAccusativeofTime.ThePrepositionPor.
LaSezonojkajlaMondo.
XXII. ClausesExpressingDurationofTime.ClausesExpressingAnticipation.TheInfinitive
withAnstata,Por,Antaol.TheExpressionofaPartoftheWhole.Diogenokaj
AleksandroGranda.
XXIII. AdverbsExpressingaPartoftheWhole.TheDemonstrativeAdverbofQuantity.
ResultClauses.EnlaButiko.
XXIV. TheInterrogativePronoun.ThePresentActiveParticiple.CompoundTenses.The
ProgressivePresentTense.TheSuffixEj.EnNiaDomo.
XXV. TheInterrogativeAdjective.TheImperfectTense.SalutationsandExclamations.
WordFormation.KoniandScii.LaNepoVizitaslaAvinon.
XXVI. TheInterrogativeAdverbofPlace.ThePastActiveParticiple.AdverbDerivationfrom
Prepositions.AdverbsExpressingDirectionofMotion.TheSuffixEg.LaPluvego.
XXVII. TheInterrogativeTemporalAdverb.ThePerfectTense.ThePrepositione.The
SuffixAr.TempoandFojo.TheOrthographyofProperNames.RobertoBruce
kajlaAraneo.
XXVIII. TheInterrogativeAdverbofMotiveorReason.TheInfinitiveasSubject.Present
ActionwithPastInception.TheSuffixUl.LoiandVivi.PrilaAvokajlaAvino.
XXIX. TheInterrogativeAdverbofMannerandDegree.ThePluperfectTense.Cardinal
Numbers.TheAccusativeofMeasure.NiaFamilio.
XXX. TheInterrogativeAdverbofQuantity.ModifiersofImpersonallyUsedVerbs.
FormationofCardinalNumerals.TheSuffixAn.LecionoPriAritmetiko.
XXXI. TheRelativePronoun.TheFuturePerfectTense.OrdinalNumerals.AlfredoGranda
kajlaLibro.
XXXII. KiaasaRelativeAdjective.KieasaRelativeAdverb.TheFutureActiveParticiple.
ThePeriphrasticFutureTenses.TheSuffixInd.AlfredoGrandakajlaKukoj.
XXXIII. KiamasaRelativeAdverb.KielasaRelativeAdverb.NumeralNounsandAdverbs.
WordDerivationfromPrepositions.LaInvito.
XXXIV. PrepositionsasPrefixes.TheSuffixEbl.ExpressionoftheHighestDegreePossible.
TitlesandTermsofAddress.elaFesto.
XXXV. KiomasaRelativeAdverb.ThePresentPassiveParticiple.Fractions.Descriptive
Compounds.Lainoj.
XXXVI. ThePresentPassiveTense.TheUseofDetoExpressAgency.TheGeneralMeaningof
De.WordDerivationfromPrimaryAdverbs.TheSuffixIst.AntikvaRespubliko.
XXXVII. TheDistributivePronoun.ThePrepositionPo.DependentCompounds.Laapelo
surlaStango.
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XXXVIII. TheDistributiveAdjective.TheImperfectPassiveTense.CompoundTensesof
ImpersonalVerbs.ReciprocalExpressions.TheSuffixUj.VilhelmoTellkajla
Pomo.
XXXIX. TheDistributiveAdverbofPlace.TheFuturePassiveTense.PossessiveCompounds.
TheTimeofDay.TheSuffixObl.EnlaStacidomo.
XL. TheDistributiveTemporalAdverb.TheDistributiveAdverbial.ThePastPassive
Participle.ThePerfectPassiveTense.ThePrepositionLa.TheSuffixEm.La
PerditaInfano.
XLI. TheDistributiveAdverbiel.TheDistributiveAdverbiom.ThePluperfectPassive
Tense.TheFuturePerfectPassiveTense.TheExpressionofMaterial.TheSuffix
Et.LaDonaco.
XLII. TheFuturePassiveParticiple.ThePassivePeriphrasticFutureTenses.TheGeneric
Article.TheSuffixEc.SurlaVaporipo.
XLIII. TheIndefinitePronoun.ParticipialNouns.ThePrefixEk.TheSuffixId.La
NestosurlaTendo.
XLIV. TheIndefiniteAdjective.TheIndefiniteAdverbofPlace.PredicateNominatives.La
evalokajlaSonorilo.
XLV. TheIndefiniteTemporalAdverb.TheIndefiniteAdverbIal.CausativeVerbs.
EmphasisbyMeansofJa.elaMalnovaPonto.
XLVI. TheIndefiniteAdverbIel.TheIndefiniteAdverbIom.TheSuffixAd.TheUseof
Mem.ArimedokajlaKronoj.
XLVII. TheNegativePronoun.TheAdverbialParticiple.ThePrefixRe.LaFilozofo
Arimedo.
XLVIII. TheNegativeAdjective.TheNegativeAdverbofPlace.TheNegativeTemporal
Adverb.TheSuffixA.TheAdverbJen.DuArtkonkursoj.
XLIX. TheNegativeAdverbsNenial,Neniel,Neniom.TheSuffixI.LaKrepusko.
L. ThePronounsendinginO.CorrelativeWords.TheUseofAjn.TheSuffixIng.
LaGordiaLigao.
LI. ThePronounAmba.FormationswithIgandI.FactualConditions.La
MonaojkajlaAzeno.
LII. TheConditionalMood.CompoundTensesoftheConditionalMood.LessVivid
Conditions.IndependentUseoftheConditionalMood.ThePrefixDis.Prila
Gravitado.
LIII. ConditionsContrarytoFact.TheVerbDevi.ThePrepositionSen.LaFilozofo
Sokrato.
LIV. SummaryofConditions.ClausesofImaginativeComparison.TheUseofAltoExpress
Reference.TheSuffixEstr.LaOstracismodeAristejdo.
LV. TheImperativeMood.ResolveandExhortation.CommandsandProhibitions.Less
PeremptoryUsesoftheImperative.TheUseofMoto.LaGlavodeDamoklo.
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LVI. TheImperativeinSubordinateClauses.ThePrepositionJe.TheSuffixOp.La
MaradodelaDekmilGrekoj.
LVII. ClausesExpressingPurpose.FurtherUsesoftheAccusative.Synopsisofthe
ConjugationoftheVerb.TheSuffixUm.LaReiradodelaDekmilo.
LVIII. PermissionandPossibility.ThePrefixGe.TheSuffixA.Interjections.
AleksandroGranda.
LIX. ThePositionofUnemphaticPronouns.SomeIntransitiveVerbs.TheSuffixEr.The
PrefixesBoandDuon.Correspondence.KelkajLeteroj.
LX. SomeTransitiveVerbs.Elision.ThePrefixEks.ThePrefixPra.TheSuffixes
jandNj.WeightsandMeasures.TheInternationalMoneySystem.
Abbreviations.PriLaKamero.
ESPERANTOENGLISHVOCABULARY.
ENGLISHESPERANTOVOCABULARY.
INDEX.
ACOMPLETEGRAMMAROF
ESPERANTO.
LESSONI.
ALPHABET.
1.TheEsperantoalphabetcontainsthefollowingletters:a,b,c,,d,e,f,g,,h,,i,j,,k,l,m,n,o,p,
r,s,,t,u,,v,z.
VOWELS.
2.Thevowelsofthealphabetarepronouncedasfollows:
aasinfar.
easinfianc,likeainfate.
This"longa"soundinEnglishfrequentlyendswithavanish,abriefterminalsoundof,whichmakesthevowel
slightlydiphthongal,asinday,aye.SuchavanishmustnotbegiventoanyoftheEsperantovowels.
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iasinmachine.
oasintoll,for.
uasinrude,rural.
CONSONANTS.
3.Theconsonantsb,d,f,h,k,l,m,n,p,t,v,z,arepronouncedasinEnglish,andtheremainingeleven
asfollows:
cliketsinhats,tsetse.
likechinchin,much.
glikegingo,big.
likegingem,jinjar.
isproducedbyexpellingthebreathforcibly,withthethroatonlypartiallyopen.
AsinpronouncingGermanandScotchch,Spanishj,Irishgh,Russianx,ClassicalGreeketc.Thereareonlyafew
wordscontainingthisconsonant.
jlikeyinyes,beyond.
likezinazure,sinvisual.
risslightlytrilledorrolled.
slikesinsee,basis.
likeshinshine,rash,chinmachine.
likeworconsonantalu.SeeDiphthongs,5.
NAMESOFTHELETTERS.
4.Thevowelsarenamedbytheirsounds,asgivenin2.Thenamesoftheconsonantsarebo,co,o,do,
fo,go,o,ho,o,jo,o,ko,lo,mo,no,po,ro,so,o,to,o,vo,zo.Theseareusedinspeakingofthe
letters,inpronouncingtheminabbreviations,askotopofork.t.p.(=etc.),andinspellingwords,as
bo,i,ro,do,o,birdo.
DIPHTHONGS.
5.Diphthongsarecombinationsoftwovowelsutteredasasinglesound,byonebreathimpulse.The
diphthongsinEsperantocontainaniorusoundasthesecondelement,butinordertoavoidconfusion
withcombinationsofvowelsnotformingdiphthongs(asinnaiva,likeEnglishnave,etc.),theyare
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writtenwithjandinstead.Theirpronunciationisasfollows:
ajlikeaiinaisle.
ejlikeeiinvein,eyinthey.
ojlikeoiincoin,oyinboy.
ujlikeuiinruin,u(e)yingluey.
elikeaywinwayward,orlike(h)oopronouncedtogether.
alikeouinout,owinowl.
COMBINATIONSOFCONSONANTS.
6.Eachconsonant,inacombinationoftwoormoreconsonants,ispronouncedwithitsfullvalue,
whetherwithinawordoratitsbeginning.Therearenosilentletters.
a.Thus,bothconsonantsareclearlysoundedinthegroupskn,kv,gv,sv,insuchwordsasknabo,kvin,
gvidi,sviso.
b.Thecombinationkz,asinekzisti,ekzameno,mustnotbemodifiedtothegsorksrepresentedbyxin
exist,execute.
c.Thecombinationsc,asinescepte,scias,isequivalenttothecombinationstsinlastsaid,firstsong,
pronouncedtogetherrapidly.Thesinawordbeginningwithscmaybesoundedwiththeendofthe
precedingword,ifthatwordendsinavowel,asmisciasformiscias.
d.Thenandgarepronouncedseparatelyinthecombinationng,insuchwordsaslingvo,angulo,
producingthesoundofngheardinlinger,notthatinsinger.
e.Eachoftwosimilarlettersisclearlysounded,asinterrilato,ellasi,likeinterrelate,welllaid.
SYLLABLES.
7.Eachwordcontainsasmanysyllablesasithasvowelsanddiphthongs.Thedivisionofsyllableswithin
awordisasfollows:
a.Asingleconsonantgoeswiththefollowingvowel,aspano,bela,aero.
b.Aconsonantfollowedbylorr(whichareliquids)goeswiththelorr,asintablo,akra,agrabla.
c.Otherwise,thesyllabledivisionismadebeforethelastconsonantofthegroup,assuspekti,sankta,
dekstra.
d.Prefixesareseparatedfromthewordstowhichtheyareattached,asdismeti,malakra,and
compoundwordsaredividedintotheircomponentparts,asefurbo,sunombrelo.
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ACCENT.
8.Wordsofmorethanonesyllableareaccenteduponthesyllablebeforethelast,astblo,agrbla,
suspkti.
WORDSFORPRACTICE.
9.(Tobepronouncedaloud,andcorrectlyaccented)Afero,trairi,najbaro,aero,hodia,pacienco,
centono,ielo,e,samideano,treege,obei,obeu,Eropo,gvidi,ojo,iujn,justa,uste,jui,ado,
lingvo,knabo,lara,pagi,kvieteco,ekzemplo,ellerni,fojo,krajono,forrajdi,kuirejo,evalejo,sankteco,
scio,nescio,edzo,meze,duobla,ipo,ari,poo,svingi,sklavo,palaj,afao,atmosfero,monao,
geometrio,ladi,vasta,eksplodi,senesa,sensencao,malluma,arbaranoj,mano,frea,askulti,dari.
LESSONII.
NOUNS.
10.Wordswhicharethenamesofpersonsorthingsarecallednouns.Theending,orfinalletter,ofnouns
inEsperantoiso:
knabo,boy. pomo,apple.
evalo,horse. tablo,table.
THEARTICLE.
11.Thedefinitearticleisla,the,aslaknabo,theboy,laevalo,thehorse,latablo,thetable,lapomo,
theapple.InEnglishthereisanindefinitearticle"a,an"forthesingular,butnonefortheplural.
Esperantohasnoindefinitearticleforeithersingularorplural.Thereforeknabomaymeanboy,oraboy,
pomomaymeanappleoranapple.
ADJECTIVES
12.Awordusedwithanoun(expressedorunderstood)toexpressaqualityorcharacteristiciscalledan
adjective.TheendingofadjectivesinEsperantoisa:
bela,beautiful. granda,large.
flava,yellow. forta,strong.
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ATTRIBUTIVEADJECTIVES.
13.Anadjectiveissaidtomodifyanounwhosequalityitexpresses.Whendirectlyprecedingor
followingitsnoun,itiscalledanattributiveadjective:
lagrandaevalo,thelargehorse.
belabirdo,abeautifulbird.
floroflava,ayellowflower.
fortaknabo,astrongboy.
PRESENTTENSEOFTHEVERB.
14.Wordswhichexpressactionorconditionarecalledverbs.Whenrepresentinganactorconditionasa
fact,anddealingwiththepresenttime,theyaresaidtobeinthepresenttense.Theendingofall
Esperantoverbsinthepresenttenseisas:
kuras,runs,isrunning. brilas,shines,isshining.
flugas,flies,isflying.
dormas,sleeps,issleeping.
15.Thepersonorthingwhoseactionorconditiontheverbexpressesiscalledthesubjectoftheverb:
Lasunobrilas,thesunshines(isshining),subject:suno.
Knabokuras,aboyruns(isrunning),subject:knabo.
VOCABULARY.
(Tobememorizedinthisandinallfollowinglessons.)
bela,beautiful.
birdo,bird.
blanka,white.
bona,good.
brilas,shines,isshining.
evalo,horse.
dormas,sleeps,issleeping.
flava,yellow.
floro,flower.
flugas,flies,isflying.
forta,strong,
granda,large.
kaj,and.
kantas,sings,issinging.
knabo,boy.
kuras,runs,isrunning.
la,the.
luno,moon.
maras,walks,iswalking.
pomo,apple.
suno,sun.
tablo,table.
violo,violet.
viro,man.
READINGLESSON.
1.Bonaviro.2.Lagrandatablo.3.Blankafloro.4.Flavabirdo.5.Labelabirdokantas.6.Fortaknabo
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kuras.7.Labonaviromaras.8.Labelaevalokuras.9.Lasunobrilas.10.Birdoflugaskajknabo
kuras.11.evaloblankamaras.12.Labelalunobrilas.13.Laknabokantaskajlavirodormas.14.Bela
grandapomo.15.Labonaknabokantas.16.Lagrandaevalodormas.17.Lasunobrilaskajlaluno
brilas.18.Grandafortatablo.19.Violoflava.20.Labonaflavapomo.
SENTENCESFORTRANSLATION.
1.Abeautifulflower.2.Agoodlargetable.3.Ayellowvioletandawhiteviolet.4.Themoonisshining
(shines).5.Thegoodboyiswalking(walks).6.Thebeautifulyellowbirdisflying(flies).7.Thestrong
manissleeping(sleeps).8.Thewhitebirdissinging(sings).9.Astronghorseruns,andamanwalks.
10.Thesunshines,andtheboyissinging(sings).11.Thelargeyellowapple.12.Anapplelargeand
good.
LESSONIII.
THEPLURALNUMBER.
16.Thepluralnumberofnouns,thatis,theformwhichindicatesmorethanonepersonorthing,ismade
byaddingjtothenoun,asviroj,men,fromviro,mantabloj,tables,fromtablo,table.
ojispronouncedlikeoyinboy.See5.
17.Anadjectivemodifyingapluralnounagreeswithitinnumber,beinggiventhepluralformbythe
additionoftheendingj.Anadjectivemodifyingtwoormorenounsusedtogetherisofcoursegiventhe
pluralform:
bonajviroj,goodmen.
grandajevaloj,largehorses.
belajbirdokajfloro(belabirdokajbelafloro),beautifulbirdand(beautiful)flower.
ajispronouncedlikeaiinaisle.See5.
18.Thearticleisinvariable,thatis,doesnotchangeinformwhenusedwithpluralnouns,aslaviro,the
man,laviroj,themen.Theverbisalsoinvariableinform:
Lavirojmaras,themenwalk,themenarewalking.
Lasunokajlalunobrilas,thesunandthemoonareshining.
Laviroestas,themanis.
Lavirojestas,themenare.
PREDICATEADJECTIVEANDNOUN.
19.Whentheadjectiveisapartofthatwhichistoldorpredicatedofthesubjectoftheverb,aswhen
usedwiththeverbs"tobe,""toseem,"etc.,itiscalledapredicateadjective:
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Labirdoestasbela,thebirdisbeautiful.
Laknaboajnasbona,theboyseemsgood.
Lavirojestasfortaj,themenarestrong.
20.Anounmayalsobeusedaspartofthepredicate,andisthencalledapredicatenoun:
Violojestasfloroj,violetsareflowers.
Lakolomboestasbirdo,thedoveisabird.
21.Predicatenounsandadjectivesagreeinnumberwiththewordorwordswithwhichtheyarein
predicaterelation:
Rozojestasbelaj,rosesarebeautiful.
Laknabokajlaviroajnasfortaj,theboyandthemanseemstrong.
VOCABULARY.
alta,high,tall.
arbo,tree.
ambro,room.
domo,house.
en,in.
estas,is,are.
folio,leaf.
frea,fresh.
ardeno,garden.
kampo,field.
kolombo,dove.
kuas,lies,islying,lie.
longa,long.
rozo,rose.
rua,red.
seo,chair.
sidas,sits,sit,issitting.
sur,on.
ajnas,seems,seem.
verda,green.
READINGLESSON.
1.Laaltaviroestasenlaardeno.2.Blankaevaloestasenlakampo.3.Belajbirdojsidassurlaverda
arbo.4.Labonajknabojestasenladomo.5.Laambrojenlabeladomoestasgrandaj.6.Freajfloroj
kuassurlatablo.7.Laviolojenlakampoestasbelaj.8.Lalunokajlasunoajnasgrandaj.9.La
kolombojestasbelajbirdoj.10.Laknabojajnasfortaj.11.Ruajpomojestassurlatabloenlaambro.
12.Lafortajvirojsidassurseojenlalongaambro.13.Laarbojestasaltajkajverdaj.14.Lakolomboj
surlaarbojkantas.15.Fortajevalojmaraskajkurasenlaverdajkampoj.16.Laknabojdormasenla
grandadomo.17.Ruaj,flavaj,kajverdajfoliojestasenlaardeno.18.Longatabloestasenladomo.
19.Belajbirdojflugaskajkantasenlakampo.20.Freajrozojajnasbelaj.21.Lafoliojestasverdajkaj
ruaj.
1.Thetreesinthegardenaretallandgreen.2.Theroomsinthehousearelong.3.Theflowersonthe
tablearered,yellowandwhite.4.Theleavesarelongandgreen.5.Themenaresitting(sit)onchairsin
thegarden.6.Inthegardenareyellowroses.7.Thebirdsinthefieldaredoves.8.Theboysintheroom
inthehouseseemtall.9.Freshvioletsarebeautifulflowers.10.Thehorsesinthegreenfieldsseem
strong.11.Dovesaresinging(sing)inthegarden.12.Themeninthelargehousesleep.13.Thehouseis
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longandhigh,andtheroomsinthehousearelarge.14.Redandyellowappleslieonthebigtable.15.
Greenleavesareonthetreesinthelargegarden.
LESSONIV.
TRANSITIVEVERBS.
22.Theverbssofargivenhavebeenintransitiveverbs,expressingastateoranactionlimitedtothe
subject,andnotimmediatelyaffectinganyotherpersonorthing,aslaknabokuras,theboyruns.Onthe
otherhandatransitiveverbexpressesanactofthesubjectuponsomepersonorthingas,laknabo
trovas,theboyfinds.
THEACCUSATIVECASE.
23.Thepersonorthingacteduponiscalledthedirectobjectofatransitiveverb,andisgiventheending
n.Thisiscalledtheaccusativeendingandthewordtowhichitisattachedissaidtobeinthe
accusativecase:
Lavirohavasseon,themanhasachair.
Laknabotrovasflorojn,theboyfindsflowers.
Theendingnfollowstheendingj,ifthewordtobeputintheaccusativecaseisinthepluralnumber.
24.Anattributiveadjectivemodifyinganounintheaccusativecaseismadetoagreeincase,byaddition
ofthesameaccusativeendingn.Thispreventsanydoubtastowhichoftwoormorenounsina
sentenceismodifiedbytheadjective,andpermitsofvariationintheorderofthewords:
Laknabotrovasbelanfloron,theboyfindsabeautifulflower.
Florojnbelajnlavirohavas,themanhasbeautifulflowers.
Lavirohavasgrandanseon,themanhasalargechair.
Ruanrozonlaknabohavas,theboyhasaredrose.
25.Apredicateadjectiveornoun(19)isneverintheaccusativecase,noristheaccusativeendingever
attachedtothearticle,whichisinvariableasstatedin18.
THECONJUNCTIONKAJ.
26.Intheexpressionboth...and...,theconjunctionkajisusedforbothwords,beingmerelyrepeated:
Lavirokajmaraskajkuras,themanbothwalksandruns.
Laevaloestaskajgrandakajforta,thehorseisbothlargeandstrong.
Laknabohavaskajrozojnkajviolojn,theboyhasbothrosesandviolets.
Kajlaknabokajlaviroestasaltaj,boththeboyandthemanaretall.
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THENEGATIVENE.
27.Thenegativewordmeaning"not"whenformingpartofasentence,and"no"whenusedasananswer
toaquestion,isne.Whenusedasasentencenegative,itusuallyimmediatelyprecedestheverb.For
emphaticnegationofsomeotherwordthantheverb,nemayprecedethatword:
Violojneestasruaj,violetsarenotred.
Lavirojnesidassurseoj,themenarenotsittingonchairs.
Lakolombokantas,neflugas,thedoveissinging,notflying.
Ladomoestasblanka,neverda,thehouseiswhite,notgreen.
VOCABULARY.
apud,near,inthevicinityof.
benko,bench.
brano,branch.
diversa,various.
felia,happy.
frukto,fruit.
havas,have,has.
herbo,grass.
ili,they.
kolektas,gather,collect.
koloro,color.
lara,wide,broad.
manas,eat,eats.
mola,soft.
nigra,black.
ne,not,no.
rompas,break,breaks.
sed,but.
trovas,find,finds.
vidas,see,sees.
READINGLESSON.
1.Laknabojneestasenlaambroenlablankadomo.2.Iliestasenlagrandaardeno.3.Laardeno
ajnaskajlongakajlara.4.Lafeliajknabojvidaslabelanardenon.5.Ilividasflorojnapudaltaarbo.
6.Laflorojhavasdiversajnkolorojn.7.Laknabojkolektaskajruajnkajflavajnflorojn.8.Sediline
trovasfruktojnenlaardeno.9.Florojnblankajnilinevidas.10.Laaltaarbohavasverdajnfoliojnsurla
branoj.11.Laknabojrompasbranon,kajkolektaslafruktojn.12.Ilividasflorojnsurlabranoj,sedla
florojnilinekolektas.13.Laknabojnesidassurbenkojenlaardeno,sedkuassurlamolaherbo.14.
Lakolombojsidassurlaarboj,kajiliestasfeliaj.15.Laknabojvidaslabelajnbirdojn.16.Fortajnigraj
evalojmanaslaherbonenlakampo.17.Laknabojvidaslaevalojn,sedlaevalojnevidasla
knabojn.18.Laevalojnedormas,ilimanas.19.Lafreaherboestasverdakajmola.20.Feliajestas
kajlaknabojkajlaevaloj.21.Lapomoestasbonafrukto.
1.Greenleavesareonthetrees.2.Theboysbreakbranchesandgathertheapples.3.Theyarenearthe
talltreeinthegarden.4.Theyfindleavesonthetree,buttheydonotseethefruit.5.Thehouseislong,
broadandhigh.6.Theroomsinthehousearebothlongandwide.7.Themenhavestrongblackhorses.
8.Thehorseseatthefreshgreengrassinthefield.9.Themensitonbenchesinthegarden.10.Theboys
donotsleep,buttheylieonthesoftgrass.11.Theyseeboththebirdsandtheflowers,andtheyseem
happy.12.Theflowershavevariouscolors,butthegrassisgreen.13.Thedovesarenotsittingonthe
tree,theyareflyingnearthetrees.14.Beautifulredrosesarelyingonthetableinthehouse.15.The
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largeredapplesareneartheyellowroses.
LESSONV.
THECOMPLEMENTARYINFINITIVE.
28.Theinfinitiveisaformoftheverbwhichexpressesmerelythegeneralideaoftheactionorcondition
indicated,andhassomeofthecharacteristicsofanoun.Theendingoftheinfinitiveisi,askuri,torun,
esti,tobe,havi,tohave.
29.Aninfinitiveusedtocompletethemeaningofanotherverb,servingasadirectobjecttoatransitive
verb,iscalledacomplementaryinfinitive.Ifthecomplementaryinfinitiveisfromatransitiveverb,it
mayitselfhaveadirectobject:
Laknabovolaskuri,theboywishestorun.
Birdojataskanti,birdsliketosing.
Laknabovolashavievalon,theboywishestohaveahorse.
Ilivolastroviflorojn,theywishtofindflowers.
INTERROGATION.
30.Aninterrogativesentenceisonewhichasksaquestion.Unlesssomedirectlyinterrogativeword(as
"who,""when,""why,"etc.)isused,thesentenceisrenderedinterrogativebyuseofthewordu.This
interrogativeparticleisplacedatthebeginningofasentence,thewordsofwhichareleftinthesame
orderasforastatement.Sincethereisnoinversionoforder,thereisnonecessityforawordlikeEnglish
"do"or"does,"tointroducetheverb:
ulaknaboestasbona?Istheboygood?
uilihavasflorojn?Havetheyflowers?
ulakolombojkantas?Dothedovessing?(Arethedovessinging?)
THECONJUNCTIONNEK.
31.Intheexpressionneither...nor...,theconjunctionnekisusedforbothwords.Sinceanadjective
modifieroftwoormorewordsconnectedbynekmustnecessarilymodifythemseparately,theadjective
remainsinthesingularnumber:
Ilinekmarasnekkuras,theyneitherwalknorrun.
Lavirohavasnekdomonnekardenon,themanhasneitherahousenoragarden.
Neklarozoneklavioloestasverda,neithertherosenorthevioletisgreen.
VOCABULARY.
(Verbswillhereafterbequotedintheinfinitiveform.)
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bruna,brown.
erizo,cherry.
u,(30).
dola,sweet.
gusto,taste.
i,it.
Gertrude,Gertrude.
knabino,girl.
matura,ripe.
Mario,Mary.
nek,neither,nor.
persiko,peach.
jes,yes.
preferi,toprefer.
ati,tolike.
voli,towish.
READINGLESSON.
1.upersikoestasrua?2.Jes,iestaskajruakajdola.3.uerizojestasbrunaj?4.Ne,iliestasnek
brunajneknigraj,sedflavaj.5.ulapomoestasfrukto?Jes,iestasbonafrukto.6.ulavirokajla
knabohavaspomojn?7.Ne,ilihavasnekpomojnnekpersikojn.8.uMariohavaslamaturanfrukton?
9.MariokajGertrudohavaslafrukton.10.Iliestasenladomo,kajmanaslamaturanfrukton.11.La
persikojhavasdolanguston.12.Laknabinojvolashaviflorojn,sedlaknabojpreferaskolektidiversajn
fruktojn.13.Ilivolastrovimaturajnerizojnkajflavajnpersikojn.14.Laerizojhavasbelanruan
koloron.15.Lapersikojajnasmolajkajbonaj.16.Mariorompasbranon,kajvidaserizojnsurla
branoj.17.Gertrudoestasfelia,kajvolashavilabelanfrukton.18.Gertrudoestasalta,belaknabino.
19.Marioataserizojn.20.Laknabojkajknabinojsidassurlaverdaherbo,kajmanaslaerizojn.21.
Ilinevolasmanipomojn,ilipreferasladolajnerizojn.22.Lafoliojapudlaerizojestasneklaraj
neklongaj.
1.Havethegirlsbeautifulflowers?2.No,theyhavefreshfruit.3.Theboysdonotwishtogather
flowers.4.Theyprefertobreakthebranches,andfindthesweetcherries.5.Gertrudewishestoeat
apples,butMaryhasneitherapplesnorpeaches.6.Dothegirlsliketositinthehouseandeatfruit?7.
Yes,theyliketositinthehouse,buttheyprefertowalkinthefield.8.Areripepeachesbrown?9.No,
theyareredandyellow.10.Hasthepeachasweettaste?11.Dothegirlsseethebeautifulblackhorsesin
thefields?12.Yes,theyseethehorses,butthehorsesseemnottoseethegirls.13.Marysitsonthesoft
greengrass,andeatsripefruit.
LESSONVI.
PERSONALPRONOUNS.
32.Wordswhichstandintheplaceofnouns,as"you,""he,""who,""which,"arecalledpronouns.
Pronounsreferringtothepersonspeaking(I,we),thepersonaddressed(you,thou),orthepersonorthing
spokenof(he,she,it,they),arecalledpersonalpronouns.Theyareconsideredsingularorplural,
accordingtowhethertheyrefertooneormorepersons.Sincethemeaningofsuchpronounsindicatesthe
number,nopluralendingiseverattachedtothem.Thepersonalpronounsare:
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Firstperson:
Secondperson:
Thirdperson:
Singular.
Plural.
mi,I(me).
ni,we(us).
vi,you.
vi,you.
li,he(him).
i,she(her).
i,it.
ili,they(them).
Thereisanotherpronounci,thou,forthesecondpersonsingular,usedinsolemnstyle,asintheBible,inpoetry,
andalsoforintimateorfamiliaraddresswhendesired,likeGermandu,Frenchtu,etc.
AGREEMENTWITHPRONOUNS.
33.Nounsinpredicaterelationwithpronouns,oradjectivesmodifyingsuchpronouns,aremadetoagree
withtheminnumber:
Niestasbonajkajfeliaj,wearegoodandhappy.
Rozojestasfloroj,illneestasfruktoj,rosesareflowers,theyarenotfruits.
Gertrudo,viestasbona,Gertrude,youaregood.
Knabinoj,uviestasfeliaj?Girls,areyouhappy?
CONJUGATIONOFTHEVERB.
34.Anypronounmayserveasthesubjectofaverb.Thecombinationoftheverbwitheachofthe
personalpronounsinsuccessionforitssubject,iscalledtheconjugationoftheverb.Followingisthe
conjugationofthepresenttenseofesti,andofvidi:
miestas,Iam.
viestas,youare.
li(i,i)estas,he(she,it)is.
niestas,weare.
viestas,you(plural)are.
iliestas,theyare.
mividas,Isee.
vividas,yousee.
li(i,i)vidas,he(she,it)sees.
nividas,wesee.
vividas,you(plural)see.
ilividas,theysee.
VOCABULARY.
al,to,toward.
Arturo,Arthur.
a,or(a..a..,either..or..)
ar,because.
doni,togive.
hodia,today.
kudri,tosew.
Roberto,Robert.
skui,toshake.
stari,tostand.
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fali,tofall.
fenestro,window.
sub,under,beneath.
virino,woman.
READINGLESSON.
1.Knaboj,uvivolassidienladomo,aenlaardeno?2.Nipreferassidihodiaenlaardeno,subla
grandaarbo.3.uvihavaspomojn,aerizojn?4.Nihavasnekpomojnnekerizojn,sednihavas
dolajnpersikojn.5.Arturodonasalvilamaturajnpersikojn,arliataskolektifrukton.6.Arturo,uvi
rompaslabranojn?7.Ne,sedmiskuasbranon,kajlapersikojfalas.8.Mistarassublaarbo,kaj
kolektasladolanfrukton.9.LafruktonmidonasalMariokajGertrudo.10.Mivolasdonipersikonal
Heleno,sedhodiaiestasenladomo.11.isidasapudlafenestrokajkudras.12.ipreferaskudri,kaj
volasnekmarineksidienlaardeno.13.Kajikajlavirinoapudivolaskudrihodia.14.Iliestas
feliaj,arilividaslabirdojnenlaarboapudlafenestro.15.Labirdojestaskolomboj,kajsidassurla
arbo.16.Sublaarbojenlakampostarasevaloj,kajilimanaslaverdanmolanherbon.17.Nidonas
pomojnalili,ariliataspomojn.18.Niestasfeliaj,arnihavasbelajnpersikojnmaturajnkajbonajn.
19.Roberto,viestasalta,sedvi,knabinoj,neestasaltaj.
1.DoesArthurbreakthebranchandgathertheapples?2.No,heshakesthebranch,andtheapplesfall.
3.Theyareripeandsweet.4.Robert,doyouwishtostandbeneaththetree?5.No,Idonotwishtostand
underit,butnearit.6.Iwishtogiveboththepeachesandtheapplestothewoman.7.Sheissittingin
thehouse,nearthewindow.8.Maryissittingin(on)achairnearher.9.BothMaryandthewomanare
sewing.10.Theyprefertosew,anddonotwishtowalkinthegardentoday.11.Theyarehappy
becausetheyliketosew.12.Theydonotwishtogatherflowers,orwalk,orseethebirds.13.Theyhave
neitherapplesnorpeaches,buttheydonotwishtoeat.14.Theygivethefruittotheboysandgirls.
LESSONVII.
THEPASTTENSE.
35.Thepasttenseoftheverbexpressesanactionwhichtookplaceinpasttime,oraconditionwhich
existedinpasttime.Theendingofthistenseisis,askuris,ran,flugis,flew,brilis,shone.The
conjugationofestiandalsoofvidiinthepasttenseisasfollows:
miestis,Iwas.
viestis,youwere.
li(i,i)estis,he(she,it)was.
niestis,wewere.
viestis,you(plural)were.
iliestis,theywere.
mividis,Isaw.
vividis,yousaw.
li(i,i)vidis,he(she,it)saw.
nividis,wesaw.
vividis,you(plural)saw.
ilividis,theysaw.
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PREPOSITIONS.
36.Aprepositionisawordlike"in,""on,"placedbeforeanounorpronountoindicatesomerelation
betweenthisandanotherword.Theprepositionissaidtogovernthenounorpronoun,whichiscalledits
complement.InEnglish,thecomplementofaprepositionseemstobeputintheaccusativecaseifitisa
pronoun,buttoremainunchangedinformifitisanoun.InEsperantotheprepositiondoesnotaffectthe
formofthewordgoverned,whichremainsinthenominativecase:
Laarboestasenlaardeno,thetreeisinthegarden.
Bonajpomojestassuri,goodapplesareonit.
Midoniserizojnalli,Igavecherriestohim.
Laknaboestasapudmi,theboyisnearme.
Sublaarbostarisevalo,underthetreestoodahorse.
ACCUSATIVECASEOFPERSONALPRONOUNS.
37.Foruseastheobjectofaverb,anypronounmaybeputintheaccusativecasebyadditionofthe
accusativeendingn(23):
Lavirovidisvinkajmin,themansawyouandme.
Lividisilinkajnin,hesawthemandus.
Mividisneklinnekin,Isawneitherhimnorher.
Nivolashaviin,wewishtohaveit.
VOCABULARY.
agrabla,pleasant,agreeable.
bildo,picture.
blua,blue.
danki,tothank.
de,from.
diri,tosay.
infano,child.
interesa,interesting.
luma,light(notdark).
muro,wall.
nun,now.
planko,floor.
pordo,door.
rigardi,tolook(at).
tapio,carpet.
tra,through.
READINGLESSON.
1.Hodialaknabojkajknabinojestasenlagrandadomo.2.Ilistarasapudlatablo,enagrablaluma
ambro.3.ihavasaltajnlarajnfenestrojn.4.Sublatablokajseoj,molatapiokuassurlaplanko.5.
Latapiohavasbelajnkolorojn,ruan,bluan,flavan,kajverdan.6.Virinomaristralapordo,kajstaris
apudlatablo.7.ihavisinteresajnbildojn,kajdonisilinallaknabojkajlaknabinoj.8.idiris"uvi
volasrigardilabildojn?"9."Jes,nidankasvin,"dirislainfanoj,kajidonisalililabildojn.10.Granda
bildofalisdelatablo,sedArturonunhavasin.11.LidonasinalMario,idankaslin,kajdonasinal
Roberto.12.IlivolisdoniinalGertrudo,sedidiris"Ne,midankasvin,mineatasrigardibildojn."
13.imarisdelatabloallafenestrokajdiris"Mipreferaskudri."14.ivolissidiengrandaseoapud
lafenestro.15.Lavirinorigardisinkajdiris"Midonislabildojnalvi,knabojkajknabinoj,"ariliestas
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interesajbildoj.16.Gertrudodiris"Viestasbonaalni,sedmivolassidiapudlapordoalafenestro.17.
Mikolektisdolajnviolojnenlaardeno,kajnunmivolasrigardiladolajnflorojn,kajkudri."
1.Dotheboysandgirlswishtobegood?2.Theygatheredfreshflowersandgavethemtothewoman.3.
Thehappychildrenwereinthegarden,butnowtheyareinthehouse.4.Theroomsinthehouseare
light,becausetheyhavelargewidewindows.5.Thedoorsintheroomarewideandhigh.6.Thecarpets
onthefloorseemsoft,andhavevariousbeautifulcolors.7.Alargestrongtablestandsnearthedoor.8.
Wecansitnearthetableandlookthroughthewindows.9.Gertrudeislookingatthevariouspictures.
10.Shelooksatthem,andseemstobehappy.11.ShegaveapicturetomeandIthankedher.12.Helen
walkednearthetableandshookit.13.Arthurdidnotseethepicturesbecausetheywerelyingonthe
floor.14.Helookedatthepicturesonthewall,buttheyareneitherinterestingnorbeautiful.15.Robert
lookedthroughthewindow,andsawusinthepleasantgarden.
LESSONVIII.
REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS.
38.Apronounwhichreferstothesamepersonorthingasthesubjectoftheverbinthesentence,butis
usedinsomeotherrelationthansubjectofthatverb,issaidtobeusedreflexively,ortobeareflexive
pronoun.
39.Thefirstandsecondpersonalpronouns,mi,ni,andvi,(ci)areusedforthereflexivepronounsofthe
firstandsecondpersons.Therecanbenoambiguity,sincewordssuchas"me,myself,us,ourselves,"
canrefertonooneelsethanthepersonorpersonsspeakingwhilewordssuchas"you,yourself,
yourselves(thee,thyself),"canrefertonooneelsethanthepersonorpersonsaddressed:
Mividasmin,Iseemyself.
Midirisalmi,Isaidtomyself.
Nihavastapionsubni,wehaveacarpetunderus.
Niamuzisnin,weamusedourselves.
(Citrovasdomonapudci,thoufindestahousenearthee.)
Vidirasalvi,yousaytoyourself(yourselves).
Viamuzasvin,youamuseyourself(yourselves).
40.Whentheverbisinthethirdperson,apronounofthethirdperson,usedotherwisethanasthe
subject,mightormightnotrefertothesubjectofthatverb.Forexample,"Heseesabirdnearhim,"may
meanthatthesubjectseesabirdnearhimself,ornearanotherperson.Ifsuchapronounofthethird
personisintendedtorefertothesubjectoftheverb,Esperantousesaspecialreflexivepronounsi
(accusativesin),whichmeanshim(self),her(self),it(self),them(selves),accordingtothegenderand
numberoftheverb:
Liamuzassin,heamuseshimself.
Arturovidisbirdonapudsi,Arthursawabirdnearhim(self).
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itrovasfloronapudsi,shefindsaflowernearher(self).
Mariotrovissinsurbluatapio,Maryfoundherselfonabluecarpet.
Latapiohavasdiversajnkolorojnensi,thecarpethasvariouscolorsinit(self).
Labirdokaassinsublafolioj,thebirdhidesitselfundertheleaves.
Iliamuzassin,theyamusethemselves.
Lavirojhavasseojnapudsi,themenhavechairsnearthem(selves).
Lavirinojtrovasflorojnapudsi,thewomenfindflowersnearthem(selves).
Laarbojhavaserizojnsursi,thetreeshavecherriesonthem(selves).
Subsilainfanojtrovismolantapion,underthem(selves)thechildrenfoundasoftcarpet.
Fromtheveryfactthatsialwaysreferstothesubjectoftheverb,itisevidentthatsicanneveritselfbeusedas
subjectorpartofthesubjectoftheverb.
REFLEXIVEVERBS.
41.Averbhavingareflexivepronounforitsdirectobjectissometimescalledareflexiveverb,fromthe
factthatsomelanguageshavehadorstillhaveaspecialreflexiveormiddleformoftheverb,toexpress
anactofthesubjectonorforitself,ortheyhavecertainverbswhoseuseischieflyorexclusively
reflexive.Theconjugationofaverbreflexivelyisthereforeasfollows:
miamuzasmin(miminamuzas),Iamusemyself.
viamuzasvin(vivinamuzas),youamuseyourself.
li(i,i)amuzassin(sinamuzas),he(she,it)amuseshim(her,it)self.
niamuzasnin(nininamuzas),weamuseourselves.
viamuzasvin(vivinamuzas),youamuseyourselves.
iliamuzassin(ilisinamuzas),theyamusethemselves.
AsGreek,theyturnedthemselvesLatinexerceor,Iexercisemyself,vescor,Ieat(Ifeedmyself)German
ichhtemich,Ibeware(Iguardmyself)Spanishmealegro,oralgrome,Irejoice(Igladdenmyself)Frenchil
s'arrte,hehalts(hestopshimself).
VOCABULARY.
Alfredo,Alfred.
amuzi,toamuse.
anta,before,infrontof.
aparteni,tobelong.
griza,gray.
iri,togo.
Johano,John.
kai,tohide,toconceal.
komenci,tobegin.
ladi,topraise.
legi,toread.
libro,book.
perdi,tolose.
skatolo,smallboxorcase.
strato,street.
si,himself,etc.(40).
READINGLESSON.
1.JohanokajAlfredoamuzissinenlaardeno.2.Johanokaissin,kajAlfredotrovisJohanon.3.
Alfredosinkaisenaltaarbo,kajJohanotrovisAlberton.4.MariokajGertrudosinkaisapudlafloroj,
kajlaknabojtrovislaknabinojn.5.Laknabinojnevolasperdisinenlaagrablakampo.6.Johano
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komencisamuzisinenlumaambroenladomo.7.Lamurohavasinteresajnbildojnsursi.8.Trala
fenestroantasiJohanorigardaslavirojnkajlavirinojnsurlastrato.9.Lihavasmolangrizantapion
subsi,kajnevolasseon.10.LikajAlfredovolisiriallastratokajamuzisin.11.Ilimarisallapordo,
kajtrovisruanskatolonantasi.12.Enlaskatoloestislibro,kajJohanodirisalsi"Lalibrone
apartenasalmi."13.LidirisalAlfredo"arnitrovisin,mivolaslegilalibron."14.Virinoantapordo
komencisrigardilaknabojn,kajilidirisali"ulalibroapartenasalvi?Nitrovisinenskatolo."15.
Lavirinodiris"Jes,niperdisin,kajmidankasvin,arvidonasalmilaskatolonkajlalibron."16.i
irisallastrato,kajlaknabojirisalladomo.
1.Thebookinthegrayboxdoesnotbelongtome.2.Ifounditinfrontofme,nearthedoor.3.You
begantopraiseyourselves,butIdonotpraisemyself.4.Theyhidthemselves,andIstoodnearthem.5.
Thebirdssitonthetree,becauseithasripecherriesonit.6.Alfredamusedhimselfonthestreet,butwe
liketoamuseourselvesinthehouse.7.Thetreeshavegoodfruitonthem.8.Shefoundherselfina
beautifullightroom.9.Thecarpetonthefloorhadvariouscolorsinit,andthehighwallhadpictureson
it.10.Thepictureshadboysandgirlsinthem.11.Thebookbelongstoher,butitfellfromthebox.12.
Thetablehasredandblueandyellowflowersonit.13.Didyouseethedovesneartheflowersinfront
of(before)you?14.Thebirdssawthefruitonthetreeinfrontofthem,andflewtothebranches.15.Isat
onthebenchinthegarden,andbegantoreadaninterestingbook.16.Theyhidthemselvesintheleaves
andbegantosing.17.Thechildisinapleasantroom.
LESSONIX.
LIMITATIONOFTHETHIRDPERSONALPRONOUN.
42.Sincethereisaspecialreflexivepronounofthethirdperson,thethirdpersonalpronouns,li,i,i,ili,
whenusedotherwisethanassubjects,neverrefertothesubjectoftheverb,butalwaystosomeother
personorthing:
Laknaboladaslin,theboypraiseshim(anotherperson).
idonaspomojnali,shegivesapplestoher(toanotherperson).
Labirdovidisin,thebirdsawit(somethingelsethanthebird).
Laknabojkaisilin,theboyshidthem(otherpersonsorthings).
Ilitrovisilinapudsi,theyfoundthem(otherpersonsorthings)nearthem(selves).
Labirdojflugisalili,thebirdsflewtothem.
POSSESSIVEADJECTIVES.
43.Wordslike"my,""his,""your,"whichindicateownershiporsomepossessiverelation,arecalled
possessiveadjectives.Possessiveadjectivesareformedfromthepersonalpronounsbyaddingthe
adjectiveendinga,asmia,my,via,your(cia,thy),lia,his,ia,her,ia,its,nia,our,via,your(plural),
ilia,their.Thelimitationintheuseofthethirdpersonalpronouns(42)isalsotrueoftheadjectives
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derivedfromthem:
Miadomokajmiajardenojestasgrandaj,myhouseandmygardensarelarge.
Johanosidassurviaseo,Johnissittinginyourchair.
Lihavaslianevalon,hehashis(anotherperson's)horse.
uvilegisiajnlibrojn?Didyoureadherbooks?
Sometimesthesewordsarecalledpossessivepronouns,althoughreallytheyarenotpronounsatall,but
pronominaladjectiveswithapossessivemeaning.
44.Reflexivepossessiveadjectives,likethereflexivepronoun,refertothesubjectoftheverbinthe
sentence.Forthefirstandsecondpersons,theyarethesameasthepersonalpossessiveadjectives.The
reflexivepossessiveadjectiveofthethirdpersonissia,his,her,its,their,formedbyaddingtheendinga
tothereflexivepronounsi:
Mihavasmiajnlibrojnsurmiatablo,Ihavemybooksonmytable.
Johanoperdissiajnlibrojn,Johnlosthis(John's)books.
Marioestasensiaambro,Maryisinherroom.
Labirdojflugisalsiaarbo,thebirdsflewtotheirtree.
PRONOMINALUSEOFPOSSESSIVEADJECTIVES.
45.Possessiveadjectivesmaybeusedpredicatively,as"thebookismine,"ormaymodifysomewordor
wordsnotexpressed,as"minearelarge."Insteadofhavingspecialforms,likeEnglishmine,yours,hers,
etc.,Esperantousestheregularpossessiveadjectivesprecededbythearticle:
Lagrandalibroestaslamia,thelargebookismine.
Laviaestasgranda,lamiajestasbelaj,yoursislarge,minearebeautiful.
Ilihavaslasian,sednelalian,theyhavetheirs,butnothis.
Lailiajajnasestibonaj,theirsseemtobegood.
VOCABULARY.
diro,saying,remark.
is,asfaras,upto,downto.
hiera,yesterday.
juna,young.
kapti,tocatch,toseize.
kato,cat.
kolera,angry.
lavi,towash.
mano,meal.
nesto,nest.
pasero,sparrow.
patro,father.
post,after,behind.
surprizi,tosurprise.
teni,tohold,tokeep.
vizao,face.
READINGLESSON.
1.Hieramiperdismiangrizankaton.2.Iliakatokaptisnianbirdon.3.Viakoleradirosurprizismian
patron.4.ulagrandakampoapartenasaliapatro?5.Ne,ineestaslalia.6.Laliaestasbela,sedmi
preferaslamian.7.uviatasvianlibronalailian?8.Lihavasneksiajnevalojnneklailiajn.9.La
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knabinojajnasestikoleraj.10.Ilikomencislegisiajnlibrojn.11.Lavirokaptiskajtenissiajnevalojn,
sedlinetrovisiliajnevalojn.12.ialibrokuassurlaplanko,postiaseo.13.inetrovisilianlibron,
sedlajunajinfanojtrovislanian.
LAKATOKAJLAPASERO.
Grizakatoirisdeladomoislastrato.ividispaseronantasi,kajvolismaniin.Lakatostarispost
grandaarbo,kajkaptislapaseron.Lapaserodiris"Bonakatolavassinantasiamano,sedvinelavis
vianvizaon."Lainteresadirosurprizislakaton.Lakatonetenislapaseron,sedkomencislavisian
vizaon.Lapaseroflugisdelakatoislaarbo.Lakolerakatodiris"Miperdismianmanon,armi
komencislaviminantalamano!"Nunlakatojnelavassinantalamanoj.Ilihavassiajnmanojn,
kajpostlamanojililavaslavizaojn.Lapaserojnesurprizasilinnun,sedilitenaslapaserojn.Lakatoj
estasfeliaj,sedlapaserojneestasfeliaj.Lajunajpaserojvolasflugiallanestojenlaarboj.
1.Theboysarenotintheir(own)house,buttheyareinhis.2Isthelargebeautifulhouseyours?3.The
womanwalkedthroughthedooroftheirhouse,asfarasherroom.4.Theroomhasinterestingpictures
onitswalls.5.Wepraisedtheirflowersyesterday,andtheygavethemtous.6.Theirbooksareintheir
(thebooks')box.7.Theyareontheir(theboys')table.8.Thegraycatwasangrybecauseitdidnothold
thebird.9.Thesparrowsurprisedit,anditcommencedtowashitsface.10.Thesparrowwishedtoflyas
farasthetalltree,butthecatheldit.11.Thesparrowsaid"Agoodcatwashesitsface,butyouarenota
goodcat."12.Thesparrowwasangrybecausethecatseizeditandheldit.13.Thebirddidnotloseits
meal,buttheangrycatlostitsmeal.14.Doyouseehiscatorhers?15.Iseebothhisandhers,butours
isnotinourgarden.16.Myfatherisatallstrongman.17.Iliketolookathim.18.Thechildrensawthe
youngbirdsinthenest.
LESSONX.
THEACCUSATIVEOFDIRECTION.
46.Whentheverbinasentenceexpressesmotion,thewordindicatingtheplace,personorthingtoward
whichthemotionisdirectedisgiventheaccusativeending.Thisisalsotrueifthewordisthe
complementofanyprepositionwhichdoesnotitselfsufficientlyindicatemotioninacertaindirection.
(Theprepositionsal,to,toward,is,asfaras,tra,through,expressmotioninthedirectionoftheir
complements,andcouldnotwellbeusedexceptinasentencewhoseverbexpressesmotion.
Consequentlytheaccusativeisnotusedafteranyofthesethree):
Liirisardenon,hewenttothegarden("gardenward").
LaviroirosBostonon,themanwillgotoBoston("Bostonward").
Cf.English"hewenthome,""hewenthomeward,"etc.
Liestisenlaardeno,kajkurisenladomon,hewasinthegardenandranintothehouse.
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ineestassurlatablo,ifalissurlaplankon,itisnotonthetable,itfelluponthefloor.
Ilifalissublatablonislaplanko,theyfellunderthetableasfarasthefloor(directionexpressedby
wholeprepositionalphrase).
Miiristraladomoenmianambron,Iwentthroughthehouseintomyroom.
THEARTICLEFORTHEPOSSESSIVEADJECTIVE.
47.Inmanysentenceswherethepossessorisalreadysufficientlyindicated,Englishneverthelessusesa
possessiveadjective,asin"Iwashmyface,""heshakeshishead,"butontheotherhandomitsitentirely
withcertainwordsindicatingrelationship,asin"Brothergaveittome,"etc.InbothcasesEsperantouses
thearticleinsteadofthepossessiveadjective,unlessthefactofpossessionistobeemphasized:
Milavaslavizaon,Iwashmyface.
Liskuaslakapon,heshakeshishead.
Lapatroestasalta,Fatheristall.
Midonisinallapatro,IgaveittoFather.
APPOSITION.
48.Englishoftenusesthepreposition"of"betweentwowordswherenoideaofpossessionreallyexists,
as"thecityofBoston."Sincenounsusedinappositionrefertothesamething,andareinthesame
grammaticalconstruction,Esperantodoesnotuseapreposition:
LaurboBostonoestasgranda,thecity(of)Bostonislarge.
MiaamikoJohanoestasalta,myfriendJohnistall.
uvinekonasmin,vianamikon?doyounotknowme,yourfriend?
VOCABULARY.
arabo,arab.
balda,soon.
Bostono,Boston.
frato,brother.
kamelo,camel.
kapo,head.
kolo,neck.
korpo,body.
meti,toput,toplace.
nazo,nose.
nur,only,merely.
pui,topush.
trans,across.
tuta,whole,entire,all.
urbo,city.
varma,warm.
LAARABOKAJLAKAMELO.
Arabosidisensiadomoenlaurbo.Apuddomotranslastratolividiskamelon.Lakameloiristransla
stratonislapordo,kajdirisallaarabo,"Frato,mineestasvarma,mivolasmetinurlanazonenvian
varmandomon."Laaraboskuislakapon,sedlakamelometislanazontralapordoenlaambron.La
kamelokomencispuisiantutanvizaonenladomon.Baldalihavislakaponislakoloenladomo.
Postlakapoirislakoloenin,kajbaldalatutakorpoestisenladomo.Laaraboestiskolera,arline
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volishavitutankamelonensiadomo.Likurisallakamelo,kaptislin,tenislin,kajdiris,"Frato,vivolis
metinurlanazonenmiandomon.Laambroneestasgrandasediestaslamia,kajmipreferassidien
i.""Viadiroestasbona,"dirislakamelo,"viadomoneestasgranda,sediestasvarma,kajmiatas
starieni.Mipreferasstarikajkuieni,kajmidonosalvimianarbontranslastrato.uvinevolasiri
sublaarbon?"Kajlakamelopuislaarabondeliadomoenlastratondelaurbo.Lakamelonuntrovis
sinenvarmaambro,sedlajunaarabostaristranslastratokajneestisvarma.
1.Thecatranacrossthestreet.2.Acrossthestreetitfoundasparrow.3.Itcaughtthebird,butbeganto
washitsface,andthesparrowflewtothenest.4.Iwentintothegardenasfarasthelargetree.5.Idid
notholdmybook,anditfelluponthefloor.6.Itbegantofallunderthetable,butIseizedit.7.My
brotherpushedthebooksintotheirbox,andputitonthetable.8.WewenttothecityofBoston
yesterdayandintoabeautifulhouse.9.Thearabshookhisheadandsaid,"No."10.Butthecamel
commencedtogothroughthedoor.11.Hisremarkdidnotseemtosurprisethecamel.12.Thecamel
pusheditsheadandneck,andsoonitswholebodyintothewarmhouse.13.Itwishedtoputmerelyits
noseintoit.14.Thearabwasangry,becauseitpusheditselfintohishouse.15.Hesaid,"Brother,the
houseismine,andIdonotwishtohaveyouinit."16.Butsoonaftertheremark,thewholecamelwasin
thehouse.17.Hepushedtheyoungarabintothestreet.18.Hewentacrossthestreetandstooduponthe
grassunderatree.
LESSONXI.
POSSESSIVECASEOFNOUNS.
49.Theprepositiondeisusedtoexpresspossessionorconnection:
Lamurojdeladomo,thewallsofthehouse.
Lakolorojdelafloroj,thecolorsoftheflowers.
Lalibrodelaknabo,thebookoftheboy(theboy'sbook).
Branodelaarbo,abranchofthetree.
Laardenodelaviroj,thegardenofthemen(themen'sgarden).
IMPERSONALVERBS.
50.Verbswithanimpersonalorindeterminatesubject,as"itrains,""itissnowing,"arecalled
impersonal,becausethereisnoactualsubject,theword"it"servingmerelyasanintroductoryparticle.
NosuchparticleisusedwithimpersonalverbsinEsperanto:
Pluvas,itrains,itisraining.
Neishiera,itsnowedyesterday.
VERBSPRECEDINGTHEIRSUBJECTS.
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51.Whentheverbinasentenceprecedesitssubject,Englishoftenusesanintroductoryparticle,suchas
"there,""it."InEsperantonosuchparticlesareneeded:
Estasflorojsurlatablo,thereareflowersonthetable.
EstisJohano,neAlfredo,enlaardeno,itwasJohn,notAlfred,inthegarden.
Estasdomoenlakampo,thereisahouseinthefield.
Estismi,itwasI.
COORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS.
52.Wordslikea,kaj,nek,sed,whichjoinwords,wordgroups,orsentencestogetherareconjunctions.
Alltheconjunctionsgivensofarconnectwords,phrases,orsentencesofsimilarrankorkind.Theseare
calledcoordinatingconjunctions,andthewords,phrases,orsentencesconnectedbythemaresaidtobe
coordinate:
uvimarasakuras?
(Aconnectstheverbs.)
iiris,kajniestisfeliaj.
(Kajconnectsthesentences.)
Nekvinekmividisin.
(Thesecondnekconnectsthepronouns,thefirstbeingintroductoryandadverbial.)
Aliaiperdislalibron.
(Thesecondaconnectsthepronouns,thefirstbeingintroductoryandadverbial.)
ifalissurlaseon,sednesurlaplankon.
(Sedconnectsthephrases.)
Lineatisin.Tamenlitenisin.
(Tamenconnectsthesentences.)
Aphraseisawordgroupforminganexpression,butnotcontainingaverb,as"throughthehouse,""oftheman,"
"beforeme,"etc.
Coordinatingconjunctionsmaybefurtherclassifiedaccordingtotheirmeaning:Aisdisjunctive,connecting
alternates,andexpressingseparation.Kajiscopulative,expressingunion.Nekisdisjunctive,expressing
separationandalsonegation.Sedisadversative,expressingopposition,contrast,ormodificationofaprevious
statement.Tamenisadversative,affirmingsomethinginspiteofapreviousobjectionorconcession.Do,so,then,
consequently,isargumentative,expressingalogicalinferenceorresultinasomewhatconversationalmanner.
VOCABULARY.
akvo,water.
amiko,friend.
anka,also.
bezoni,toneed.
dezerto,desert.
fidela,faithful.
mono,money.
porti,tocarry.
ria,rich,wealthy.
sablo,sand.
sako,sack,bag.
seka,dry.
tamen,nevertheless.
trinki,todrink.
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nei,tosnow.
pluvi,torain.
veni,tocome.
vojo,road,way.
LAARABOENLADEZERTO.
Araboiristransgrandansekandezerton.Kamelo,liafidelaamiko,portislin.Lakameloankaportis
belajntapiojn,arlaaraboestisriaviro.Laarabohavisnenurtapiojn,sedankasakojn.Enlasakoj
estisakvo,arenladezertonekpluvasnekneas.Lavirotrinkisakvon,kajankadonisakvonalsia
kamelo.Lakamelomariskajmaris,sednevenisalladomodelaarabo,ariliperdislavojon.Lasuno
brilis,kajlasablodeladezertoajnisvarma.Laarabonetrovislavojon,kajbaldalinehavisakvon.
Tamenlakamelomariskajmaris,kajbaldalaarabovidissakonantasi,surlasekasablo.Liestis
feliakajdirisalsi"uestasakvoeni?Mivolastrinki,kajvolasdoniakvonalmiafidelakamelo."Li
ankavolislavilatutanvizaonenlaakvo,arliestisvarma.Postsiadirolikaptislasakon,kaj
komencisrigardienin.Limetislanazonenin,sednetrovisakvonenlasako.Neklinekliafidela
kamelohavisakvon,arestisnurmonoenlasako.Laaraboestiskolera,arlinevolismonon,libezonis
akvon.Lihavismononensiadomoenlaurbo,kajvolistroviakvon.ulitamenmetislasakontransla
kolondesiakamelo?Ne,linevolismetiinsursiankamelon,arliestiskolera.Linetenislasakon,
sedifalissurlasablon,kajkuisapudli.Lasakonunkuassurlasablodelagrandadezerto,kajla
monoestaseni.
1.Todayitisraining,butyesterdayitwassnowing.2.DidyourfriendJohncarryhischairintothe
house?3.Isawyourgoodfriendsonthewaytothecity.4.Isthelargesackbehindthedoortheirs?5.
Neithershenorherbrothersawthewholecity.6.TheywenttothecityofBostonandlosttheirway.7.
Thereareinterestinghousesacrossthestreet.8.Thebodyofacamelislarge,anditsneckislong.9.The
camelpusheditsheadintothehouseofthearab,andhewasangry.10.Onthesandinthedesertthere
liesasack.11.Inthesackthereismoney.12.Thearabwaswarm,andwishedtodrinkwater.13.He
alsowishedtogivewatertothefaithfulcamel.14.Nevertheless,hefoundonlymoneyinthesack.15.
Hewasangry,anddidnotkeepthesack.16.Yesterdayhewishedtofindmoney,buttodayheprefers
water.17.Neverthelessthereisonlysandinthedesert.18.Hewishedtocomefromthedrydeserttothe
houseofafaithfulfriend.19.Bothheandhisfriendsarerich.20.Theywenttohishouseyesterday,and
cametotheirstoday.21.Theydonotneedmoney.
LESSONXII.
INDIRECTSTATEMENTS.
53.Astatementmadeindirectlybymeansofaclausedependentuponaverbmeaning"say,""think,"
"know,""believe,"orasimilarexpression,asin"Iknowthathecame,""Ihearthatheisgood,"iscalled
anindirectstatement.(Thedirectstatementis"hecame,""heisgood.")Anindirectstatementisjoinedto
themainverborsentencebythesubordinatingconjunctionke,that.
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Midiraskeliestasbona,Isaythatheisgood.
Johanodiraskevivenishiera,Johnsaysthatyoucameyesterday.
iopiniaskeestasmonoenlasako,shethinksthatthereismoneyinthebag.
Nividaskeneas,weseethatitissnowing.
Aclauseisagroupofwordsincludingaverb,whichisdependentuponorsubordinatetoamainverborsentence,
as"thathecame,""whenhewent,""thatheisgood,"etc.
InEnglishthesubordinatingconjunctionmaysometimesbeomitted,either"Ithinkthatheisgood,"or"Ithinkhe
isgood,"beingusuallypermissible.ButinEsperantothereisnovariation,andtheconjunctionkeisneveromitted.
THEINDEFINITEPERSONALPRONOUNONI.
54.Whenanindefinitepersonalpronounisdesired,asintheexpressions"oneknows,""theysay,"
"peoplesay,""youcansee,"etc.,theindefinitepersonalpronounoniisused.Thispronounmayalsobe
usedintranslatingsuchexpressionsas"itissaid,""Iamtold,"etc.:
Onidiraskeliestasria,theysay(onesays)thatheisrich.
Onividaskeiliestasamikoj,oneseesthattheyarefriends.
Miopiniaskeoniataslin,Ithinkthatpeoplelikehim(thatheisliked).
Onidirisalmikeestassabloenladezerto,Iwastold(peoplesaidtome)thatthereissandinthe
desert.
Oniopiniaskeiestasfelia,itisthought(onethinks)thatsheishappy.
uonividisninenlaardeno?Wereweseen(didpeopleseeus)inthegarden?
Oniatasagrablajninfanojn,peoplelikeagreeablechildren(agreeablechildrenareliked).
THEFUTURETENSE.
55.Thefuturetenseoftheverbexpressesanactorstateasabouttotakeplace,orasonethatwilltake
placeinfuturetime.Theendingofthistenseisos,askuros,willrun,flugos,willfly,brilos,willshine.
Theconjugationofestiandalsoofvidiinthefuturetenseisasfollows:
miestos,Ishallbe.
viestos,youwillbe.
li(i,i)estos,he(she,it)willbe.
niestos,weshallbe.
viestos,you(plural)willbe.
iliestos,theywillbe.
mividos,Ishallsee.
vividos,youwillsee.
li(i,i)vidos,he(she,it)willsee.
nividos,weshallsee.
vividos,you(plural)willsee.
ilividos,theywillsee.
VOCABULARY.
adi,tohear.
blovi,toblow.
greno,grain(wheat,corn,etc.).
ke,that(conjunction).
kontra,against.
oni,(see54).
opinii,tothink,toopine.
orienta,east,eastern.
pluvo,rain.
suda,south,southern.
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montri,toshow,topointout.
norda,north,northern.
nova,new.
okcidenta,west,western.
velki,towilt,towither.
vento,wind.
ventoflago,weathercock.
vetero,weather.
LAVENTOFLAGO.
Estisvarmavetero,lasunobrilis,kajsudaventoblovis.Tamenlanovaventoflagosurladomodirisalsi,
"Lasudanventonmineatas.Mipreferasorientanventon."Laventoorientaadisladironkajivenis
kontralaventoflagon.Pluviskajpluvis,kajoniestiskolerakontralaventoflago,arimontras
orientanventon.idiris,"Pluvasnun,sedlagrenoenlakampojbezonossekanveteron.Oniestoskolera
kontrami,armimontrasorientanventon."Laokcidentaventoadislaventoflagon,kajbaldavenis.
ineestisforta,sediestissekakajagrablavento,kajneportispluvon.Laviroj,virinoj,kajjunaj
infanojvolistrinki,sedilinehavisakvon.Lagrenokajlaflorojvelkis,kajlafruktoankafalis.Lanova
ventoflagodiris,"Oniestoskolerakontrami,arnepluvas.Oniopinioske,armimontrasokcidentan
venton,lafruktofalas,kajlagrenokajflorojvelkas.Miatasmontrinekokcidentannekorientan
venton!"Nordaventoadiskajvenisallaventoflago.Laveteroneestisagrabla,kajlavirinojkajla
junajinfanojneestisvarmaj.Neis,kajoniestiskolera.Onidiris"Lagrenokajlafruktobezonasvarman
veteron,sedhodianeas.Nipreferaslasudanventon.Nihavisin,antalaorienta,laokcidenta,kajla
nordaventoj.Laventoflagoneestasfidelaamikoalni.inemontrasbonajnventojn,kajnivolasrompi
in!"Onikurisalladomo,kaptislanovanventoflagon,kajankarompisin.ifalis,kajkuissurla
vojoantaladomo.
1.Onecanseethattheweathercockpointsoutthewinds.2.Theysaythatthewestwindwillbeadry
wind.3.Theweathercocknowshowsthatanagreeablesouthwindblows.4.Peoplewillbeangrywith
(against)theweathercock,becauseitpointsoutanorthwind.5.Anorthwindisnotwarm,andthegrain
andfruitwillneedawarmwind.6.Itsnowed,andtheyoungchildrenwerenotwarm,becausethenorth
windblew.7.Peoplewilllikeasouthwind,butaneastwindwillcarryrain.8.Canonefindmoneyin
thedesert?9.Doyouthink(that)heisinthehouse?10.Heissaidtobe(theysaythatheis)onthestreet.
11.Itisthought(peoplethink)thatthecamelisafaithfulfriend.12.Iamtold(peopletellme)thatthe
camelhasalargebody,andalongneck.13.Onecanseethatitisnotbeautiful.14.Peopledonotliketo
drinkwarmwater.15.Neverthelessweshalldrinkwarmwaterinthecity.16.Itwasbeautifulweather
yesterday,buttodayweshallhavegoodweatheralso.17.Ithinkthatawarmwindwillblowsoon.18.
Myfriendhasabeautifulnewhouse.
LESSONXIII.
THEDEMONSTRATIVEPRONOUNTIU.
56.Thedemonstrativepronountiu,that,isusedtoindicateapersonoradefinitelyspecifiedthing.The
pluralistiuj,those:
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Tiuestaslavia,kajmivolastiun,thatisyours,andIwishthatone.
Tiujestoskolerajkontravi,thosewillbeangrywithyou.
Liadistiujn,heheardthose(persons,orthings).
57.Thedemonstrativepronountiuisalsousedasapronominaladjective,inagreementwithanoun:
Tiuventoestosvarma,thatwindwillbewarm.
Mividastiunventoflagon,Iseethatweathercock.
Tiujinfanojestasjunaj,thosechildrenareyoung.
Mitrovostiujnlibrojn,Ishallfindthosebooks.
TENSESININDIRECTQUOTATIONS.
58.Theverbinanindirectstatement(53)oranindirectquestionremainsinthesametenseinwhichit
wouldbeifthestatementorquestionweredirect.(InEnglishthisistrueonlyiftheintroductoryverbis
presentorfuture,sinceafteranintroductorypasttensethetenseoftheindirectquotationischanged,and
am,is,are,have,willbecomewas,were,had,would,etc.)
Mi diras ke li estas bona ,Isaythatheisgood.
" diris " " "
" ,Isaidthathewasgood.
" diros " " "
" ,Ishallsaythatheisgood.
Li miras u mi adas ,hewonderswhetherIhear.
" miris " "
" ,hewonderedwhetherIheard.
" miros " "
" ,hewillwonderwhetherIhear.
Miopiniiskeiestasbona, Ithoughtthatitwasgood(Ithought"itisgood").
Onimirisulivenos, theywonderedwhetherhewouldcome(theywondered"willhecome?").
Anindirectquestionisintroducedbyu,whether,afterverbsmeaning"ask,""wonder,""know,"etc.:Mimirasuli
venis,Iwonderwhetherhecame.Onidemandasuliestasria,peopleaskwhetherheisrich.
FORMATIONOFFEMININENOUNS.
59.Femininenounscorrespondingtodistinctlymasculinenounssuchasfrato,knabo,viro,maybe
formedfromthesebyinsertingthesuffixinjustbeforethenounendingo:
fratino,sister(fromfrato,brother). patrino,mother(frompatro,father).
knabino,girl(fromknabo,boy).
virino,woman(fromviro,man).
Cf.Englishnamessimilarlyformedfrommasculinenames,asPauline,Josephine,Ernestine,Geraldine,etc.,also
GermanKnigin,queen,fromKnig,kingLwin,lioness,fromLwe,lion,etc.
VOCABULARY.
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almena,atleast.
apelo,hat.
ielo,sky,heaven.
filo,son.
konstrui,tobuild.
miri,towonder.
morga,tomorrow.
nubo,cloud.
ombrelo,umbrella.
paroli,totalk,tospeak.
parko,park.
preska,almost.
pri,concerning,about.
promeni,totakeawalk.
super,above.
timi,tofear,tobeafraid(of).
tiu,that(56).
zorga,careful.
ENLAPARKO.
Miajjunajamikokajamikino,kajankailiapatrino,irishieraallaparko.Lainfanojdirisallapatrino
kelaparkoestasagrabla,kajkeilivolaspromenieni.Laknabinoparolisalsiafratoprilabelajfloroj.
idirisallikelaflorojvelkas,kajkelaherboenpreskalatutaparkobezonaspluvon.Laknabodiris
hodiaalmikehieralikajliafratinoadislabirdojnenlaarbojsupersiajkapoj.Lidiriskelimirispri
tiujbirdoj,tamenliopiniaskelabirdojbaldakonstruossiajnnestojnentiujarboj.Lainfanojpromenis,
kajbaldailividiskegrizajnubojvenassurlaielon,kajmiajunaamikinotimiskepluvos.iparolisal
lapatrinoprilanubojkajlapluvo,montrisalilagrizajnnubojn,kajdiriskesivolasirialladomo.Ili
komencismariallastrato,kajpreskakuris,arilinehavisombrelon.Tralafenestrojdeladomojoni
rigardisilin,kajlaknabomirisulikajliajpatrinokajfratinoamuzastiujnvirojnkajvirinojn.Tamenla
patrinodiriskeinetimaskeiamuzostiujn,sedkeitimaslapluvon.ikajlafilinovolasestizorgaj
prialmenalanovajapeloj.Lafilodirisalikeliankaestaszorga,sedkeliopiniaskenepluvos.
Baldalapatrovenisalili,kajportisombrelojn,arliankatimislapluvon.Limirisulainfanojkaj
iliapatrinohavasombrelojn.Baldapluvis,sediliestissekaj,arilihavislaombrelojn.Morgailine
promenosenlaparko,sedirosallaurbo.
1.Theeastwindisdryandthesouthwindwillbetoowarm.2.Awestwindblewagainstthe
weathercock,butthegrainneededasouthwind.3AnorthwindisblowingandIthinkthatitwillsoon
snow.4.It(51)willbebeautifulweathertomorrow,becauseapleasantwindisnowblowing.5.The
flowerswillwitherbecausethosechildrengatheredthem.6.Theyaretalkingaboutthatpark,butIdonot
wishtotakeawalk,becausetherearecloudsin(on)thesky.7.Atleastweshalltakeanumbrella,and
mybrotherwillholditoverourheads.8.Mysistersaid"MotherandIareafraidthatitwillrain."9.My
youngsisterwillbecarefulaboutthatnewumbrella.10.Iwonderwhethershewilltakeawalk
tomorrow.11.Thatparkispleasantandthegrassissoftandgreen.12.Thebirdsarebuildingtheirnests
now,inthosebranchesaboveourheads.13.Theskyaboveusisblue,andawestwindisbeginningto
blow.14.Icanseethatweathercock,onthatlargehousenearthepark.15.Mothersaysthatmysister
willhaveanewhattomorrow.16.Shewillbecarefulof(about)thathat.17.Myfather'sfriendisvery
carefulofhisson.18.Oneseesthatheisnotastrongboy.
LESSONXIV.
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THEDEMONSTRATIVEPRONOUNITIU.
60.Thedemonstrativepronoun(andpronominaladjective)meaning"this"isformedbyusingwithtiu
(56)thewordi,whichexpressesthegeneralideaofnearnessorproximity.(Consequentlytheliteral
meaningofitiuisthatonenearby,thatonehere.)Thewordimayeitherprecedeorfollowthe
pronoun:
itiuestaslamia,thisismine.
Mividisitiun,Isawthisone.
uvivolastiujni?Doyouwishthese?
itiuknabinoestasmiafratino,thisgirlismysister.
Mividisitiujnapelojn,Isawthesehats.
itiujamikojpromenos,thesefriendswilltakeawalk.
61.Thewordstiuanditiumaybeusedtodistinguishbetweenpersonsorthingspreviouslymentioned
andjustmentioned:
GertrudekajMarioestasenlaparko.Tiurigardaslaflorojn,itiukolektasilin.
GertrudeandMaryareinthepark.Theformer(thatone)looksattheflowers,thelatter(thisone)
gathersthem.
POSSESSIVEFORMOFTHEDEMONSTRATIVEPRONOUN.
62.Toexpresspossession,thedemonstrativepronounstiuanditiuhavethespecialpossessiveor
genitiveformsties,thatone's,andities,thisone's.Theuseoftiesanditiestomean"theformer"and
"thelatter"issimilartotheuseoftiuanditiushownin61:
Miirisaltiesdomo,Iwenttothatone'shouse.
itiesfilojestasjunaj,thisperson's(thisone's)sonsareyoung.
Miatastieskoloron,sedpreferasitiunfloron,Ilikethatone'scolor,butpreferthisflower.
Lapatrokajliaamikoparolasprisiajdomoj.Tiesestasnova,seditiesajnasbela,Fatherandhis
friendaretalkingabouttheirhouses.Theformer'sisnew,butthelatter'sseemsbeautiful.
THESUFFIXIL.
63.Namesofinstruments,toolsorutensilsmaybeformedbyaddingthesuffixil(followedbythe
endingo)torootswhosemeaningpermits:
flugilo,wing(fromflugi,tofly).
kaptilo,snare,trap(fromkapti,tocatch).
kudrilo,needle(fromkudri,tosew).
montrilo,indicator,(clock)hand(frommontri,topointout,show).
tenilo,handle(fromteni,tohold).
Therootofawordisthatpartofitwhichcontainstheessentialmeaning,andtowhichtheverbendingsi,as,is,
os,thenounendingo,theadjectiveendinga,etc.,areattached,whennosuffixintervenes.Thus,viristheroot
ofviroandofvirinokuristherootofkuri,etc.
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THEEXPRESSIONOFMEANSORINSTRUMENTALITY.
64.Themeansorinstrumentalitythroughwhichanactisaccomplishedisexpressedbyuseofthe
prepositionper:
Onikudrasperkudrilo,onesewsbymeansof(with)aneedle.
Labirdojflugasperflugiloj,thebirdsflyby(with)wings.
Liamuzassinpertiujbildoj,heamuseshimselfwith(by)thosepictures.
Mitrovisinperviahelpo,Ifounditby(through)yourhelp.
VOCABULARY.
akra,sharp.
buo,mouth.
dekstra,right(notleft).
i(see60).
forko,fork.
helpo,help.
kafo,coffee.
kulero,spoon.
mano,hand.
najbaro,neighbour.
per,bymeansof(64).
supo,soup.
telero,plate.
terpomo,potato.
ties,thatone's(62).
trani,tocut.
tre,very,exceedingly.
viando,meat.
LAMANO.
Hieramimirisumihavosbonanmanonenladomodemiaamiko.Sedmiopiniiskemihavostre
bonanmanon,armiaamikoatasdonibonajnmanojnalsiajamikoj.Onimetistrebonansuponanta
mi,kajmimanistiunpergrandakulero.Postlasupomihavisviandon.itiunmitenisperforko,kaj
tranisperakratranilo.Laforko,tranilokajkuleroestasmaniloj.Mihavisnenurviandon,sedanka
novajnterpomojn.Mitranistiujniperlatranilo,sedmimetisilinenlabuonperforko.Mitenisla
forkonenladekstramano,kajmetislatranilontransmianteleron.Onibezonasakrantranilon,sedoni
nebezonastreakranforkon.Postlaviandokajlaterpomoj,onidonisalmifreajnmaturajnerizojn.Ili
kuissurgrandatelero,kajhavisbelankoloron.Iliagustoestisankabona.Mipreskanediriskemi
ankahaviskafon.Miparolosmorgaalmiaamikopriliakafo,kajladosin.Postlamano,najbaro
demiaamikovenisenitiesdomon,kajiliparolisalmiprisiajnovajdomoj.Perlahelpodesiapatro,
miaamikokonstruosgrandandomon.Lianajbarovolaskonstruibelansednetregrandandomon.Ties
novadomoestosbela,sedmiopiniaskemipreferositiesdomon.Miaamikovolisdonialmenakafon
alsianajbaro,sedlidiriskelinevolastrinkikafon.Tamenlivolispersikon.Litenistiunenlamano,kaj
manistiun.
1.Thebirdshaveverystrongwingsontheirbodies,buttheydonothavehands.2.Theywillbuildtheir
nests,andsingabouttheyoungbirds.3.Thosechildrenweretalkingtomeyesterdayabouttheircat.4.
Theysaidthatitlikestocatchandeatsparrows.5.Tomorrowitwillhide(itself)behindatree,andwill
catchayoungsparrow.6.Thechildrenwillgatherpeachesinthatperson'sgarden,andwillputthem
uponaplate.7.Theywillshakethewholetreebymeansofabranch.8.Thesweetfruitabovethemwill
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falluponthesoftgreengrass.9.Thechildrenwonderedwhetherthecherrieswereripe.10.Theyseem
almostripe,andtomorrowthechildrenwillpick(gather)them,withthehelpoftheirfather.11.Itissaid
(54)thatthegraininthatman'sfieldvery[much]needsrain.12.Peoplealsothinkthattheflowerswill
wither,for(because)itdidnotrainyesterdayortoday.13.Mycarefulyoungfriendwillcarryan
umbrellainhishandtomorrow,becausehefearstherain.14.Heseesthosegraycloudsin(on)thesky.
15.Heholdstheumbrellabyitshandle.16.Theweathercockisanindicatorconcerningtheweather.17.
Oneeatsmeatwithafork,andsoupwithaspoon.18.Oneholdsthespoonintherighthand.19.Aknife
issharp,butonedoesnotneedasharpfork.20.Weshallhaveaverygoodmeal,andalsoverygood
coffee.
LESSONXV.
THEDEMONSTRATIVEADJECTIVE.
65.Thedemonstrativeadjectiverelatedtothedemonstrativepronountiu(56)istia,thatkindof,that
sortof,such:
Tiafloroestasbela,thatkindofaflowerisbeautiful.
Miatastianviandon,Ilikethatsortofmeat.
Tiajnajbarojestasagrablaj,such(thatkindof)neighborsarepleasant.
Mivolasaditiajnbirdojn,Iwishtohearsuchbirds.
ADVERBSDEFINEDANDCLASSIFIED.
66.Anadverbisawordwhichmodifiesthemeaningofaverb,adjective,anotheradverb,orphrase.It
mayexpressmanner,time,degree,negation,etc.Adverbsareeitherprimary,as"now,""almost,"or
derived,as"gladly,""sweetly,"TheEsperantoprimaryadverbsgiveninthisandinprecedinglessons
maybeclassifiedasfollows:
(a)TemporalAdverbs(expressingtime).
balda,soon.
hiera,yesterday.
hodia,today.
morga,tomorrow.
nun,now.
tuj,immediately.
(b)AdverbsofDegree.
almena,atleast.
nur,merely.
preska,almost.
tre,very,much.
(c)AdverbsExpressingOtherIdeas.
addition:anka,also. emphasis:e,even.
interrogation:u,(30). affirmation:jes,yes.
proximity:i,(60).
negation:ne,not,no,(27).
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a.Anadverbusuallyprecedes,butmayalsofollow,thewordorwordswhichitmodifies.Itmustbeso
placedastoleavenodoubtaboutwhichoftwowordsorwordgroupsitisintendedtomodify.Thus,mi
preskavolishavitiunclearlymeansIalmostwishedtohavethatbutmivolispreskahavitiun
mightmeaneither"Ialmostwishedtohavethat,"ormoreprobably"Iwishedalmosttohavethat."An
exampleofpermissiblevariationinthepositionofadverbsisshowninquestionstowhichanaffirmative
answerisexpected.Suchquestionsmaybeputintheformofastatement,followedbyune(insteadof
havinguintroducethesentence,withneinitsnormalposition):
Livenos,une?Hewillcome,willhenot?
Laveteroestasbela,une?Theweatherisbeautiful,isitnot?
Viadistiundiron,une?Youheardthatremark,didyounot?
FORMATIONOFOPPOSITES.
67.Ifthemeaningofawordissuchthatitcanhaveadirectopposite,suchoppositemaybeformedfrom
itbyuseoftheprefixmal:
malalta,low,short(fromalta,high,tall).
malamiko,enemy(fromamiko,friend).
maldekstra,left(fromdekstra,right).
malhelpi,tohinder(fromhelpi,tohelp).
maljuna,aged,old(fromjuna,young).
malnova,old,notnew(fromnova,new).
Cf.Englishmalcontent,"discontented,"maladroit,"clumsy."
VOCABULARY.
dum,during.
e,even.
gardi,toguard.
helpi,tohelp,toaid.
honti,tobeashamed.
kara,dear.
kontenta,satisfied.
kuraa,courageous.
nokto,night.
povi,tobeable.
preni,totake.
propono,proposal.
respondi,toanswer.
ruza,sly,cunning.
teli,tosteal.
tia,thatkindof(65).
tuj,immediately.
voo,voice.
LARUZAJUNAVIRO.
Ruzajunavirokajbonamaljunaviroiristransdezerton.Tiuhavisnigranevalon,itiuhavisblankan
evalon."Vigardosniajnevalojndumlanokto,une?"dirislajunaviroperdolavooalsiaamiko,
"ardumlanoktooninepovosvidimiannigranevalon,sedmalamikojpovostujvidivianblankan
evalon.Onipovostelitianevalon,arviestasmaljunakajmalforta,kajnepovosmalhelpi
malamikojn."Tiapropononeajnisagrablaallamaljunaviro.Lineestiskontenta,tamenlinevolis
perdisianevalon,arliestismalria.Lidirisalsikelidonossianblankanevalonallajunaviro,kaj
prenostiesnigranevalon.Tujlidirisalitiu"Sedperviahelpomineperdosmianevalon:midonosla
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mianalvi,kajprenosvianevalon.Laviaestasmalbela,sediestasalmenanigravidonosinalmi,
une?""Jes,"respondislaruzajunaviro,kajlidonissiannigranevalonaltiu,kajprenislablankan
evalon."Nun,"dirislamaljunaviro,"Viestaskuraakajforta,kajvigardoslaevalojn,une?Vi
povosmalhelpimalamikojnpertiugrandaakratranilo,kajoninepovostelivianblankanevalon."La
ruzajunavironehontis.Lirespondis"Miakaraamiko,minundormos,aroninetelosblankan
evalon.Mipovosviditianevalondumlanokto,kajmalhelpimalamikojn.Sedtiuevalovia(that
horseofyours)havaslakolorondelanokto,kajenunonipovasteliin."Lamalkontentamaljunaviro
dirisperkoleravoo"uvinehontaspritiapropono?"Tamenlaruzajunavirotujkomencisdormi,kaj
lamaljunavirogardislaevalojndumlatutanokto.
(Wordstobeformedwiththeprefixmalareitalicised.)
1.Doesoneeatpotatoesandmeatwithaforkoraspoon?2.Oneputssoupintothemouthbymeansofa
spoon.3.Onecutsfruitwithaknife,andputsthefruituponaplate.4.Thecoffeewascold,andIwas
muchdissatisfied.5.Myknifewasdull,neverthelessIalmostimmediatelycutmy(the)lefthand.6.I
wasashamed,butIthinkthatthehandleofthatknifewasveryshort.7.Thegrassiswettoday,andIfear
thatweshallnotbeabletotakeawalk,eveninthatsmallpark.8.Idisliketogowalkinguponthehard
streets.9.Thecourageousyoungmanandhisagedfriendtalkedabouttheirenemies.10.Theywishedto
becarefulabouttheirhorses.11.Theyoungmanwasverysly,andwishedtosleepduringthenight.12.
Hesaidthatonecanstealablackhorseduringthedarknight.13.Hesaidthateither(a)heortheold
manwouldguardthehorses.14.Theoldmanansweredthathewouldgivetohimhis[own]whitehorse.
15.Hetookthatone'sblackhorse.16.Hewasashamed,andwasveryangryathisfaithlessfriend.17.
Buthestayedawake,andguardedthehorses.
LESSONXVI.
THEDEMONSTRATIVEADVERBOFPLACE.
68.Thedemonstrativeadverbsofplacerelatedtothepronounstiuanditiuaretie,there,in(at)that
place,anditie,here,in(at)thisplace:
Lateleroestastie,theplateisthere(inthatplace).
Lalibrojkuasitie,thebooksliehere(inthisplace).
Mitrovisvintiekajlintiei,Ifoundyouthereandhimhere.
Tielaveteroajnastreagrabla,theretheweatherseemsverypleasant.
69.Iftheverbinthesentenceexpressesmotiontowardtheplaceindicatedbytieoritie,theendingn
isaddedtotheadverb(46),formingtien,thither,there,anditien,hither,here:
Liirostien,hewillgothere(thither).
Mivenisitien,Icamehere(hither).
Niestistie,kajvenisitien,wewerethereandcamehere(hither).
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ACCOMPANIMENT.
70.Accompanimentorassociationisexpressedbytheprepositionkun,with,alongwith:
Laviroveniskunsiaamiko,themancamewithhisfriend.
Mipromenoskunvi,Ishallgowalkingwithyou.
Laknabokuntiuviroestasliafrato,theboywiththatmanishisbrother.
Kunmustnotbeconfusedwithper(64),whichexpressesinstrumentality,althoughpermayoftenbetranslatedby
English"with."TheEnglishpreposition"with"maybesaidtohavethreeratherclearlydefineddifferentmeanings.
Inthelinguistichistoryofthisword,theoriginalmeaningwas"against,"stillshowninfightwith,strivewith,
contendwith,withstand,etc.(Cf.Germanwiderstreiten,tostrivewith,widerhalten,toresist,etc.)Graduallythis
word"with"usurpedthemeaningoftheoriginalpreposition"mid,"expressingassociationoraccompaniment(cf.
Germanmit,"with",whichitcrowdedoutofthelanguageexceptinoneunimportantcompound).Theword"by"
wasalsoencroachingupon"mid"fromanotherdirection,andso"mid's"successor"with"cametobe
interchangeablewith"by"inexpressinginstrumentality.Thus,English"with"indicatesopposition,
accompaniment,orinstrumentality,forwhichthreesensesEsperantohasthethreeprepositionskontra,kun,and
per,respectively.
THEADVERBFOR.
71.Theadverbfor,away,maybeusedindependently,asLiirisfordemi,hewentawayfromme,butit
ismorefrequentlyusedasaprefixtogiveasenseofdeparture,lossorsomewhatforcibleremoval:
foriri,togoaway,todepart.
forkuri,torunaway,toescape.
forlasi,toleavealone,toabandon,todesert.
formani,toeataway,toeatup.
forpreni,totakeaway,toremove.
fortrinki,todrinkaway,todrinkup.
Cf.theprefixforinEnglish"forfend,"tokeepaway,toavert,"forbid,"toexcludefrom,tocommandagainst,
"forbear,"torefrainfrom,etc.
THEMEANINGOFPOVI.
72.Theverbpovi,tobeable,isusedtotranslateEnglishcan,whichisdefective,thatis,doesnotoccur
inalloftheformsaverbmayhave:
Mipovasparoli,Iamabletotalk,Icantalk.
Mipovisparoli,Iwasabletotalk,Icouldtalk.
Mipovosparoli,Ishallbeabletotalk,.
Mivolaspoviparoli,Iwishtobeabletotalk,.
VOCABULARY.
el,outof,out.
peli,todrive,tochase.
irka,around,roundabout. poo,pocket.
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for,away(71).
frua,early.
glavo,sword.
horo,hour.
kun,with(70).
lasi,toleave.
rajdi,toride.
rapidi,tohasten.
resti,toremain,tostay.
saa,wise.
tie,there(68).
voki,tocall.
MALAMIKOJENLADEZERTO.
Junavirokajliasaapatrovolisiritransladezerton,kunsiajamikoj.Laamikojestisfortaj,kajlajuna
viroestistrekuraa.Ilirestisenmalgrandaurbodumlanokto,kajforrajdiskuntiujamikoj.Lapatrokaj
lafiloopiniiskelaamikojkunilipovoshelpipersiajakrajglavoj.Iliopiniiskeilipovosforpelila
malamikojn.Eenladezertoonitrovasmalamikojn.Tiajmalamikojforprenaslamonondebonajviroj.
Lajunaviroestiskontenta,arliestiskunlaamikoj.Lamaljunaviroestiskontentaarliestiskunsia
filo.Baldalanoktovenis.Estistremallumatieenladezerto,kajilipreskanepovisvidi.Dumlafruaj
horojdelanoktolapatroadisvoojn,kajpreskatujlividislamalamikojn.Laruzajmalbonajviroj
rapidistien,kajvokislamaljunanviron.Lamalkuraajamikojdelapatrokajfilonekrestistie,nek
helpisforpelilamalamikojn.Ilitujforkuris.Lamalamikojstarisirkalapatro,kajforpuislindelia
evalo.Lafilovolismalhelpiilin,sedlinepovis.Lipovisnurrestikunlapatro,kajgardilintiekontra
laglavojdelamalamikoj.Baldalamalamikojkomencisforprenilamononellapoojdelasaa
maljunaviro.Lakolerafilodirispermaldola(bitter)voo"uvinehontas?uvilasosalninekla
evalojnneknianmonon?"Sedlamalamikojrespondis"Ne,nilasosalvineklaevalojnneklamonon.
Nineestasmalsaaj."Posttiudiroilitujforrapidis,kajpreniskunsilaevalojn.
1.Thefoolishfriendsoftheyoungmanandhisagedfatherdidnotstaywiththem.2.Theydidnothelp
themwiththeirswords,butranawayatonce(tuj),andwerenotashamed.3.Theoldmanheard
disagreeablevoicesbehindhim,andsoonhesawtheenemy.4.Theenemycalledthem,andhastened
there(69).5.Thoseslybadmentookthemoneyoutofthepocketsofthecourageousyoungman.6.
Theystoodaroundhim,andalsoaroundhisfather.7.Thefatherandsoncouldnotevenguardtheir
horses.8.Theenemydidnotleave(to)thesetheirhorses,buttookboththehorsesandthemoney.9.
Soontheenemyrodeaway,duringthelatehoursofthenight.10.Thefatherandsonwereangryand
dissatisfied.11.Theysaid"Wefearanddislikesuchmen."12.Thefathersaid"Bythehelpofour
neighborswecan(povos)findthosebadmen,anddrivethemaway,outofthedesert."13.Theson
replied,"DearFather,suchaproposalseemsgood,andIwillhelpwithmylongsharpsword.14.Butwe
arenowinthedesert,andtheroadtothecityislong.15.Wecannotridethither,butwecanwalkthither.
16.Canyounothasten,with(per)myhelp?"17.Thewiseoldmananswered,"Yes,myson,withsuch
helpIcanwalkthither."
LESSONXVII.
THEDEMONSTRATIVETEMPORALADVERB.
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73.Thedemonstrativetemporaladverbrelatedtothedemonstrativepronountiuistiam,then,atthat
time:
Tiamlirajdosallaurbo,thenhewillridetothecity.
Nuniliestassaaj,sedtiamiliestismalsaaj,nowtheyarewise,butatthattimetheywerefoolish.
COMPARISONOFADJECTIVES.
74.Anadjectivemayhavethreedegrees,positive,comparativeandsuperlative.Englishhasvarious
waysofformingthecomparativeandsuperlativedegrees(asbythesuffixeser,est,theadverbsmore,
most,andirregularmethodsasingood,better,best,etc.).Esperantohasonlyonemethod,usingthe
adverbspli,more,andplej,most:
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
bela,beautiful
plibela,morebeautiful
plejbela,mostbeautiful.
bona,good
plibona,better
plejbona,best.
malbona,bad
plimalbona,worse
plejmalbona,worst.
saa,wise
plisaa,wiser
plejsaa,wisest.
75.Theprepositionelisusedwithwordsexpressingthegrouporclassoutofwhichasuperlativeis
selectedandmentioned:
Liestaslaplejjunaeltiuj,heistheyoungestof(outof)those.
Viestaslaplejfeliaelni,youarethehappiestofus.
Tiuestislaplejruzaellaviroj,thatonewasthecraftiestofthemen.
MANNERANDCHARACTERISTIC.
76.Theactionsorfeelingswhichaccompanyanactorstate,orthecharacteristicwhichpermanently
accompaniesapersonorthing,maybeexpressedbyasubstantivewiththeprepositionkun:
Liprenisinkunlaplejgrandazorgo,hetookitwiththegreatestcare.
Miadislinkuninteresokajplezuro,Iheardhimwithinterestandpleasure.
iestasvirinokunbonagusto,sheisawomanwith(of)goodtaste.
Mihavasevalonkunfortakorpo,Ihaveahorsewithastrongbody.
Sometimesthemannerofanactionmaybeexpressedbytheinstrumentofit,expressedbytheprepositionperwith
asubstantivemodifiedbyanadjective:Likantisperdolavoo,hesangwith(bymeansof)asweetvoice.Vi
puisminperfortamano,youpushedmewithastronghand.
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DIRI,PAROLIANDRAKONTI.
77.Theverbsdiri,tosay,paroli,totalk,tospeak,andrakonti,torelate,havingincommonthegeneral
ideaofspeechorexpression,mustnotbeconfusedinuse:
Midirisalvikepluvas,Isaidto(told)youthatitwasraining.
Midirisinalvi,Isaidittoyou(Itoldyou).
Miparolisalviprii,Italked(spoke)toyouaboutit.
Mirakontisinalvi,Irelated(told)ittoyou.
VOCABULARY.
ami,tolove.
ekster,outside(of).
Frederiko,Frederick.
gratuli,tocongratulate.
intereso,interest.
letero,letter.
plej,most(74).
plezuro,pleasure.
pli,more(74).
plumo,pen.
rakonti,torelate(77).
reo,king.
servisto,servant.
skribi,towrite.
tiam,then(73).
zorgo,care.
FREDERIKOGRANDAKAJLAJUNASERVISTO.
HieramilegisinteresanlibronpriFrederikoGranda(theGreat).Enionirakontaskelareokun
plezurolegisaskribispersiaplumo,dummalfruajhorojdelanokto.Agrablajunaknabo,laplejjunael
laservistoj,tiamrestiseksterlapordo.arlareolegisplejinteresannovanlibron,lineopiniiskela
horoestasmalfrua.Livokissianmalgrandanserviston,sedlaknabo,nekvenisnekrespondis.Lareo
iristien,kajtrovislaknaboneksterlapordo.Lividiskelaknabodormassurmalaltaseo.Tiam
FrederikoGrandaneestiskolera,sedhontisarlivokislainfanon.LareoFrederikovidisleteronenla
poodelaknabo.Tujliprenislaleteronelliapoo,kajrigardisin.iestisleteroallaservisto,delia
patrino.ineestisriavirino,iajnisestitremalria.Enitiuleterolapatrinodirisperlaplumokei
amaslafilon.idankislinarliskribisalilonganleteron.iankadankislinarlidonisalimonon.
Lareovolisestitrebonaaltiafilo.Kunlaplejgrandazorgolimetismononelsiapookunlaleterokaj
tiamlasislaleteronentiespoo.Tiamliformarisalsiaambro,kajvokislamalgrandanserviston.La
knabotujadis,kajrapidistralapordo.Likuristranslaambron,kajstarisantalareo."uvi
dormis?"dirisFrederikoGranda."Jes,mitimaskemipreskadormis,"respondislaknabo,"kajmitre
hontas."Tiamlimetislamanonenlapoon,kajtrovislamonon.Liajnisplimalfeliakajdiriskun
grandatimo"Malamikometisitiunmononenmianpoon!Oniopinioskemitelisin!Onimalamos
min,kajforpelosmin!"Frederikorespondis,"Ne,midonisinalvi,armiamasbonajnknabojn.Mi
gratulasvianpatrinon,arihavastianfilon."
1.Aninterestingstoryisrelated(54)aboutFredericktheGreat.2.Hisyoungestservantstayedoutsideof
thedoor.3.Thekingcalledhim,andhehastenedthitherandstoodbeforehim.4.Yesterdayhedidnot
heartheking.5.Thekingcalledhim,buthedidnotanswer.6.Thekingthoughtthattheboyhadgone
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awaywiththeolderservants,andhewasangry.7.Helefthisbookonthetable,andwenttothedoor.8.
Thenhesawthatthelittleboywassleepingthere.9.Helookedathimwithgreaterinterest,andsawa
letterinhispocket.10.Theletterwasfromtheboy'smother.11.Hehadwrittenalettertoher,withhis
pen,andhadgiven(to)hermoney,becauseshewaspoor.12.Hewrotelongerletterswithpleasure,
becausehewasamostfaithfulson.13.Thekingcongratulatedthemotheroftheboy,concerningsucha
son.14.(The)kingFrederickwishedtobekinder(plibona)totheboy.15.Heplacedhisbookuponthe
table,nearhissword,andtalkedtothelittleservant.16.Thentheolderservantscame,andstoodaround
theking.17.Theywalkedwithgreatcare,andtheyoungerservantdidnothearthem.18.Theylovedthe
littleboy,andwishedtohelphim.
LESSONXVIII.
THEDEMONSTRATIVEADVERBOFMOTIVEORREASON.
78.Thedemonstrativeadverbofmotiveorreason,relatedtothedemonstrativepronountiu,istial,
therefore,forthatreason,so:
Tiallaservistoforiris,thereforetheservantwentaway.
Tialmigratulislin,forthatreasonIcongratulatedhim.
Tialoniforpelislin,sotheydrovehimaway.
DERIVATIONOFADVERBS.
79.Adverbsmaybederivedfromrootswhosemeaningpermits,byadditionoftheadverbendinge,as
felie,happily,kolere,angrily.Thecomparisonofadverbsissimilartothatofadjectives:
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
sae,wisely
plisae,morewisely
plejsae,mostwisely
bone,well
plibone,better
plejbone,best
malbone,badly
plimalbone,worse
plejmalbone,worst
ruze,slyly
pliruze,moreslyly
plejruze,mostslyly
MALPLIANDMALPLEJ.
80.Theopposites(67)ofpliandplejaremalpli,less,andmalplej,least.Theiruseissimilartothatof
pliandplej.(Theseadverbsmayalsomodifyverbs):
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Liestasmalplikuraa,heislesscourageous.
Tiujestismalplejakraj,thosewereleastsharp.
Laventoblovismalpliforte,thewindblewlessstrongly.
Liskribismalplejzorge,hewroteleastcarefully.
Mimalplitimasilin,Ifearthemless.
Vimalplejbezonoshelpon,youwillneedhelpleast.
COMPARISONOFWORDSEXPRESSINGQUANTITY.
81.Sinceintheirprecisesensethewordspli,malpli,plej,malplej,expressdegree,aquantitative
meaningisgivenbymulte,much,inthedesireddegreeofcomparison:
multe,much
plimulte,more(inamount)
plejmulte,most
malplimulte,less"
malplejmulte,least
malmulte,little
plimalmulte,less"
plejmalmulte,least
COMPARISONSCONTAININGOL.
82.Inacomparisonmadebytheuseofpliormalpli,thecaseusedafterol,than,mustindicateclearly
thesenseintended:
Miamasilinplimulteolin,Ilovethemmorethan(Ilove)her.
Miamasilinplimulteoli,Ilovethemmorethanshe(lovesthem).
Vihelpislavironmalplimulteollaknabo,youhelpedthemanlessthantheboy(helpedhim).
Vihelpislavironmalplimulteollaknabon,youhelpedthemanlessthan(youhelped)theboy.
CAUSALCLAUSES.
83.Aclausegivingacauseorreasonisintroducedbyar,because,for,orbythecombinationtialke,
forthisreasonthat,because,for:
Mivenisfrue,armivolisvidivin,Icameearly,forIwishedtoseeyou.
Laflorojvelkistial,kenepluvis,theflowerswiltedforthisreason,thatitdidnotrain.
VOCABULARY.
anstata,insteadof.
aprilo,April.
agusto,August.
jaro,year.
junio,June.
multa,much(multaj,many).
ofta,frequent(ofte,often).
ol,than(82).
printempo,spring(season).
tago,day.
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julio,July.
majo,May.
marto,March.
monato,month.
sezono,season.
somero,summer.
tial,therefore(78).
vintro,winter.
PRILASEZONOJ.
Lavintroestaslamalplejagrablasezonoellatutajaro.Neastremulte,kajtialoninurmalofte
promenas,arlastratojestastromalsekaj.Onimaraskungrandazorgo,kajmalrapide(slowly),tialke
oninevolasfalikajpreskarompilakolon.Onizorgegardassintiamkontralamalvarmajnordaj
ventoj.Lamanojnonimetasenlapoojn,sedlavizaononinepovasbonegardi.Mineatasrestiekster
ladomodumtiavetero.Mimultepreferassidienvarmalumaambro,kajskribileterojnperbona
plumo.Lamonatojdelaprintempoestasmarto,aprilokajmajo.Labelaprintempoajnaspliagrablaol
lavintro.iajtagojestasplilongajkajplivarmaj,iajventojblovasmalpliforte.Enitiusezonola
kampojkajarbojfruekomencasmontriplejbelajnkolorojn.Labirdojkonstruassiajnnestojn,kajdole
kantas.Onipovaspromenisurlamolaherbo,anstatasurmalsekajmalagrablajstratoj.Pluvasplimulte
enaprilo,tamenpostlapluvolaherboajnaspliverda,kajlanubojbaldaforflugasdelabluaielo.
Dummajoonitrovasviolojn,kajenjunioonividastremultajnrozojn.Sedlaplejagrablaellasezonoj
estaslasomero.Anstatamalvarmajventojlasomerohavaslaplejbelanveteron,kunsudaaokcidenta
ventoj.Lalongajtagojestasvarmaj,sedlanoktojestastuteagrablaj.Tiamonihavasplibonajnfruktojn
oldumlaprintempo.Lamonatojdelasomeroestasjunio,juliokajagusto.Miplejatasjunion.uvi
atasinplimulteolmi?uviatasagustonplimulteoljulion?
1.IreadamostinterestingbookaboutFredericktheGreat.2.Itrelatesthatheoftenstayedawakeand
readwithgreatinterestduringthelaterhoursofthenight.3.Hisyoungestservantwasasmallboy.4.
Thekinglovedthisboymorethan[heloved]theolderservants.5.Thewinterisalesspleasantseason
thanthespring,butthesummerismorepleasantthanthat[season].6.DuringMarchtheeastwindsblow
moststrongly,andshakethetreesverymuch.7.InApriloneneedshisumbrella,for(thereasonthat)
thereareoftencloudsintheskyanditrainsagreatdeal(verymuch).8.Thestreetsareverywet,butthe
waterdoesnotseemtowashthem.9.InMayonebeginstofindsweetviolets,andthebirdsinthetrees
aboveourheadssingverysweetly.10.InJunethemostbeautifulrosesareseen(54).11.Julyand
Augustarethewarmestmonthsofthewholeyear.12.Thedaysarelongerthanthenights,andthe
weathercockshowswestandsouthwinds,insteadofthosedisagreeablenorthandeastwinds.13.One
staysoutside[of]thehousethenwithgreaterpleasure,andgoeswalkingintheparks.14.IthinkthatI
likethesummerbetterthanyou[do].15.ThereforeIpraisethesummermorethanyou[do].16.
However,Ipraiseyoumorethan[Ipraise]youryoungerbrother.17.Heislesswisethanyou.
LESSONXIX.
JUANDDESINCOMPARISONS.
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84.Inclausesexpressingacomparisonbetweentwoobjects,actsorstates,theadverbialuseofEnglish
"the...the..."(meaning"byhowmuch...bythatmuch...")isrenderedbytheadverbsjuanddes,
respectively:
Juplibonaliestas,desplifelialiestos,thebetterheis,thehappierhewillbe.
Juplioftemirigardas,desplimivolasrigardi,theoftenerIlook,themoreIwishtolook.
Juplibelelalunobrilas,desplioniataslanokton,themorebeautifullythemoonshines,themore
onelikesthenight.
Jumalplipluvas,desplilaflorojvelkas,thelessitrains,themoretheflowerswither.
Jumalplimultevihelpas,desmalplimultemiladosvin,thelessyouhelp,thelessIshallpraise
you.
arvihelpis,midesplimulteladosvin,becauseyouhelped,Ishallpraiseyouthe(thatmuch)more.
Cf.Shakespeare,AsYouLikeIt,V,II,49,BysomuchthemoreshallItomorrowbeattheheightofheart
heaviness,byhowmuchIshallthinkmybrotherhappyinhavingwhathewishesfor.
THEPREPOSITIONINTER.
85.InEnglish,thepreposition"between"isusedinreferencetotwopersonsorthings,and"among"in
referencetothreeormore.Asthedifferenceinmeaningisnotessential,Esperantohasbuttheone
prepositionintertoexpressbothbetweenandamong:
Lisidasintervikajmi,heissittingbetweenyouandme.
Lisidasintersiajamikoj,heissittingamonghisfriends.
Lamonatomajoestasinteraprilokajjunio,themonthofMayisbetweenAprilandJune.
Intertiujlibrojestastreinteresalibro,amongthosebooksthereisaveryinterestingbook.
THEPREPOSITIONPRO.
86.Causeorreasonmaybeexpressednotonlybyanadverb(78)oraclause(83),butalsobyuseofthe
prepositionpro,becauseof,onaccountof,forthesakeof,for.Itdirectsthethoughtawayfromthe
complementtowardtheaction,feelingorstatecausedbyit,ordoneinitsinterestorbehalf:
Laflorojvelkasprolasekavetero,theflowerswiltbecauseofthedryweather.
Miskribislaleteronprovi,Iwrotetheletterforyou(foryoursake).
Protiujnubojmitimaskepluvos,onaccountofthosecloudsIfearthatitwillrain.
Oniataserizojnproladolagusto,peoplelikecherriesbecauseofthesweettaste.
PREPOSITIONSWITHADVERBSANDOTHERPREPOSITIONS.
87.Prepositionsmaybeusedwithadverbsorwithprepositionalphraseswhenthemeaningpermits:
Lakatokuriselsublatablo,thecatranoutfromunderthetable.
Livenoseltie,hewillcomeoutofthere.
Denunliestoszorga,fromnowhewillbecareful.
Listarisdekstredelavojo,hestoodontherightoftheroad.
Miirosfordeitie,Ishallgoawayfromhere.
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VOCABULARY.
atuno,autumn,fall.
decembro,December.
des,(see84).
februaro,February.
glacio,ice.
inter,between,among(85).
januaro,January.
ju,(see84).
kovri,tocover.
neo,snow.
novembro,November.
nuda,bare,naked.
oktobro,October.
pro,becauseof(86).
rikolti,toharvest.
rivero,river.
septembro,September.
tero,ground,earth.
LAATUNOKAJLAVINTRO.
Lasezonojdelajaroestaslavintro,laprintempo,lasomero,kajlaatuno.Laatunoestasinterla
somerokajlavintro.iajmonatojestasseptembro,oktobrokajnovembro.Enseptembroonipovas
kolektimaturajnfruktojn.Tiamankaonirikoltaslaflavangrenondelakampoj.Dumitiumonatokaj
dumoktobrolafoliojsurlabranojkomencasestiruajkajflavaj,anstataverdaj.Laherbovelkas,kaj
brunatapioajnaskovrilateron.Baldalafoliojfalasallatero,kajennovembrolaarbojestastute
nudaj.Pliamalplifrueneas.Laglaciooftekovraslaakvonenlariveroj,kajrestassurlastratojkajla
vojoj.Lamolablankaneokovraslateron,kajkuassurlabranojdelaarboj.Tiam,prolafortaj
ventoj,ifalasdelabranojallatero.Labirdojfruelasastianveteron,kajflugasdeitiealplisudaj
kampojkajarboj.Ilinepovasresti,prolamalvarmajtagojkajnoktoj.Ilimalataslaneonkajlaglacion
plimulteolni.Juplimulteneasdesplimaloftenivolaspromeni.Nipreferasrestienladomo,anstata
eksteri.Juplinirigardaslanudajnbranojndelaarboj,desplimalagrablaajnaslavintro.Tamenla
junajinfanojtreatastianveteron,kajjuplineas,kajjuplifortelanordaventoblovas,desmalpliili
estaskontentajenladomo.Ilivolaskurisurlaneo,irkalaarbojkajinterili,kunsiajjunajamikoj.Ili
povasboneamuzisinperlaneo.Lamonatojdelavintroestasdecembro,januarokajfebruaro.iestas
laplejmalvarmasezono.
1.September,OctoberandNovemberarethemonthsofautumn.2.Inthesemonths,peopleharvestthe
yellowgrainandgathervariousfruits.3.Theleavesonthetreesaroundusbegintohaveredandyellow
colors.4.Theybegintofallfromthebranchesandlieupontheground.5.Themorestronglythecold
northwindblowsthroughthebranches,thesoonertheleavesfallfromthere.6.Theylieunderthebare
trees,withthebrowngrass.7.Thesooneritsnows,thesoonerthegroundwillseemtohaveawhite
carpet.8.Thesnowwillcompletely(tute)coverthegrassduringthemonthsofthewinter.9.These
monthsareDecember,JanuaryandFebruary.10.Fromthattime(detiam)theiceandsnowwillcover
theroads,andaltogether(tute)hidethem.11.Therewilloftenbeiceonthewateroftheriver.12.We
likethisseasonoftheyearmorethanMarch,AprilandMay.13.Welikeitevenmorethanthesummer.
14.Themonthsofthelatter(62)areJune,JulyandAugust.15.Thesummeristhewarmestseasonofthe
entireyear.16.Thereforeweoftensaythatthesummeristhepleasantestseason.17.Becauseofitsmany
pleasures,thesummerisdeartome.18.Itisbetweenthespringandtheautumn.
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LESSONXX.
THEDEMONSTRATIVEADVERBOFMANNERANDDEGREE.
88.Thedemonstrativeadverbofmanneranddegree,relatedtothedemonstrativepronountiu,istiel,in
that(this)manner,insuchaway,thus,so.LikeEnglish"thus,""so,"tielmaymodifyadjectivesand
otheradverbs,byindicatingdegree:
uonitielhelpasamikon?Doesonehelpafriendinthat(this)way?
Miinskribistiel,Iwroteitthus(insuchaway).
Laveteroestastielbela,theweatherissobeautiful.
Tielmallongeliparolis,thusbrieflyhespoke.
Mitrovistielbelanfloron,Ifoundsuchabeautifulflower.
Liprenistielmulte,hetookthatmuch(somuch).
PREPOSITIONSEXPRESSINGTIMERELATIONS.
89.Therelationswhichprepositionsexpressmaybeofvariouskinds.AsinEnglish,acertainnumberof
prepositionsprimarilyexpressingplacemayalsoexpresstimerelations.Suchprepositionsareanta,
irka,de,en,is,inter,post,andje(whoseuseinotherthantimerelationswillbeexplainedlater):
Miforirosirkajunio,IshalldepartaboutJune.
Detiuhoromiestisviaamiko,fromthathourIwasyourfriend.
Lineparolisalmidetiusemajno,hedidnotspeaktomesincefrom)thatweek.
Enlatutamonatoneneis,itdidnotsnowin(atanytimewithin)theentiremonth.
Midormisismalfruahoro,Isleptuntil(upto)alatehour.
isnunlinevidisvin,untilnowhedidnotseeyou.
Intermartokajjuniomiirostien,betweenMarchandJuneIshallgothere.
Jemalfruahoroliforiris,atalatehourhewentaway.
Miirostienjedimano,IshallgothereonSunday.
Jetiuhorolivokismin,atthathourhecalledme.
inerestistiepostjulio,shedidnotstaythereafterJuly.
Postnelongemivokosvin,soon(afternotlong)Ishallcallyou.
90.Whenadefinitedateorpointintimeisexpressed,antameans"before."Whenusedwithan
expressionofanamountoftime,itistobetranslatedby"ago"followingtheexpression(notby"before"
precedingit):
Antadimanomiforiros,beforeSundayIshallgoaway.
Mividislinantatiuhoro,Isawhimbeforethathour.
Liskribosinantalanovajaro,hewillwriteitbeforeNewYear.
Antamultajjarojmitrovisin,manyyearsagoIfoundit.
Mirompisinantalongatempo,Ibrokeitalongtimeago.
Antatrelongevilegistiunlibron,youreadthatbookverylongago.
Livenisantanelonge,hecamerecently(notlongago).
Antamalmultajjarojliforkuris,afewyearsagoheescaped.
Asalreadyshown,kunexpressesaccompaniment,perexpressesinstrumentality,proexpressescause,kontra
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expressesopposition,anstataexpressessubstitution,sur,apud,sub,etc.,expressplace,dumexpressestime,etc.
VOCABULARY.
dimano,Sunday.
energia,energetic.
frosto,frost.
je,at,on(89).
kota,muddy.
labori,towork,tolabor.
laca,tired,weary.
lundo,Monday.
mardo,Tuesday.
mateno,morning.
promeno,walk,promenade.
rakonto,story,narrative.
ripozi,torest,torepose.
semajno,week.
tempo,time.
tiel,thus,so(88)
tro,too,toomuch.
vespero,evening.
ENSEPTEMBRO.
Antamultajjarojnipreferisrestienniamalgrandadomotranslarivero,dumlatutaatuno.Sednunni
restastienurisoktobro.Deagustoisoktobrolaveteroestastreagrablatie,sedbaldaposttiu
monatolafortajventojblovas,kajlafoliojkomencasfali.Lafrostokovraslateron,kajbaldaneastre
ofte.Juplinudajestaslaarboj,desplimalbelajiliajnas.Laveteroantanovembroneestastro
malvarma,sedposttiumonatoniopiniaskelaurboestaspliagrablaoldomointerkampojkajarboj,
translararivero.Lafrosto,neokajglaciokovraslateronendecembro,januarokajfebruaro.Sedla
monatoseptembroajnastreagrabla,prosiajmultajplezuroj.Lavirojlaborasenergieenlakampoj,dela
matenoislavespero.Ilirikoltaslaflavangrenon,kajkolektaslafruktojn.Sedjedimanoonine
laborastielenergie,seddormasismalfruahoro,tialkejetiutagooniripozas.Jelundoonikomencas
laboritrefrue,kajjemardooniankalaborasenergie.Enseptembrolavojojneestastrokotaj,kajlongaj
promenojestasofteagrablaj.Juplioftemipromenaskunmiajamikoj,desplimultemiatastiajn
promenojn.Sedhieramiestistrelacapostlapromeno,tialmiripozissurgrandamolaseo.Antane
longelapatropromeniskunmi,sednineestistiellacajjetiutago.ajnaskejuplioftenipromenas,des
malplilacajniestaspostlapromenoj.Postnelongemiestospliforta.
1.Manyyearsagowehadasmallhouseacrosstheriver.2.Wedidnotremainthereduringtheentire
year,butonlyinthewarmermonthsofthesummer.3.OftenwestayeduntilSeptemberorevenuntil
October.4.Myyoungerbrothersandsistersamusedthemselvesverywelltherefrom(the)morninguntil
(the)evening.5.Theyamusedthemselvesamongtheflowersandtrees,orwentfromthereintothelarge
fields.6.Herethemenworkenergetically,andharvesttheripeyellowgrain.7.OnlyonSundaydothey
rest,becauseonthatdayonedoesnotwork.8.BetweenAugustandNovemberthemenworkmorethan
inthewinter.9.InDecemberandafterthatmonththeyrest,for(83)fromthattimethefrost,iceand
snowcovertheground.10.Becauseofthesnowontheground,longwalksarenotpleasantinthewinter.
11.Recently(90)wewentwalkingintheparkacrosstheriver,butweweresotiredafterthatwalk!12.
Thelongerthewalkis,thesooneronewishestorest.13.OnMondayitrained,so(78)wereadstories
andwroteletters,inapleasantlightroominourhouse.14.Beforeevening,however,thesunshone,and
thestreetswerenotsomuddy.15.OnTuesdaythesestreetswerealmostdry,andsoontheroadsnearthe
riverandbetweenthefieldswillalsobedry.16.Afewyearsagothoseroadswereverygood.
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LESSONXXI.
THEACCUSATIVEOFTIME.
91.Durationoftimeandadateorpointintimemaybeexpressednotonlybyuseoftheprepositions
dum,during,andje,at,on,butalso(asinEnglish)withouttheuseofanypreposition.Whenno
prepositionisused,thewordorwordsindicatingtimeareputintheaccusativecase:
Lirestistielatutansemajnon(dumlatutasemajno),hestayedtherethewholeweek(duringthe
wholeweek).
iestisfelialongantempon(dumlongatempo),shewashappyalongtime(duringalongtimefora
longtime).
Nirajdostagonkajnokton(dumtagokajnokto),weshallrideadayandanight(duringadayanda
nightforadayandanight).
Mivenisdimanon(jedimano),IcameSunday(onSunday).
Tiunhoron(jetiuhoro),liforkuris,thathour(atthathour)heescaped.
92.Althoughgenerallypreferable,anaccusativeconstructionmustbecarefullyplaced,oravoided
altogether,ifconfusionwithotheraccusatives(expressingdirectionofmotion,directobject,etc.)might
result:
MivolasiriBostononjelundo,IwishtogotoBostononMonday.
MivolasirialBostonolundon,IwishtogotoBostonMonday.
LundonmivolasiriBostonon,MondayIwishtogotoBoston.
ADVERBSANDTHEACCUSATIVEOFTIME.
93.Anaccusativeoftime,aswellasatemporaladverb,mayfurtherdefineorbedefinedbyanother
expressionoftime:
Livenislongantemponantatiuhoro,hecamealongtimebeforethathour.
Jaronpostjaroilirestistie,yearafteryeartheystayedthere.
hodiamatene,thismorning.
hodiavespere,thisevening.
hodianokte,tonight.
hieravespere,lastevening.
hieranokte,lastnight.
dimanonmatene,Sundaymorning.
lundonvespere,Mondayevening.
mardonnokte,Tuesdaynight.
94.Anaccusativeoftimedoesnotnecessarilyimplythattheactorstatementionedoccursoftenerthan
theinstancecited.Anadverbfromthesamerootusuallygivesanideaoffrequencyorrepetition:
Liirosaliliadomodimanon,hewillgototheirhouseSunday.
Liirasaliliadomodimane,hegoestotheirhouseSundays.
Lilaboristagonkajnokton,heworkedadayandanight.
Lilaborastagekajnokte,heworksdayandnight(bydayandbynight).
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THEPREPOSITIONPOR.
95.Theobjectorpurposewithreferencetowhichanactisperformedoraconditionexistsisexpressed
bytheprepositionpor,for.Itdirectsthethoughttowarditscomplement,contrastingthuswithpro(86):
Mihavaslibronporvi,Ihaveabookforyou.
Minehavaslatemponportiellongapromeno,Ihavenotthetimeforsolonga(suchalong)walk.
Ilifarisinporviaplezuro,theydiditforyourpleasure.
VOCABULARY.
brila,brilliant.
Dio,God.
dividi,todivide.
fari,tomake.
forgesi,toforget.
ojo,joy.
konstanta,constant.
kvieta,quiet,calm.
lando,land,country.
merkredo,Wednesday.
mezo,middle.
mondo,world.
paci,tobeatpeace.
por,for(95).
plori,toweep.
preta,ready.
ridi,tolaugh.
riproi,toreproach.
LASEZONOJKAJLAMONDO.
AntatrelongatempoDiofarislamondon.Lividiskelaflorojhavasbelajnkolorojn,kelaarbojestas
altajkajverdaj.Tiamlivokislasezonojnkajdiris"Belanmondonmifarisporvi.uvigardosintage
kajnokte,kajestostrezorgajprii?"Lasezonojrespondis"Jes,"kajridisproojo.Mallongantempon
iliajnisestitrefeliajinterlaarbojkajflorojdelanovamondo.Sednemultajnsemajnojnilitielzorge
gardislamondon.Ilikomencismalpaci(quarrel)intersi,delamatenoislavespero,kajofteforgesisla
arbojnkajflorojn.Jupliilimalpacis,desmalplizorgeiligardislamondon.Lamalkonstantaprintempo
neatislakvietanvintron,kajplorisprilamalvarmaneo.Lavarmabrilasomerodiriskelaatunoestas
tromalbrila.Lalacaatunovolisripozi,kajriproislamalkonstantanprintemponpriitieskotavetero.
Plikajplimulteilimalpacis,kajpostnelongeilitutenerestisamikoj.Tiamlaatunodiris"Minepovas
plilongantemponlaborikunviprolamondo.Niajgustojestastrodiversaj.Tialhodiamateneni
dividoslamondoninterni."Lavintrorespondis"Bone!Miestaspreta,"kajlasomerokajlaprintempo
ridisproojo.Tiuntagonilidividislamondonintersi.Lavintrokonstruissiandomonenlaplejnordaj
kajsudajlandoj.Tielafrosto,neokajglaciokovraslatutanlandon,dumlatutajaro.Labrilaenergia
someroprenisporsilamezondelamondo.Tiallaveterotieestasplejvarmakajbrila.Laatunokajla
printempoprenisporsilalandojninterlavintrokajlasomero.Tiallaveteroestasnektrovarmanektro
malvarmaenitiujlandoj.TiamlasezonojrakontisalDiokeilitieldividislamondonintersi.
1.Tuesdaymybrotherheardaninterestingstory,andWednesdayeveningafterapleasantwalkhe
relatedittome.2.Thestoryis,thatmanyyearsagoGodmadethebeautifulnewworld,andgaveitto
theseasons.3.Theylaughedforjoy,andsaidthattheywouldguarditwell.4.Theywerereadyfor
pleasure,andalsowerewilling(volis)toworkenergeticallyforthesakeofthenewyoungworld.5.
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Almostayeartheywerehappy,buttheseseasonsweretoodiverse,andcouldnotlongremainfriends.6.
Thebrilliantsummerweptandreproachedthetiredautumn.7.Theautumnpreferredtorest,anddisliked
themuddyweatheroftheinconstantspring.8.Thequietwinterconcealeditselfbeneaththefrostandsoft
whitesnow,andwishedtosleep.9.Thelongertheykepttheworldamongthem,themoretheyquarreled.
10.Soontheautumnmadetheproposition,"Wewilldividetheworld."11.Immediatelythatmorningthe
seasonsdividedtheworldamongthemselves.12.Thenorthernandsouthernlandsnowbelongtothe
winter,andthemiddleoftheworldbelongstothesummer.13.Thespringandautumntookfor
themselvesthoselandsbetweenthewinterandsummer.
LESSONXXII.
CLAUSESEXPRESSINGDURATIONOFTIME.
96.Thetimeduringwhichanacttakesplaceoraconditionexistsmaybeexpressednotonlybyan
adverboraccusativeoftime(91),orbyuseoftheprepositiondum,butalsobyaclauseintroducedby
dum:
Livenisdumviforestis,hecamewhile(duringthetimethat)youwereaway.
Dumlasezonojmalpacis,iliforgesisprilamondo,whiletheseasonsquarreled,theyforgotaboutthe
world.
Niridasproojodumneas,welaughforjoywhileitissnowing.
CLAUSESEXPRESSINGANTICIPATION.
97.Aclauseexpressinganactionorconditionasprecedingoranticipatingthatofthemainverbis
introducedbyantaol:
Miforirosantaolvivenos,Ishalldepartbeforeyou(will)come.
Antaolviriproislin,lineploris,beforeyoureproachedhim,hedidnotweep.
Viplorisantaolviridis,youweptbefore(soonerthan)youlaughed.
THEINFINITIVEWITHANSTATA,POR,ANTAOL.
98.Aninfinitivemaybesubstantivelyusedwithanstatatoexpresssubstitution,withportoexpress
purpose(Cf.OldEnglish"Butwhatwentyeoutfortosee,"Matt.xi,8),andwithantaoltoexpress
anticipation.ItisusuallytranslatedbytheEnglishinfinitiveining:
Anstatarestiliforiris,insteadofstayinghewentaway.
Vimalhelpasanstatahelpimin,youhinderinsteadofhelpingme.
Nivenisporhelpivin,wecametohelp(inordertohelp)you.
Miestaspretaporirimerkredon,Iamreadytogo(forgoing)Wednesday.
Lihavostromulteporfari,hewillhavetoomuchtodo.
Milaborosantaolripozi,Ishallworkbeforeresting.
Antaolforiri,lidankismin,beforegoingaway,hethankedme.
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Diofarislamondonantaoldoniinallasezonoj,Godmadetheworldbeforegivingittothe
seasons.
Substantiveisthegeneralnamefornounsandpronouns,thatis,forwordswhichindicatepersons,things,etc.,and
maybeusedassubjectorobjectofaverb,complementofapreposition,etc.
Theinfinitivemaybeusedwithantaolifitssubjectisthesameasthesubjectofthemainverb.Otherwisethe
constructionexplainedin97mustbeused.
THEEXPRESSIONOFAPARTOFTHEWHOLE.
99.Afternounsindicatingaquantityorportionofsomeindefinitewhole,thesubstantiveexpressingthat
indefinitewholeisprecededbytheprepositionda,of:
Estasskatolodaerizojtie,thereisaboxofcherriesthere.
Mitrovisgrandansakondamono,Ifoundalargebagofmoney.
Lihavastelerondaviando,hehasaplateofmeat.
Posthorojdaojooftevenashorojdamalojo,afterhoursofjoythereoftencomehoursofsorrow.
100.Theprepositiondamustnotbeusedifaquantityorportionofadefiniteorlimitedwholeis
expressed.Ifthewordindicatingthewholeislimitedbyla,itistherebymadedefinite:
Telerodelamaturajpomoj,aplateoftheripeapples.
Sakodelabonakafo,asackofthegoodcoffee.
VOCABULARY.
Aleksandro,Alexander.
barelo,barrel.
bruo,noise.
da,of(99).
demandi,toinquire,toask.
Diogeno,Diogenes.
greka,Greek.
kelkaj,several,some.
kvankam,although.
ifono,rag.
koni,tobeacquaintedwith.
lata,loud.
lito,bed.
loi,todwell,toreside.
nombro,number(quantity).
pura,clean.
sufia,sufficient,enough.
veki,towake.
viziti,tovisit.
vesto,garment,clothes.
DIOGENOKAJALEKSANDROGRANDA.
Antamultajjarojsaagrekaviro,Diogeno,loisengrandaurbo.Liopiniiskejuplimalmulteoni
bezonas,desplifeliaoniestas.Pormontriallamondokelinebezonasmulte,kajketiallihavassufie
porestifelia,liloisengrandamalnovabarelo,anstatahavidomon.Anstatakuinoktesurlitoa
almenasurmolatapio,liedormisentiubarelo.OnimulteparolispriDiogenoenlaurbo,nenurar
litiellois,sedankaproliajsaajdiroj.Postkelkedatempo(sometime)lareoAleksandroGranda
venistienporvizitilaurbon.DumliestistieliadispriDiogeno,kajdemandisprili."uliloasenla
urbo?"Aleksandrodiris."Kvankamvinekonaslin,miopiniaskemivolasviditianviron."Oni
respondis"Diogenoestassaaviro,sedanstataloiendomo,lipreferassidilatutantemponen
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malnovabarelo.Anstataporti(wearing)purajnvestojn,liportasnurmalpurajnifonojn,arliopinias
kejuplimalmultelibezonas,desplifelialiestos."Aleksandrodiris"Antaolforiridevialandomi
vizitostiunviron."Antaolliforirisdelaurbo,Aleksandroiriskunnombrodaamikojporviziti
Diogenon,kajtrovislinenliabarelo."utiuvirovolasparolialmi?"demandisDiogenoperlatavoo.
AleksandroGrandarespondis"MiestaslareoAleksandro,kajmivolaskonivin.Mividaskekvankam
viestassaaviestastremalria.uvinevolaskelkajnnovajnvestojnanstatatiujmalpurajifonoj?"
Diogenotujdiris"Antaolviveniskajstarisintermikajlasuno,itiutrevarmebrilissurmin.uvi
venisporfaribruonkajporvekimin?"Aleksandroridiskajdiris"Mividaskevihavassufieporesti
felia.Tialmiestaspretaporforiri."
1.DiogeneswasawisemanwhodweltinaGreekcity,manyyearsago.2.Inordertoshowtothe
inconstantworldthatonedoesnotneedmuchinordertobehappy,hedidnothaveevenahouseora
bed.3.Hestayeddayandnightinabigbarrel,insteadofresidinginahouse.4.Hepreferredtowearold
rags,insteadofgoodcleanclothes.5.Hesaid"Thelessoneneeds,thehappierhewillbe."6.While
AlexandertheGreatwasvisitingthatcity,peopletalkedtohimaboutDiogenes.7.Theyasked"Areyou
acquaintedwiththatwiseman?"8.Soonthekingwentwithanumberofhisfriendstothatman'sbig
barrel,inthemiddleofthecity.9.Diogeneswasasleep,butthenoiseoftheloudvoiceswakedhim,and
hesaidangrily"Youarestandingbetweenmeandthesun!Willyounotgoawayatonce?"10.Although
severalofthemenlaughed,Alexandersaid"Wedidnotcometoquarrelwithyou.11.Iseethatyouhave
enoughtobehappy,soinsteadoftalkingandmakinganoiseweshallleave(goawayfrom)youat
once."12.BeforeDiogenescouldanswer,Alexanderhadquietlywalkedaway.
LESSONXXIII.
ADVERBSEXPRESSINGAPARTOFTHEWHOLE.
101.Afteradverbsusedtoindicateaquantityorportionofsomeindefinitewhole,aswellasafternouns
ofsuchmeaning(99),thesubstantiveexpressingtheindefinitewholeisprecededbytheprepositionda:
Multedabruo,much(aquantityof)noise.
Tielmalmultedatempo,solittle(suchasmallquantityof)time.
Kelkedapomoj,some(anindefinitenumberof)apples.
102.Verbsmaybemodifiedbyanadverbandprepositionalphrasecontainingda:
Litrinkismalmultedaakvo,hedranklittle(notmuch)water.
Estasmultedasabloenladezerto,thereismuchsandinthedesert.
Juplineas,desplimultedaneokuassurlavojoj,themoreitsnows,themoresnowliesonthe
roads.
Aprepositionalphrasecontainingda,whetherfollowinganounoranadverb,issometimescalledapartitive
construction.
103.Itisevidentfromtheaboveexamplesthatanadverbfollowedbydahasasomewhatcollective
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sense,indicatingageneralsum,mass,orportionofthewhole,withoutdistinctionofparticulars.An
adjectiveofquantitativemeaning,ontheotherhand,usuallyindicatesconsiderationoftheindividuals
composingthesumormassnamed:
Enurboonihavasmultedabruo,inacityonehasmuchnoise.
Niadismultajnbruojn,weheardmany(different)noises.
Tieonihavasmultedaplezuro,thereonehasmuchpleasure.
Onihavasmultajnplezurojntie,peoplehavemany(different)pleasuresthere.
THEDEMONSTRATIVEADVERBOFQUANTITY.
104.Thedemonstrativeadverbofquantityrelatedtothedemonstrativepronountiuistiom,that(this)
much,thatmany,thatquantity,somuch,etc.:
Midonistiomdamonoalvi,Igavethatmuch(thatamountof)moneytoyou.
Miaetistiomdaviando,Iboughtthatmuchmeat.
Tiomdelalibrojmilegis,thatmanyofthebooksIread.
RESULTCLAUSES.
105.Aclauseofresult(alsocalledaconsecutiveclause)expressesanactionorconditionasdueto,or
resultingfrom,somethingindicatedinthemainsentence,as"heissostrongthathecandoit,""Ihadso
muchpleasurethatIlaughedheartily."InEsperantoaresultclauseisintroducedbyke,preceded
(directlyorinthemainsentence)byanadverboradjectiveofmanner,degree,orquantity:
DiogenoestistielsaagrekavirokeAleksandroladislin,DiogeneswassuchawiseGreekmanthat
Alexanderpraisedhim.
Mihavistiomdaplezurokemitreridis,IhadsomuchpleasurethatIlaughedverymuch.
iestastiavilaokemiatasloitie,itissuch(thatsortof)avillagethatIliketolivethere.
VOCABULARY.
aeti,tobuy.
asparago,asparagus.
brasiko,cabbage.
butiko,store,shop.
frago,strawberry.
funto,pound.
glaso,glass,tumbler.
ado,Thursday.
kremo,cream.
kontuzo,bruise.
lakto,milk.
legomo,vegetable.
ovo,egg.
pizo,pea.
sabato,Saturday.
tiom,thatmuch(104).
vendredo,Friday.
vilao,village.
ENLABUTIKO.
Hodiamatenemiiriskunlapatrinoallaplejgrandabutikoenniavilao.Tieiaetistiomdalegomoj
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kajfruktojkenitutenepovisportiilin.Tialjunaknaboveniskunni,kajportiskelkedailiporni.La
patrinoneaetistielmultejevendredo,sedhodiaestassabato,kajivolisaetilegomojnpordimano,
ardimaneoninepovasirienlabutikojn.Tialsabateonikutimeaetassufieporlamanojdesabato
kajdimano.Mezedelabutikostarasmultedabareloj.Enitiujonitrovasgrandannombrondafreaj
purajlegomoj.Lapatrinoaetistielmultedaasparagokajnovajpizoj,kajtielgrandansakonda
terpomoj,kelatablorestispreskanuda.Mividisbrasikontie,sedtiunlegomonmimalatas,kvankam
onidiraskeiestastrebonalegomo.Antaolforiridelabutikolapatrinoaetiskelkedaovoj,kaj
rigardislafruktojnenbarelojapudlapordo.Iliajnistielbonajkeiaetiskelkajnmaturajnpomojnkaj
skatolondafragoj.Dumonidonisalilafruktojn,miaetiskelkajnfuntojndasukero.Tiamniestis
pretajporfoririellabutiko.Surlavojoniadistielgrandanbruonkemilasislapatrinonkajkuristrans
lastraton.Mitrovistieinfanon,lafilondenianajbaro.Lifarislabruon,arlifalisdelaarboantasia
domo,kajtrelateploris.Lidirisalmikelihavasmultajnkontuzojnsurlakapo.armibonekonasla
infanon,midemandis"uvivolasgrandanruanpomon?Mihavastianpomonporvi."Litujkaptisla
pomon,kajmiforiris.Tiamlapatrinokajmiirisalladomo.
1.Ishallgotothevillagetodaywithmyyoungersister.2.Wewishtobuysomeeggs,vegetablesand
fruitforMother.3.Motherpreferstoremaininthehouse,becauseitisraining.4.ItrainedonThursday
andFriday,buttodayitisnotrainingverymuch.5.Theairiswarmandpleasant,andweshallcarry
umbrellaswithus.6.Weshallbuysomenewpeas,aboxofstrawberriesandseveralpoundsofsugar.7.
ThusweshallhaveenoughforthemealsofSaturdayandSunday.8.Iwonderwhetherweshallseesuch
asparagusandsuchcabbageonthetablesorinthebarrels.9.AlthoughIdonotofteneatsuchvegetables,
FatherandMotherareveryfondof(multeatas)bothcabbageandasparagus.10.Weshallalsobuy
enoughmilkforseveralglassesofmilk,andweshallneedmuchcreamforthestrawberries.11.Itseems
thatweshallbuysuchanumberofvegetablesthatwecannotcarrythem.12.Whilewewerestanding
nearthedoor,readytogotowardthevillage(46),weheardaloudvoice.13.Achildwasstandinginthe
street,andcrying.14.Hewishedtogowithhismothertovisitsomefriends.15.Isupposethatanoiseon
thestreetwakedhim,andhedidnotwishtoremaininhisbed.
LESSONXXIV.
THEINTERROGATIVEPRONOUN.
106.Theinterrogativepronoun(andpronominaladjective)iskiu,who,which.Sincetheuseofthis
pronounindicatesaquestion,thesentencecontainingitdoesnotneedtheinterrogativeadverbu(30):
Kiuvokasvin?Whocallsyou?
Kiunvivokas?Whomdoyoucall?
Kiujelvivokisnin?Which(ones)ofyoucalledus?
Kiujnlihelpis?Whom(whichones)didhehelp?
Kiuntagonvivenos?Whatdaywillyoucome?
Kiujnlegomojnvipreferas?Whatvegetablesdoyouprefer?
Mimiraskiunlibronviaetis,Iwonderwhichbookyoubought?
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107.Theinterrogativepronounkiuhasapossessiveorgenitiveformkies,whose:
Enkiesdomoviloas?Inwhosehousedoyoureside?
Kiesamikojnvivizitis?Whosefriendsdidyouvisit?
THEPRESENTACTIVEPARTICIPLE.
108.Aparticipleisaverbaladjective,asin"acryingchild."Itagreeslikeotheradjectiveswiththeword
modified(19,24).Theparticiplefromatransitiveverb(22)maytakeadirectobject,andaparticiple
expressingmotionmaybefollowedbyanaccusativeindicatingdirectionofmotion(46).Thepresent
activeparticiple,expressingwhatthewordmodifiedisdoing,endsinanta,asvidanta,seeing,iranta,
going:
Laplorantainfanovolasdormi,thecryingchildwishestosleep.
Mividaslafalantajnfoliojn,Iseethefallingleaves.
Kiuestaslavirinoaetantaovojn?Whoisthewomanbuyingeggs?
Miparolisallavirojirantajvilaon,Italkedtothemen(whowere)goingtowardthevillage.
COMPOUNDTENSES.
109.Aparticiplemaybeusedpredicativelywithaformofesti,asMiestasdemandanta,Iamasking,
Laviroestasaetanta,themanisbuying.Suchcombinationsarecalledcompoundtenses,incontrastto
thesimpleoraoristictenses.
Anaoristictenseconsistsofbutoneword(endinginas,os,etc.)andexpressesanactorstateasawhole,without
specifyingwhetheritisfinished,stillinprogress,oryetbegun.
CompoundtensesoccurlessofteninEsperantothaninEnglish,andanaoristicEsperantotensemay
oftenbetranslatedbyanEnglishcompoundtense,asLabirdojflugas,thebirdsareflying.Whenused
toformacompoundtense,theverbestiiscalledtheauxiliaryverb.Nootherverbiseverusedasan
auxiliary(asimplermethodthaninEnglish,whichusesbe,have,do,will,shall,would,etc.).
THEPROGRESSIVEPRESENTTENSE.
110.Thecompoundtenseformedbyusingthepresentactiveparticiplewiththepresenttenseofestiis
calledtheprogressivepresenttense.Itdiffersfromtheaoristicpresentbyexpressinganactionas
definitelyinprogress,oraconditionascontinuouslyexisting,atthemomentofspeaking.The
conjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestasvidanta,Iamseeing.
viestasvidanta,youareseeing.
li(i,i)estasvidanta,he(she,it)isseeing.
niestasvidantaj,weareseeing.
viestasvidantaj,you(plural)areseeing.
iliestasvidantaj,theyareseeing.
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THESUFFIXEJ.
111.Wordsexpressingtheplacewheretheactionindicatedbytherootoccurs,orwheretheobject
indicatedbytherootmaybefound,areformedbyinsertingthesuffixejbeforethenounending:
evalejo,stable(fromevalo,horse).
dormejo,dormitory(fromdormi,tosleep).
herbejo,meadow(fromherbo,grass).
loejo,lodgingplace,dwelling(fromloi,todwell,tolodge).
SimilarformationsaremadeinEnglishwiththesuffixy,asbakery,bindery,grocery,etc.Thissuffixisequivalent
totheeiinGermanBckerei,bakery,Druckerei,printingoffice,etc.,andtotheieinFrenchpatisserie,pastry
shop,imprimerie,printingshop,etc.
VOCABULARY.
alia,other,another.
baki,tobake.
dika,thick.
facila,easy.
familio,family.
kanapo,sofa.
kies,whose(107).
kiu,who(106).
kuiri,tocook.
kurteno,curtain.
kutimo,custom.
leciono,lesson.
lerni,tolearn.
pano,bread.
persono,person.
salono,parlor.
ENNIADOMO.
Onioftemiraskiesdomoenniavilaoestasplejbela,kajkiudomoestaslaplejagrablaloejo.Nia
domoneestastregranda,sediestasnovakajnimulteatasin.iasalonoestasgranda,kunbelaj
purajkurtenojkovrantajlafenestrojn,kajmoladikatapiokovrantalaplankon.itieestaskelkajseoj,
malgrandatablo,kajlongakanapo.Personojvizitantajninkutimesidasenitiuambro,kajdumniestas
sidantajtieninurparolas,anstataskribialegi.Aliaambroenladomoestastrelumakajagrabla,sed
malpligranda.itiestarastablosufiegrandaporniatutafamilio,kajentiuambroonimanas.Ofteni
restastielongantemponpostlamano,arlapatrorakontasinteresajnrakontojnalni,kajnimulteridas,
kajdemandaspritiujrakontoj,kajtielboneamuzasninkemipreskaforgesasprimiajlecionoj.Tamen
mihavasmultedalecionojporlerni,kajilituteneestasfacilaj.Jetrefruahoromatenemiirasalla
lernejo,kunmiajfratojkajfratinoj.Nursabatekajdimanenineirastien.Lalernejoestasmalnovakaj
malgranda,sedoniestasnunkonstruantanovanpligrandanlernejonapudniadomo.Dumlainfanoj
estaslernantajsiajnlecionojntie,lapatrinokutimeirasallabakejon,poraetisufiedapano,porla
manojdelatago.Ofteiirasankaalaliajbutikoj.adoniaetiskelkedanovajpizoj,kajda
asparago.Vendredoniaetiskelkajnfuntojndasukero,skatolondafragoj,kajsufiedakremokaj
lakto.Hodiaiestasaetantabrasikonkajsakondaterpomoj.ivolaskuiritrebonanmanon,tameni
havastromulteporfarienlakuirejo,arinehavasservistinon.
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1.Whoisthewomansittingonthesofaintheparlor?2.Icannoteasilyseeher,butIhearhervoice.3.I
wonderwhosevoicethatis.4.However,IthinkthatitisthevoiceofafriendofMother's.5.NowIcan
seeher,althoughshedoesnotseeme.6.Iamwellacquaintedwithher.7.Sheisafriendofourwhole
family,andisvisitinganeighborofours(najbaronnian)inthiscity.8.Mysisterissittingonthesofain
anotherroom,andlearningherlessons.9.Soonshewillgotoschool.10.Whosebookisshereading?11.
Thatthickbookismine,buttheotherbooksonthetablenearherarehers.12.Shepreferstositinthe
sewingroom(111)toreadorwrite(98),becausethecurtainsinfrontofthewindowsarenottoothick,
andso(78)thatroomisverylightandpleasant.13.Shealsolikestolookatthefallingsnow,andthe
menandwomenwalkingonthemuddystreets.14.Onaccountofthecoldweather,peoplearewearing
thickclothes.15.Themenandboysarekeepingtheirhandsintheirpocketswhiletheywalk.16.The
girlswalkingtowardtheschoolarefriendsofmysister's.17.Inthatschooltheylearntocook.Soonthey
willbeabletobakebread,andeventocookawholemeal.18.Ithinksuchacustomisverygood.19.
Manypersonscannotcookwellenough(sufiebone).
LESSONXXV.
THEINTERROGATIVEADJECTIVE.
112.Theinterrogativeadjectiverelatedtotheinterrogativepronounkiu,iskia,whatkindof,whatsort
of:
Kiajnvestojnliportis?Whatsortofclothesdidhewear?
Kianpanonvipreferas?Whatkindofbreaddoyouprefer?
Mimiraskiapersonoliestas,Iwonderwhatsortofapersonheis.
Kiaveteroestas?Whatsortofweatherisit?
Kiaplezuro!Whatapleasure!
THEIMPERFECTTENSE.
113.Thecompoundtenseformedbyusingthepresentactiveparticiplewiththepasttenseofesti
representsanactorconditionasinprogressinpasttime,butnotperfected,andiscalledtheimperfect
tense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestisvidanta,Iwasseeing.
viestisvidanta,youwereseeing.
li(i,i)estisvidanta,he(she,it)wasseeing.
niestisvidantaj,wewereseeing.
viestisvidantaj,youwereseeing.
iliestisvidantaj,theywereseeing.
THEPROGRESSIVEFUTURETENSE.
114.Thecompoundtenseformedbyusingthepresentactiveparticiplewiththefuturetenseofesti
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representsanactorconditionasinprogressoraconditionasexistingcontinuouslyatafuturetime,
andiscalledtheprogressivefuturetense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestosvidanta,Ishallbeseeing.
viestosvidanta,youwillbeseeing.
li(i,i)estosvidanta,he(she,it)willbeseeing.
niestosvidantaj,weshallbeseeing.
viestosvidantaj,youwillbeseeing.
iliestosvidantaj,theywillbeseeing.
SALUTATIONSANDEXCLAMATIONS.
115.Whenthewordorwordsexpressingasalutationorexclamationmayberegardedasthedirectobject
ofaverbwhichisnotexpressedthesewordsareputintheaccusativecase:
Bonanmatenon!Goodmorning!(Iwishyou"goodmorning.")
Bonannokton!Goodnight!(Iwishyoua"goodnight.")
Multajnsalutojnalviapatro!(Isend)manygreetingstoyourfather!
Dankon!Thanks!(Igivetoyou"thanks.")
ielon!Heavens!(Iinvokethe"heavens.")
WORDFORMATION.
116.Themajorityofrootshavesuchameaningthatatleasttwokindsofwords,andoftenthreeorfour,
maybeformedfromthembyuseofthegeneralendingsforverbs,nouns,adjectivesandadverbs.(Each
rootwillhereafterbequotedbutonceinthevocabularies,withahyphenseparatingitfromtheending
withwhichitappearsfirstinthereadinglesson,orwithwhichitismostfrequentlyused.)Followingare
examplesofwordformationfromrootsalreadyfamiliar:
Verb.
Noun.
Adjective.
Adverb.
brili,toshine
brilo,shine,brilliance
brila,shining,brilliant
brile,brilliantly
flori,tobloom
floro,flower,blossom
flora,floral
flore,florally
oji,torejoice
ojo,joy,gladness
oja,joyful,glad
oje,gladly
kontuzi,tobruise
kontuzo,bruise,contusion
tuto,whole
tuta,entire,whole,all
tute,entirely
KONIANDSCII.
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117.Theverbkoni,whichmeans"toknow"inthesenseof"tobeacquaintedwith"isusedinspeaking
ofpersons,languages,places,etc.Konialwayshasadirectobject.Itisneverfollowedbyke,u,kiu,or
anyotherinterrogativeword.Sciimeans"toknow"inthesenseof"tobeaware,""tohaveknowledge."It
isnotusedinspeakingofpersons.
KoniisequivalenttoGermankennen,Frenchconnaitre,Spanishconocer,whilesciiisequivalenttoGerman
wissen,Frenchsavoir,Spanishsaber.
uvikonastiunpersonon?Doyouknowthatperson?
Misciaskeliestasnianajbaro,Iknowthatheisourneighbor.
MibonekonasBostonon,IamwellacquaintedwithBoston.
Minesciasulikonasilin,Idonotknowwhetherheknowsthem.
VOCABULARY.
avo,grandfather.
bukedo,bouquet.
ekzameno,examination.
fermi,toclose.
frapi,tostrike,toknock.
geometrio,geometry.
germana,German.
hejmo,home.
kia,whatkindof(112).
lingvo,language.
nepo,grandson.
nu!Well!
papero,paper.
saluti,togreet.
scii,toknow(117).
studi,tostudy.
LANEPOVIZITASLAAVINON.
Hieramatenemivizitislaavinon.iahejmoestasapudlagrandanovabakejo.Mividisintrala
fenestro,arlakurtenojkovrantajinestastremaldikaj.iestissidantasurlakanapo,kajskribantaper
plumosurgrandapapero.Antaolfrapisurlapordomivokisinkajdiris"Bonanmatenon,karaavino!"
Tujidemandis"Kiuestastie?Kiesvoonmiadas?"Mirespondis"Estasvianepo.uvinekonas
mianvoon?"Antaolipovisveniallapordomiestismalfermantain.Miirisenlasalononkajdonis
allaavinobukedondafloroj."Lapatrinodonasitiujnalvi,kunsiajplejbonajsalutoj,"midiris.La
avinorespondis"Nu,kiaplezuro!Multandankonaliprolabelabukedo,kajankaalvi,arviportis
initienpormi!"Dumiestismetantalaflorojnenglasondaakvolaavinodiris"Nu,kiajnlecionojn
vihavishodiaenlalernejo?"Mirespondiskemibonekonislalecionojn,armizorgestudisilin."Ni
estaslernantajlagermananlingvon,"midiris,"kajjuplilongenistudasin,desplimultemiinatas,
kvankamiestastremalfacila."Mirakontisankaprilalecionojdegeometrio,kajaliajlecionoj,sed
diriskelaekzamenojestosbaldakomencantaj."Jetiutempo,"midiris,"miestosskribantala
respondojnallaekzamenoj,preskalatutansemajnon."Laavinodemandiskunintereso"ula
demandojdelaekzamenojestosmalfacilaj?"Mirespondis"Minescias,sedmitimaskeniestostrelacaj
posttiomdalaboro."Postkelkedaaliajdemandojkajrespondoj,miopiniiskeestaslahoroporforiri.
Dummiestisforiranta,laavinodiris"Multajnsalutojnallatutafamilio!"Midankisin,diris"Bonan
tagon!"kajtiamforiris.
1.WhatsortofnoisedoIhearoutsidethedoor?2.Aresomeofmyfriendsknocking?3.Wewere
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talkingyesterdayabouttheexaminationsinourschool,andtheseboyscamehometostudywithme.4.I
shallgotothedoortoopenitandtogreetmyfriends.5.Goodmorning!Didyoucometostudy
geometry,ortheGermanlanguage?6.Whichoftheseisusuallymoredifficult,andinwhichwillthe
examinationbethelonger?7.Well,webroughtourGermanbooks,becauseweprefertostudythese.8.
Wewishtoknowthislanguagethoroughly.9.Weshallgointothewritingroom(111),for(83)some
friendsofmygrandmotherareintheparlor.10.Wecanheartheirvoiceshere,andwecannotstudyvery
wellwhiletheyaretalking.11.Theywerecarryingmanyflowers,andgaveabeautifulbouquettomy
grandmother.12.Shesaid"Manythanksfor(86)thesweetviolets!Inwhosegardendidtheybloom?"
13.Herfriend'sgranddaughterisafriendofmyyoungestsister.14.Well,shallwebegintostudy?Have
youenoughpaper,andhaveyouagoodpen?15.Ishallclosethisotherdoor,becausetheyarebaking
breadinthekitchen,andcookingmeat.16.WeshallbehearingthevoicesofsomanypersonsthatI
knowthatwecannotstudy.
LESSONXXVI.
THEINTERROGATIVEADVERBOFPLACE.
118.Theinterrogativeadverbofplace,relatedtotheinterrogativepronounkiuiskie,where,in(at)what
place.Iftheverbinthesentenceexpressesmotiontowardtheplaceindicatedbykie,theendingnis
added,formingkien,whither(where):
Kieliestiskajkienoniforpelislin?Wherewasheandwhitherdidtheydrivehim(away)?
Limiroskielianepoestas,hewillwonderwherehisgrandsonis.
Minesciaskienlikuris,Idonotknowwhere(whither)heran.
THEPASTACTIVEPARTICIPLE.
119.Thepastactiveparticiple,(forthecharacteristicsofaparticiplesee108)expressingwhattheword
modifieddidorhasdone,endsininta,asvidinta,havingseen,irinta,gone,havinggone:
Lafalintajfoliojestasbrunaj,thefallenleavesarebrown.
Kiuestaslavirosalutintanin?whoisthemanhavinggreeted(whogreeted)us?
Oniforgesaslaforirintajnpersonojn,oneforgetsthedepartedpersons(thepersonswhohavegone
away).
ADVERBDERIVATIONFROMPREPOSITIONS.
120.Adverbsmaybederivedfromprepositionswhosesensepermits,byuseoftheadverbendinge:
Antaelistudislageometrion,previouslyhestudiedgeometry.
Postelistudislagermanan,afterwardshestudiedGerman.
Limarisantae,nemalantae,hewalkedinfront,notbehind.
Dumelavirojstarisirkae,meanwhilethemenstoodroundabout.
Iliveniskunekajsidisapude,theycametogetherandsatnearby.
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ADVERBSEXPRESSINGDIRECTIONOFMOTION.
121.Anadverbexpressingplaceordirectionisgiventheendingnwhenusedwithaverbexpressing
motiontowardthatplaceordirection(69,118,etc.):
ulirajdisnordenasuden?Didheridenorthorsouth(ward)?
Nikurisantaen,nemalantaen,weranforward,notback.
Labukedofaliseksterenkajsuben,thebouquetfelloutandunderneath.
Liestismarantahejmen,hewaswalkinghome(homeward).
Theadverbmayprecedetheverbandbeunitedwithitbysimplejuxtaposition,iftheresultingwordisnottoo
long:Lihejmeniris,hewenthome(he"homewent").Niantaeniros,weshalladvance(goforward).Labukedo
subenfalis,thebouquetfellunderneath.
THESUFFIXEG.
122.Thesuffixegmaybeaddedtoaroottoaugmentorintensifyitsmeaning,thusformingan
augmentativeoftheroot:
barelego,hogshead(frombarelo,barrel).
bonega,excellent(frombona,good).
malbonege,wickedly,wretchedly(frommalbone,badly,poorly).
domego,mansion(fromdomo,house).
ploregi,tosob,towail(fromplori,toweep).
treege,exceedingly(fromtre,very).
VOCABULARY.
aero,air.
danci,todance.
fulmo,lightning.
guto,drop(ofwater,etc.).
kie,where(118).
okazi,tohappen,tooccur.
okulo,eye.
peco,piece.
peza,heavy.
polvo,dust.
sekvi,tofollow.
seri,tohuntfor,tosearch.
silenta,still,silent.
subita,sudden.
tegmento,roof.
tondro,thunder.
LAPLUVEGO.
Nu,kiapluvegookazishieravespere!Postkvietavarmegamateno,subitemultajnubojkovrislaielon.
Laaeroajnispeza,kajestistutesilentakelkantempon.Tiamforteblovantaventofrapegislaarbojn,kaj
komencisfortegeskuilabranojn.Multegedapolvokajmalgrandajpecojdapaperodanciskajflugis
irkaenenlaaero,kajankaielen.Falistiamkelkajgrandajgutojdapluvo,kajnisciiskelapluvego
estasvenanta.Nimalfermisniajnombrelojn,kajkurisantaen,poririhejmenantaolfalosmulteda
pluvo.Lafulmotieloftebriliskenifermislaokulojnproi,kajtreegeintimis.Preskatujlatondro
sekvisin.Tondristiomkajtiellategekelabruoajnisfrapikontraniajnkapojn.Tiamkomencis
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subitepluvegi,sedjetiutemponiestispreskasublategmentodeniadomo.Dumelaventoplikajpli
blovegis,kajjupliforteiblovis,desplipezelagutojdapluvofalisteren,kunmultegedabruo.Mi
opiniaskemimalofteantaevidistianpluvegon.Lasekvintantagonmipromenistrefrue,kajvidiskela
pordegoallaardenodemiaavoestaskuantasurlatero.Apudemividisventoflagonfalintandela
tegmentodetiugrandaevalejo.Velkintajflorojkuissurlateroirkami,kajinteriliestisbranoj
falintajdelaarboj,arlagrandegafortodelaventoforrompiseitiujn.Surmalgrandabranorestis
nesto,sedkieestislabirdoj!Miserislajunajnbirdojnsedtutenepovistroviilin,tialmiopiniaskeili
forflugisantaollaventojforrompisdelaarboilianmalgrandanhejmon.Minesciaskieniliflugis,sed
miopiniaskeiliflugissudenallaarbojentiugrandakampotranslarivero.
1.Whilewewerewalkinghome(121)fromschoolyesterday,itrainedverysuddenly.2.Whatastormit
was!3.Weweretalkingaboutthelessonsingeometry,andwerelookingatthesebooksaboutthe
Germanlanguage.4.Sowedidnotseethecloudsin(on)thesky.5.Well,weforgotaboutexaminations
andbegantowonderwheretogo.6.Wedidnotknowwhetherwehadenoughtimetorunevento
Grandfather'shousebeforeitwouldrain.7.Manypapersfelloutofourbooks,andthewindcaught
them.8.Thewindchasedthemawayfromus,andtheyseemedtodancearoundintheair.9.However,
weeasilycaughtandgatheredthem,andthenweranforward.10.Suddenlyitthunderedveryloudly,and
wesawthebrilliantlightninginthesky.11.Wealmostclosedoureyesforthelightning.12.Bigdrops
ofrainfellheavilyandstruckthedustviolently.13.Theairwasheavyandstillthen,andthestorm
immediatelyfollowedthefewdropsofrain.14.Wehastenedacrossthestreet,andranfasterandfaster.
15.Wewereexhausted(122)andourclotheswereexceedinglywetbeforewewereinthehouse.16.The
rainwasdroppingfromtheroof,butweranthroughit,andknockedonthedoor.17.Werestedsome
timehere,beforegoinghome.
LESSONXXVII.
THEINTERROGATIVETEMPORALADVERB
123.Theinterrogativetemporaladverb,relatedtotheinterrogativepronounkiu,iskiam,when,atwhat
time?
Kiamliserosmin?Whenwillhelookforme?
Onimiraskiamlivenos,theywonderwhenheiscoming(willcome).
Kiamfalistiujgutojdapluvo?Whendidthosedropsofrainfall?
THEPERFECTTENSE.
124.Thecompoundtenseformedbyusingthepastactiveparticiplewiththepresenttenseofestiis
calledtheperfecttense.Itdiffersfromtheaoristicpasttense(35)andfromtheimperfect(113)by
expressinganactorconditionasdefinitelycompletedorperfected.Theconjugationofvidiintheperfect
tenseisasfollows:
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miestasvidinta,Ihaveseen(Iamhavingseen).
viestasvidinta,youhaveseen(youarehavingseen).
li(i,i)estasvidinta,he(she,it)hasseen(ishavingseen).
niestasvidintaj,wehaveseen(wearehavingseen).
viestasvidintaj,youhaveseen(youarehavingseen).
iliestasvidintaj,theyhaveseen(theyarehavingseen).
THEPREPOSITIONE.
125.Thegeneralsituationofaperson,objectoractionisexpressedbytheuseoftheprepositione,at,at
thehouseof,intheregionorlandof,among,with,etc.:
Listarissilenteelapordego,hestoodsilentlyatthegate.
Liloasemiaavo,helives(dwells)atmygrandfather's.
Iliestaselalernejo,theyareattheschool.
Lirestoseamikoj,hewillstaywith(atthehouseof)friends.
Livizitosenimorga,hewillvisitatourhousetomorrow.
THESUFFIXAR.
126.Wordsexpressingacollection,grouporassemblageofsimilarpersonsorthings,asforest
(collectionoftrees),army(assemblageofsoldiers),etc.,maybeformedbytheuseofthesuffixar.
Thissuffixmayitselfbeusedasaroottoformaro,group,flock,etc.,are,inagroup,bythrongs,etc.
Wordsformedwiththesuffixararecalledcollectives:
arbaro,forest(fromarbo,tree).
evalaro,herdofhorses(fromevalo,horse).
kamparo,country(fromkampo,field).
libraro,collectionofbooks,library(fromlibro,book).
amikaro,circleoffriends(fromamiko,friend).
TEMPOANDFOJO.
127.Thegeneralwordfor"time"inthesenseofduration,orsuitability(as"thepropertime"),istempo.
Thewordfojo,time,occasion,referstotheperformanceoroccurrenceofanactorevent,inrepetitionor
series:
Minehavasmultedatempo,Ihavenotmuchtime.
Livenismultajnfojojn,kajlalastanfojonlirestislongantempon,hecamemanytimes,andthelast
timeheremainedalongtime.
Kelkajnfojojnlatetondris,severaltimesitthunderedloudly.
Multedafojojnifermislaokulojnprolafulmo,manytimesweclosedoureyesonaccountofthe
lightning.
THEORTHOGRAPHYOFPROPERNOUNS.
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128.Propernouns,thatis,nounswhicharenamesofpersons,cities,countries,etc.,aregivenEsperanto
spellingiftheyarenamesofcontinents,countries,largeorverywellknowncities,oriftheyarefirst
(Christian)namesofpersons,asAzio,Asia,Skotlando,Scotland,Bostono,Boston,Johano,John,
Mario,Mary.Surnamesandnamesofplaceswhicharesmallornotwellknownaremoreoftenquoted
inthenationalspelling.Thepronunciationmaybeindicatedinparentheses,asMt.Vernon(Mant
Vernon),RobertoBruce(Brus),Martinique(Martinik'),etc.
VOCABULARY.
araneo,spider.
Azio,Asia.
e,at(125).
fino,end,ending.
fojo,time,instance(127).
kiam,when(123).
pacienco,patience.
piedo,foot.
plafono,ceiling.
rampi,tocrawl.
rekta,direct,straight.
rimarki,tonotice.
sendi,tosend.
Skotlando,Scotland.
soldato,soldier.
sukcesi,tosucceed.
supre,above.
venki,toconquer.
ROBERTOBRUCEKAJLAARANEO.
OnirakontaslasekvantaninteresanrakontonpriRobertoBruce,reoantamultajjarojenSkotlando.
Okaziskeliestisrigardantalasoldatarondesiajmalamikoj,delafenestrodegrandaevalejo.Porpovi
rigardiplejfacile,kajankaporsinkai,liforsendissiajnsoldatojnkajrestislatutantagonsubtiu
tegmento.Kvankamlaevalejoestisgrandaiestismalnova,kajliopiniiskelamalamikojneseroslin
tie.Jelafinodelatagolisubiterimarkisaraneonsurlamuroapudsi.Laaraneoestisrampantasupren,
sedbaldaifalisenlapolvoneliajpiedoj.Tujlafalintaaraneokomencisalianfojonsuprenrampi.
Alianfojonifalisteren,sedpostnelongeikomencisrampialianfojon."Kiapacienco!"dirislareo
alsi."Minesciiskelaaraneohavastielmultedapacienco!Sedkieninunestasfalinta?"Lirigardis
irkaenkajfine(finally)lividislafalintanaraneon.Kungrandasurprizolirimarkiskeiestas
komencantasuprenrampi.Multajnfojojnisuprenrampis,kajtiomdafojojifalismalsupren.Fine,
tamen,isukceserampisislaplafono.Lareomalfermislabuonprosurprizo,kajdirisalsi"Kiam
antaemividistiomdapacienco!Miopiniaskelafinasukcesodetiumalgrandaaraneodonasalmi
boneganlecionon.Miestasoftemalsukcesinta,sedmalpliofteoltiuaraneosurlamuro.Miestas
perdintamultedasoldatoj,kajlamalamikojestasvenkintajmultajnfojojn,arilihavasmultepli
grandannombrondasoldatoj.Tamen,miestospacienca,aroninesciaskiamlifinesukcesos."La
sekvintantagon,lareoRobertoBrucekomencistreegelaborikontrasiajmalamikoj.Postmallonga
tempolibonesukcesis,kajtutevenkislamalamikojengrandavenkoeBannockburn(Banokb'rn).
1.AlthoughtheenemiesofRobertBruceconqueredhimmanytimes,hefinallyconqueredthemin
Scotland,becausehewaspatientandverycourageous.2.Hewassittinginalargestable,tohide
(himself),andalsoinorderto(98)lookdirectlyfromitsroof(at)thesoldiery(126)oftheenemy.3.At
theendofthedayhenoticedaspidercrawlingup(ward)onthewall.4.Thespiderfellsuddenlyintothe
dustandlayattheking'sfeet,butsoonbegantocrawlup.5."Wheredoesitwishtogo?"saidthekingto
himself.6."Whatpatienceitshows!Ithascrawledupandfallendownagreatmanytimes."7.Finally
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howeverthespidersucceeded,andcrawleduptotheceiling.8.Thekingsaidthathehadlearnedalesson
fromthepatientspider.9.Hesaid"Althoughtheenemyhaveconqueredmanytimes,becausetheyhave
alargernumberofsoldiers,Ishallfinallysucceedagainstthem."10.Soonithappenedthatthewind
blewviolently,andarainstormoccurred.11.Theblastshookthefoliage(126)onthetrees,andbroke
awaymanysmallbranches.12.Agroupofsoldiersranright(rekte)towardthestable,andRobertBruce
wasmuchafraidthattheywouldfindhim.13.Buttheymerelystolethehorsesthere,androdeaway.
LESSONXXVIII.
THEINTERROGATIVEADVERBOFMOTIVEORREASON.
129.Theinterrogativeadverbofmotiveorreasonrelatedtotheinterrogativepronounkiuiskial,why,
wherefore,forwhatreason:
Kiallaaraneosuprenrampis?whydidthespidercrawlup?
Midemandoskiallirimarkisin,Iwillaskwhyhenoticedit.
THEINFINITIVEASSUBJECT.
130.Theinfinitivemaybeusedasthesubjectofaverb.
Cf.thecomplementaryinfinitive(28),equivalenttotheobjectofaverb,andtheuseoftheinfinitiveafterthe
prepositionspor,anstata,antaol(98).
Anymodifieroftheinfinitiveisnecessarilyadverbial.Anindefinitepersonalobject(orpronominal
complementofapreposition)afteraninfinitiveusedassubjectisexpressedbythereflexivepronounsi:
Promeniestasgrandaplezuro,togowalkingisagreatpleasure.
Promeniestasagrable,togowalkingispleasant.
uestasfacilerigardilaplafonon?Isiteasytolookattheceiling?
Estasbonesinhelpi,itiswelltohelponeself.
Parolialsiestasmalsae,totalktooneselfissilly.
PRESENTACTIONWITHPASTINCEPTION.
131.Apresentactorstatewhichbeganinthepastisexpressedbythepresenttense(insteadofbythe
pastasinEnglish):
Miestasitiedelundo,Ihavebeen(Iam)heresinceMonday.
DeMartomistudastiunlingvon,sinceMarchIhavebeen(Iam)studyingthatlanguage.
Iliestasamikojdetiutago,theyhavebeen(theyare)friendsfromthatday.
Niloastiedeantakelkajmonatoj,wehavebeenliving(weareliving)heresincesomemonthsago.
Cf.Germaneristschonlangehier,hehasalreadybeenherealongtime,Frenchjesuisicidepuisdeuxans,Ihave
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beenheretwoyears,etc.
THESUFFIXUL.
132.Thesuffixulisusedtoformnounsindicatingapersoncharacterizedbyorpossessingthe
distinguishingtrait,characterorqualityintheroot:
junulo,ayouth,ayoungman(fromjuna,young).
belulino,abeauty,abelle(frombela,beautiful).
maljunulo,anoldman(frommaljuna,old).
saulo,asage,awiseman(fromsaga,wise).
malriulino,apoorwoman(frommalria,poor).
Cf.theEnglishadjectivesquerulous,credulous,garrulous,etc.,andtheLatinnounsfamulus,aservant,fig
ulus,apotter,andlegulus,agatherer.
LOIANDVIVI.
133.Theverbloi,toreside,todwell,tolodge,mustnotbeconfusedwithvivi,whichmeanstolivein
thesenseof"tobealive:"
Liloasapude,helivesnearby.
Livivislongantempon,helivedalongtime.
Vivifelieestaspliboneolloirie,tolivehappilyisbetterthantolive(lodge)richly.
VOCABULARY.
afabla,amiable,affable.
afero,thing,matter,affair.
balanci,tobalance,tonod.
barbo,beard.
batalo,battle.
brovo,eyebrow.
buklo,curl(ofhair).
haro,hair.
kial,why(129).
mejlo,mile.
okulharo,eyelash.
okulvitroj,spectacles.
pensi,tothink,toponder.
vango,cheek.
verando,porch,veranda.
vivi,tolive(133).
PRILAAVOKAJLAAVINO.
Miaavoestastreafablapersono.Liestasmaljunulokunblankajharojkajblankabarbo.Lihavasbluajn
okulojn,kajlabrovojsuperiliestasepliblankajolliajharoj.Kvankamliloasenniavilaodeanta
kelkajjaroj,liantaeloisenSkotlando.Antamultajjarojliestissoldato,kajliofteparolasalmiprila
batalojkajvenkojdetiutempo.Sidikvietesurlaverandokajrakontitiajnrakontojnallanepoajne
donasallimultedaplezuro.Multajnfojojnjelafinodelatagolisidastie,kajparolaspritiajaferojis
malfruahorodelavespero.Sidieliajpiedojkajadiliajnrakontojnestastreinteresealmi.Komence,
dummiestaseli,mikutimedemandas"uonisukcesisentiubatalo?"Tujlibalancaslakaponkaj
komencaspaciencerakontiprilavenkojkajmalvenkoj(defeats).Limalofterespondas"Minescias,"al
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miajdemandoj"Kiam,"kaj"Kial."Kelkajnfojojnlidiras"Mihavastiunopinion,sedminebonescias
prilatutaafero,kajmimirasualiajpersonojsciasplibone."arliestasmultestudintakajpensinta,
liajopiniojestastreegeinteresaj.Liojastialkemidemandaspriaferojokazintaj(thingsthathave
happened),artiajdemandojmontraskemiankapensaspriili.Miaavinoestasmalgranda,kunbelaj
buklojdatuteblankajharoj.ihavasbelajnbrunajnokulojn,kunlongajnigrajokulharoj.Onidiraske
antamultajjarojiestisbelulino.Enunestasplezurerigardiin,kajvidiiajnruajnvangojn.De
antakelkajjarojiportasokulvitrojnporlegiaskribiakudri,kajibezonasripozonpostmalmulte
dalaboro.Promenodeemejloestastrolonganunporlaavino.Onidiraskeinevivostrelongan
tempon,kajtiapensodonasmalojonalni,arnitreegeamaslaafablanpaciencanavinon.
1.Ourgrandfatherisanoldman,andtheysaythathewillnotlivemuchlonger.2.Heisnotverystrong,
andcannottake(fari)longwalks.3.Themilebetweenhishouseandoursnowseemslongtohim.4.He
preferstositquietlyinthehouseorontheveranda,andthink,nearlyalldaylong(thewholeday).5.He
isveryamiable,andcantellexceedinglyinterestingstories,aboutthevictoriesanddefeatswhich
happened(119)manyyearsago.6.SuchthingsarewickedIthink,andIamverygladthat(83)such
battlesdonothappennow.7.Grandfatherhasalongwhitebeardandmuchwhitehair.8.Itisvery
interestingtohearhisstories,andalsotolookdirectlyathimwhileheistellingthem.9.Hetellssuch
storieswithgreatpleasure.10.Althoughhehaslivedwith(125)ussinceFebruary(131),hedoesnot
know(117)agreatmanyoftheneighbors,oroftheotherpersonsliving(133)near.11.Grandmotherhas
blueeyes,redcheeks,andsoftwhitecurls.12.Shespeaksslowly,withasweetvoice,andisverypatient.
13.Todayshesaidtome"Goodmorning,mydear(132),Ihavelostmyspectacles.Willyoulookfor
themforme?"Inodded(thehead)andsoonfoundthespectacles.
LESSONXXIX.
THEINTERROGATIVEADVERBOFMANNERANDDEGREE.
134.Theinterrogativeadverbofmannerordegree,relatedtotheinterrogativepronounkiu,iskiel,how,
inwhatway,towhatdegree:
Kielonivivasentiaaero?Howdopeopleliveinsuchair?
Kielafablaiestas!Howamiablesheis!
Mimiraskiellabatalookazis,Iwonderhowthebattlehappened.
Kiellongelipensisprii?Howlongdidhethinkaboutit?
THEPLUPERFECTTENSE.
135.Thecompoundtenseformedbycombiningthepastactiveparticiplewiththepasttenseofesti
representsanactorconditionashavingbeencompletedatsometimeinthepast,andiscalledthe
pluperfecttense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
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miestisvidinta,Ihadseen(Iwashavingseen).
viestisvidinta,youhadseen(youwerehavingseen).
li(i,i)estisvidinta,he(she,it)hadseen(washavingseen).
niestisvidintaj,wehadseen(wewerehavingseen).
viestisvidintaj,youhadseen(youwerehavingseen).
iliestisvidintaj,theyhadseen(theywerehavingseen).
CARDINALNUMERALS.
136.Cardinalsarenumeraladjectiveswhichanswerthequestion"Howmany?"Thecardinalsfromone
totwelveareasfollows:
unu,one.
du,two.
tri,three.
kvar,four.
kvin,five.
ses,six.
sep,seven.
ok,eight.
na,nine.
dek,ten.
dekunu,eleven.
dekdu,twelve.
137.Withtheexceptionofunu,noneofthecardinalsmayreceivethepluralendingjortheaccusative
endingn.Thatis,theyareinvariableinform.Unujmaybeusedtomeansomeincontrasttoaliaj,
others:
Unujmaris,aliajkuris,somewalked,othersran.
Miprenisunujnkajlasislaaliajn,Itooksomeandlefttheothers.
138.Theprepositionelisusedafternumeraladjectivesexpressinganumberoutofsomelargernumber
orquantity:
Sesellaknabojvenis,sixoftheboyscame.
Okeltiujlibrojestaslamiaj,eightofthosebooksaremine.
Eltiujapelojmiatasnurunu,ofthosehatsIlikeonlyone.
ThecardinalunumustnotbeusedinthesenseoftheEnglishpronominal"one,"asinIamsearchingforabook,
butnottheoneonthetable,whichshouldbetranslatedMiseraslibron,sednetiunsurlatablo.
THEACCUSATIVEOFMEASURE.
139.Asubstantiveintheaccusativecasemaybeused,insteadofaprepositionalphraseoranadverb,not
onlytoexpressmeasure(duration)oftime(91),butalsotoexpressmeasureofweight,price,length,etc.:
Limarisdekunumejlojn,hewalkedelevenmiles.
Laparkoestaslaratrimejlojn,kajlongakvarmejlojn,theparkisthreemileswideandfourmiles
long.
Latablopezasdekdufuntojn,thetableweighs(isheavy)twelvepounds.
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NIAFAMILIO.
Mirakontosalvikianfamilionnihavas.Niestassespersonojkajniloasenitiudomodeanta
preskakvarjaroj.Antaolveniitienallaurbo,niestislointajtrijarojnenkvietavilaoenla
kamparo.Miapatroestasalta,kungrizajharojkajgrizabarbo.Kvankamlineestasriulo,litamen
havassufiedamonoporvivikontentekajfelie.Liatasmari,kajofteliestasmarintakvinases
mejlojnporunupromeno.Unufojonmidemandis"Kielvipovasmaritielmulte?"Lirespondis"Dum
miestisjunulomiestissoldato,kajtiammiestistremultemaranta.Tialmineforgesaslaplezurojnde
longajpromenoj."Lapatrinoestasmalplialtaolmi,kajkielbluajnokulojnihavas,subnigrajokulharoj
kajnigrajbrovoj!iajharojestasnigrajkajbuklaj,kajiajvangojestasruaj.ihavasdolanvoon,kaj
estasplezuroadiiajnkantojn.Porlegiaskribiikutimeportasokulvitrojn.Mihavasdufratojnkaj
unufratinon.Lafratinohavasdekunujarojn.
LikeFrenchandsomeotherlanguages,Esperantocommonlyusestheverbtohaveratherthantheverbtobe,in
expressingage:Lihavassepjarojn,heissevenyearsold(hehassevenyears).Mihavisdekjarojntiam,Iwasten
yearsold(Ihadtenyears)then.
Unuellafratojhavasokjarojn,laaliahavasdekdujarojn.Ilipovasbonegekuri,rajdi,kajfarialiajn
interesajnaferojn.Ililernissiajnlecionojnenlalernejotielbonekesesfojojnenunumonatooniladis
ilin.Nimulteojispritiomdaladoporlafratoj.Lafratinoestasmalpliforta,tamenioftepromenas
kunnieduatrimejlojn.Laavinoankaloasenideantasepaokjaroj.Unuelnikutimerestas
elahejmokuni,dumlaaliajpromenas,arineestassufiefortapormarieunumejlon.Miofte
miraskialipreferassidisurlaverando,kajmidemandasali"uviestastrolacapormari?"i
kutimebalancaslakaponkajdiras"Jes,mianepo,miestastrolaca."
1.Threeandfourmakeseven.2.Twoandsixmakeeight.Fiveandsixmakeeleven.3.Sevenandfive
maketwelve.4.Ihavebeenstudyinggeometrysincefivemonthsago,andGermansinceJanuary.5.I
havereadthreeGermanbooks,butIshallnotbeabletotalkinthislanguageuntilafterAugust.6.To
learnhowtospeaksuchalanguageisadifficultmatter.7.Nineofthechildreninourschoolarenow
studyingGermanwithme.8.Somelearniteasily,othersdonotlikeit.9.Threeoftheboysandtwoof
thegirlsinthatschoolareGerman.10.Theyhadresidedfouryearsinalargecity,butIthink(that)they
livemorecontentedlyinourquietvillage.11.Theycannottalkwithusverywell,butmerelynodtheir
headswhenwetalktothem.12.Ihadnotseenthembeforetheycametoschool,althoughtheyare
neighborsofours.13.Theyareamiablechildren,withblueeyes,redcheeks,andyellowhair.14.They
canrideverywell,andoftenrideeightortenmilesinoneday.15.Theyusuallyrideinaparkthreemiles
wideandfourmileslong,wherethereisbutlittle(nurmalmulteda)dust.
LESSONXXX.
THEINTERROGATIVEADVERBOFQUANTITY.
140.Theinterrogativeadverbofquantityrelatedtotheinterrogativepronounkiuiskiom,howmuch,
howmany:
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Kiomdatempoviripozis?Howmuchtimedidyourest?
Kiomdasukerokajkiomdafragojviaetis?Howmuchsugarandhowmanystrawberriesdidyou
buy?
Nimiraskiomdamonolihavos,wewonderhowmuchmoneyhewillhave.
Kiomdelalecionovilernis?Howmuchofthelessondidyoulearn?
MODIFIERSOFIMPERSONALLYUSEDVERBS.
141.Anymodifierofanimpersonalverb(50)orofaverbusedimpersonally,thatis,withaninfinitiveor
clauseforitssubject,orwithoutanydefinitelyexpressedorpersonalsubject(asin"itiscold,""itseems
tooearly"),mustnecessarilybeadverbial:
Estasvarmeenladomo,itiswarminthehouse.
Estosmalvarmemorga,itwillbecoldtomorrow.
Estasbonekelivenis,itiswellthathecame.
Estasamuzekeniforgesislin,itisamusingthatweforgothim.
Kevivenisestistresae,thatyoucamewasverywise.
Estospliagrableenlasalono,itwillbepleasanterintheparlor.
FORMATIONOFCARDINALNUMERALS.
142.Thecardinalnumeralsforthetens,hundredsandthousandsareformedbyprefixingdu,tri,kvar,
etc.,todek,ten,cent,hundred,andmil,thousand,respectively.
Tens.
dudek,twenty.
tridek,thirty.
kvardek,forty.
kvindek,fifty.
sesdek,sixty.
sepdek,seventy.
okdek,eighty.
nadek,ninety.
Hundreds.
Thousands.
ducent,twohundred.
kvincent,fivehundred.
sepcent,sevenhundred,etc.
trimil,threethousand.
kvarmil,fourthousand.
sesmil,sixthousand,etc.
143.Thecardinalsbetweentenandtwenty,twentyandthirty,etc.,areformedbyplacingunu,du,tri,
etc.,afterdek,dudek,tridek,etc.(Cf.dekunu,eleven,dekdu,twelve,136):
dekkvar,fourteen.
tridekkvin,thirtyfive.
dekna,nineteen.
sepdekok,seventyeight.
dudektri,twentythree. nadekses,ninetysix,etc.
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144.Cardinalscontainingmorethantwofiguresbeginwiththelargestnumberanddescendregularly,as
inEnglish:
centtridekkvin,onehundredandthirtyfive.
kvarcentnadeksep,fourhundredandninetyseven.
sescentdu,sixhundredandtwo.
milokdek,onethousandandeighty.
milnaucentdekdu,onethousandninehundredandtwelve(nineteenhundredandtwelve).
THESUFFIXAN.
145.Thesuffixanisusedtoformwordsindicatinganinhabitantorresidentoftheplacedenotedbythe
root,oramemberoradherentoftheparty,organization,etc.,denotedbytheroot.Thesuffixanmay
itselfbeusedasaroot,formingano,member,etc.
bostonano,Bostonian.
domano,inmateofahouse.
kamparano,countryman,peasant. vilaano,villager.
Cf.Englishurban,suburban,Roman,republican,Mohammedan,etc.
VOCABULARY.
aritmetiko,arithmetic.
cent,hundred(142).
eraro,error,mistake.
grado,grade,degree.
kalkuli,tocalculate,toreckon.
kiom,howmuch(140).
memori,toremember.
mil,thousand(142).
minuto,minute.
ricevi,toreceive.
sekundo,second.
superjaro,leapyear.
LECIONOPRIARITMETIKO.
Estasmalvarmehodia,kajtuteneagrableeksterladomo.Laurbanojneestaspromenantajenlaparko,
arilipreferasrestienladomoj.Miankarestisenladomo,kajparolisalmiajunafrato.Mihelpislin
prilalecionoenaritmetiko,tialkelibaldahavosekzamenojn,kajlivolasestipretaporskribitre
bonajnrespondojn.Midemandisalli"Kiomfarasdektrikajdekkvar?"Lirespondisketiujfarasdudek
sep.Tiammidemandiskiomfarasdudekunukajtridekkvar.Likalkuliskvinasessekundojn,per
mallatavoo,kajdiris"Ilifaraskvindekkvin."Midemandiskiomfarasducenttrikajsepcentok,kajli
respondiskeilifarasnacentdekunu.Litutenefariserarojnalmi,kajfinemidirisallikelipovas
bonegekalkuli.Miopiniaskeliricevosbonangradonenlaekzamenoj.Postkelkajminutojnikomencis
paroliprialiajaferoj.Midemandis"Kiomdatagojenlamonatoseptembro?"Lafratorespondis
"Septembro,novembro,aprilokajjuniohavastridektagojn.Kvankamtiujmonatojhavastiomdatagoj,
laaliajmonatojhavastridekunutagojn.Sedlamonatofebruarohavasnurdudekoktagojn."Estas
intereselernipriitiumonatofebruaro.Dumtrijarojihavasdudekoktagojn,sedenlasekvantajaroi
havasdudeknatagojn.Lajarohavantatianfebruaronestasla"superjaro."Mirakontistiuninteresan
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aferonallafrato,kajlidiriskelibonememorosin.Lidiriskelineantaesciisprilasuperjaro.Line
sciiskelasuperjarohavastricentsesdeksestagojn,kvankamlaaliajjarojhavasnurtricentsesdekkvin
tagojn.Lidiriskeliankamemorosprilanombrodatagojenlasuperjaro,kajkelirakontoslaaferonal
laaliajknaboj.
1.(Tobewrittenoutinfull):14,18,42,86,79,236,431,687,788,1240,1885,9872,4500,1912.2.
Therearetwelvemonthsinayear,andinmostofthemonthsoftheyeartherearethirtyonedays.3.
ThereareonlythirtydaysinthemonthsApril,June,SeptemberandNovember.4.Therearesevendays
inaweek,andtwentyfourhoursinaday.5.Twelveofthesehoursmaketheday,andtheothersmake
thenight.6.Therearesixtyminutesinonehour,andsixtysecondsinoneminute.7.Therearefour
weeksandalsotwoorthreedaysinonemonth.8.Intheyeartherearefiftytwoweeks.9.Howmany
weeksarethereintenyears?10.Atleastoneyearintenyearsisaleapyear.11.Inaleapyearthereare
threehundredandsixtysixdays,insteadofthreehundredandsixtyfive.12.Wisemencalculatedabout
thismatter,manyyearsago.13.Itiswellforusthattheylikedtostudyarithmetic.15.Ihaveoften
receivedgoodgradesinthisstudy.16.Irememberiteasily,andseldommakemistakes.
LESSONXXXI.
THERELATIVEPRONOUN.
146.Aconnectingpronounreferringtosomethingwhichprecedes(orfollows)iscalledarelative
pronoun.Thepersonorthingtowhichitrefersiscalleditsantecedent.Therelativepronoun,identicalin
formwiththeinterrogativepronoun(106),asinEnglish,iskiu,which,who.
SometimesEnglishuses"that"forarelativepronoun,as"Isawthebookthatyouhave."Thismustalwaysbe
translatedbykiu.Likewise,Englishsometimesomitstherelativepronoun,as"Isawthebookyouhave."The
relativepronounisneverthusomittedinEsperanto.
Therelativepronounagreesinnumberwithitsantecedent.Whetheritisintheaccusativecaseornot
dependsuponitsrelationtoitsownverbortootherwordsinitsownclause(calledtherelativeclause):
Lajunuloj,kiujvenis,estasafablaj,theyouthswhocameareamiable.
Lapersonoj,kiujnlividos,estasamikojmiaj,thepersons(whom)hewillseearefriendsofmine.
Mikalkulislagradon,kiunliricevos,Icalculatedthegrade(which)hewillreceive.
Mimemorastiunaferon,prikiuviparolas,Irememberthatmatteraboutwhichyouspeak.
147.LikeEnglish"whose"thegenitiveformkiesoftheinterrogativepronoun(107)isalsousedasa
relative,referringtoasubstantive(singularorplural)foritsantecedent:
Liestaslaviro,kieslibronvitrovis,heisthemanwhosebookyoufound.
Mikonaslainfanojn,kiespatroestasamikovia,Iknowthechildrenwhosefatherisafriendofyours.
THEFUTUREPERFECTTENSE.
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148.Thecompoundtenseformedbycombiningthepastparticiplewiththefuturetenseoftheauxiliary
verbestirepresentsanactorconditionashavingbeenalreadycompletedorperfectedatafuturetime,
andiscalledthefutureperfecttense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestosvidinta,Ishallhaveseen(Ishallbehavingseen).
viestosvidinta,youwillhaveseen(youwillbehavingseen).
li(i,i)estosvidinta,he(she,it)willhaveseen(willbehavingseen).
niestosvidintaj,weshallhaveseen(shallbehavingseen).
viestosvidintaj,youwillhaveseen(willbehavingseen).
iliestosvidintaj,theywillhaveseen(willbehavingseen).
ORDINALNUMERALS.
149.Ordinalnumeralsareadjectiveswhichanswerthequestion"Whichinorder?"as"first","third",etc.
Theyareformedbyaddingtheadjectivalsuffixatothecardinals.Thevariouspartsofanordinalmust
beconnectedbyhyphens,sinceitistotheentirecardinal,andnotanypartofit,thattheadjectiveending
aisattached:
unua,first.
dua,second.
tria,third.
oka,eighth.
dekunua,eleventh.
deknaa,nineteenth.
dudeksepa,twentyseventh.
kvardeksesa,fortysixth.
centokdekkvina,hundredandeightyfifth.
milokcentkvara,onethousandeighthundredandfourth.
sesmilsepa,sixthousandandseventh.
Ordinalnumeralsmaybeabbreviatedthus:la,1st,2a,2nd,3a,3rd,5a,5th,1912a,1912th,233a,233rd,etc.Ifthe
ordinalnumberisusedinanaccusativeconstruction,theabbreviationisgiventheaccusativeending,aslan,2an,
3an,1912an,etc.
VOCABULARY.
angla,English.
deziri,todesire.
dolaro,dollar.
gajni,towin,togain.
kosti,tocost.
lasta,last.
latina,Latin.
maro,sea.
necesa,necessary.
pafi,toshoot.
pafarko,bow(forshooting).
parto,part,share.
peni,tostrive,totry.
traduki,totranslate.
sago,arrow.
sama,same.
ALFREDOGRANDAKAJLALIBRO.
AntaplimulteolmiljarojvivisAlfredoGranda,unuellaplejinteresajpersonojprikiujniestas
adintaj.Liestislaunuaanglareo,kiudezirislegilibrojn.Liestisankalalasta,kiupovislegiilin,is
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postmultajjaroj.Unutagon,dumliestismalgrandaknabokunflavajbuklajharoj,liapatrino,tresaa
reino,montrisallikajalliajfratojbeleganlibron.idiriskelalibrokostismultedamonoenlando
translamaro,kajkeinunapartenasali.Sidiris"Miajfiloj,midonositiunlibronaltiuelvi,kiu
lernoslegiin.Kiuelviestoslaunua,kiupovoslegi?Tiuricevoslalibron."Nu,Alfredokomencis
studi,kajpostnelongeligajnislabeleganlibron.Liajfratojenepenisgajniin.Tiamonitremalmulte
pensisprilibroj.Lareojkajiliajfilojnurmaloftepovislegi,kajtreegemaloftepovisskribi.Oniladis
nurpersonojn,kiujbonerajdiskajbatalispersagojkajpafarkoj.Sedoniopiniisketuteneestisnecese
sciiprilaaferoj,kiujnlalibrojrakontas.TialAlfredonericevisladonprosiadeziroporlegi.Lasesan
asepanjaronpostsiaricevodelalibro,Alfredovolislernilalatinanlingvon,artiamoniskribislatine
(inLatin)lalibrojn,kiujestisplejbonaj.Oniserisislafinojdelalando,kajirismultajnmejlojn,sed
preskanepovistrovipersonon,kiueestisadintapritialingvo.Fineonitrovispersononporhelpi
Alfredon,kiutiamlernislalatinanlingvon.TiusamaAlfredoestisreomultajnjarojn,kajestisunuella
plejbonajreoj,kiujnlaanglalandoestashavinta.Alfredoskribislibrojnenlalatinalingvo,kajanka
tradukislatinajnlibrojnenlaanglanlingvon.
1.(Tobewrittenoutinfull):37th,59th,73rd,92nd,846th,119th,1274th,1910th,14235th.2.Beforemy
friendwillhavefinishedthatmansion(122),itwillhavecosttwentythousanddollars.3.Beforecoming
tovisityou,Ishallhaveriddentwelvemilesonmyhorse.4.Thegradewhichyouwillhavereceivedin
arithmeticsoonafterthefirstofMarchwillbeexcellent.5.Youdonotmakemistakesveryofteninthe
lessons.6.IshalltryafterafewminutestotranslatethatLatinbook,for(ar)itseemsinteresting.7.Itis
necessarytostudyLatin,forIdesiretoreadthestorieswhichareinmyLatinbook.8.Theonethousand
ninehundredandfourthyearwasaleapyear.9.Thefourthyearafterthatyearwasalsoaleapyear.10.
The1912thyearwillbealeapyear.Therearethreehundredandsixtysixdaysinsuchayear.12.Alfred
wonthebookwhichhismotherhadbought.13.Suchabooknowcostsfourorfivehundreddollars.14.
AlfredtheGreatwasthelastkinguntilmanyyearsafterward(untilaftermanyyears)whocouldreador
write.15.Hewasthefirstkinginthatlandwhoevenwishedtobeabletoreadbooks.16.Weoftentalk
aboutthissameKingAlfred,andsaythathewasthefatheroftheEnglishlanguage.17.Peoplesayso
(dirastiel)becausehetranslatedLatinbooksintothelanguageofhisland,andbecausehealsowrote
booksinthatlanguage.
LESSONXXXII.
KIAASARELATIVEADJECTIVE.
150.Theinterrogativeadjectivekia(112)isalsousedasarelativeadjective,referringbacktotia,orto
someequivalentphraseorwordindicatingquality,suchassama,etc.Inthisuseitmayoftenbe
translated"as",or"which":
Mihavastianlibron,kianmivolas,Ihavesucha(thatkindof)bookas(whichkind)Iwish.
Tiajamikoj,kiajnvihavas,estasafablaj,suchfriendsas(ofwhichkind)youhaveareamiable.
Lidezirastianapelon,kiakostassesdolarojn,hedesiresthatkindofhatwhich(kind)costssix
dollars.
Mihavaslasamandeziron,kianvi,Ihavethesamedesireasyou(samekindwhichyouhave).
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KIEASARELATIVEADVERB.
151.Theinterrogativeadverbkie,kien(118)isalsousedasarelativeadverbofplacewithtie,tien,or
someotherexpressionofplaceforitsantecedent.
Anyinterrogativeadverbmayalsobeusedtointroduceanindirectquestion,thusservingasasubordinating
conjunction(cf.u).
Kienisusedwhentheverbintherelativeclauseexpressesmotiontowardtheplaceindicated,whetheror
notitsantecedenthasthisending.Similarly,kiemayrefertotieortotien:
Miirostien,kieviestas,Ishallgotherewhereyouare.
Miestistie,kienviiros,Iwasthere(atthatplace)whereyouwillgo.
Miirostien,kienviiris,Ishallgotothatplacetowhichyouwent(Ishallgowhereyouwent).
Mitrovislinenlaurbo,kieliloas,Ifoundhiminthecitywherehelives.
uvivenositien,kieniestas?Areyoucomingherewhereweare?
THEFUTUREACTIVEPARTICIPLE.
152.Thefutureactiveparticiple,expressingwhatthewordmodifiedwilldoorisabouttodo,endsin
onta,asvidonta,abouttosee,ironta,abouttogo:
Laforirontavirovokissianserviston,themangoingtodepart(theabouttodepartman)calledhis
servant.
Lavirinosalutontavinestastreafabla,thewomanabouttogreetyouisveryaffable.
Lavenontamonatoestasmarto,thecomingmonthisMarch.
Lavenontansemajnonmiforiros,thecoming(next)weekIshalldepart.
THEPERIPHRASTICFUTURETENSES.
153.Thecompoundtensesformedbycombiningthefutureactiveparticiplewitheachofthethree
aoristictensesofestirepresentanactorstateasabouttooccurinthepresent,past,orfuture,
respectively,andarecalledperiphrasticfuturetenses.Exceptwhengreataccuracyisdesired,these
tensesarenotoftenused.Asynopsisofvidiinthefirstpersonsingularandpluralofthesetensesisas
follows:
PresentPeriphrasticFuture.
miestasvidonta,
Iamaboutto(goingto)see.
niestasvidontaj,
weareaboutto(goingto)see.
PastPeriphrasticFuture.
miestisvidonta,
Iwasaboutto(goingto)see.
niestisvidontaj,
wewereaboutto(goingto)see.
FuturePeriphrasticFuture.
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miestosvidonta,
niestosvidontaj,
Ishallbeaboutto(goingto)see. weshallbeaboutto(goingto)see.
THESUFFIXIND.
154.Thesuffixindisusedtoformwordsexpressingworthyof,deservingof,thatwhichisindicatedin
theroot.Itmayalsobeusedasaroot,toforminda,worthy,malinda,unworthy,indo,worth,merit,etc.:
dezirinda,desirable.
rimarkinda,noteworthy,remarkable.
ladinda,praiseworthy.
ridinde,ridiculously,laughably.
malladinda,blameworthy. tradukinda,worthtranslating.
VOCABULARY.
ankora,still,yet.
ataki,toattack.
bati,tobeat.
certa,sure,certain.
defendi,todefend.
difekti,tospoil.
edzo,husband.
fajro,fire.
flari,tosmell.
gasto,guest.
ho!Oh!
krii,toexclaim,tocry.
kruela,cruel.
kuko,cake.
ligno,wood.
suspekti,tosuspect.
Theadverbankoraexpressestheideas"untilandduringthepresenttime","inthefutureasnowandbefore","in
constantoruniformsuccession","inanincreasingoradditionaldegree",givensometimesbyEnglishyet,
sometimesbystill:Miestasankorasidantaitie,Iamstillsittinghere.Liankoranevenis,stillhehasnotcome
(hehasnotcomeyet).Liankorarestostie,hewillstillstaythere.Ankorailivenas,stilltheycome.Liestos
ankorapliruza,hewillbestill(yet)morecrafty.
ALFREDOGRANDAKAJLAKUKOJ.
Unufojonantaplimulteolmiljaroj,soldatojvenisdetranslamaroporatakilaanglanreonAlfredon
Grandan.Ilinekkonisnekmalamislin,sedilisciiskeliestaspersonokieslandonilidezirasgajni.i
tiujmalamikojestisvenintajtielsubitekeAlfredoneestispretapordefendisianlandonkontraili.Tial
liforkuriskelkajnmejlojndelaurbo,kajsinkaisengrandaarbaromalantavilao.Anstataporti
reajnvestojnliaetistiajnifonojnkiajnkamparanojkajmalriulojportas.Liloisemalriased
ladindakamparano,kiunekonislareon,kajtutenesuspektiskiapersonoliagastoestas.Unu
memorindantagonAlfredoestissidantaapudlafajro,kajestisrigardantasiajnsagojnkajpafarkondum
lipensismalojeprisialando.Laedzinodelaarbaranodemandis"uviankorasidostiedekkvina
dudekminutojn?""Jes,"respondislareo.idiris"Nu,estosnecesefariplivarmeganfajronportiaj
kukojkiajnminunestasbakonta.uvigardostiujnkukojnkiujnunestassuperlafajro,dummi
kolektosplimultedaligno?"Alfredorespondis"Certemigardosilinkontralafajro."Lavirinoseronta
lignonforirisenalianpartondelaarbaro,kieestismultedaligno,kajlareopeniszorgiprilakukoj.
Sedbaldaliforgesisilin,kajlafajroilindifektis.Kiamlavirinoveniskajflarislakukojnikriis"ho,vi
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riproindaviro!Kvankamviankorasidastie,vinepensasprilakukoj,kajlafajroestasdifektintailin!"
iestiskruelebatontalareon,kiamlidirisalikiuliestas,kajkialliforgesislakukojn.Tiamitre
hontis,kajanstatamalladilinivolisestiankoraplibonaalli.
1.AlfredtheGreatwasapraiseworthykingwholivedmorethanathousandyearsago.2.Peoplestill
talkabouthimbecausehenotonlytranslatedmanyLatinbooksintotheEnglishlanguage,butalsowrote
inEnglish.3.Hewishedtohelpthepeasantsstillmore.4.Butenemiesoftenattackedhim,andfinally
theyconqueredhissoldiers.5.Thentheyhastenedtowhere(151)Alfredwas.6.Theywereaboutto
attackhim,whenherodeawaysecretly(kae)intoalargeforest.7.Therehedweltsometimeinthe
houseofapoorforester.8.Heworesuchragsasapeasantusuallywears,anddidnottelltheforester
whohewas.9.Onedayhewassittingnearthefireandwondering,"Willtheenemyhaveconqueredmy
soldiersnextweek?"10.Theforester'swifesaid,"Willyousitthereyetawhileandtakecareofthose
cakes?Iamabouttogathermorewood."11.Hereplied,"Certainly,Iwilltrytohelpyou."12.Butwhen
afterafewminutesthewomansmelledthecakes,sheknewthatthefirehadspoiledthem.13.She
exclaimed"Oh,whatablameworthyman!"14.Shecommencedtobeatthekingcruelly,buthedidnot
defendhimself.15.Instead(120),hetoldherwhohewas.
LESSONXXXIII.
KIAMASARELATIVEADVERB.
155.Theinterrogativetemporaladverbkiam(123)isalsousedasarelativetemporaladverb,withtiam
oranequivalentwordorphraseforitsantecedent.(ItmaynotbeomittedasinEnglish"atthetimehe
came"):
Misuspektislinjelatempokiamlivenis,Isuspectedhimatthetimewhenhecame(thetimethathe
came).
Lidefendissintiam,kiamoniatakislin,hedefendedhimselfthen,whenhewasattacked.
Miankorasidostieiskiamvivenos,Ishallstillsitthereuntilwhenyoucome(untilyoucome).
Postkiamlitiellatekriis,likomencisplori,afterheshoutedsoloudly,hebegantocry.
KIELASARELATIVEADVERB.
156.Theinterrogativeadverbkiel(134)isalsousedasarelativeadverbofmanneranddegree,withtiel,
orsame,oranequivalentadverborphraseforitsantecedent.Itmayoftenbetranslated"as:"
Midefendismintiel,kiellidefendissin,Idefendedmyselfinthatwayinwhich(way)hedefended
himself.
Vineestastielkruelakielli,youarenotsocruelashe(is).
Ilibatislinsamekielvi,theybeathiminthesamewayasyou(did).
Ilibatislinsamekielvin,theybeathimthesameas(theydid)you.
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Kielmidirisalli,miestasfelia,asItoldhim,Iamhappy(antecedentnotexpressed).
Liparolistielmallatekielantae,hespokeassoftlyasbefore.
iestastielbonakieliestasbela,sheisasgoodassheisfair.
NUMERALNOUNSANDADVERBS.
157.Nounsmaybeformedfromthecardinalsbyadditionoftheendingo.Aftersuchnounsthe
prepositiondaordeisused:
dekduo,adozen.
dudeko,ascore.
deko,aten,halfascore.
cento,ahundred.
milo,athousand.
unuo,aunit.
kvaro,afour,aquartette.
trio,athree,atrio.
Theprepositionsdaanddefollownouns(99,100)oradverbs(101),whileelfollowsadjectivesinthesuperlative
degree(75),cardinalnumerals(138),andthepronounstiu,kiu(106),etc.:dekduodaovoj,adozen(of)eggs.
dekduodelaovoj,adozenoftheeggs.dekdueltiujovoj,twelveofthoseeggs.kiuellaovoj?whichoneofthe
eggs?tiuellaovoj,thatoneoftheeggs.laplejfreaellaovoj,thefreshestoftheeggs.
158.Adverbsmaybeformedfromthecardinalsbyadditionoftheendinge:
unue,firstly,atfirst.
deke,tenthly.
due,secondly,inthesecondplace. sesdeke,sixtiethly.
kvine,fifthly,inthefifthplace.
okdekkvare,eightyfourthly.
WORDDERIVATIONFROMPREPOSITIONS.
159.Adjectives,verbsandnouns,aswellasadverbs(120),maybederivedfromprepositionsbyaddition
oftheformativeendings(116),withsometimesaspecialsuffixalso:
anstatai,toreplace,totaketheplaceof.
anstataulo,asubstitute.
antaa,previous,preceding.
apuda,near,contiguous,adjacent.
irkai,tosurround,toencircle.
irkao,acircuit,acircumference.
kontraa,adverse,opposite,contrary.
kontraulo,adversary,opponent.
kunulo,comrade,companion.
superi,tosurpass,toexceed,tobeabove.
superege,surpassingly,exceedingly.
VOCABULARY.
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adia,farewell,goodbye.
akcepti,toaccept,toreceive.
elekti,tochoose,toselect.
festi,tocelebrate,toentertain.
ganto,glove.
entila,courteous.
inviti,toinvite.
us,just,atthemoment.
kuzo,cousin.
malgra,notwithstanding.
paro,pair.
pendi,tohang.
prezo,price.
renkonti,tomeet.
uo,shoe.
uzi,touse.
Theadverbusindicatestheelapsingoftheleastpossibletimesincetheactorconditionindicated,orbetweenthe
twoactsorconditionsindicated.Niusvenis,wejustcame(wecamebutamomentago).Mihavaslasaman
opinionkianviusdiris,Ihavethesameopinionasyoujustgave(said).Mividislinuskiamliestisforironta,I
sawhimjustwhenhewasabouttodepart.uskiamvivenisliforiris,justasyoucamehewentaway.
LAINVITO.
Hieramatenemiakuzovizitiseni,kajinvitisminalmalgrandafestokiuokazosmorgavespere.
Tiamlifestoslalastantagondelajaro.Lidiriskelagastojsidosirkalafajrejokajrakontosrakontojn
ismalfruahoro.Miakceptislianentilaninviton,kajdiriskemicertevenos.Miakuzoloasenlasama
urbokieniafamilioloas,sedenaliaparto.Liahejmoestaspreskadumejlojndelania.Tamen,ni
estasbonajkunuloj,kajoftepromenaskune.uskiamliestiselirontaellapordohiera,miuzisla
okazon(opportunity)porproponimallonganpromenon.Lirespondiskeliojepromenoskunmi,
malgralaneavetero.Tialniformaristien,kielastratojestismalplejkotaj.Lakuzohavasdekok
jarojn,sedmiestaspreskatielaltakielli.Miestascertakemiestasankatielfortakielli.Niparolispri
multajinteresajaferoj,kajbonegeninamuzis,iskiamestisnecesehejmeniri.Lakuzodiris"adia,"kaj
irisrektehejmen,sedmiirisalgrandabutiko.Unue,mivolisaetiparondanovajgantoj,poranstataila
malnovajngantojnkiujnmiankoraestisportanta,kvankammiaetisilinantatrimonatoj.Due,mi
bezonisparondanovajuoj.Miirisenlabutikonkiependistiajgantoj,kiajnmiatas,kajonitujvenis
porrenkontimin,kajdemandis"Kiajnvestojnvivolasaeti?"Onimontrisalmipreskadudekonda
parojdagantoj.Mielektistrebonanparon,kajestisusaetontailin,malgralatrograndaprezo,kiam
mividisalianplibelanparon.Tialmiaetisitiun,kajpostemirigardislauojn.Mitrovisrimarkinde
bonanparon,arestascentojdauojentiubutiko.Mitujaetistiunparon,kajtiamhejmeniris.
1.Myfriendlikestoliveinthecity,buthiswifepreferstoliveintheirlittlewoodenhouseinthe
country.2.Thereshecanseeandsmelltheflowers,andcantake(fari)longwalksintheadjacentfields
andforest.3.Thereareoftenhundredsofpersonsinavillage,buttherearethousandsofpersonsina
city.4.Thelargeracityis,thelargerandbetteritsstoresare.5.Inthesecondplace,onecanbuybetter
bread,vegetablesandcakeinthecity.6.Thirdly,onecanalsofindbettergloves,hatsandshoesthere,
andthepriceisoftenless.7.ThereforeImakeuseoftheopportunitywhenIgotothecity,andusually
buyapairofnewgloves.8.Iamstillwearingapairofgloveswhichtherainspoiled.9.Notwithstanding
theiruglycolor,theyarestillthickandgood.10.ButsoonIshallbuysuchapairas(150)ishangingin
thewindowofthatstore.11.Thepriceislow,andIneedanewpairnow,formycousinhasinvitedme
toasmallparty(festo)athishouse.12.Iacceptedhisinvitationcourteously,andsaidthatIwouldgladly
behisguest.13.Wearegoodcomrades,althoughheisyoungerthanIam.14.My(girl)cousin,his
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sister,isolderthanheis,butheisastallasshe.15.Iwasjustabouttosendalettertohimattheminute
that(155)heknockedonourdoor.16.Hisvisitwilltaketheplaceof(159)myletter.17.Justas(just
when)hewasgoingaway,Isaidgoodbyetohim,andsaidthatIwouldmeethimintheparktomorrow.
18.Ithinkthatweshallhaveapleasantwalk,althoughtheweatherisstillremarkablycold,thesameas
(156)itwastwoorthreemonthsago.
LESSONXXXIV.
PREPOSITIONSASPREFIXES.
160.Anyprepositionmaybeusedasaprefixtoaverb,providedtheresultingcompoundisintelligible.
Afewprepositionalcompoundsaregivenbelow,onlyverbsbeingshown,althoughnouns,adjectivesand
adverbsmaybeformedfromthese(116):
alveni,toarrive.
aldoni,toadd.
antadiri,topredict.
irkapreni,toembrace.
eesti,tobepresent.
dependi,tohangfrom,todepend.
demeti,tolayaside.
depreni,tosubtract.
enhavi,tocontain.
eliri,togoout.
interparoli,toconverse.
kontradiri,tocontradict.
kunlabori,tocollaborate.
kunveni,toassemble.
priskribi,todescribe.
subteni,tosupport.
surmeti,toputon.
traguti,topercolate.
travidi,toseethrough
transiri,tocross.
LikeEnglish"out"theprepositioneloftendevelopsincompositionasecondarysenseof"thoroughly"or
"completely"(cf."Iamtiredout"):eltrovi,tofindout,todiscover.elpensi,tothinkout,toinvent.ellabori,towork
out,toelaborate.ellerni,tolearnthoroughly,tomaster.eluzi,tousecompletely,towearout(transitive).
THESUFFIXEBL.
161.Thesuffixeblisusedtoformadjectives,adverbs,etc.,expressingthelikelihoodorpossibilityof
thatwhichisindicatedbytheroot.Itmaybeusedasaroot,toformebla,possible,etc.
eltrovebla,discoverable. rompebla,breakable.
legebla,legible.
videbla,visible.
manebla,edible.
travidebla,transparent.
ThesuffixeblisoftenequivalenttotheEnglishsuffixesable,ible,butthesesuffixeshaveothermeaningsalso,
asin"readable,"worthreading(leginda),"lovable,"deservingoflove(aminda),etc.
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EXPRESSIONOFTHEHIGHESTDEGREEPOSSIBLE.
162.Theadverbplej,most(74),modifiedbykieleble(aspossible),isusedtoexpressthehighestdegree
possible:
iestaskielebleplejbona,itisthebestpossible.
Niestoskielebleplejsaaj,weshallbeaswiseaspossible.
Liuziskielebleplejmalmulte,heusedtheleastpossible.
Miskribiskielebleplejlegeble,Iwroteaslegiblyaspossible.
TITLESANDTERMSOFADDRESS.
163.Thewordssinjoro,gentleman,sinjorino,lady,fralino,miss,areusedlikeEnglishMr.,Mrs.,
Miss,beforepropernames,andarealsousedastermsofaddress,withoutbeingfollowedbythename:
Adia,Sinjoro.Adia,Sinjorino,Goodbye(Sir).Goodbye,Madam.
FralinoB,uvikonastiunsinjoronkunSinjorinoC?MissB,doyouknowthat
gentlemanwithMrs.C?
Minekonastiunfralinon,Idonotknowthatyounglady.
Kienvivolasiri,Fralino?Wheredoyouwishtogo(Miss)?
SinjoroAestastreafabla,Mr.Aisveryamiable.
Cf.EnglishDoctor,Professor,Madam,astermsofaddress,andalsoGermanMeinHerr,gndigeFrau,gndiges
Frulein,FrenchMonsieur,Mademoiselle,Spanish,Seor,Seora,ItalianSignore,etc.
VOCABULARY.
atenta,attentive.
askulti,tolisten.
babili,tochatter.
doktoro,doctor.
fralo,bachelor.
gaja,merry,gay.
grupo,group.
onklo,uncle.
sana,ingoodhealth.
senti,tofeel.
sinjoro,gentleman.
tupo,step(ofstairs).
taso,cup.
vojao,voyage,journey.
ELAFESTO.
Hieravesperemiirisallahejmodemiakuzo,kiuestisinvitintaminalmalgrandafestoeli.armi
dezirisalvenikielebleplejfrue,miforirisdemialoejokielebleplejbalda,malgralaneavetero.Mi
estissurmetintaparondadikajgantoj,kajmiportisdikajnuojn.Miankahavismianombrelon,
kvankamprolaventominepovisuzitiun.Tujkiammisuprenirislatuparonelahejmodelakuzo,li
adismin,kajvenispormalfermilapordonkajakceptimin."Bonanvesperon,kiaestasviasano?"li
diris.Mirespondis"Misanasbonege,dankon,"kajenirisladomonkunli.Nisuprenirispergranda
tuparoalambrokiemilasislaapelon,gantojnkajombrelon,tiamnimalsuprenveniskajenirisla
salonon.Misalutislaonklinon,kiuafableparolisalmi,kajankaladukuzinojn.Unukuzinoestisus
priskribontainteresanlibron,kiuniantanelongetralegis,kiamlaaliajgastojkomencisalveni.Sinjoro
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Beestis,kajDoktoroC,kunsiafilinoFralinoMario,kajmultedaaliajsinjorojkaj
sinjorinoj.Lagastojsidisastarisenmalgrandajgrupoj,kajinterparoliskunvideblaplezuro.Unu
rakontisprivojao,kajtiamonikomencispriparolilaprezojndeaferojenaliajlandoj.Miatente
askultiskelkajnminutojn,kajtiamforirisalaliagrupo,kieonigajebabilispriestontaj(future)
promenojkajfestoj.Postunuaduhoroj,laservistinojalportisalnibonanmalgrandanmanon,kune
kuntasojdabonegakafo.Fine,jemalfruahoronientiledankislafamiliondemiakuzo,kajdirisadia.
Tiamniforirishejmen,kunsentojdagrandaplezuroprolaagrablafesto.
1.Therearedozensofediblefruits,butthefruitsofhundredsoftreesarenotatall(tuteneestas)edible.
2.Thetransparentcupandplateuponthetableareverybreakable.3.Ipredictthatyouwillbreakthem
assoonasyouseizethem.4.Thatletterisworthreading.5.Butitisdifficulttoreadit,foritisnotvery
legible.6.Itisfrommyuncle,whowishestoarriveatourhouseasearlyaspossible.7.Heisstillinthe
city,butsoonhewillbehere,andwillgoupthesteps(tuparon)ofourporchandknockonthedoor.8.
Thereareveryfewpersonswhocontradicthisopinions.9.Hisopinions,however,areworthyof
attention(154)andusuallyIlistencourteouslywhileheistalking.10.Now,however,Iprefertolistento
thegroupofladiesintheadjacentroom.11.Theyarechatteringgaily,andlisteningtotheyounglady
whoisabouttosing.12.Madam,doyoufeelthewind?Inoticethatitisblowingthecurtainswhich
hangbeforethatwindow.13.Iwillclosethewindow,becauseIamnotverywell(sana)today.14.Is
thatgentlemanacrosstheroomabachelor?15.Yes.Heisdescribingavoyageandthepeoplewhomhe
met.
LESSONXXXV.
KIOMASARELATIVEADVERB.
164.Theinterrogativeadverbkiom(140)isusedasarelativeadverbofquantity,withtiomorsome
equivalentwordorphraseforitsantecedent.Inthisuseitiscommonlytranslated"as":
Latasoenhavistiomdakafo,kiommipovistrinki,thecupcontainedasmuchcoffeeasIcoulddrink.
Mihavostiomdatempo,kiommibezonos,IshallhaveasmuchtimeasIshallneed.
Lisendistiom,kiomvivolis,hesentasmuchasyouwished.
THEPRESENTPASSIVEPARTICIPLE.
165.Thepresentpassiveparticiple(forthepresentactiveparticiplesee108),expressingthatwhichis
undergonebythepersonorthingindicatedbythewordmodified,endsinata,asvidata,beingseen:
Theverbiri,togo,usedtoillustratetheactiveparticiples(108,119,152),cannotbeusedtoillustrateapassive
participle,sincepassiveparticiplescanbemadefromtransitiveverbs(22)only.
Laladataknaboestasfelia,theboybeingpraisedishappy.
Miserosladeziratanlibron,Ishalllookforthedesiredbook.
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Lavestojfaratajporviestasbelaj,theclothesbeingmadeforyouarebeautiful.
FRACTIONS.
166.Fractionsareformedfromthecardinalsbytheuseofthesuffixonfollowedbytheendingo.
Adjectivesandadverbsmaybederivedfromthesebyuseoftheendingsaore:
Laduonodesesestastri,thehalfofsixisthree.
Liestisnurduoneatenta,hewasonlyhalfattentive.
Latrionapartodesesestasdu,thethirdpartofsixistwo.
Dekunudekduonoj,eleventwelfths.
Midudekonefinislalaboron,Ionetwentiethfinishedthework.
DESCRIPTIVECOMPOUNDS.
167.Acompoundwordwhosefirstelementmodifiesthesecondinanadjectivaloradverbialrelationis
calledadescriptivecompound.Thefinalaoreofthefirstelementmaybeomitted,unlesstheresulting
combinationwouldbeambiguousorharshsounding.
a.Whenthefirstelementisadverbial(anadverborpreposition),thesecondelementmaybeeitheran
adverboradjective:
multekosta,expensive.
duonkolere,halfangrily.
nevidebla,invisible.
nevole,involuntarily.
ruflava(rueflava),reddishyellow.
survoje,ontheway,enroute.
antahiera,daybeforeyesterday.
postmorga,dayaftertomorrow.
b.Anadjectivemaybeusedforthefirstelement,ifthesecondisanadverboradjectivederivedfroma
nounroot:
samtempa,contemporaneous.
unufoje,once,onetime.
trifoje,thrice,threetimes.
unutaga,oneday's,ofoneday.
unuataga,thefirstday's.
frutempe,atanearlytime.
c.Anounmaybeusedforthesecondelement,iftheresultingwordhasnotmerelyunityofform,but
alsounityofmeaningwithaslightlydifferentsensefromthatexpressedbythenounandadjective
uncombined:
Innationallanguagesachangeofaccentoftenaccompaniessuchchangeinmeaning,asbla'ckberry(notblack
be'rry),blu'ebird(notbluebi'rd),swee'theart(notsweethea'rt),Germanju'ngfrau,virgin(notjungfrau',young
woman),etc.
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bonveno,awelcome(not"bonaveno",agoodcoming).
libertempo,avacation,leisure(not"liberatempo",freetime).
superjaro,leapyear(not"superjaro",aboveayear).
bondeziroj,goodwishes,felicitations(not"bonajdeziroj",gooddesires).
plimulto,amajority(adverbandnouncombined).
VOCABULARY.
ino,Chinaman.
jam,already.
klera,enlightened,learned.
komerco,trade,commerce.
lanco,spear,lance.
libera,free.
metodo,method,way.
nacio,nation.
pao,page.
presi,toprint.
pulvo,gunpowder.
ani,tochange.
teo,tea.
teda,tiresome,tedious.
Theadverbjamindicatesachangefromsomeprecedingactionorstatetothedifferentoneexpressedinthe
sentence,clauseorphrasecontainingjam.Itmayoftenbetranslated"yet,""now,"etc.Mijamvidislin,Ialready
saw(havealreadyseen)him.uvijamtrovisin?Ne,miankoranetrovisin.Haveyouyet(haveyoualready)
foundit?No,Ihavenotyet(stillnot)foundit.Lijamnevivas,henolongerlives(healreadyisnotalive).Jamne
neas,itisnotsnowingnow(alreadynotsnowing).
LAINOJ.
Antamilojdajarojlainojestislaplejkleranacioenlamondo.Dumaliajnaciojankoranekonis
metodojnporpresilibrojn,kajankorafarisilinskribe,lasamtempajinojjamestisforlasintajtiun
multekostankajtedanmetodon.Ilijamestispresantajlapaojndemilojdalibroj.Aliajnaciojtiamestis
batalantajkielebleplejkruele,persagokajpafarko,kajperlanco.Sediliankoranehavispafilojn,ar
pulvoestistutenekonataalili.Tamenlainojjambonekonismetodojnporfarikajporuzipulvon,kaj
faristiajnamuzajnflavruajnfajrojn,kiajnniankorahodiaaetasdeili,poruzijefestajtagoj.Sedla
inojnemulteatislakomercon,kajnedezirisaetialernidealiajnacioj.Iliankoranunhavasla
samajnmetodojnporpresilibrojnkajporfaripulvon,kiajnilihavisantamiljaroj.Ilimalofteanas
siajnkutimojn.Tiallaaliajnacioj,kiujantaeneestistielkleraj,antaenirasplirapideollainoj.La
landodelainojenhavastiomdapersonoj,kiomtriakvaraliajnacioj.Grandapartodetiulandoestas
ankoranekonataalokcidentajnacioj,kvankamplejmultedaniateoelvenasellainalando.Onidiras
kelaparolatalingvokajlaskribatalingvodelainojestasdutremalsamajaferoj.Lalingvoestas
almenatreegemalfacila,kajpostkiamoniestaslongestudintain,onitamenestasnurduonelerninta
in.Miojastialkelalingvojstudatajenlalernejojdenialandoneestastielmalfacilajkiellaina
lingvo.Lalatinakajgermanalingvojestassufiemalfacilaj,kvankamiliestastreinteresajkajanka
konatajdelaklerulojenmultajlandoj.Lalatinalingvojamneestasparolatalingvo.
1.WhyarethepersonsinthatmerrygrouplaughingandchatteringinsteadoflisteningtoMr.B?2.
Ithinkthatthedoctoristellingstoriesaboutabachelorwhowasonceagoodfriendofhis.3.The
gentlemanbeingtalkedabout(160,165)willvisitusthisevening,possibly.4.Myauntandcousinwill
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comedownstairsandconversewithhim.5.Weshalldrinkasmanycupsofteaorofcoffeeaswewish.
6.Hewillsay"Howisyourhealth,Madam?"Myauntwillreplyhalfangrilythatsheisseldomill.7.We
shallsitontheveranda,forthesunisstillshining,althoughitisalreadysetting.8.Thatyoungladywho
camewithMrs.Crelatesthebestpossiblestories.9.ShesaysthattheChinesewerealreadyan
enlightenednationhundredsofyearsago,whileothernationswerestillcruellyfighting.10.Amethod
forprintingthepagesofbooks,insteadofwritingthem,wasadiscoveryoftheChinese.Theyprinted
booksintheirprintingshops,athousandyearsago.12.Theyalsowereacquaintedwithgunpowder,
whichtheymadeandusedforsuchfiresasweuseonnationaldaysofcelebration,whenwehaveleisure
andwishtoenjoy(toamuse)ourselves.13.ButtheChinesehavenotchangedthesemethods.14.Their
waysofcommerce,workandpleasurearethesameastheywerelongago.15.Suchanationdoesnot
progressrapidly,eventhoughitslifeisverylong.
LESSONXXXVI.
THEPRESENTPASSIVETENSE.
168.Thecompoundtenseformedbycombiningthepresentpassiveparticiplewiththepresenttenseof
theauxiliaryverbestiexpressesanactorconditionasbeingundergonebythesubjectoftheverb,andis
calledthepresentpassivetense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestasvidata,Iam(being)seen.
viestasvidata,youare(being)seen.
li(i,i)estasvidata,he(she,it)is(being)seen.
niestasvidataj,weare(being)seen.
viestasvidataj,youare(being)seen.
iliestasvidataj,theyare(being)seen.
THEUSEOFDETOEXPRESSAGENCY.
169.Thepersonbywhom(orthethingbywhich)anact,indicatedbyapassiveverborparticiple,is
performediscalledtheagentofthepassivevoice,andisexpressedbyasubstantiveprecededbyde:
Lalancoestasportatademi,thespeariscarriedbyme.
Lalibrojestasjampresatajdeli,thebooksarealreadybeingprintedbyhim.
Lavojojestaskovratajdeneo,theroadsarebeingcoveredbysnow.
iestasladatadelasinjoro,sheisbeingpraisedbythegentleman.
THEGENERALMEANINGOFDE.
170.Theprepositiondeconveysthegeneralideaofseparationfromasourceorstartingpoint,inspace
(literalorfigurative),orintime(89,131).Thismeaningdevelopsintothatofthesourcefromwhich
connectionorownershiparises(49),andalsointothatoftheagencyfromwhichanactisdoneora
conditioncaused(169).Theprepositionalphrasecontainingdemustbesoplacedastoavoidambiguity
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initsmeaning,ormustbereinforcedbyanadverborotherword:
Laarboestasmalproksimadeladomo,thetreeisfarfromthehouse.
iestasproksimadelaardeno,itisnearto(from)thegarden.
Miprenaslalibronfordelaknabo,Itakethebookawayfromtheboy.
Miprenaslalibrondelaknabo,Itakethebookoftheboy.
Laaferodependasdevi,thematterdependsupon(from)you.
WORDDERIVATIONFROMPRIMARYADVERBS.
171.Adjectives,verbs,andnounsmaybederivedfromprimaryadverbs(66),aswellasfrom
prepositions(120,159):
Lanunajmetodoj,thepresentmethods(methodsofnow).
Miadiaislinperadiaasaluto,Ibadefarewelltohimbyafarewellsalute(seealso273).
Nifaristujaninteranon,wemadeanimmediateexchange.
uliskribisjesananeanrespondon?Didhewriteanaffirmativeoranegativeanswer?
Anstatanei,lirespondisjese,insteadofdenying,heansweredaffirmatively.
Lamorgaafestoestospliagrablaollahieraa,tomorrow's(themorrow's)celebrationwillbemore
pleasantthanthatofyesterday.
Latiamajpersonojestisliajsamtempuloj,thepersonsofthattimewerehiscontemporaries.
THESUFFIXIST.
172.Thesuffixistisaddedtorootstoexpresstheprofession,tradeoroccupationconnectedwiththe
ideaintheroot:
floristo,florist.
okulisto,oculist.
komercisto,trader,merchant. presisto,printer.
servisto,servant.
telisto,thief.
VOCABULARY.
administri,tomanage.
antikva,ancient
Eropo,Europe.
grava,important,serious.
itala,Italian.
kvadrata,square.
monto,mountain.
nomo,name.
proksima,near.
reprezenti,torepresent.
respubliko,republic.
tirano,tyrant.
Thewordsantikva,maljuna,malnova,allofwhichmayattimesbetranslated"old,"mustnotbeconfusedinuse:
Mihavasmalnovanapelon,Ihaveanoldhat(ahatwhichisnotnew).Liestasmaljunasinjoro,heisanold
(aged)gentleman.Liestasmalnovaamikomia,heisanoldfriendofmine(afriendoflongstanding).Lainoj
estisklerajeenlaantikvatempo,theChinesewerelearnedevenintheoldentime(inancienttime).Laantikvaj
klerulojjamsciistremulte,theancientlearned(enlightened)menalreadyknewagreatdeal.Lamaljunasinjoro
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enlamalnovajvestojestasantikvisto,theoldgentlemanwiththeoldclothesisanantiquary.
ANTIKVARESPUBLIKO.
LaplejantikvarespublikoenEropokuasenlanordapartodelabelaitalalando,interlamarokajla
rivero,proksimedelamontoj.ianomoestasSanMarino,kajiestasrespublikodeantamilkvarcent
jaroj.Kvankamlairkaajlandojkajnaciojapartenisenantikvatempoallatiamajreoj,SanMarino
jamestislibera.iajaferojestasankoraadministratajtiel,kiellaanoj(145)volas,nekielunuaalia
reoatiranodeziras.Dufojeenlajarolaanojelektaspersonojn,kiujadministroslagravajnaferojnde
larespublikodumlasekvontajsesmonatoj.Kvardekseseltiujpersonojreprezentaslaanojn,kajunu
aliaestasreotiunduonondajaro.Pertiametodo,laanojestasbonereprezentataj,kajlaaferojestas
administratajkielebleplejsae.Latutarespublikoenhavasnurdudekdukvadratajnmejlojndatero.En
larespublikokajlatiea(171)urbokiuhavaslasamannomon,neestastiomdapersonojkiomenmultaj
italajurboj.Tamenitiurespublikoestaspligrandaolmultajantikvajgrekajrespublikoj.Lagrekaj
respublikojestisbonekonataj,kajenhavismultedaklerulojintersiajanoj.Sedenlanunatempola
grekojhavasreon.OninetrovastreklerajnpersonojnenSanMarino,tamenlalaboristojestasenergiaj,
kajlaboraskielebleplejmulte.Larikoltistojplejoftehavasbonajnrikoltojn,kajlaplimultodapersonoj
estastreegekontentakajfelia.Oninepensasprikomercoaeksterlandaj(167,a)aferojkajnevolas
vojaimalproksimendelaboneamatahejmo.Onipreferasgajeamuzisinehejme(167,a),enla
libertempointerlarikoltoj,kajlavivotuteneajnasmalfacilaateda.
1.Theseriousaffairsofarepublicaremanagedbypersonsrepresentingthepersonswholivethere.2.
Theinhabitantsarewellrepresented,andasfreeaspossible.3.Enlightenedpersonsoftenprefertolive
inarepublic.4.Personswhohaveagoodkingareveryhappy,butthosewhohaveabadkingareas
unhappyaspossible.5.Nowadays(nuntempe)thereareveryfewtyrants.6.Themajorityofthekingsof
Europearepraiseworthy.7.Thatnationwhichwasmostenlightenedathousandyearsagowasthe
Chinesenation.8.TheChineseofthattimealreadyhadgoodprintersamongthem.9.Itissaid(54)that
theChinesedrinkasmuchteaastwoorthreecontemporarynations.10.TheoldestrepublicinEuropeis
namedSanMarino.11.Itisnearthemountains,inthenorthernpartofthemuchpraisedItalianland.12.
Itcontainsonlytwentytwosquaremiles,andisthereforeoneofthesmallestrepublicsintheworld.13.
Fourteenhundredyearsagoitwasalreadyarepublic,anditisstillthatsamerepublic.14.The
inhabitantsareenergeticandpatient,andhaveasmuchtoeatastheyneed.15.Therearebakersand
shopkeepers(172)andmanylaborersamongthem.16.Theydonotthinkaboutcommerce,orgreatly
(multe)changetheircustoms.17.Theyseldomtake(faras)tiresomejourneys,butremainpeacefully
(pace)athome.
LESSONXXXVII.
THEDISTRIBUTIVEPRONOUN.
173.Thedistributivepronoun(andpronominaladjective)isiu,each(one),every(one).Sometimesitis
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equivalenttoEnglishany,asin"Anyonewhostudiescanlearn,"etc.Thepluralisiuj,every,all.The
articleisneverinterposedbetweeniujandthenounmodified(asinEnglish"allthemen"),andisused
onlyifiujispronominalandfollowedbyel:
Theuseofiuandiujmustbedistinguishedfromthatoftheadjectivetuta,whichmeans"all"inthesenseof
"entire":iujvirojlaboraslatutantagon,allmenworkall(thewhole)day.Mividisiunvizaon,sedminevidis
latutanvizaondeiuviro,Isaweveryface,butIdidnotseeallthefaceofeachman.
iu,kiustudos,lernos,everyonewhostudieswilllearn.
Mividisiunelili,kajparolisaliuknabo,Isaweachofthem,andtalkedtoeveryboy.
Midankasviniujn,Ithankyouall(Ithankallofyou).
Niiujestasreprezentataj,weareall(allofusare)represented.
iujellamaristojalvenis,all(everyone)ofthesailorsarrived.
174.Thedistributivepronounhasapossessiveorgenitiveformies,everyone's,everybody's:
Likonasiesnomon,heknowseveryone'sname.
iesopinioestisdiversa,everybody'sopinionwasdifferent.
Kiesvoojnmiadas?ies,whosevoicesdoIhear?Everybody's.
THEPREPOSITIONPO.
175.Theprepositionpo,attherateof,at,isusedchieflybeforecardinalsandhasadistributivesense:
Limaraspokvarmejlojiutage,hewalksattherateoffourmilesdaily(everyday).
Miaetiskafonpomalaltaprezo,Iboughtcoffeeatalowprice.
Miaetisviandonpokvaronodadolaroporfunto,Iboughtmeatataquarterofadollarfor(per)
pound.
Laapelistoaetasapelojnpogrande,thehatterbuyshatswholesale.
DEPENDENTCOMPOUNDS.
176.Acompoundwordwhosefirstelementisasubstantive,dependentuponthesecondelementinsome
prepositionalrelation,iscalledadependentcompound.(Ifthetwowordswerenotunitedintoone,the
firstelementwouldbeprecededbyapreposition,orwouldbeintheaccusativecase.)Theendingomay
beomittedfromthefirstelementofadependentcompound:
Apersonalpronounservingasthefirstelementofadependentcompoundmaykeeptheaccusativeending,to
indicateitsconstruction:sinlado,selfpraise.sinekzameno,selfexamination.sindefendo,selfdefence.
sinkontradira,selfcontradictory.
jarcento,century(centodajaroj).
manoambro,diningroom(ambropormanoj).
noktomezo,midnight(mezodelanokto).
paperfaristo,papermaker(faristodepapero).
sunbrilo,sunshine(brilodelasuno).
tagmezo,noon(mezodelatago).
vespermano,supper(manojelavespero).
ventoflago,weathercock(flagoporlavento).
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VOCABULARY.
ies,everybody's(174).
iu,everybody(173).
decidi,todecide.
devo,duty.
fleksi,tobend.
genuo,knee.
intenci,tointend.
jui,tojudge.
lago,lake.
po,attherateof(175).
severa,severe.
stango,pole.
sviso,Swiss.
vendi,tosell.
Vilhelmo,William.
vorto,word.
LAAPELOSURLASTANGO.
AntaolSvislandoestistielliberakiellanunasvisarespubliko,iajaferojestisadministratajde
personojkiujreprezentisaliajnnaciojn.Oftetiujpersonojestiskielebleplejseverajjuistojallasvisoj.
Unufojeplejkruelatiranoestisadministrantaaferojnsvisajn.Lielpensisrimarkindanmetodonpor
montrisianpovon(power),kajporestimalagrablaallasvisoj.Lidecidismetisianapelonsuraltan
stangonenlavendejo(marketplace),enmalgrandavilaoapudbelalagointerlaaltajmontoj.Lidiris
kedenuntiuapeloreprezentaslin,kajportosliannomon.Salutilaapelonestoslagravadevodeiu
personoenlavilao.Estosiesdevonenursalutilaapelon,sedankagenufleksi(kneel)antala
stango.Latiranodiriskeliforprenosladomon,lakampojnkajtiomdamono,kiomlipovos,deiu
vilaanoakamparanokiuforgesosgenufleksi."Miintencassendigardistojn,"lidiris,"kiujrimarkosu
viiujgenufleksoskiamviestasproksimajdelastango."Jetagmezoalvenisgardistoj,porrimarkiula
necesajsalutojestosfaratajdeiuj,kajporkaptiiujnsvisojnkiujnegenufleksis.Baldalakamparanoj
komencisenirilavendejon,porvendilegomojnpokieleblealtajprezoj,kajporaetivestojnkajaliajn
aferojnpotreegeplejmalaltajprezoj.iu,kiuirisproksimendelastango,zorgegenufleksisantala
apelodelamalamatatirano,protimoprilahejmojkajlafamilioj.Fine,kamparano,kiesnomoestis
VilhelmoTell,enirislavendejon,kajstarisduatriminutojnproksimedelastango,dumlidiriskelkajn
vortojnalamiko.Sedanstatafaritujansaluton,agenufleksi,litutenerigardislastangon.
1.Thedaybeforeyesterdaymyyoungestcousinwassittingonmyknee,andItoldhimthatarainbow
(ielarko)ismadebythesunshineandtherain.2.Mycousingoestoschooleveryday,afterhehas
breakfastinthediningroom.3.Anewschoolisbeingbuilt,notfarfromthehomeofthejudge.4.Itis
mycousin'sdutytostudythosebooksattherateoftenpagesaday.5.MycousinandIdecidedlastnight
(93)tobuynewhatsforourselves.6.Weintendtogotothehatter'searlytomorrowmorning.7.Ithink
thatallclothesarebeingsoldatalowpriceatthepresenttime.8.Duringavisitatafriend's,Ireadan
interestingbookaboutancientEurope.9.Itrelatesthatseveralcenturiesagoasevereandcrueltyrant
wasmanagingaffairsinSwitzerland.10.Onceheputhishatonapoleinthemarketplace,andsaidthat
itwasthedutyofeveryonetokneelbeforeit.11.Thisseriousaffairhappenedinavillageoneortwo
milessquare,on(e)thelakenotfarfromthemountainsthroughwhichonegoesontheway(167,a)to
theItalianland.12.WilliamTelldidnotkneelorevenlookatthehatrepresentingthetyrant.
LESSONXXXVIII.
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THEDISTRIBUTIVEADJECTIVE.
177.Thedistributiveadjectiverelatedtothedistributivepronouniu,givingacomprehensiveideaofthe
qualityofsomepersonorthing,isia,everykindof,everysortof:
Onivendasiajnfruktojntie,theyselleverysortoffruitthere.
Estasiajpersonojenlamondo,thereareallsortsofpersonsintheworld.
THEIMPERFECTPASSIVETENSE.
178.Thecompoundtenseformedbycombiningthepresentpassiveparticiplewiththepasttenseofthe
auxiliaryverbestiexpressesanactorconditionasbeingundergonebythesubjectoftheverbatsome
timeinthepast.Itiscalledtheimperfectpassivetense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisas
follows:
miestisvidata,Iwas(being)seen.
viestisvidata,youwere(being)seen.
li(i,i)estisvidata,he(she,it)was(being)seen.
niestisvidataj,wewere(being)seen.
viestisvidataj,youwere(being)seen.
iliestisvidataj,theywere(being)seen.
COMPOUNDTENSESOFIMPERSONALVERBS.
179.Whenimpersonalverbs,orotherverbsusedimpersonally,areincompoundtenses,theparticipial
elementisgiventheendinge,likeothermodifiersofimpersonallyusedverbs(141):
Estispluvanteantaunuminuto,itwasrainingaminuteago.
Estismulteneinte,ithadsnowedagreatdeal.
Estisvidatekeiuploras,itwasseenthateveryonewept.
RECIPROCALEXPRESSIONS.
180.Togiveareciprocalsense,whentherearetwoormoresubjectsandtheactiongoesfromonetothe
other(expressedinEnglishby"eachother,""oneanother,""mutually,""reciprocally"),thephrasesunu
laalian,unuallaalia,etc.,ortheadverbreciproke,isused:
Estasniadevohelpiunulaalian,itisourdutytohelponeanother.
Iliparolasunuallaalia,theyaretalkingtoeachother.
Lavirojreciprokeuzissiajnpafilojn,themenusedeachother'sguns.
Ilifalisunusurlaalian,theyfelluponeachother.
THESUFFIXUJ.
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181.Thesuffixujmaybeusedtoformwordsindicatingthatwhichcontains,bears,orisareceptacle
for,somenumberorquantityofthatwhichisexpressedbytheroot.Itmaybeusedinsteadoflandoto
formthenameofaregioncontaininganyoneraceortribe,andinsteadofarbotoformthenamesof
fruittrees:
ujo,areceptacle.
monujo,purse.
supujo,souptureen.
leterujo,lettercase.
patrujo(patrolando),fatherland.
sukerujo,sugarbowl.
pomujo(pomarbo),appletree.
sagujo,quiver.
VOCABULARY.
agi,toact.
cetera,remaining.
ia,ofeverykind(177).
fiera,proud.
imagi,toimagine.
konduki,tolead.
koro,heart.
morti,todie.
peti,toplead,torequest.
prepari,toprepare.
puni,topunish.
reciproka,reciprocal,mutual.
simila,like,similar.
tui,totouch.
VILHELMOTELLKAJLAPOMO.
TujkiamlagardistojrimarkiskelaapelosurlastangoneestissalutatadeVilhelmoTell,ilikaptislin,
kajkondukislinallatirano,porestijuata.LatiranodemandisdeTellkiallinegenufleksisantala
apelo,simileallaaliajvilaanoj.Tellrespondisfierekelinesciisprilaiutagajgenufleksojdelaaliaj
personoj.Lidiriskelituteneintencisagikontraladezirojdelajuistoj.Sedlatiranomalamislaaltan
fortansvison,tiallidecidispunilinperseverapuno,kajdemandis"Kiunelviajinfanojviplejamas?"
VilhelmoTellnepovisimagikiallademandoestasfarataalli,kajrespondis"Miamasiujnelili,
sinjoro."Latiranodiris"Nu,estasrakontateinterlavilaanojkeviestasrimarkindaarkpafisto(archer).
Nieltrovoskiaarkpafistoviestas.Nividosuvipovosforpafipomondesurlakapodeviaplejjunafilo.
Aldone(inaddition),estosviadevoforpafilapomonperlaunuasago,alie(otherwise)mipunosvinkaj
vianfilonpertujamorto."Telldiriskeliestaspretaporriceviianalianpunon,anstatatiapuno,sed
malgraiespetojlatiranoestisjamelektantapomondeapudapomarbo.Likondukislaknabon
malproksimendelaceterajpersonoj,kajmetislapomonsurliankapon.Tellkajlafiloreciprokerigardis
sin,dumlapatrodiriskelinetuosharondeliakapo.Tiamlielprenissagonellasagujo,farisla
necesajnpreparojn,kajrapidepafis.Tujlapomoforfalisdelakapodelainfano,kajiuhavisfelian
koron.DumTellirkaprenislafilon,latiranodemandis"Kialvihavastiunceteransagonenlamano."
Telllaterespondis"Pormortpafivin,tujpostlainfano,armitreegetimisprolavivodemiakarafilo."
1.WilliamTellhadastrongflexible(161)bow.2.Hecouldshootwithabow(arkpafi)excellently,
thereforehewasawellknownarcher.3.Heputsixoreightarrowsintohisquiver,andwentwithhis
sonstothevillage.4.Possiblyhesawthehatuponthepole,buthedidnotkneelbeforeit.5.Itwasbeing
noticedalreadyinthevillagethatTellhatedthetyrantverymuch.6.Whentheguardsseizedhimforthat
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act,andledhimbeforethetyrant,whowasalsothejudge,Tellsaid"Ididnotknowaboutthisnewduty,
andcouldnotimaginewhythehatwasonthepolethere."7.Thetyrantrepliedwith(per)angrywords,
forhehatedtheproudSwisswhomeveryoneelseloved.8.Hesaidseverely"Itissaidthatyouarea
praiseworthyarcher.9.ThereforeIwaswonderingwhetheryoucouldshootanapplefromyourson's
head.10.Nowweshallseewhetheryoucanshootofftheapple,orwhetheryouwilltouchthechild's
head."11.Amidthepleadingsofall,Tellsuccessfullyshotofftheapple.12.Asimilarsecondarrowwas
readyinhishand.13.Thetyrantsawtheremainingarrow,andpreparedtopunishTellbydeath.14.But
heescaped,andtheSwisscongratulatedeachotherheartily(kore).15.Aftersometimetheyfollowed
him,attherateofsixmilesanhour.
LESSONXXXIX.
THEDISTRIBUTIVEADVERBOFPLACE.
182.Thedistributiveadverbofplace,relatedtothedistributivepronouniu,isie,everywhere.The
endingnmaybeaddedtoietoshowdirectionofmotion(121):
Onitrovastiajnvirojnie,suchmenarefoundeverywhere.
Liirisien,kiemiestisestinta,hewenteverywherewhereIhadbeen.
Mividaslinie,kienmiiras,IseehimeverywhereIgo.
THEFUTUREPASSIVETENSE.
183.Thecompoundtenseformedbycombiningthepresentpassiveparticiplewiththefuturetenseofesti
indicatesthatanactorconditionwillbeundergonebythesubjectoftheverb.Itiscalledthefuture
passivetense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestosvidata,Ishallbeseen.
viestosvidata,youwillbeseen.
li(i,i)estosvidata,he(she,it)willbeseen.
niestosvidataj,weshallbeseen.
viestosvidataj,youwillbeseen.
iliestosvidataj,theywillbeseen.
POSSESSIVECOMPOUNDS.
184.Compoundadjectivesmaybeformedwithanadjectivalrootforthefirstelement,andanounroot
forthesecondelement.Suchadjectiveshavethemeaning"possessedof"thatwhichisindicatedinthe
compound.(SimilaradjectivesareformedinEnglish,withedasthefinalsyllable):
belbrova,beautifulbrowed.
longnaza,longnosed.
bonintenca,goodintentioned. kvarpieda,fourfooted.
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dumana,twohanded.
ruhara,redhaired.
THETIMEOFDAY.
185.Theordinalsareusedinexpressingthehouroftheday,withhoroexpressedorunderstood.The
minutesareexpressedbythecardinals.Inquestionstheadjectivekioma(fromkiom,howmuch)isused:
Kiomahoroestas?Whathour(whato'clock,whattime)isit?
Jekiomahorovivenos?Atwhattime(whato'clock)willyoucome?
Estasladuahoro,itistwoo'clock(itisthesecondhour).
Estaslatriakajkvinminutoj,itisfiveminutespastthree.
Niirisjelasesakajduono,wewentathalfpastsix.
Estaslaokakajkvardekkvin(or:estasunukvaronoantalanaa),itiseightfortyfive(aquarter
ofnine).
THESUFFIXOBL.
186.Thesuffixoblisusedtoformmultiplesindicatinghowmanyfold,as"twofold,""double,"
"triple,"etc.:
duoblo,adouble.
duobla,double.
duoble,doubly.
kvarobla,quadruple.
kvindekobla,fiftyfold.
multobla,manifold.
Triobleduestasses,threetimestwoissix.
VOCABULARY.
bileto,ticket.
cendo,cent.
ie,everywhere(182).
esprimo,expression.
gieto,wicket,ticketwindow.
horloo,clock.
pagi,topay.
preter,beyond,past.
stacio,station.
telefoni,totelephone.
vagono,car.
valizo,valise.
Theprepositionpreterindicatesthemovementofsomethingalongsideofandpassingbeyondsomethingelse.
Sinceitdoesnotexpressmotiontowarditscomplement,itcannotbefollowedbytheaccusative.
ENLASTACIDOMO.
Dubonkoraj(184)amikojmiajloasenlaurboB.Nireciprokekonasnindeantasesjaroj.Mi
estisduobleojahierakiammiricevisleterondeili,arentiuilipetisdemibaldaanviziton.Tialmi
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telefonishieraposttagmezeallastacidomo,pordemandijekiomahoroforiroslavagonaro(train)alB
.Onirespondisperlatelefonokelavagonaroforirosjelatriakajtridekkvin.Tujpostemienmetis
kelkajnvestojnenmianjampreskaeluzitanvalizon,kajfarisiujnpreparojnporlamallongavojao.Je
laduahoro,tujpostlatagmano(middaymeal),mimarisstacidomon.Survojemienirisbutikonkaj
aetisparondanovajgantoj.Kiammienirislastacidomon,mikurispreterlaaliajpersonojallagieto
kiebiletojestasvendataj.Midirisallasinjoroelagieto"MidezirasbiletonalB.Kiomestos
necesepagi?"Labrunokulasinjororespondis"Tiabiletokostosdolarondudekcendojn."Mipuistiom
damonotralagieto,kajtujricevislabileton,kiunlasinjorojamhavisenlamano.Tiammiiris
proksimendelapordegotrakiuoniestosenlasataallavagonaro."Kiomdatempoantalaforirodela
vagonaroalB?"midemandisallagardisto.Lilatvoerespondis"Nursepminutojn.uvinevidas
tiunhorloon?"Mineestisrimarkintalahorloon,tialmialmetislamontrilojndemiapohorloo
(watch)pormontrilasamanhoron.Miestismultetuatadeiajbonintencajpersonojkurantajienpreter
mi,kajpuantajunulaalian.Fineonimalfermislapordegon.Mikajlaceterajpersonojrapidisalla
vagonarokajkielebleplejbaldaenirisin.
Posttagmezo,afternoon,isadescriptivecompound(167,a)whosesecondelementtagmezoisadependent
compound(176).
1.Becauseoftherequestofmyfriendwhosebrotherdiedrecently,Iwentlast(laantaan)weektovisit
him.2.Theremainingpersonsofhisfamilywerenotathome.3.Itelephonedtofindoutatwhattimethe
trainwoulddepart.4.Iwastold(54)thatitwouldleaveatfourtwentyseven.5.Iputenoughmoneyinto
mypurse,andcarriedalong(kunportis)avaliseintowhichIhadputsomeclothes.6.WhenIenteredthe
station,Ihurriedpasttheotherpeopletothewicket,andaskedfor(petis)atickettoB.7.Theticket
sellersaid"Twodollarsandfortycents."8.Icouldnotimaginewhyitwasnecessarytopaysomuch,but
Iatoncepushedthatmuchmoneythroughthewindow,andreceivedtheticket.9.ThenIlookedatmy
watchandwentnearthegate,buttheyellowhairedguardwhoconductspersonstothetrainssaid
"Personswhogothroughthatgatebeforethetrainarriveswillbeseverelypunished."10.Soallofus
stoodnearthedoublegate.11.Thetrainsaremuchlikeeachother,anditisbettertoactastheguards
request,andnotexpressimpatience.
LESSONXL.
THEDISTRIBUTIVETEMPORALADVERB.
187.Thedistributiveadverboftime,relatedtothedistributivepronouniu,isiam,always,atalltimes:
Viiampagastromulte,youalwayspaytoomuch.
Miestasiampretaporhelpivin,Iamalwaysreadytohelpyou.
THEDISTRIBUTIVEADVERBIAL.
188.Thedistributiveadverbofmotiveorreason,relatedtothepronouniu,isial,foreveryreason,for
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allreasons:
ialliestasfeliahodia,foreveryreasonheishappytoday.
Lamiaialestaslaplejbona,mineisforallreasonsthebest.
THEPASTPASSIVEPARTICIPLE.
189.Thepastpassiveparticipleexpressesanactorconditionashavingbeenundergonebythepersonor
thingindicatedbythewordmodified.Thisparticipleendsinita,asvidita,havingbeenseen:
Laprezopagitadeviestistrogranda,thepricepaidbyyouwastoogreat.
Lapunitainfanoploras,the(havingbeen)punishedchildiscrying.
Miaetosbonefaritajngantojn,Ishallbuywellmadegloves.
Liserislaforgesitanbileton,helookedfortheforgottenticket.
THEPERFECTPASSIVETENSE.
190.Thecompoundtenseformedbycombiningthepastpassiveparticiplewiththepresenttenseofthe
verbestiexpressesanactorconditionwhichhasbeenundergonebythesubjectoftheverb.Itiscalled
theperfectpassivetense.Theconjugationoftheverbvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestasvidita,Ihavebeenseen(Iamhavingbeenseen).
viestasvidita,youhavebeenseen.
li(i,i)estasvidita,he(she,it)hasbeenseen.
niestasviditaj,wehavebeenseen.
viestasviditaj,youhavebeenseen.
iliestasviditaj,theyhavebeenseen.
THEPREPOSITIONLA.
191.Inexpressingthatinaccordancewithwhichsomethingisdone,takesplace,moves,etc.,the
prepositionlaisused:
Liagislasiaopinio,heactedinaccordancewithhisownopinion.
Mifarosinlabonametodo,Ishalldoitaccordingtoagoodmethod.
Lakiamanieroliagis?Inwhatmannerdidheact?
Mimarislalastrato,Iwalkeddown(orup)thestreet.
Liirislalariveropertiuvojo,hewentalongtheriverbythatroad.
Nubojnigrajkurislalaielo,blackcloudsracedalongthesky.
ikuaslalongedeladomo,itlieslengthwiseofthehouse.
THESUFFIXEM.
192.Thesuffixemindicatesatendencyorinclinationtowardthatwhichisexpressedintheroot:
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agema,active.
pacema,peaceful,pacific.
mallaborema,lazy. pensema,pensive,thoughtful.
VOCABULARY.
atendi,towait(for),toexpect.
ial,foreveryreason(188).
iam,always(187).
gazeto,magazine,gazette.
urnalo,journal,paper.
kompati,topity.
larmo,tear.
la,accordingto(191).
maniero,manner,way.
movi,tomove(transitive)
okupi,tooccupy.
pala,pale.
polico,police.
trankvila,calm,tranquil.
LAPERDITAINFANO.
Dummiestisatendantahieraposttagmezeenlastacidomo,misubiterimarkispalansinjorinonkun
larmojeniajokuloj.irigardisienkunesprimodenekaeblatimo,kajestisvideblemaltrankvila.i
serisduatriminutojninterlapersonojirkasi,kajfineividisbluevestitanpolicanon,kiuestis
parolantaalunuellagardistoj.irapidediriskelkajnvortojnalli,kajtujliankakomencissericie.Mi
trekompatislaploremansinjorinon,kajkiamlapolicanopreteriris,midemandisuminepovashelpi.
Midiriskemineestosokupata(busy)islaalvenodelavagonaro.Lirespondiskelafilodetiuvirino
estasperdita,kajlidonisalmilasekvantanpriskribondelainfano,lalavortojdelapatrino:laknabo
estasagemabrunharasesjarulo,kunbluajokuloj,kajliestasruevestita(dressedinred).Liapatrino
estisusaetintasianbiletonelagieto,kajpostkiamipagislanadekcendojnpori,subitei
rimarkiskelainfanoneestiskuni.Kvankamijamserisie,lafiloajnasankoranetrovebla.i
multetimasproli,kvankamliiamestasbonaknabo.Mitujkomencismariieninterlapersonojirka
mi,kajfineenirismalgrandanambronapudlahorlooelafinodelastacidomo,kieestasvendataj
tagurnaloj(newspapers),gazetojkajlibroj.Tieantanemoveblatablokovritadebrilekoloritajurnaloj
starismalgrandaruevestitaknabo.Midirisalli"Miastudemajunaamiko,oninevojaaslatiu
metodo.Viapatrinojamdelongeatendasvin.Mimontrosalvikieiestas."Liveniskunmi,kaj
proksimedelapordokiemiestislasintamianvalizonstarislasinjorino.iestisialojakiamividis
nin,kajdankemeirkaprenislainfanon.
1.Thepoor(tobepitied)ladywhoselittleboy(son)waslostinthestationyesterdayafternoonwasvery
uneasyabouthimforeveryreason.2.Shewaspaleandtearful(plorema)whenIsawher,andlookedin
everydirectioninamostimpatientmanner.3.Therewasanexpressionoffearuponherfaceandshe
wentasquicklyaspossibletoanearbypoliceman,andsaidafew(kelkajn)wordstohim.4.Iheardthe
lastwords,andatoncesaidtomyself"Itisnowonlytenminutespasttwo.5.Mytrainwillleave
(foriros)athalfpasttwo,soIhavetimetohelp."6.Isaidtothebluegarbedpoliceman"Duringthenext
(sekvontajn)twentyminutesIshallnotbebusy.Doyoudesiremyhelp?"7.Heanswered"Yes,youare
verykind(entila).Thesonofthatladyhasbeenlost.8.Accordingtoherdescription,heisayellow
hairedblueeyedfiveyearold,andapparently(ajne)toorestless(movema).9.Ishallfindhimassoon
aspossible,neverthelessIshallgladlyacceptyourhelp.10.Thechildisdressedinwhiteandwearsared
hat."11.As(ar)Iamnotatalllazy(mallaborema),Iwentalongthestationary(nemoveblaj)tablesas
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farastheendofthestation,andthereIsawthatsortofchild,lookingatthemagazinesandnewspapers.
12.Iledhimtothelady,whowithtearsinhereyeswasjustgoingtotelephonetoherhusband.
LESSONXLI.
THEDISTRIBUTIVEADVERBIEL.
193.Thedistributiveadverbofmanner,relatedtothedistributivepronouniu,isiel,ineveryway,in
everymanner:
Lipovasielprepariin,hecanprepareitineverymanner.
Liestosielhelpata,hewillbehelpedineveryway.
THEDISTRIBUTIVEADVERBIOM.
194.Thedistributiveadverbofquantity,relatedtothedistributivepronouniu,isiom,everyquantity,
thewhole,all:
Liprenismultedasukero,sedneiomdai,hetookagreatdealofsugar,butnotallofit.
Lielprenisiomdelateoellateujo,hetookalloftheteaoutoftheteacaddy.
THEPLUPERFECTPASSIVETENSE.
195.Thecompoundtensemadebycombiningthepastpassiveparticiplewiththepasttenseoftheverb
estiexpressesanactorconditionwhichhadbeenundergonebythesubjectoftheverbatsomepointin
pasttime.Itiscalledthepluperfectpassivetense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisasfollows:
miestisvidita,Ihadbeenseen(Iwashavingbeenseen).
viestisvidita,youhadbeenseen.
li(i,i)estisvidita,he(she,it)hadbeenseen.
niestisviditaj,wehadbeenseen.
viestisviditaj,youhadbeenseen.
iliestisviditaj,theyhadbeenseen.
THEFUTUREPERFECTPASSIVETENSE.
196.Thecompoundtensemadebycombiningthepastpassiveparticiplewiththefuturetenseoftheverb
estiexpressesanactorconditionwhichwillhavebeenundergonebythesubjectoftheverbatsome
pointinfuturetime.Itiscalledthefutureperfectpassivetense.Theconjugationofvidiinthistenseisas
follows:
miestosvidita,Ishallhavebeenseen(shallbehavingbeenseen).
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viestosvidita,youwillhavebeenseen.
li(i,i)estosvidita,he(she,it)willhavebeenseen.
niestosviditaj,weshallhavebeenseen.
viestosviditaj,youwillhavebeenseen.
iliestosviditaj,theywillhavebeenseen.
THEEXPRESSIONOFMATERIAL.
197.Thematerialoutofwhichsomethingismadeorconstructedisexpressedbyuseofthepreposition
el.AsinEnglish,anadjectivemaybeusedinsteadoftheprepositionalphraseunlessaverborparticiple
laysstressuponthefactofconstruction:
Latabloestasfaritaelligno,thetableismadeoutofwood.
Latabloestasligna(elligno),thetableiswooden(ofwood).
Lainfanojkonstruisdomonelneo,thechildrenbuiltahouseof(outof)snow.
Onifarassuponelasparago,theymakesoupoutofasparagus.
THESUFFIXET.
198.Thesuffixetindicatesdiminutionofdegreeinthatwhichisexpressedbytheroot.Itisthusin
contrasttotheaugmentativesuffixeg(122).Sometimesanaffectionatesignificanceisgiven:
beleta,pretty.
dormeti,todoze.
floreto,floweret,floret.
lageto,pond,smalllake.
libreto,booklet.
monteto,hill.
rideti,tosmile.
vojeto,path.
VOCABULARY.
besto,animal.
iel,ineveryway(193).
iom,thewhole,all(194).
donaco,gift,present.
drapo,cloth.
hundo,dog.
konsisti,toconsist.
leono,lion.
ludi,toplay.
materialo,material.
posedi,toown,topossess.
pupo,doll.
rosti,toroast.
veri,topour.
LADONACO.
Mivolasdonibeletandonaconalmiaplejjunafratinomorga,sedjuplimipensasprii,despli
malfacileestasdecidiprilaafero.Estasduoblemalfacile,arijamposedasiunludilon(toy)kiunoni
povasimagi.iueliajamikojojedonacas(makepresents)altielafablaknabino.Tamenmiirishiera
matenealludilobutiko,kajrigardislaludilojntie.Multajkonsistiseldiversajpupoj,grandajkaj
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malgrandaj,kajbelegevestitaj.Sedmiestascertakelafratinetojamposedassufiedapupojtialmine
aetistianludilon,kvankamiliestasiaminteresajalknabinetoj.Surunutablokuisiajmalgrandaj
bestoj,faritajelligno,drapo,kajdiversajmaterialoj.Estisevaletoj,hundetoj,katetoj,kajflavajleonetoj.
Proksimedetiujstarismalgrandajbrilekoloritajvagonaroj,kiujnonipovisrapidemovi,lalamaniero
degrandajvagonaroj.Etajpolicanojstarisapude,kajestisialmalfacileelektilaplejinteresaneltiomda
interesajludiloj.Baldamirimarkisknabinetonapudmi.ielitresimilisalmiafratino,kajtialmi
decidiselektitianludilon,kiaestoselektitaplejfruedelanekonataknabineto.Miatendistrankvile,kaj
elegisunuadupaojndemiajusaetitajgazetojkajtagurnaloj.Finelabeletainfanoestisrigardinta
preskaiomdelaludilojkiujokupislatablojn,dumlakompatindaservistinolaceinsekvis.Tiamla
knabinetokriis"Ho,kielbeletapupodomo!Estaslitojenladormoambrojlegomojkajrostitaviando,
faritajelpapero,kuassurlatabloenlamanoambrokajmividastiepupon,kiucerteusfarislateon,
kajestaselverontainentiujntasetojn!"Tujmifarisdecidonlalaplezurodelaknabineto,kajbalda
lapupodomoestisaetitapormiafratineto.
1.Mypaledelicate(malsanema)littlesisterisalwayshappywhenshehasanewtoy.2.Herdollswere
madeoutofclothwhenshewasaverylittlegirl,becauseotherwiseshecouldtooeasilybreakthem.3.
Butyesterdaymygrandmothermadeapresentofadoll(presentedadoll)toher,andsincethatmoment
shehasbeenashappyaspossible.4.Ihavenotseentearsinhereyes,orheardacross(koleretan)word.
5.Thisnewdollismadeoutofcloth,anditsdressconsistsofveryprettymaterial.6.Mysisterdecided
thatshelikesitbetterthanherotherplaythings,andIthinkthatthosepoor(kompatindaj)otherdollswill
soonhavebeenforgotten.7.Thedollseemsineverywaymoreinterestingthanthelittleanimalsmade
outofclothorwood,whichareonthetablewithherdolls.8.Shepossessesalittledogandalittlecat,
andalittlelion,anduntilyesterdayshehadawoodenpony.9.Theponyisalreadybroken,andhasbeen
givenawaytoapoor(malria)child,thedaughterofourlaundress(lavistino).10.Mysisterpossessesa
smalltrainofcarswhichshecanmoveeverywhere,andsheisveryfondof(ametas)thistoy.11.There
aresmallsacksofsandinthecars,andusuallysheishappywhensheispouringthesandoutofoneof
theseintoanother,orputtingallofthesandintoabox,bymeansofasmallspoon.12.ForeveryreasonI
amdoublygladtodaythatsheisbusiedinthismanner(tiamaniere).13.Iwishtotakeawalkalongthat
pleasantpathtowardthehill,insteadofwaitingformylittlesister.14.Imustbuythemeattoroastfor
supper,beforeIcomehomefrommywalk.
LESSONXLII.
THEFUTUREPASSIVEPARTICIPLE.
199.Thefuturepassiveparticiple,expressingthatwhichwillbeorisabouttobeundergonebythe
personorthingindicatedbythewordmodified,endsinota,asvidota,abouttobeseen:
Lapunotainfanomallateploretas,thechildabouttobepunishedwhimperssoftly.
Laformovotatabloestaspeza,thetableabouttobemovedawayisheavy.
Ladomokonstruotadeliestosbela,thehousegoingtobebuiltbyhimwillbebeautiful.
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THEPASSIVEPERIPHRASTICFUTURETENSES.
200.Thecompoundtensesformedbycombiningthefuturepassiveparticiplewitheachofthethree
aoristictensesofestirepresentanactorconditionasabouttobeundergoneinthepresent,past,or
future,respectively.Thesearecalledpassiveperiphrasticfuturetenses.Exceptwhengreataccuracyis
desired,thesetenses,likethoseoftheactivevoice(153)arenotoftenused.Asynopsisofvidiinthefirst
personsingularofthesetensesisasfollows:
PresentPeriphrasticFuture.
miestasvidota,Iamabouttobe(goingtobe)seen.
PastPeriphrasticFuture.
miestisvidota,Iwasabouttobe(goingtobe)seen.
FuturePeriphrasticFuture.
miestosvidota,Ishallbeabouttobe(goingtobe)seen.
THEGENERICARTICLE.
201.Thearticleisplacedbeforenounsusedinacomprehensiveoruniversalsense,indicatingawhole
class,kind,substance,orabstractquality.Insuchuseitiscalledthegenericarticle:
Lapaciencoestasladinda,patienceispraiseworthy.
Lavivosurteraestasnurpartodelavivoiama,lifeonearthismerelyapartofthelifeeternal.
Laviroestasplifortaollavirino,manisstrongerthanwoman.
Cf.FrenchLapatienceestamre,maissonfruitestdoux,patienceisbitter,butitsfruitissweet,GermanDas
Lebenistkurtz,lifeisshort,ItalianLasperanzailpandemiseri,hopeisthepoorman'sbread,SpanishLas
riquezassonbagajesdelafortuna,richesarethebaggageoffortune,etc.InEnglishthegenericarticle(asin"the
lifeeternal"above)mayoftenbereplacedbyomissionofboth"a"and"the."
THESUFFIXEC.
202.Thesuffixecisusedtoformwordsindicatingtheabstractqualityofthatwhichisexpressedinthe
root,orformation,towhichitisattached:
amikeco,friendship.
ofteco,frequency.
indeco,worthiness.
dankemeco,thankfulness.
fleksebleco,flexibility.
patreco,fatherhood.
patrineco,motherhood.
maltrankvileco,uneasiness.
VOCABULARY.
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bordo,bank,shore.
brako,arm.
fabriki,tomanufacture.
kruta,steep.
lano,wool.
meblo,pieceoffurniture.
pasi,topass(intrans.).
pitoreska,picturesque.
ponto,bridge.
sonori,toring(intrans.).
surtuto,overcoat.
svingi,toswing,tobrandish.
ipo,ship.
tono,stone.
vaporo,steam.
veturi,totravel(inavehicle).
SURLAVAPORIPO.
Unuellaplezurojdelakamparavivokonsistasellamultenombraj(numerous)okazojporveturiien,
kienonivolasiri,perkvietajpitoreskajvojoj.Nihavasankoraunu(stillone,yetanother)okazonpor
plezuroenniavilao,arnipovasveturipervaporiposurlabelalagoekiesbordokuaslavilao.
Hieradukuzinojvenisporvizitieni,kajtujpostlatagmanonidecidispromenilatiupitoreska
vojetoallalago.Kiamnialvenisallalago,nirimarkiskebeletavaporipetoestisusforironta.Tialmi
aetistribiletojn,kajkielebleplejrapidenisuririslaipeton.Lasonoriloj(bells)estisjamsonorintaj,
kajtujpostkiamnitransmarislaponteton,delateroallaplankodelaipeto,oniforprenislaponteton.
Kelkajpersonojkiujestisankorasurlaterokuriskungrandarapidecoallaponteto.Ilisvingisla
brakojnkajlaombrelojntreenergie,sedlaipetoneatendiseunuminuton.Lapersonojajnistre
kolerajprosiamalfrueco,kajankoraplikolerajprolatrankvilaforirodelaipeto.iusurlaipeto
ridetis,arlakoleremo(irascibility)estasiamamuza.Tiamiukomencissinamuzitiel,kiellideziris.
Miestiskunportintadikanlanansurtuton,sedprolavarmecodelaveterominebezonisin,kajlasisin
surapudaseo.Niatendiskunplezuroporvidilakrutajnmontetojnkiujestosvideblajtujkiamlaipeto
estospasintapretermalgrandaarbaro.Lapitoreskecodelabelajmontetojestasdifektota,argrandaj
fabrikejojestasjamkonstruatajelamontpiedoj.Latonojporlamurojjamkuaspretajapude,kune
kungrandajstangojkajaliajpecojdaligno.Tieonifabrikostablojn,seojn,kajaliajnmeblojnelzorge
elektitaligno.
1.Itisdifficultineverywaytoselectapresentforachildwhoalreadypossessesenoughtoys.2.Ina
toyshopyesterdayIexaminedthedollsmadeoutofwoolenclothandothermaterial,andalsolookedat
thevariouslittleanimals.3.Therewereponies,littledogsandlittlelionsandcamels.4.Therewerealso
littlesetsoffurniture(126),whichconsistedoftables,sofasandchairs.5.Onthetablesweresmallplates
containingvegetables,fruitsandroast(189)meat,entirelymadeoutofcoloredpaper.6.Therewerealso
littlecupsandtumblersofthinglass,intowhichonecouldpourwaterormilk.7.As(ar)onedollarwas
all(194)ofthemoneywhichIhadinmypurse,Ilefttheshop.8.Iwalkedalongastonypicturesquepath
towardthelake,swingingmyovercoatonmyarm,whileIthoughtover(pripensis)thedifficulty,and
triedtodecidewhatsortofpresenttochoose.9.ThesteamboattoBwasjustleaving,soIwent
acrossthefootbridge(ponteto)ontotheprettylittleship,whileitsbellswereringing,androdeanhourin
theopen(libera)air.10.Theshorewhichwepassedisverypicturesque,butitsbeautyisabouttobe
spoiled,foralargefurniturefactoryisgoingtobebuiltbetweenthatsteephillandthelake.11.Its
proximitytothewaterisnecessary,forwaterpower(akvoforto)willbeused.
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LESSONXLIII.
THEINDEFINITEPRONOUN.
203.Theindefinitepronoun(andpronominaladjective)iu,anyone,acertainone,presentstheideaof
somepersonorthing,withoutdefinitelycharacterizingit:
Miparolaspriiu,kiunvikonas,Iamtalkingaboutacertainonewhomyouknow.
Mivizitisiujnelviajamikoj,Ivisitedsomeofyourfriends.
Mihavaskelkajnpomojn,sediujneestasbonaj,Ihaveseveralapples,butcertainonesarenotgood.
Iujpontojestasbonefaritaj,somebridgesarewellmade.
204.Theindefinitepronouniuhasapossessiveorgenitiveformies,somebody's,someone's,acertain
one's:
Mituisiesbrakon,Itouchedsomeone'sarm.
uiessurtutokuassurlatablo?Isanybody'sovercoatlyingonthetable?
Iesludilojestasrompitaj,someone'splaythingsarebroken.
PARTICIPIALNOUNS.
205.Nounsmaybeformedfromparticiples,bysubstitutingthenounendingofortheadjectivalending
a.Suchparticipialnounsindicatepersonstemporarilyornonprofessionallyperformingorundergoing
thatwhichisexpressedbytheroot:
helpanto,onewhoishelping,anassistant.
elpensinto,onewhohasthoughtoutsomething,aninventor.
legonto,onewhoisabouttoread.
vidato,one(being)seen.
sendito,one(havingbeen)sent,anenvoy.
lajuoto,theoneabouttobejudged,theaccused.
Participialnounsmustnotbeconfusedwithnounsformedbythesuffixist(172)expressingprofessionalor
permanentoccupation:rajdanto,arider,rajdisto,jockey,horseman,juanto,ajudge(ofsomething),juisto,
judge(professional),laboranto,apersonworking,laboristo,laborer.
THEPREFIXEK.
206.Suddenormomentaryaction,orthebeginningofanactionorstate,isindicatedbytheprefixek:
ekdormi,tofallasleep.
ekkanti,toburstintosong.
ekiri,tosetout,tostart.
ekridi,toburstintoalaugh
ekrigardi,toglanceat.
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THESUFFIXID.
207.Wordsindicatingtheyoungof,thechildof,thedescendantof,areformedbyuseofthesuffixid:
evalido,colt(fromevalo,horse).
hundido,puppy(fromhundo,dog).
katido,kitten(fromkato,cat).
leonido,alion'swhelp(fromleono,lion).
reidino,aking'sdaughter,aprincess(fromreo,king).
VOCABULARY.
amaso,heap,throng.
dari,tocontinue.
hirundo,swallow.(bird).
homo,humanbeing.
humoro,temper,humor.
ies,someone's(204).
iu,someone(203).
kuglo,bullet.
militi,tofight,tomakewar.
osto,bone.
renversi,toupset,tooverturn.
signo,sign,mark.
tendo,tent.
truo,hole.
Cf.thedifferencebetweenviro,man(incontrasttovirino,woman),andhomo,maninthegenericsense,
includingbothmenandwomen.
LANESTOSURLATENDO.
Unufojeiureoestisfarintamilitonkontralahomojdelandoelabordodepitoreskarivero.La
soldatojnevenistienpervaporipoj,sedestiskonstruintajpontontranslarivero,porlaveturiloj
(vehicles).Estisneceserestikelkantemponapudurbokiunlareovolisekataki,kajlihavisgrandan
tendaron(encampment)antatiuurbo.Unutagonenladaro(course)delamilito,iujellasoldatojpasis
preterlatendodelareo,lalatonavojetolakiuiliiutagemarisporgardilatendaron.Unuelitiuj
ekrimarkiskehirundoestaskonstruintasiannestonsurlareatendo.Surlanesto,kiuestisbone
konstruitaelkoto,sidistrankvilelahirundo.Dumlasoldatojsvingislabrakojnkajekridisunupostla
alia,prilakuraabirdo,lareoadisiesvoon.Lielveniselsiatendoporeltrovikiallaparolantojfaras
tiomdabruo,kajkialilitielekkriiskajekridis.Kiamlavirojmontrisallilabirdon,lidiriskun
bonhumorarideto,"Tiuhirundoestosmiagasto.iujellamilitistojcertezorgosdenunprilahirundo
kajlahirundidoj."Tiallanestorestisnetuataenladarodeiubatalo.Kelkajkuglojpasispreteri,sed
latrankvilecodelabirdodarissamekielantae.Finelareovenkis,perkruelegabatalo.Tujla
venkintojforportislatendojn,kunekunmultajmilitkaptitoj(prisonersofwar).Nurlatendondelareo
onilasistie,arlareodiriskeinunapartenasallahirundo.ijamestismalnovakajeluzita,trakiula
pluvoenirispermultedatruoj.Sediankorastaris,isiutagosomerakiamlahirundidojpovisjam
boneflugi.Tiamlaventosubiterenversisin,kajiekfalis,kajkuis,amasodaifonoj,intermulteda
kugloj,homajostoj,kajlaceterajmalgajajpostsignoj(traces)deiesvenkosurlabatalejo.
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1.Thereisaprettystoryaboutaswallowwhichbuiltitsnestforitsyoung(idoj)ontheking'stent.2.The
soldierswhowerewalkingalongthesteeppathpastthetentglancedatit,andcaughtsightof(206)the
bird.3.Someofthemburstintoalaugh,andgestured(svingislabrakon)towardthebird,topointitout
totheircomrades.4.Thegoodhumoredkingputonathickwoolenovercoat,andcameoutofhistent,to
inquirewhyhissoldierswereconversingsonoisilythere.5.Thetentwasanexpensiveone,and
containedhandsomefurniture,aswellas(kajankau)abellwhichalwaysrangassoonas(tujkiam)one
touchedit.6.Thekingimmediatelynoticedtheswallow'snest,andsaidwithanamiablesmile"Surely
suchacourageousbirdisaworthy(154)guestforaking."7.Thewarriors(172)caredfortheswallowas
muchaspossibleduringthecourseofthewar.8.Whenthevictorsdeparted,theyleftthattentthere.9.
Finallythewindupsetit,anditfelltotheground.10.Theyoungswallowsalreadycouldfly,by(je)that
time.11.Thebattlegroundiscoveredwithbullets,pilesofhumanbones,andsimilarmelancholysignsof
war.12.War(201)iswickedandshameful(154).13.Whydokingsandprinceswishtomakewarupon
eachother(180)?14.Whentheirsonshavegoneawayto(make)war,themothersofthesoldiersare
veryuneasy.15.Perhapsthosesonswillbeprisonersofwar.
LESSONXLIV.
THEINDEFINITEADJECTIVE.
208.Theindefiniteadjective,relatedtotheindefinitepronouniu,isia,ofanykind,somekindof,a
certainkindof,expressingindefinitelythequalityofapersonorthing:
Estasiabirdosurtiuarbo,thereisabirdofsomesortonthattree.
Mividisiajnostojnsurlatero,Isawsomekindofbonesontheground.
Estasiahomoentiutendo,thereissomesortofhumanbeinginthattent.
THEINDEFINITEADVERBOFPLACE.
209.Theindefiniteadverbofplace,relatedtotheindefinitepronouniu,isie,anywhere,somewhere,in
(at)acertainplace.Iftheverbinthesentenceexpressesmotiontowardtheplaceindicatedbyie,the
endingnisadded(121):
Ieentiuarbaroestasleono,somewhereinthatforestisalion.
Iemalantalasoldatojvitrovosamasondakugloj,somewherebehindthesoldiersyouwillfinda
heapofbullets.
Lahirundoflugisien,theswallowflewsomewhere(insomedirection).
Miirosien,sedmiankoranesciaskien,Iamgoingsomewhere,butIdonotyetknowwhere.
PREDICATENOMINATIVES.
210.Anadjectivemaystandinpredicaterelationtothedirectobjectofatransitiveverb,aswellastothe
subjectofanintransitiveverb(19).Suchapredicateadjective,agreeinginnumber(21)withtheobjectof
theverb,butremaininginthenominativecase,indicatestheresultproducedbytheverbupontheobject,
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orthecondition,qualityortemporarystateinwhichthisobjectisfound:
Lifarislamondonfelia,hemadetheworldhappy(madehappytheworld).
Milasislaknabontrankvila,Ilefttheboycalm(undisturbed).
Mitrovislatruonjamfarita,Ifoundtheholealreadymade.
Milasisilinbonepunitaj,Ileftthemwellpunished.
Cf.thedifferencebetweentheexamplesgivenandsentenceswiththesamewordsinanattributive(13)use:
Diofarislamondonfelian,Godmadethehappyworld.
Milasislaknabontrankvilan,Ileftthecalmboy.
Mitrovislajamfaritantruon,Ifoundthealreadymadehole.
Milasisilinbonepunitajn,Ileftthosewhohadbeenwellpunished.
211.Anounmaybeusedsimilarlyinpredicaterelationafteratransitiveverb,aswellasafteran
intransitiveverb(20):
inomissianfilinonMario,shenamedherdaughterMary.
Onielektistiunreprezentanto,theyelectedthatonerepresentative.
Mividoslinvenkinto,Ishallseehimaconqueror.
Mitrovislintelisto,Ifoundhimathief.
Cf.theexamplesgivenandthefollowingsentencesusingthesamewordsinapposition(48)orattributiverelation
(13):
inomissianfilinonMarion,shenamed(mentioned)herdaughterMary.
Onielektistiunreprezentanton,theyelectedthatrepresentative.
VOCABULARY.
anonci,toannounce.
ia,somekindof(208).
ie,somewhere(209).
justa,upright,just.
klara,distinct,clear.
kreski,togrow.
oportuna,convenient.
pati,tofeed(flocks,etc.).
plendi,tocomplain.
proceso,legalprocess.
rajto,right,privilege.
ripari,tomend,torepair.
suferi,tosuffer.
nuro,string.
LAEVALOKAJLASONORILO.
Unufojeenmalgrandaurbeto(town)enItalujo,lareo,kiunoniestisnomintaJohano,metisgrandan
sonorilonenlavendejon.Lianonciskeiuplendantoprimaljustecohavoslarajtonalvoki(tosummon)
juistonpertiusonorilo.Tiamlajuistofarosprocesonenlajuejoprotiajplendantoj.Onimulteuzisla
sonorilon,lalaanoncodelareo,kajmultedaplendantojricevisjustecon.Sammaniere,grandanombro
damaljustulojestispunataperiahelpo.Kiamokaziskeiuhomomontrissinmaljustaalalia,itiu
anoncislaaferonperlaoportunasonorilo.Kiamiufarislaedzinonmalfelia,lasonorilotujsonorispor
anonciiajnsuferojn,kajporalvokilajuiston.Fine,onitiomuzislasonorilonjustecan,kelanurego
(rope)estistuteeluzita,kajialastauzintookazeforrompisin.Sediupreterpasintovidisladuononde
lanuregokuantasurlatero,kajriparisinperkelkajbranetojdeapudaarbo.Lipensisensi"Iu
plendontonuntrovosinpretaporestiuzata."Rimarkinde,labranetojnevelkis,sedrestisverdaj,kaj
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kreskiskielantae.
Enlasamaurboloisriulokiuestisforvendintapreskaiomdesiajdomoj,evaloj,evaletoj,
evalidoj,hundojkajmultekostajvestoj,arensiamaljunecoliamisnurlamonon,kajtiunliamegis.Li
ankoraposedisnurunumaljunanevalon,kajfineliforsendisetiun,porsinpatilalavojo.Enla
darodelatago,laevaloekrimarkislabranetojnkreskantajnsurlanuregodelasonorilo.Tuji
kaptislabranetojn,pormaniilin,kajtujlajuistoadislasonorilonklaresonoranta.Lirapidisalla
vendejo,kajlateekridiskiamlividisiesevalontie.Lidecidispunilariulonartiuinedonissufie
pormaniallamaljunamilitevalo.
1.Thehorsecaughtsightofthetwigswithwhichapasserbyhadmendedthebellrope.2.Becauseit
wishedtoeatthegreenleaves,itseizedtherope,andthebellimmediatelyrangloudlyandclearly.3.The
horsealmostupsetthepoleswhichsupported(160)theroofoverthebellofjustice.4.Anyone(173)had
therighttousethisbell,toannounceanykindofinjustice.5.Thejudgeburstintoalaughassoonashe
sawthatsortofplaintiffstandingthere.6.Moreoftenhesawhumanbeingsasplaintiffs,insteadof
animals.7.Whenalaborershowedhimselfunkindtohiswifeandchildren,theycouldannouncetheir
sufferingsbymeansoftheconvenientbell.8.Peoplecalleditthebellofjustice.9.Accordingto
everyone'sopinion,itisthedutyofajustjudgetopunishevildoersandunjustpersons.10.Hedecided
thathewouldinstituteproceedings(farosproceson)againsttheowner(205)ofthehorse.11.Theman
haddrivenawaythehorse,anditwasgrazing(sinpatanta)alongtheroad.12.Itwassomeone'sdutyto
givesomesortofhometohishorse.13.Thejudgesaid,"Iwillfindoutwhosehorsethatpoorbeastis,
andwillputamarkoppositethenameofthatman.Iwillnotleavehimalone(trankvila),butwillshow
myselfverysevere."
LESSONXLV.
THEINDEFINITETEMPORALADVERB.
212.Theindefinitetemporaladverb,relatedtotheindefinitepronouniu,isiam,sometime,anytime,
ever,onceuponatime:
Iammirakontoslaaferonalvi,sometimeIwilltellyoutheaffair.
Reoiamloistie,akingonce(uponatime)dweltthere.
uviiamfarisprocesonkontrali?Didyouevergotolawagainsthim?
THEINDEFINITEADVERBIAL.
213.Theindefiniteadverbofmotiveorreason,relatedtotheindefinitepronouniu,isial,foranyreason,
forsomereason,forcertainreasons:
Iallineriparislatendon,forsomereasonhedidnotrepairthetent.
uviopiniaskeiallimaljustesuferas?Doyouthinkthatforanyreasonheissufferingunjustly?
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CAUSATIVEVERBS.
214.Thesuffixigisusedtoformverbsindicatingthecausing,renderingorbringingaboutofthat
whichisexpressedintherootorformationtowhichitisattached.Verbscontainingthesuffixigare
calledcausativeverbsandarealwaystransitive(22).
a.Causativeverbsfromadjectivalrootsindicatethatthequalityorconditionexpressedintherootis
producedintheobjectoftheverb:
doligi,tosweeten,toassuage(fromdola,sweet).
moligi,tosoften(frommola,soft).
plilongigi,tolengthen,tomakelonger(fromplilonga,longer).
faciligi,tofacilitate(fromfacila,easy).
beligi,tobeautify(frombela,beautiful).
Themeaningoftenresemblesthatofthepredicatenominative(210),as:
Lifarislamondonoja,hemadetheworldglad.
Liojigislamondon,hegladdenedtheworld.
b.Causativeverbsfromverbalrootsindicatethattheactionexpressedintherootismadetotakeplace:
dormigi,toputtosleep(fromdormi,tosleep).
konigi,tomakeacquaintedwith(fromkoni,toknow).
mirigi,toastonish(frommiri,towonder).
mortigi,tokill(frommorti,todie).
c.Causativeverbsmaybeformedfromnounroots,prepositions,adverbs,prefixesandsuffixeswhose
meaningpermits:
amasigi,toamass,toheapup(fromamaso,pile).
kunigi,tounite,tobringtogether(fromkun,with).
forigi,todoawaywith(fromfor,away).
ebligi,torenderpossible(ebl,161).
EMPHASISBYMEANSOFJA.
215.Theemphaticformoftheverb,expressedinEnglishby"do","did",asin"Idostudy","Ididfind
it","Dotellme",andbyadverbssuchas"certainly","indeed",etc.,isexpressedinEsperantobyplacing
theadverbja,indeed,beforetheverb:
Vijamirigasmin!Youdoastonishme!
Lijaestasjustajuisto,heisindeedanuprightjudge.
Lijahavistiunrajton,hedidhavethatright.
VOCABULARY.
akompani,toaccompany. indiferenta,indifferent.
danero,danger.
ja,indeed(215).
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gvidi,toguide.
kredi,tobelieve.
ial,forsomereason(213). salti,toleap,tojump.
iam,sometimes(212).
tiri,todraw,topull.
Cf.thedifferenceinmeaningandusebetweenestiindiferenta,tobeindifferent,andneestizorga,nottobe
careful,bothofwhichmaybetranslated"nottocarefor":
Liestasindiferentaallalibro,hedoesnotcareabout(isindifferentto)thebook.
Linezorgasprilalibro,hedoesnotcarefor(takecareof)thebook.
Estasindiferentealmiulivenos,ane,Idonotcarewhetherheiscomingornot.
ELAMALNOVAPONTO.
Iamloisenniaurbetojunulokiuhavisafablanplijunanfratinon.Unutagonenladarodelabela
printempaveterolajunuloinvitislafratinonveturiienenveturilotiratadeduevaloj.Lainvitoojigisla
knabinon,kajirespondiskeikunplezuroakompanoslafraton.Tujipretigissinporiri,kajili
ekveturis.Ilipasispreterpitoreskajkampojkajarbaretoj,kajfinealvenisalpontotranslarivero.Ili
kredisinmalnovakajnetreforta,kajiallajunulinoestistreegetimigita(frightened)."Ho,karafrato,"
iekkriis,kuneksaltetoprotimo,"tiupontojaestasdanera!Midezirasmaritransin,ariamla
pezecodeunupersonoestostiomtromulteporveturilosurmalfortaponto!"Sedlatimemajpetojdelia
fratinoajnekolerigislajunulon,kajlirespondismalafable,"Nu,vijamirigasmin!Vimontrasvintre
malsaa,arlakonstruintojdetiupontocertefarisinsufiefortaportiaveturilokialania.Neestos
neceseeksaltidei,kajpiedetransirilaponton."Tiamanierelipenistrankviligilakompatindan
knabinon,sedtiajvortojnursilentigisin,kajikomencismallateploreti.Tamenlafratomontrissin
indiferentaaliajtimemajsentoj,kajtutemalatentisiajnlarmojn.Ligvidislaevalojnrektetransla
ponton,dumlafratinoatendislabruegonderompigitaligno,kajimagiskeiestastujmortigota.Tamen,
lapontoestistielfortakiellajunuloestisklariginta,kajtuteneestisdanera.Sedprolamalafablecode
lafratoallafratino,ilituteneagrablepasigislaceterajnhorojndelaposttagmezo,malgralabelecode
laveterokajdelakamparo.
1.Somewhereinthatsametown,therelivedanotheryouth,whoalsohadanamiablesister.2.One
convenientday,sheaccompaniedhimforarideinavehicledrawnbyafasthorse.3.Whentheyreached
(alvenisal)thebridge,thisgirlalsowasfrightenedforsomereason,thesameasthegirlintheother
story.4.Shesaid"Idonotintendtocomplain,butthecarriagewillcertainlybetooheavywhileweare
init.Iamafraidthatthatbridgeisdangerous,soIwilljumpoutandwalk.Iwillalsopick(kolektos)
somesortofflowers,amongtheflowersgrowingthere,nearwheresomeone'shorsesaregrazing.Iwill
notdelay(atendigi)youlong."Hereplied,"Thatbridgeisentirelysafe(nedanera)butinsteadof
explaining(makingclear)toyouaboutit,Iwillleadthehorseacrossthebridge,whileyouwalkacross,
forIamnotindifferenttoyourfear."Thenhehelpedhissistergetout(eliri)ofthecarriage,andguided
thehorseacross.Thenhesaidwithapleasantsmile,"Itwasnotnecessarytocrossonfoot."Shereplied,
"No,butyoushowedyourselfacourteousbrother,andwereverypatient."Thentheyrodeon(antaen),
andtalkedtoeachotherveryamiably.
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LESSONXLVI.
THEINDEFINITEADVERBIEL.
216.Theindefiniteadverbofmanner,relatedtotheindefinitepronouniu,isiel,somehow,inanyway,in
some(any)manner:
Mipenisvinielgviditien,Itriedsomehowtoguideyouthither.
Ielnianoncosladecidon,weshallannouncethedecisioninsomeway.
THEINDEFINITEADVERBIOM.
217.Theindefiniteadverbofquantity,relatedtotheindefinitepronouniu,isiom,some,anyquantity,a
certainamount:
uvihavasiomdatempo?Haveyousometime?
ivarmigosiomdaakvo,shewillheatsomewater.
Tiumetodoestasiometedanera,thatwayisalittledangerous(198).
Lanuroestasiomtrolonga,thestringissomewhattoolong.
THESUFFIXAD.
218.Thesuffixadisusedtoformwordsindicatingthattheactionexpressedintherootiscontinuous,
habitualorrepeated.
a.Verbsformedwiththesuffixadarecalledfrequentativeverbs,andmayoftenbetranslatedbythe
rootmeaning,precededby"keep(on)","usedto",etc.:
frapadi,tokeepknocking,toknockrepeatedly.
rigardadi,tokeeponlooking,togaze.
vizitadi,tokeepvisiting,visitrepeatedly,frequent,haunt.
Antadujarojitredolekantadis,twoyearsagosheusedtosingverysweetly.
b.NounsformedwiththesuffixadareoftenequivalenttoEnglishverbalnounsendingining,and
(withthegenericarticle,201)mayreplacetheinfinitiveassubject(130)andsometimesasobject(29):
kriado,crying,shouting(fromkrio,cry,shout).
movado,motion,movementingeneral(frommovo,amovement).
pafado,shooting,fusillade(frompafo,ashot).
parolado,aspeech,address(fromparolo,awordspoken).
pensado,thought,contemplation(frompenso,athought).
Lapromenadodonasplezuron,thetakingofwalksgivespleasure.
Mipreferaslalegadondetiajlibroj,Ipreferthereadingof(toread)suchbooks.
THEUSEOFMEM.
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219.Theinvariablepronounmem,self,selves,isintensive,andlaysstressuponthesubstantivewhich
immediatelyprecedesit,orwhichitobviouslymodifies.(Thecombinationofmemwithpersonal
pronounsmustnotbeconfusedwithreflexivepronouns,39,40):
Mimemakompanosvin,Imyselfshallaccompanyyou.
Lagvidistomemperdislavojon,theguidehimselflosttheway.
Mikredosallaviromem,Ishallgivecredencetothemanhimself.
Lavirojmemdefendissin,thementhemselvesdefendedthemselves.
ipendassurlamuromem,ithangsontheverywall(thewallitself).
ivenismemporvidivin,shecameherselftoseeyou.
Miekvidislatelistonmem,Icaughtaglimpseofthethiefhimself.
VOCABULARY.
Arimedo,Archimedes.
bani,tobathe(trans.).
falsi,todebase,toforge.
Hierono,Hiero.
honesta,honest.
ideo,idea.
iel,somehow(216).
iom,some(217).
eti,tothrow,tocast.
kompreni,tounderstand.
krono,crown.
levi,tolift,toraise.
loko,place.
mem,self,selves(219).
oro,gold.
Sikelio,Sicily.
ARIMEDOKAJLAKRONOJ.
Iambonekonatareo,nomitaHierono,vivadisengrandaurboenSikelio,kiuestassudokcidentade
Italujo.Lisuspektiskeiamlakronfaristoj,kiujfabrikadiskronojnporli,neuzisiomdelaorodonitaal
ilidelareo,sedfalsadisinperlauzadodeiualiamaterialo.Tamen,Hierononepovispersimem
eltroviuonifalsadaslaoron.Tiallivenigisgrekanklerulon,kiesnomoestisArimedo,kajrakontisal
lisiantimonprilafalsitaoro.Arimedocertigislinkeiellijaeltrovosprilafalsado,kajhelposlareon
kontralafalsintoj,kiujestistielindiferentajallahonesteco.iutagelimultepensadisprilaafero,sed
juplilongelipensadis,desmalplisukcesajestisliajpenoj,isiutago,kiamliokazefarisinteresan
eltrovon.Liestisusbanintasin,kajsubiteekrimarkiskedumlimemrestisenlaakvo,ialajnisesti
iometeplimultedaakvoenlabanujoolantae.Tujlikompreniskeliakorpoestasforpuintaiomdela
akvoelialoko.Likomprenisketiomdaakvoestaselpuita,kiomantaeestisentiulokokielimem
estas.Tialevadodelaakvoperliakorpodonisallisaanideon,kajliprenisenlamanoduatriorajn
kronojn.Lietisilinunupostlaaliaenlabanujon,kajzorgerimarkisalkiualtecoiuelililevisla
akvon.Tiamlieltirisilin,kajenmetislakrononprikiuHieronoestisplejsuspektema.Lirimarkiskei
tiunetielaltenlevislaakvon,tialliestiscertakelaoroeniestasmultefalsita.Onidiraskekiamli
eltrovisitiunmetodonpormontrilafalsadondelamalhonestajkronfaristoj,lieksaltetisproojokaj
ekkriis"ereka,"kiuestaslagrekavortopor"miestastrovinta."Tiunsamanvortononiankoranun
uzadasenlaanglalingvo.
1.Severalcenturiesago,arichandpowerful(multepova)king,namedHiero,livedinSicily.2.
Sometimeshewassuspiciousaboutthecrownmakerswhowrought(faris)crownsforhim,outofthe
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goldwhichhehimselfgavethem.3.Hewonderedwhetherthesemenwerehonest.4.Hesuspectedthat
perhaps(eble)theydidnotuseallofthegoldwhichwasgiventhem,butkeptsomeofitforthemselves.
5.Hecouldnotofhimself(persimem)discoverwhethertheyweredebasingthegoldinhiscrowns,so
hesummonedawisemanfrom(el)Greece.6.Tothiswellinformedman,whosenamewasArchimedes,
hemadeclearhisfears.7.Archimedesassuredthekingthathewouldfindoutsomehowaboutthe
matter.8.Hemeditatedseveralhourseveryday,andtriedtodiscoverasatisfactory(kontentiga)method,
butforsomereasonhedidnotsucceed.9.Oneday,however,whenhewasbathing(himself),henoticed
thatthereseemedtobealittlemorewaterinthebathtubwhenhehimselfwasinit,thanbefore.10.The
risingofthewatergavehimanidea.11.Hethrewthecrownsoneafteranotherintothewater,and
noticedhowmuchwatereachdisplaced.12.Inthismanner(tiamaniere)heunderstoodhowmucheach
hadbeenalloyedbythelocal(lokaj)crownmakers,whomHierosoonthrewintoprison(la
malliberejon).
LESSONXLVII.
THENEGATIVEPRONOUN.
220.Thenegativepronoun(andpronominaladjective)isneniu,noone,nobody,no(formedofneand
iu,withamedialninsertedforthesakeofeuphony):
Neniuelvikomprenasmin,nooneofyouunderstandsme.
Mitrovisneniunpretaporiri,Ifoundnobodyreadytogo.
Lihavisneniunhonestanserviston,hehadnohonestservant.
221.Thenegativepronounneniuhasapossessiveorgenitiveform,nenies,nobody's,noone's:
iesaferoestasneniesafero,everybody'saffairisnobody'saffair.
Liladosneniesideojn,hewillpraisenoone'sideas.
THEADVERBIALPARTICIPLE.
222.Aparticiplemaybeequivalentnotonlytoaclausedescribingordeterminingthesubstantive
modified,asinlaparolantaviro,themanwhoistalking,lasendotaknabo,theboywhowillbesent,
butalsotoanadverbialclause.
Anadverbialclausemodifiesaverb,asindumviatendis,liforiris,whileyouwaited,hewentawayarmiojis,
miridis,becauseIwashappy,Ilaughed.
Suchaparticiplehasforitssubjectthesubjectoftheverbinthesentence(thoughnotinattributiveor
predicaterelationwithit),andindicatessomerelationoftime,cause,manner,situation,etc.,betweenthe
actionoftheparticipleandthatofthemainverbinthesentence.Anadverbialparticipleisgiventhe
endinge:
ojante,miridis,rejoicing,Ilaughed.
Forironte,niadiaislin,beingabouttodepart,webadehimfarewell.
Banintelainfaneton,idormigisin,afterbathing(havingbathed)thebaby,sheputittosleep.
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Estanteruzaj,ilifalsislaoron,beingsly,theydebasedthegold.
Tielhelpatedevi,misukcesos,thushelpedbyyou,Ishallsucceed.
Silentigitedeli,ilineplendis,(havingbeen)silencedbyhim,theydidnotcomplain.
Punote,liekkriis,beingabouttobepunished,hegaveacry.
Neparolinte,liforiris,withoutspeaking(nothavingspoken),heleft.
Livenis,nevokite,hecamewithoutbeing(camenothavingbeen)called.
TheadverbialparticiplemustnotbeusedinrenderingtheEnglish"nominativeabsolute"constructionofa
participialclausereferringtosomethingelsethanthesubject.Insuchasentenceaclausemustbeused:Theyouth
beingyoung,everyonewatchedhim,arlajunuloestisjuna,iurigardadislintheworkbeingfinished,hewent
away,kiamlalahoroestisfinita,liforiris.
THEPREFIXRE.
223.Theprefixreindicatestherepetitionofanactionorstate,orthereturnofapersonorthingtoits
originalplaceorstate.(Cf.Englishprefixremeaningeither"again"or"back.")
rekapti,torecapture.
renovigi,torenew.
rekoni,torecognize.
islarevido,aurevoir.
ree,again,anew.
rebrili,toshineback,toreflect.
reteni,toholdback,toretain.
reveni,tocomeback,toreturn.
reiri,togoback,toreturn.
reeti,tothrowback,toreject.
VOCABULARY.
bruli,tobeinflames,toburn.
cilindro,cylinder.
detrui,todestroy.
fama,famous.
filozofo,philosopher.
fiziko,physics.
insulo,island.
maino,machine.
nenies,nobody's(221).
neniu,noone(220).
problemo,problem.
Sirakuzo,Syracuse.
spegulo,mirror.
rabo,screw.
LAFILOZOFOARIMEDO.
EbleneniugrekakleruloestisplifamaollafilozofoArimedo.Longestudadintelaproblemojndela
geometriokajdelafiziko,lifarismultedaeltrovoj.Litielmultekomprenisprilauzadodelalevilo
(lever)keonirakontaslasekvantanrakontetonprili:LidirisallareoHierono"Kiamonidonosalmi
lokonsurkiumipovosstari,mimemekmovoslamondonpermialevilo!"Zorgeekzamenintelaecojn
(202)delarabokajdelacilindro,lielpensisdiversajnmainojnenkiujrabojkajcilindrojestas
iamanierekunigitaj.Uzanteunueltiujmainoj,onipovisfacilepuiallaakvolaipojn(necese
konstruitajnsurlatero)kiujnantaelavirojmemenpuisenlaakvon,kunmultedalaboro,atiristien
perevaloj.Uzantealianmainonelpensitandetiugreko,onipovisleviakvondeunulokoalalia.
Ankoranunoninomastianmainonla"rabodeArimedo."Enladarodegrandamilitadokontra
laurboSirakuzo,surlainsuloSikelio,ArimedoelpensisdiversajnmainojnporhelpilaSirakuzanojn.
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Vidintekelasunlumorebrilasdespegulo,lifariselspegulojmainonperkiuliekbruligis(setonfire)la
ipojndelamalamikoj.itiuj,nekomprenantekiamanierelaipojekbrulis,estismultetimigitaj.Sed
ehelpitedeArimedolaSirakuzanojnevenkis.Postiomdatempo,lamalamikojkaptiskajtutedetruis
laurbonSirakuzon.Neniesdomorestisnetuita,kajcentojdapersonojestismortigataj.Oninesciasper
kiamortoArimedomortis,sedeblelamalamikoj,ielrekonintelaelpensintondelaspegulmaino,etis
linenlamaronaalimanierelinmortigis.
Theuseofkiamaniere,inwhatmanner,how,ispreferabletothatofkielinindirectquestions,asthelattermight
beconfusedwiththeuseofkiel,meaning"as"(156).
1.TheGreekphilosopherArchimedeswasnotonlyfamouslongago,amonghiscontemporaries(167,b,
132),buteventodayhisnameiswellknowneverywhere.2.Noone'sknowledgeabouttheproblemsof
geometryandphysicswasgreater.3.Nooneunderstoodbetterthepropertiesofthecylinderandthe
screw.4.Havingstudiedthesepropertiesalongtime,andhavingmeditatedagreatdealaboutthem,he
understoodthemalittle(217)betterthananyoneelse(iualia).5.Thestoryaboutthedebasingofthe
goldcrownshasalreadybeentold.6.Thereisanotheranecdote,namely(nome),thatheremarkedto
Hiero,kingofSyracuse,thatwithaleverhewouldmovetheworld,assoonashehadaplaceonwhich
hehimselfcouldstand.7.Havingdiscoveredhow(kiamaniere)thesunlightisreflectedbyamirror,and
heatsthewooduponwhichitshines,heinventedamachinemadeoutofmirrors.8.Aidedbythis
machine,theSyracusanswereabletosetonfirethewoodenshipsoftheenemy.9.Theenemy,however,
werenotrepulsedfromtheisland,butatoncerebuiltandrepairedtheirships,andsentthembackto
attackthecityagain.10.Finally,havingcapturedthecity,theydestroyedit,andkilledalargenumberof
theinhabitants(loantoj),alsoArchimedeshimself.
LESSONXLVIII.
THENEGATIVEADJECTIVE.
224.Thenegativeadjective,relatedtothenegativepronounneniu,isnenia,nokindof,nosortof,
expressinganegativeideaconcerningthequalityofapersonorthing:
Mihavasnenianspegulon,Ihavenosortofmirror.
Neniaproblemoestastromalfacilaporli,nosortofproblemistoodifficultforhim.
THENEGATIVEADVERBOFPLACE.
225.Thenegativeadverbofplaceisnenie,nowhere.Theendingnmaybeadded,astootheradverbs
(121),toindicatedirection:
Nenieestasplibonamaino,nowhereisthereabettermachine.
Miirosnenienmorga,Ishallgonowheretomorrow.
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THENEGATIVETEMPORALADVERB.
226.Thenegativeadverboftimeisneniam,never,atnotime:
Neniamvivisplifamafilozofo,thereneverlivedamorefamousphilosopher.
Vineniamtrovostiajnrabojnacilindrojn,youwillneverfindthatkindofscrewsorcylinders.
THESUFFIXA.
227.Thesuffixaisusedtoformconcretewords.Itisthusincontrasttotheabstractformingsuffix
ec(202).
a.Awordformedfromaverbalrootbymeansofthesuffixaexpressesaconcreteexampleofathing
whichundergoes(or,inthecaseofintransitives,resultsfrom)theactionindicatedintheroot:
konstruao,abuilding.
kreskao,aplant,agrowth.
sendao,consignment,thingsent. rebrilao,areflection.
manao,food.
restao,remainder.
b.Awordformedfromanadjectivalrootorformationbymeansofthesuffixaindicatesathing
characterizedbyorpossessingthequalityexpressedintherootorformationtowhichitisattached:
belao,athingofbeauty. mirindao,amarvel.
maljustao,aninjustice. okazintao,anoccurrence.
c.Awordformedfromanounrootbymeansofthesuffixaindicatesathingmadeorderivedfrom
thatwhichisexpressedintheroot:
sukerao,asweet,confection. orao,agoldobject.
ovao,anomelet.
araneao,aspiderweb.
THEADVERBJEN.
228.Theadverbjen,behold,here,there,isusedtopointoutorcallattentiontosomething:
Jenestaslaproblemo!Thereistheproblem!
Jenlafilozofo!Beholdthephilosopher!
Jeniludas,jenistudas,nowsheplays,nowshestudies.
Mifarisinjene,Ididitasfollows.
Miagislalajenametodo,Iactedinthefollowingway.
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Lidirislajenajnvortojn,hespokethefollowingwords.
VOCABULARY.
arani,toarrange.
arto,art.
bero,berry.
jen,there,behold(228).
aluza,jealous.
konkurso,competition.
lerta,skilled,clever.
nenia,nokindof(224).
neniam,never(226).
nenie,nowhere(225).
pentri,topaint.
postuli,todemand.
precipa,principal,chief.
regulo,rule.
trompi,todeceive.
vino,wine.
DUARTKONKURSOJ.
VivadisenGrekujoantamultajjarcentojdulertajfamajpentristoj.Iliestisreciprokealuzaj,kajneniam
povisinterparolipaceme.Nepovintedecidilaproblemon,kajeltrovikiueliliestaslaplejlerta,ilifine
araniskonkursonprilapentrado.Laiajreguloj,iuelilipentrispentraon,pormontrisianlertecon.
Unupentristelerondavinberoj(grapes).iestistielmirindekolorigitakeelabirdojveniskajpenis
inmani,pensinteinnenurpentrao,sedlavinberojmem."Neniapentraopovossuperilamian,"
ojegeekkriislapentristo,"jen,labirdojmemrekonasmianlertecon!"Tiamlidirisallaaliaartisto,
"Nu,kialvinefortirastiunkurtenon?Mivolasrigardivianpentraon."Laduapentristorespondiskun
rideto,"Jenestasmiapentrao.Nenieapudviestaskurteno,sedvividasnurpentraondekurtenoanta
tiukonstruao."Tremirigite,lapentrintodelavinberojdiris"Vijasuperasminenlapentrado.Mi
trompislabirdojnpermiapentrao,sedvitrompasealiajnartistojn!Tialertecoestasjamirindao!"
OnirakontassimilanokazintaonprifamaartistokiupentrismultedapentraojporAleksandroGranda.
Malgajninteenkonkursokontraiujaliajartistoj,liopiniiskelajuintojestasmaljustajalli,precipepro
laaluzeco.Liekkriis"arniajpentraojestasbildojdeevaloj,ilicertepostulasevalajnjuantojn!"
Tialonienkondukisduatrievalojn.Laevaloj,tutenerigardintelapentraojndelaaliajartistoj,kuris
rektealtiudelaplendintaartisto,kajklaremontrissianrekonadondelatiepentritajevaloj.Surprizite,
onidiris"Jenestasjustajjuantoj!"Tujoniladislapentristonkajseverepunislamalhonestajnhomajn
juintojn.
SENTENCESFORTRANSLATION
1.SyracusewasthelargestcityontheislandofSicily.2.Thefamousphilosopherandphysicist
Archimedeslosthislifewhenthatcitywasdestroyedandentirelyburned.3.Atleast,nosortoftraceof
himseemstohavebeenfoundafterthatoccurrence.4.Never,perhaps,wasthereamorelearnedmanin
Syracuse.5.Greecewasalsofamousforitsskilledpainters,andtherearemanyanecdotesaboutthem.6.
Apainterwhofailedinacertaincompetitionbelievedthatnoneofthejudgeshadbeenjusttohim.7.He
exclaimed"Beholdthisiniquity(injustice)!NowherecanIfindahumanbeingwhoisnotjealous.8.
Sincethepaintingsarechieflyofhorses,dotheynotrequirehorsesforjudges?"9.Hisproposalwas
accepted(54),andsomehorseswereledin.10.Withoutnoticing(222)theotherpaintings,thehorses
walkedatoncetothepictureoftheunsuccessfulartist,andshowedimmediaterecognitionofthehorses
paintedthere.11.Thisactshowedwhichcompetitor(konkursinto)wasthemostskilful.12.Thepainter,
havingdeceivedthehorses,asanotherartisthadoncedeceivedbirdsbyapictureofgrapes,said
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"Animalsdecidenotbyrules,butbyfeelings."
LESSONXLIX.
THENEGATIVEADVERBSNENIAL,NENIEL,NENIOM.
229.Thenegativeadverbofmotiveorreason,relatedtothenegativepronounneniu,isnenial,forno
reason:
Liestasnenialaluza,heisjealousfornoreason.
Neniallitrompisvin,fornoreasonhedeceivedyou.
230.Thenegativeadverbofmannerisneniel,innoway.
Mipovosnenielaranikonkurson,Icaninnowayarrangeacompetition.
Tiuagoestasneniellaregula,Thatactisinnowayregular.
231.Thenegativeadverbofquantityisneniom,noamountof,notany,none,no:
Tiupentraopostulasneniomdalerteco,suchapaintingrequiresnoskill.
Estasneniomdavinoenliaglaso,thereisnowineinhisglass.
THESUFFIXI.
232.Thesuffixiisusedtoformintransitiveverbsofaninchoativenature.
a.Inchoativeverbsfromtherootsofintransitiveverbsindicatethebeginningorcomingintoexistenceof
theactorconditionexpressedintheroot:
sidii,tobecomesitting,tositdown,totakeaseat.
starii,tobecomestanding,tostandup.
b.Intransitiveverbsmaybesimilarlyformedfromtherootsoftransitiveverbs,andindicateanactionof
theverbnotimmediatelyduetothesubject'sactinguponitself(asinthecaseofreflexiveverbs,41)and
notcausedbyanydirectagency(asinthecaseofthepassivevoice,169):
Lapordofermias,thedoorcloses(goesshut).
Laveturilomovias,thevehiclemoves.
Labranorompias,thebranchbreaks.
Grupodapersonojkolektiis,agroupofpersonsgathered.
Cf.theexamplesgivenandthefollowingsentencesinwhichthesameverbalrootsareusedinthesimpleformand
inthepassivevoice:
Nifermaslapordon,weclosethedoor.Lapordoestasfermita,thedooris(hasbeen)closed.
Onimovaslaveturilon,theymovethevehicle.Laveturiloestasmovata,thevehicleisbeingmoved.
Mirompaslabranon,Ibreakthebranch.Labranoestasrompita,thebranchis(hasbeen)broken.
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Likolektisflorojn,hegatheredflowers.Florojestaskolektitaj,flowershavebeengathered.
c.Intransitiveverbsmaysimilarlybeformedfromadjectivalroots,andindicatetheacquiringofthe
characteristicorqualityexpressedintheroot:
lacii,tobecometired,togettired.
varmii,tobecomewarm,togetwarm.
maljunii,tobecomeold,toage.
d.Verbsmaysimilarlybeformedfromnounroots,adverbs,prepositions,prefixesandsuffixeswhose
meaningpermits:
amikii,tobecomeafriend.
kunii,tobecomejoined.
forii,togoaway,todisappear. eblii,tobecomepossible.
VOCABULARY.
apena,hardly,scarcely.
atmosfero,atmosphere.
dubi,todoubt.
efektiva,effective,real.
hela,clear,bright.
horizonto,horizon.
krepusko,twilight.
nenial,fornoreason(229).
neniel,innoway(230).
neniom,none,no(231).
ombro,shadow.
pejzao,landscape.
radio,ray.
tropika,tropical.
LAKREPUSKO.
Estastreagrablesidiisurlaherbon,kajrigardilaplilongiantajnombrojn,enladarodebelasomera
vespero.Lasunogrademalleviaspostlamontetoj,lanubojfarias(become)belekolorigitaj,kajlatuta
pejzaoplikajplibelias.Malrapidelakrepuskoanstataaslahelansunlumon,kajfineienoktias.La
krepuskoestaslarebriladodelasunlumotralaatmosfero,postlamalleviodelasunomem,lalajena
maniero:laradiojsuprenbriladas,enlaaeronsuperniajkapoj,enlaokcidentapartodelaielo.Detieili
rebriladastiamanierekelaielolumias.Kiamestasiomdanubojsurlaielookcidenta,lasunradioj
briladasrektekontrailin,belegekolorigantetiujnnubojn.Entropikajlandojlakrepuskiookazastre
rapide.inenurkomenciassubite,sedankadarastremallongantempon.Lanoktiopreskatuj
sekvaslataglumon,kunrimarkindasubiteco.Apenakomenciaslakrepusko,kiamlasubirantasuno
ajnasfalipreterlahorizonto.Tutemale(quiteonthecontrary),enlandojtreegenordaj,krepuskiastre
frueenlatago,kajlakrepuskodaraslongantemponantaollanoktovenas.Efektive(really),entiuj
landojlakrepuskotuteanstataaslanokton,dumsesmonatojdelajaro.Tieonihavaskrepuskondumla
unuaduonjaro,kajlataglumondumlasekvintaduonjaro.Krepuskodarantatiomdatempoestastiel
rimarkindakieltagodetiasamalongeco.Midubasutiadividadodelatempointertagokajmalhela
noktoestasagrabla,sedonipovasnenielmalhelpiin.iutrenordalandohavaslasamantravivaon
(experience),iujare,kajefektiveoniapenarimarkasin.Priiuplendantooninurdiras"Liestas
nenialmalkontenta."
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1.NowherehaveIreadamoreamusingstorythanthatof(pri)thetwopainterswho,beingmutually
(180)jealous,arrangedacompetition.2.Onepaintedacluster(126)ofgrapes,soexcellentlythatthe
birdsflewtoit.3.Theotherdeceivedhisrival(competitor)himself,byapaintingofacurtain.4.The
mostfamousartists,however,oftenshowtheirskillbypainting(222)picturesofthesunset,chiefly,I
think,becauseofthebrilliantcolors.5.Infact(efektive),Idoubtwhetherthereisamorebeautifulsight
(227,b)thanthesunset.6.Itismadebythebrightraysofthesun,whichshinebackthroughthe
atmosphere,longafterthesunitselfhaspassedbelowthehorizon.7.Themoremoisture(malsekao)
thereisintheair,themorebrilliantthecolorsare,andthemorebeautifultheentirelandscapebecomes.
8.Intropicallands,nightfallsverysuddenly,andthereisalmostnosortoftwilight.9.Infact,atwilight
scarcelyoccursthere.10.Inthelandsfarnorth,onthecontrary,thetwilightlastssixmonths,andthe
remainderoftheyearistheday.11.Todwellinsuchalandissurelyaremarkableexperience.12.Itcan
innowaybeunderstoodbypersonswhohaveneverlivedthere.13.Suchthingsincrease(makegreater)
mydesiretovisitthosenorthernlands.14.Fornoreason,however,doIwishtoresideinthetropical
countries.
LESSONL.
THEPRONOUNSENDINGINO.
233.Incontrasttothepronounsendinginu(tiu,kiu,iu,iu,neniu),asimilarseriesendinginorefers
toanobject,factoractionnotdefinitelyspecified(butnevertoaperson),likeEnglishwhat,anything,
something,nothing,etc.Becauseoftheirsomewhatvaguemeaning,thesepronounsdonotoccurinthe
plural,noraretheyeverusedaspronominaladjectives:
Demonstrative: tio,that(thing,factoraction).
itio,this(thing,factoraction).
InterrogativeandRelative: kio,what.
Distributive: io,everything.
ioi,allthis.
Indefinite: io,anything,something.
Negative: nenio,nothing.
234.Apronoun(notpersonal)inpredicateorrelativerelationtoapronounendinginomustitselfbeof
thesameseries:
Kioestasitio,kionvidiras?Whatisthis,whichyousay?
ividistion,kiousokazis,shesawthatwhichjustoccurred.
ioi,kionvividas,estasfaritadeili,everythinghere(allthis),whichyousee,wasdonebythem.
Lihavasionporvi,sednenionpormi,hehassomethingforyou,butnothingforme.
CORRELATIVEWORDS.
235.Pronouns,adjectivesandadverbs,whicharerelatedtoeachotherascorrespondingdemonstratives,
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interrogatives,relatives,etc.,arecalledcorrelatives.InEsperantothecorrelativesystemismore
completethaninanyotherlanguage,andmaybesummarizedasfollows:
Demonstrative
Interrogative
and
Relative
Distributive
Indefinite
Negative
tio(233)
that(thing)
kio(233)
what,which
io(233)
everything
io(233)
anything
nenio(233)
nothing
tiu(56)
that(one)
kiu(146)
who,which
iu(173)
every,each
iu(203)
any(one)
neniu(220)
no(one)
ties(62)
thatone's
kies(147)
whose
ies(174)
everyone's
ies(204)
anyone's
nenies(221)
noone's
tia(65)
thatkindof
kia(150)
whatkindof
ia(177)
everykind
ia(208)
anykind
nenia(224)
nokindof
tie(68)
there
kie(151)
where
ie(182)
everywhere
ie(209)
anywhere
nenie(225)
nowhere
tiam(73)
then
kiam(155)
when
iam(187)
always
iam(212)
anytime
neniam(226)
never
tial(78)
therefore,
so
kial(129)
wherefore,
why
ial(188)
forevery
reason
ial(213)
forany
reason
nenial(229)
forno
reason
tiel(88),(156),
thus,so
kiel(156)
how,as
iel(193)
everyway
iel(216)
anyway
neniel(230)
innoway
tiom(104)
thatmuch,
somuch
kiom(164)
howmuch,
as
iom(194)
all,the
wholeof
iom(217)
some,any
amount
neniom(231)
none,no
quantity
THEUSEOFAJN.
236.Thewordajnmaybeplacedafteranyinterrogativerelativeorindefinitecorrelativeword,togivea
generalizingsense.Inordertoavoidconfusionwiththeaccusativepluralending,ajnisneverattachedto
thecorrelativewhichitfollows:
kioajn,whatever.
kiamajn,whenever.
kiesajn,whosesoever. kiomajn,howevermuch.
kieajn,wherever.
iaajn,anykindwhatever.
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THESUFFIXING.
237.Thesuffixingisusedtoformwordsindicatingthatwhichholdsonespecimenofwhatis
expressedintheroot:
glavingo,scabbard.
plumingo,penholder.
lumingo,torchholder. ingo,sheath,case,socket.
VOCABULARY.
io,everything(233).
Gordio,Gordius.
io,anything(233).
jugo,yoke.
klini,tobend,incline(trans).
kio,what(233).
ligi,totie,tobind.
nenio,nothing(233).
ofero,offering.
regi,torule,togovern.
sankta,sacred,holy.
templo,temple.
tio,that(thing)(233).
utila,useful.
LAGORDIALIGAO.
UnufojeenantikvatempolaregatojdeiureolandoenAzionehavisreon.Nesciantekionfari,ili
demandisdeladioj.Ladiojrespondis,"Kiuajnvenosunueenniansanktantemplonhodia,porfari
oferojn,estosviareo."OkazekamparanonomitaGordiovenisallatemplo,uspostlatagio.La
regatojtujrekonislaestontanreon,kvankamliveturissurpezamalbelaveturilo.Salutintelasurprizitan
kamparanon,oninomislinreo.Decidintefaridankoferonalladioj,Gordiometisenlatemplonla
veturilonmemsurkiulitienveturis,antaollikomencisregikiellanovareo.Lajugoestisalligita
(tiedfast)pergrandaligaoelnurego.PostlamortodeGordioonigradekomenciskrediiontre
interesanpritio.Onidirisketiu,kiupovosielajnmalligitiunligaon,fariosregantosuperiujreojde
Azio.
PostkelkajjarojAleksandroGrandadecidisfarigrandanmilitadonkontraAzio,kajalproksimiisalla
landokieestisregintaGordio.Kiamlidemandis,"Kioestasitielaplejinteresavidindao?"onirakontis
allition,kiononidirasprilanuregaligaosurlaveturilodeGordio.Kompreneble(ofcourse)
AleksandrodezirisfariionajnutilanporvenkiAzion,tiallitujvenigisgvidistonporkondukilinalla
templo.Alvenintetien,lizorgerigardadislaligaon,kajekzamenislanuregonelkiuiestisfarita.
Tiam,elprenintesianglavonellaglavingo,subitekliniantelirektetratranislatutanligaon."Nenio
estasplifacilaoltio,"lidiris,"kajnunminedubasumicerteregossuperiujreojdeAzio."Protio,
kionfarisAleksandroGranda,oniankoranuntempediras,kiamiuajnsuperasmalfacilaonperkiaajn
subitametodo,"Litranislagordianligaon."
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1.Oneoftenhearstheremark"IwillcuttheGordianknot."2.Thereisaninterestingstoryaboutthis.3.
Awagonwhoseyokewastiedtothepolebyalargeknothadbeenputinthemiddleofthetemple.4.It
wasathankofferingtothesacredgods,bywhosehelpGordiushadinoldentimebecomeking.5.Itwas
saidthatwhoeverwouldbeabletountiethatropewouldnodoubtbecomeruleroverthewholeofAsia.
6.AlexandertheGreat,havingbegunacampaignagainstAsia,approachedthecitywherethistemple
was.7.Havingheardthestory,heatoncehadaguidecome,andwentthither,guidedbyhim.8.He
desiredtodoeverythingwhichwasusefultotheconqueringofAsia.9.Havingexaminedtheknot
carefully,hebentoverandtriedforafewminutestountieit.10.Thenhechoseanothermethod.11.He
seizedhissword,andsuddenlycutthroughthewholeknot.12.Havingdonethis,heputtheswordback
intothescabbard.13.Thishedid,insteadofcontinuing(darigi)hiseffortstountietheknot.14.Infact,
havingnopatience,hehadbecometired.15.PerhapstheconqueringofAsiadidnotinanywaybecome
possibleonaccountofthis,butatleastthestoryisinteresting,whateveractually(efektive)happened.16.
Nothingisimpossible,wheneveronetriesenough.17.Inatropicalcountry,suchaspartofAsiais,the
landscapesarebeautiful.18.Atropicaltwilightisveryshort,however,andtheshadowshavescarcely
becomelongwhenthesunseemstosinksuddenlybelowthehorizon,althoughthelastbrightrays
continuetoshinebackthroughtheatmosphereforafewminutes.
LESSONLI.
THEPRONOUNAMBA.
238.Thepronoun(andpronominaladjective)amba,both,indicatestwopersonsorthingsconsidered
together.Itisinvariableinform:
Iliambavenisallatemplo,theybothcametothetemple.
Ambafarisoferojnalladioj,bothmadeofferingstothegods.
Vidantekajlaplumonkajlaplumingon,miprenislaamba,seeingboththepenandthepenholder,
Itookboth.
Thispronounmustnotbeconfusedwiththeuseofkaj,translatedbothinthecombinationkaj...kaj...,both...and
...(26).
FORMATIONSWITHIGANDI.
239.Someverbsmaybeusedinthesimpleform,andalsowithboththesuffixigandthesuffixi.
Thusfromoneverbrootthreeverbsofdistinctmeaningmaybemade,andtheformationwithig,being
transitive,mayalsobeusedinthepassive:
sidi, tosit,tobesitting.
sidii,tobecomesitting,totakeaseat.
sidigi,tocausetosit,toseat.
estisidigata,tobecausedtosit.
silenti,tobesilent.
silentii,tobecomesilent.
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silentigi,tocausetobesilent,tosilence.
estisilentigita,tobesilenced.
kui,tolie,tobelying.
kuii,toliedown,togotobed.
kuigi,tocausetolie,tolay.
estikuigita,tobelaid.
stari,tostand,tobestanding.
starii,torise,tostandup,tobecomeerect.
starigi,toraise,tocausetostandup,toerect.
estistarigita,toberaised,tobeerected.
FACTUALCONDITIONS.
240.Aconditionalsentenceconsistsoftwoparts,anassumptionandaconclusion.Theassumptionisa
clause(introducedusuallybytheconjunctionse,if)whichassumessomethingastrueorrealized.The
conclusionisastatementwhosetruthorrealizationdependsuponthetruthorrealizationofthe
assumption.Factualconditions(conditionsoffact)maydealwiththepresent,pastorfuturetime:
Selividastion,liploras,ifheseesthat,heweeps(isweeping).
Selividistion,liploris,ifhesawthat,hewept.
Liploros,selividostion,hewillweep,ifheseesthat.
Selivenishiera,liforirosmorga,ifhecameyesterday,hewillgoawaytomorrow.
Seliestasvidintation,linunploras,ifhehasseenthat,henowisweeping.
Setioestasvidota,liestaspunota,ifthatisgoingtobeseen,heisgoingtobepunished.
Seliestaskaptita,liestosjampunita,ifhehasbeencaptured,hewillalreadyhavebeenpunished.
VOCABULARY.
amba,both(238).
azeno,ass,donkey.
beni,tobless.
dorso,back.
formo,form.
halti,tostop(intrans.).
monao,monk.
muta,dumb,mute.
orelo,ear.
petola,mischievous.
propra,own,one'sown.
se,if.
spiri,tobreathe.
turmenti,totorment.
LAMONAOJKAJLAAZENO.
Iamdumonaojreiristralaarbaroallamonaejo,dumgradekrepuskiis.Ambaportispezajnsakojn
daterpomoj,kajbaldalaciis,sednesciiskionfari.Okazeiliekvidisazenonligitanalarbo,kajunu
monao,haltinte,dirispetoleallaalia"Sevianstataoslabeston,mihavosportantonpormiajpropraj
sakoj,kajankaporlaviaj."Liakunulorespondis"Nu,selaazenoportosmiajnsakojn,mimemoje
restosenialoko."usdirite,tujfarite(nosoonersaidthandone).Malligintelaligaojnkiujtenisla
azenon,ilietislasakojntransladorsondelautilabesto.Unumonaotujforkondukislaazenon,dum
ambavirojlateridis.Posttio,laduamonaosinligisperlasamanuregokiuantaetenislaazenon.
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Kiamrevenislakamparano,kiesazenoestisustelita,liekhaltis,multemirigite,vidantehomontie
ligita.Lamonaoanoncisalli,"armiestistromanema,Diofarisazenonelmi,antadujaroj.Mius
rericevismianpropranformon."Tujlakredemakamparanoinvitislapetolanmonaonalsiahejmo.La
monaorestistiunnoktonelakamparano,kajlasekvintantagonliforiris,benintelakamparanon,sed
kaeridanteprilaafero.Tiamlakamparanoirisvendejon,poraetialianazenon.Liekvidissianpropran
azenon,kiunlaunuamonaoestissendintatien,postsiarevenoallamonaejo.Lamalsaakamparano,
kliniinteallabesto,diris"Ho,bonamonao,mividaskeduanfojonvijamestistromanema!"La
mutabestofortesvingislaorelojnkajskuislakapon,prolavarmaelspiraoapudsiaorelo.Tioajne
estisrespondoallausdiritajvortoj,tiallamalsaakamparanoreeaetissianpropranazenon.iam
postelinekturmentisnekelaborigisin,kredantelaazenonlasanktamonaomem.
1.Ifthesubjectsofanykingdomwhateverdidnothaveaking,inancienttimes,theyusuallyaskedthe
sacredgodsaboutit.2.Ifthegodsinformed(sciigis)themthatwhatevermanwouldcometothetemple
firstwouldbecometheirking,theyimmediatelychosethefirstcomer(launuanveninton)king.3.
Whoeverwaschosenkingmadetheblessedgodsathankoffering,whichconsistedofsomethingoutof
hisownpossessions(227,a).4.Gordiusdidnotoffertothegodsmerelytheyokeofhiswagon,butthe
wholewagon.5.Aknotofropewastiedbetweentheyokeandthepole.6.Peoplesoonbegantosay,"If
anyonesoevercanuntiethatknot,hewillbecomerulerofAsia."7.Ifanyothermentriedtountiethat
rope,theyfailed.8.Alexander,though(tamen),hadscarcelyarrivedwhenhedrew(out)hisswordfrom
thescabbard,andcuttheknot.9.Ifyouwilltakeaseat,Iwilltellyouaboutthetwomischievousmonks,
returningtothemonastery.10.Bothwerebreathingwithdifficulty,andstoppedtorest.11.Having
noticedadonkeynearby,theyuntiedit.12.Oneledthelongeareddumbanimalaway,whiletheother
tiedhimselfinitsownplace.13.Thecredulous(192)peasantbelievedeverythingwhichwastold(54)
him,eventhatthemonkhadformerlyhadtheformofanass.
LESSONLII.
THECONDITIONALMOOD.
241.Thatindicationofthespeaker'sframeofmindwhichisgivenbytheformoftheverbiscalledthe
moodoftheverb.Allverbsgivensofarhavebeenintheindicativemood,whichrepresentsanactor
stateasarealityorfact,orintheinfinitivemood,whichexpressestheverbalideainageneralway,
resemblingthatofasubstantive.Theconditionalmooddoesnotindicatewhetherornottheactorstate
mentionedisafact,butmerelyexpressesthespeaker'sideaofitslikelihoodorcertainty,orisusedinan
assumptionorconclusiondealingwithsuppositions,notwithactualfacts.Theendingoftheconditional
moodisus.Theconjugationofvidiintheaoristictenseoftheconditionalmoodisasfollows:
mividus,Ishouldsee.
vividus,youwouldsee.
li(i,i)vidus,he(she,it)wouldsee.
nividus,weshouldsee.
vividus,youwouldsee.
ilividus,theywouldsee.
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COMPOUNDTENSESOFTHECONDITIONALMOOD.
242.Inadditiontotheaoristictense,theconditionalmoodhasthreeactiveandthreepassivecompound
tenses,formedbycombiningtheparticipleswiththeaoristictenseofestiintheconditionalmood.A
synopsisofvidiinthesecompoundtensesisasfollows:
ActiveVoice.
Present: miestusvidanta, Ishouldbeseeing.
Past:
miestusvidinta, Ishouldhaveseen.
Future: miestusvidonta, Ishouldbeabouttosee.

PassiveVoice.
Present: miestusvidata,
Ishouldbeseen.
Past:
Ishouldhavebeenseen.
miestusvidita,
Future: miestusvidota,
Ishouldbeabouttobeseen.
LESSVIVIDCONDITIONS.
243.Aconditionalsentencedealingwithsuppositionsconcerningeventsinpresentorfuturetimeis
calledalessvividcondition(Lessvivid,incontrasttofactualconditions(240),whicharevivid,because
theydealwithfacts.),andtheconditionalmoodisusedinboththeassumptionandtheconclusion:
Selividustion,liplorus,ifheshouldseethat,hewouldweep.
Miojehelpusvin,semipovus,Iwouldgladlyhelpyou,ifIcould.
Sevimetusilinsurladorsondelaazeno,iportusilin,ifyoushouldputthemonthedonkey'sback,it
wouldcarrythem.
Lapetolajunuloturmentuslamonaon,selirevenus,themischievousyouthwouldtormentthemonk,
ifheshouldreturn.
Seliestuskaptata,liestuspunata,ifheshouldbecaught,hewouldbepunished.
INDEPENDENTUSEOFTHECONDITIONALMOOD.
244.Theconditionalmoodmaybeusedinaconclusionwhoseassumptionismerelyimplied,serving
thustosoftenormakevaguethestatementorquestioninwhichitisused:
Miojehelpusvin,Iwouldgladlyhelpyou.
uvibonvoledirusalmi?Wouldyoukindlytellme?
Kiuvolusenspiritianaeron?Whowouldwishtoinhalesuchair?
Estusboneretenivianpropran,itwouldbewelltokeepyourown.
Laielovinbenusprotio,Heavenwouldblessyouforthat.
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THEPREFIXDIS.
245.Theprefixdisindicatesseparationormovementinseveraldifferentdirectionsatonce:
disdoni,todistribute.
disii,toseparate(intrans.).
dispeli,todispel.
disio,separation,schism.
disigi,toseparate(trans.). dissendi,tosendaround.
Cf.theEnglishprefixdisindisperse,disseminate,distribute,etc.
VOCABULARY.
esi,tocease,toleaveoff.
densa,dense.
difini,todefine.
ekzisti,toexist.
flui,toflow.
graviti,togravitate.
kazi,tocause.
leo,law.
naturo,nature.
objekto,object.
plu,further,more.
turni,toturn(trans.).
Theadverbplugivesanideaofcontinuancetothewordwhichitmodifies.Whenusedwithne,thetwotogether
giveanideaofcessationconcerningapreviouscontinuousactorstate:Ambaparolosplumorga,bothwill
talkfurthertomorrow.Minepluhaltos,Ishallnotstop(any)more.Linepluajnismuta,henolongerseemed
mute.
PRILAGRAVITADO.
1.Ofteoniparolasprilapezecodediversajobjektoj.Tiapezecoestaskazatadelafortokiunoninomas
lagravitado.Protiufortonenurobjektojsurlatero,sedankalateromem,havaskonatanpezecon,kiun
laklerulojjamantalongekalkulis.Lasunokajlalunosimilehavaspezecon,ariliamba,samekiella
tero,moviaslatiusamagravitadokiuefektiveregasiujnellaielajkorpoj.Selagravitadoesus
ekzisti,lariverojneplufluusantaenensiajfluejoj(beds).Nefluantedealtajismalaltajlokoj,laakvo
disfluus,arestustie,kieajniokazeestus.Neniomdapluvofaluskontrae,lamalsekaoenlaaero
ankorarestustie,enlaformodedensajmallumajiamajnuboj.iujvivajestaoj(beings),iuj
konstruaoj,efektiveio,baldadisflugusdelarapideturniantamondo.iuji(allthese)nundevas
restisurlatero,tialkelagravitadorestigasilinitie.Selagravitadonepluekzistus,neniorestusplusur
latero.Laaeromemnepluirkausnin,sediankaforlasuslamondon,tujmaldensiinte(having
becomerarefied).LafamaanglafilozofoNewtonestislaunua,kiustudadislakialon(reason)dela
faladodeobjektoj.Likomencis,lalarakonto,perokazaekrigardoalfalantajpomojensiapropra
pomarbejo.Antatrijarcentoj,lieltroviskeestastiafortokialagravitado,kajdifinislanaturajnleojn
lakiujlagravitadosinmontras.itiuforto,kiurestigasionsurlatero,estastamenlakazodenia
laciado,kiamnimarasakuras,arifarasninpezaj,kajtialnioftedezirashaltikajripozi.Estas
ankalamalfacilecoenlasuperadodetiusamaforto,kiufarastielmalfacilalakonstruadondeutilaj
aeripoj.
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1.NewtonwasanEnglishmanwholivedthreecenturiesago.2.Onedayhewaswalkinginhisorchard,
and,noticingthefallingapples,hestoodstill(ekhaltis)andbegantowonderwhytheyfall.3.Hestudied
thecauseoftheirfalling,wishingtodiscoverwhateverlawsofnaturehecould.4.Hewatchedvarious
fallingobjects,andtriedtocalculatetheirvelocity(rapideco).5.Finallyherecognizedthatforcewhich
iscalledgravitation.6.Ofcourse(kompreneble)gravitationhadalwaysexisted,butitslawswerenot
noticedorclearlydefineduntilNewtonstudiedthematter.7.Ifgravitationshouldnotexistanymore,no
rainwouldfall,butinsteadofcondensing,themoisturewouldremainaboveourheadsineternalclouds.
8.Butgraduallythemoistureandtheairitself,becomingrarefied,wouldflyawayfromtheearth,being
heldnolongerbytheforceofgravitation.9.Thewaterintheriverswouldleaveoffflowing(ceaseto
flow)ontowardthesea,becausenowthewaterflowsfromhightolowplacesonlyonaccountof
gravitation.10.Insteadofgravitatingtowardthesea,infact,thewaterwouldflowineverydirection
(245)outoftheriverbeds,orwouldremainthere,withoutmovingatall(tutenemovante).11.Nothing
onearthwouldremainhereverylong,buteverythingwouldflyoffthequicklymovingworld,andleave
itentirelybare.Soon,also,theearthitselfwouldbreakintopieces(245).
LESSONLIII.
CONDITIONSCONTRARYTOFACT.
246.Aconditioncontrarytofactindicatesthattheoppositeofwhatismentionedhasreallytakenplace
oristakingplace.Itexpressesthespeaker'scertaintythatanactorstatewouldhavebeenrealized,if
someotheractorstatewerealsorealized.Suchconditionscannotrefertothefuture,butonlytopresent
orpasttime.Theconditionalmoodisused:
Seviestusturnintavin,viestusvidintation,ifyouhadturned,youwouldhaveseenthat.
Selamalsekaoneestusdensiinta,neestuspluvinte,ifthemoisturehadnotcondensed,itwouldnot
haverained.
Seliestuskaptita,liestuspunita,ifhehadbeencaught,hewouldhavebeenpunished.
Seliestussidantatie,mividuslin,ifhewere(ifheshouldbe)sittingthere,Ishouldseehim.
Selagravitadoneekzistus,tiupluvoneestusfalanta,ifgravitationdidnot(shouldnot)exist,that
rainwouldnotbefalling.
THEVERBDEVI.
247.Theverbdevi(cf.devo,duty)isequivalenttotheverbmust(whichinEnglishhasnofuture,past,
infinitive,etc.),andtotohaveto,tobeobligedto,etc.,carryingtheideaofmustintoalltensesand
moods.Intheconditionalmooditsmeaningissoftenedintoavaguersense(ofmoralobligation),and
carriestheideaofought:
Objektojenlaaerodevasfali,objectsintheairhavetofall.
Nidevisagilalaleoj,wehadtoactaccordingtothelaws.
Videvosiri,youmust(willhaveto)go.
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inevolasdevifarition,shedoesnotwishtohavetodothat.
Ilidevigisminiri,theycompelledmetogo.
Videvusiri,youshouldgo(yououghttogo).
Onidevuspensiantaolparoli,oneoughttothinkbeforespeaking.
Liestusdevintaveni,heoughttohavecome.
Tiodevusestifarita,thatoughttohavebeendone.
THEPREPOSITIONSEN.
248.Theprepositionsen,without,indicatestheomission,absenceorexclusionofthatwhichisexpressed
byitscomplement.Itmaybeusedasaprefix(160),givingasenseofdeprivationorexclusion(likethat
givenbytheEnglishsuffixless):
Lidifinislavortonseneraro,hedefinedthewordwithoutanerror.
Lariverosenesefluas,theriverflowswithoutceasing.
Tioestasnenursenutilasedemalutila,thatisnotonlyuselessbutevenharmful.
Linepluestassenmona,heisnolongerpenniless.
Lisentimealproksimiisali,hefearlesslyapproachedit.
Englishphrasescontaining"without"asin"withoutreading,"mustbechangedtophrasesclearlycontaining
verbalnouns,as"withoutthereadingof,"beforetranslatingintoanEsperantophrasewithsen.Otherwisea
participlewithneshouldreplacethephrase(222):Senlalegadodetio,minekomprenus,without(the)reading
(of)that,Ishouldnotunderstand.Nelegintetion,minekomprenus,withoutreading(nothavingread)that,I
shouldnotunderstand.
VOCABULARY.
akuzi,toaccuse.
instrui,toteach.
kondamni,tocondemn.
konfesi,toconfess,toadmit.
konscienco,conscience.
kulpo,guilt.
meriti,todeserve.
nobla,noble.
pardoni,topardon.
peki,tosin.
prava,right,correct.
sen,without(248).
Sokrato,Socrates.
veneno,poison.
LAFILOZOFOSOKRATO.
UnuellaplejfamajgrekajfilozofojestisnomitaSokrato.Liestismalbelamalaltapersono,kunsenhara
kapokajdikakorpo,sedmalgratioliestistreegebona,noblakajsaa.Liinstruadisperinterparolado
kunlalernantoj.Kutimelikomencisperdemandopriioajn,prikiolaaskultantorespondos.Fine,la
lernantogradekomprenisuliajproprajopiniojprilaaferoestaspravaj.Ankoranunoninomastiun
metodondeinstruadoperlainterparolado"laSokratametodo."Sokratodiradistutesentimoion,kionli
pensis,epriladiojkajprilanekredeblajrakontojpriladioj.Selineestustielmulteklariginta,ebleli
estusvivintaplilongantempon.Sedmultajpersonojmalamislin,precipearlidonisnovajnideojnalla
junuloj,kiujsekvekomencispensiporsimem,anstatafaritionkionfarasiualia.Tialoniakuzis
Sokratonenlajuejo,nomantelinpekantokajmalbonfaranto,unue,arlinedisdonasoferojnalladioj,
due,arlienkondukasnovajndiojn(arlidiriskesupernaturavoo,kiusendubeestislianomoporla
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konscienco,parolismallateeliaorelo),trie,arlimalbonigaslajunularondelaurbo.Seliestus
konfesintelakulponkajpetintepardonon,tiamlajuistojebleestuspunintajlinpernura(mere)
monpago(fine).Sedlifiererespondiskeefektivelimulteplibonigaslajunularon,kajanstataesti
malutila,aeneutila,litreegeutilasallaurbo.Lidiriskeonihavasnenianrajtonpunilin,sedke,
kazedesiabonfaradoallaurbo,liefektivemeritasiutaganmanonsenpagan.Tamen,tutene
komprenintekielpravaSokratoestas,lajuistojmortkondamnislin.Onidevigislintrinkilavenenon.
Iomposte,enlamalliberejo,litrankvileadiaissiajnplorantajnamikojn,kajakceptintelavenenan
trinkaon,sentimeintrinkis.
1.Socratesbelievedthatifoneknowsaboutgoodandevil(201)hewilldogood,butwillnotdoevil.2.
Thereforehewishedtohelpmankind(lahomaron),teachingthemwhatthegoodis.3.Healsowishedto
discoverforhimselfwhatisrightandwhatiswrong.4.Soheaskedeveryonewhomhemet(about)his
opinions,andtheonetalkingwith[him]wouldalsonoticewhetherhisownideaswererightornot.5.
ButthefellowcitizensofSocrateswerejealous,andhatedhim,becausetheydidnotunderstandhim.6.
Thereforetheyaccusedhim,calledhimasinner,andsentaround(245)falsereports(falsajnsciigojn)
abouthim.7.Becausehesaidthatconscienceguidedhim(intheformofasoftvoiceathisear),they
accusedhimof(pri)introducing(218,b)newgods.8.Theyalsosaidthathewascorruptingtheyouthof
thecity.9.IfSocrateshadpleadedguilty,andbeggedforafineinsteadofthedeathpunishment,without
doubthewouldhavebeenpardonedandfined(monpunita).10.Buthesaid"Ihaveneverinmylife
sinnedinanyway,andIdonotdeserveanysortofpunishment."Sothejudgescondemnedhimtodeath
bythedrinkingofpoison.
LESSONLIV.
SUMMARYOFCONDITIONS
249.Thethreekindsofconditionalsentences,togetherwiththemoodsandtensesusedinthem,maybe
tabulatedasfollows:
Name
Factual
LessVivid
ContrarytoFact
SubjectMatter facts
suppositions
oppositeoffacts
Time
any
(usually)future
presentorpast
Mood
indicative conditional
Tense
any
conditional
(usually)aoristic (usually)compound
CLAUSESOFIMAGINATIVECOMPARISON.
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250.Clausesofimaginativecomparisonareintroducedbytheconjunctionkvaza,asthough,asif.
Sometimestheverbinthecomparisonmaybeleftunexpressedormerelyimplied:
Litrinkaslavenenonkvazaiestusvino,hedrinksthepoisonasthoughitwerewine.
Lakondamnitomariskvazakunmalfacileco,thecondemnedmanwalkedasifwithdifficulty.
Likonfesiskvazakulpulo,heconfessedlikeaculprit.
THEUSEOFALTOEXPRESSREFERENCE.
251.Personalpronouns,andlessfrequentlynouns,maybeusedwiththeprepositionaltoexpress
concernorinterestonthepartofthepersonindicatedbythecomplementofthispreposition:
Libruligisalsilamanon,heburnedhishand.
Hitranisallilabarbon,theycuthisbeard(thebeardforhim).
ipreparasalnibonanmanon,sheispreparingusagoodmeal.
uvifarosservonalmi?Willyoudomeaservice?
Theuseofalinthissense,approachingthatofporbutlesspurposefulanddefinite,resemblesthe"dativeof
reference"and"ethicaldative"ofotherlanguages,asinFrenchjemesuisbrullalangue,Ihaveburnedmy
tongue,GermanichwaschemirdieHnde,Iwashmyhands,LatinseseCaesariadpedesproicerunt,theythrew
themselvesatthefeetofCsar,Greek,whatamItolearnforyou?etc.
252.Byanextensionofitsuseinexpressingreference,almayoftenbeusedintheplaceofde
expressingseparation(170),whentheuseofdemightseemtoindicateagency(169)orpossession(49):
Lalunoestaskaataalnidelanuboj,themoonishiddenfromus(tous)bytheclouds.
iestasstelitaalmideli,ithasbeenstolenfrommebyhim.
Thisuseresemblesthe"dativeofseparation"ofotherlanguages,asinGermanesstahlmirdasLeben,itstolethe
lifefromme,Frenchilmeprendlavie,ittakesmylife,Latinhuncmihitimoremeripe,removethisfearfromme,
Greek,hetookhissceptrefromhim,etc.
THESUFFIXESTR.
253.Thesuffixestrisusedtoindicatethechief,head,oroneincontrolofthatwhichisexpressedin
theroot:
lernejestro,(school)principal. urbestro,mayor.
monaestro,abbot.
estraro,governingbody.
policestro,chiefofpolice.
ipestro,shipcaptain.
VOCABULARY.
Aristejdo,Aristeides.
ekzili,toexile.
enui,tobewearied,bored.
usta,exact.
popolo,apeople.
poto,pot.
senco,meaning,sense.
signifi,tosignify.
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kvaza,asthough,asif(250). soni,tosound.
ostro,oyster.
stranga,strange.
ostracismo,ostracism.
elo,shell,bark,peel.
Caremustbetakentodistinguishusta,exact,uste,exactly,just,fromjusta,upright,just,juste,justly,andalso
fromtheadverbusjust.
LAOSTRACISMODEARISTEJDO.
Lavortoostracismohavasinteresandevenon(origin).Eniakomencoonirekonaslagrekanvortonkiu
signifas"elondelaostro."Eniafinoonividaslasaman"ismon"kiu,devenintedelagreka,ankora
estasuzatakielvortfinoenmultajdiversajlingvoj.Lanunasencodelavorto,faciletroveblaenanglaj
vortaroj(dictionaries),devenasdelajenagrekakutimo:
SepdekjarojnantaolvivadisSokrato,onifarisstranganleonenliaurbo.Latiu,onipovisekziliiun
ajnestronkiesideojprilaadministradodelaurboneajnispravaj.itiononipovisfari,tutesenjuado
aeakuzado,aronihavislajenanmetodon:seepopolakunvenosesmilurbanojvodonis(vote)
kontraiunajn,tiuestisdevigataforiridelaurbo,kajforrestidekjarojn.Lipovisnenielhavigi(get)alsi
pardonon,seddevistujforirikvazakonfesintakulpulo.Porvodonoj,oniskribislanomondela
kondamnotosurpecodapotao(pottery),aplioftesurostroelo.ustetialoninomaslakutimon
ostracismo.Unufoje,kelkajmalamikojproponisvodonadonprilaostracismodetrebonakajnoblaviro,
nomitaAristejdo,kiututenemeritistianpunadon.
Antaollakunvenodisiis,kamparanoalproksimiisalAristejdo(kiumemeestis),petantelianhelpon,
arlaneinstruitakamparanonepovisskribi.Lasaulodiris"Kionvivolasskribisurlaelo?"La
kamparano,nesciantekeliparolasallaviromem,respondis"Aristejdon."Skribintein,Aristejdo
demandiskuntrankvilakonscienco"ProustekiajpekojvimalamasAristejdon?"Lakamparano
respondis,"Ho,minekaosalvikemienekonaslin!Sedmidezirasekzililinnurarminenuigasla
sonodelianomo.MitreenuasiamadantelinnomataAristejdolajusta!"
1.Aristeideshadjustarrivedatthepopularassemblywhenapeasantapproachedhim.2.IfAristeides
hadnothadapleasantcountenanceandmusical(belsonan)voice,doubtlessthepeasantwouldnothave
askedhishelp.3.OughtAristeidestohavewrittenhisownnameontheoystershellorpieceofpottery
whichwasgoingtobeusedasavoteagainsthim?4.Withoutjust(exactly)thishelp,thepeasantcould
nothavevoted.5.Doinghimtheservicerequested,Aristeidessaid,asif(250)hehimselfwerenotthe
manunderdiscussion(205),"WhydoyouhateAristeides?6.Couldyoutellmehowhehassinned
againstthecity?"7.Thesillycreature(132)replied,"Oh,Iknownothingabouthim,butIamweary[of]
alwayshearinghimcalledthejust."8.Oughtsuchpersonsasthatignorantpeasanthavetherighttovote
aboutimportantaffairs?9.Theancientlawaboutostracismwasastrange[one].10.Thenameofthe
persontobeexiled(199)wasusuallywrittenuponanoystershell,andthemeaningoftheword
signifyingthecustomcomesfromthat.11.Through(per)ostracism,anyleadercouldbebanished,justly
orunjustly,withouttrialofanykind,orexplanationofthereasons.
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LESSONLV.
THEIMPERATIVEMOOD.
254.Forexpressionsofcommand,exhortation,entreaty,etc.,thereisanimperativemood,asinEnglish.
Theendingoftheimperativemoodisu.Besidetheaoristictense,sixcompoundtensesareformedby
combiningtheparticipleswiththeimperativemoodestuoftheauxiliaryverb,butthesetensesare
seldomused.Theconjugationofvidiintheaoristictenseofthismood,togetherwithasynopsisinthe
compoundtenses,isasfollows:
AoristicTense.
mividu!
letmesee!
nividu!
(vi)vidu!
(you)see!
(vi)vidu! (you)see!
li(i,i)vidu! lethim(her,it)see! ilividu!
letussee!
letthemsee!
CompoundTenses.
Active.
Passive.
Present: miestuvidanta, Present: miestuvidata,

Past:
miestuvidinta, Past:
miestuvidita,
Future: miestuvidonta. Future: miestuvidota.
RESOLVEANDEXHORTATION.
255.Thefirstpersonsingularoftheimperativemoodisusedtoexpressthespeaker'sresolveconcerning
hisownaction,oranexhortationtohimselfconcerningsuchaction.Thefirstpersonpluralisusedto
expressresolveorexhortationconcerningthejointactionofthespeakerandthepersonorpersons
addressed:
Mipensupritio!Letmethinkaboutthat!
Mineforgesution!Imustnot(donotletme)forgetthat!
Niekzilulin!Letusexilehim!
Ninesidiutie!Letusnotsitdownthere!
Niestugrizevestitaj!Letusbedressedingray!
ThisforceisusuallyexpressedinEnglishby"let"withanaccusativeandinfinitiveconstruction.
COMMANDSANDPROHIBITIONS.
256.Thesecondandthirdpersonsoftheimperativeareusedtoexpressperemptorycommandsand
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prohibitions.
a.Inthesecondpersonthepronounisusuallyomitted,asinEnglish,unlessspecialemphasisisplaced
uponit:
Estutrankvila!Becalm!(Onepersonisaddressed.)
Estupretajporakompanimin!Bereadytoaccompanyme!(Twoormorepersonsareaddressed.)
Parolukvazavikomprenus!Talkasthoughyouunderstood!
Nefermutiunpordon!Donotshutthatdoor!
Neestuvidatatie!Donotbeseenthere!
b.InthethirdpersonacircumlocutioninEnglishisnecessaryintranslation(aslet,must,areto,isto,
etc.):
Liestuzorga!Lethimbecareful(hemustbecareful)!
inefarution!Donotletherdothat(sheisnottodothat)!
ioestupardonata!Leteverythingbeforgiven!
Onilasumintrankvila!Peoplearetoletmealone!
Ilineniamrevenu!Letthemnever(donotletthemever)return!
Lakulpulojestupunataj!Lettheculpritsbepunished!
LESSPEREMPTORYUSESOFTHEIMPERATIVE.
257.Byanextensionofitsuseinresolve,exhortation,commandandprohibition,theimperativemood
maybeemployedforlessperemptoryexpressions,suchasrequest,wish,advice,etc.,andinquestionsof
deliberationorperplexity,orrequestsforinstruction:
Request:
esutiunbruon,mipetas!Stopthatnoise,Ibeg!
Bonvolufarition!Pleasedothat!
Pardonualniniajnpekojn!Forgiveusoursins!
Wish:
Iliestufeliaj!Maytheybehappy!
Diovinbenu!Godblessyou!
Vivulareo!(Long)livetheking!
Advice:
Pensuantaolagi!Thinkbeforeacting!
Foriru,sevineestaskontenta!Goaway,ifyouarenotsatisfied!
Consent:
Nu,parolu,sedmineaskultos!Well,talk,butIshallnotlisten!
Irutuj,sevivolas.Goatonce,ifyoulike.
Question: umifarutionane?AmItodothatornot?
unidisdonulalibrojn?Shallwedistributethebooks?
uliestukondamnita?Shallhebecondemned?
uilivenuitien?Aretheyto(shallthey)comehere?
THEUSEOFMOTO.
258.Thewordmotomaybeusedalone,orafteratitle,todenoterespect.Whenusedafteratitle,the
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titlebecomesanadjective:
Liareamoto,hismajesty.
Liajuistamoto,hishonorthejudge.
iareinamoto,hermajesty.
Liaurbestramoto,hishonorthemayor.
uviamotolinadis?Didyourhonor(excellency,etc.)hearhim?
VOCABULARY.
Afriko,Africa.
barbaro,barbarian.
Damoklo,Damocles.
flanko,side.
imperio,empire.
konsenti,toconsent.
konsili,toadvise.
moto,atitle(see258).
ordoni,toorder,tobid.
permesi,topermit.
plai,toplease.
sklavo,slave.
sola,sole,only.
volonte,willingly.
LAGLAVODEDAMOKLO.
AntaplimulteoldumiljarojvivisenSirakuzo,surlainsuloSikelio,trekruelatirano.Lidirisalsi"Mi
estuiopova(allpowerful)!"Tiallifarismultedamilitadoj,kajvenkisnenurbarbarajnpopolojn,sed
ankamultajnurbojnenItalujokajnordaAfriko.Detruinteionsenkompato,liordonis"Laloantoj
estuvendatajporsklavoj!"Lidezirisfariporsi,ellavenkitajkajsklavigitajpopoloj,unugrandan
imperion.Sedlaurbojie,eenGrekujo,nekaisallisiangrandanmalamonaltiatirano.Tialliiam
timisprisiavivo,timantekeiusubitemortigoslin.UnufojeDamoklo,amikodelatirano,dirisalli,"Se
miestustielriakajpovakielviareamoto,miestustreegefelia!"Latiranorespondis,"Venualfesto
emi,setioplaasalvi,kajeltrovuumidevusestifeliaane.""Mivenostrevolonte,"ekkriis
Damoklo,"kajmidankasvianmotonprotiaafableco!"Latiranoentilerespondis"Ho,estasnenio
(=youarewelcome)!Nurneforgesuladeciditanhoron!"JelaustahoroDamokloirisallafesto,kieoni
donisalliseonflankedelatiranomem."Manukajtrinkukiomajnvivolas,"konsilislatirano,"kaj
posteniparolosprilafelieco."Damoklotujkonsentisaltiapropono,kajagislalapermesotielafable
donitaalli.Mananteboneganmanaon,kajtrinkantedolanvinon,lituteneenuiselafesto.Balda
latiranodiris"Rigardusupren,kajviduustekianfelieconmihavas!"Suprenrigardinte,Damoklo
ekvidisakranglavon,antaekaitanallidekurteno.Subtenatedeunusolaharo,laglavoajniskvaza
tujfalontasurlakapondeDamoklo."Ladiojminhelpu!"liekkriis,forsaltintedelatablo.Prolaus
diritastrangarakonto,oniankoranunnomaslaatendadonporiotimeginda,kioajnasiamokazonta
sedefektiveneokazas,"laglavodeDamoklo."
1.ThewordostracismcomesfromtheGreekwordsignifying"oystershell."2.Ithasitspresentmeaning
becauseoystershellsorpiecesofpotterywereusedforthevoting.3.ThestoryaboutAristeidesis
interesting,butthatabouttheswordofDamoclesisalsointeresting.4.Hisfriend,theSyracusantyrant,
hadpermittedallsortsofinjustices,againstnotonlybarbariansbutevenGreeks.5.Hisonlybidding
usuallywas"Leteveryinhabitantbesoldasaslave!"6.Hethought"Letmemakeonesoleempireoutof
Africa,ItalyandSicily!"7.Damoclessaidtohim"Yourroyalhighnessoughttobeveryhappy!"8.The
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tyrantanswered,"Cometoafeasttomorrow,andfindout.Iwillgiveyouaseat(214,b)besideme."9.
Damocleswillinglyconsented,andwentthither.10.Thetyrantadvised"Letuseatanddrinkuntil
midnight,ifthatwouldbepleasingtoyou.Thenletusdiscusstheproblemabouthappiness."11.Aftera
fewhoursDamoclesheardaslightsoundoverhishead,andthetyrantsaidtohim,"Lookupandyouwill
seewhatkindofhappinessmineis."12."Heavendefendme!"exclaimedDamocles,catchingsightofa
sharpswordhangingbyasingle(sole)hair.
LESSONLVI.
THEIMPERATIVEINSUBORDINATECLAUSES.
259.Theimperativemoodisusedinasubordinateclause,withameaningsimilartothatinits
independentuse,afteramainverbexpressingcommand,exhortation,resolve,consent,wish,etc.,orafter
anywordorgeneralexpressionofcommand,intention,necessity,expedience,etc.Suchclausesare
introducedbytheconjunctionke:
CommandandProhibition.
Lidiraskeviiru,hesaysthatyouaretogo.
iskribisallikelivenu,shewrotehimtocome.
Mimalpermesaskevirestu,Iforbidyoutoremain.
Niordonoskeliestupunata,weshallorderthathebepunished.
RequestandWish.
Mipetaskevinelasumin,Ibegthatyoudonotleaveme.
Mipetegaskeviestutrankvilaj,Iimploreyoutobecalm.
Lideziraskeiliestusklavigitaj,hedesiresthattheybeenslaved.
Nivoliskelineforgesution,wewishedhimnottoforgetthat.
Advice,Consent,Permission.
Mikonsilisallikeliiru,Iadvisedhimtogo.
Mikonsentiskelirestu,Iconsentedthatheremain.
Ilipermesoskelabarbarojforkuru,theywillpermitthebarbarianstoescape(thatthebarbarians
escape).
Questions.
Lidemandasuiliforiru,heinquireswhethertheyaretogoaway.
Onidemandisuliamotoeniru,theyaskedwhetherhishonorwastoenter.
Mimirasumifarution,IwonderwhetherIamtodothat.
Intention,Expedience,Necessity,etc.
Niintencaskeviestuhelpata,weintendthatyoushallbehelped.
Liaproponoestaskeniricevuladuonon,hisproposalis,thatwereceivethehalf.
Lialastaordonoestis,kevivenu,hislastorderwasthatyoucome.
Estosbonekevineplunomulin,itwillbewellforyounotto(thatyoudonot)mentionhimanymore.
Estasdezirindekenihavubonanimperiestron,itisdesirablethatwehaveagoodemperor.
Estisnecesekeiustariu,itwasnecessaryforeveryonetorise.
Plaosallikeviiru,hewillbepleasedtohaveyougo.
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InEnglishandsomeotherlanguagesanimperativeideamayoftenbeexpressedbytheinfinitive,as"Iwishyouto
go,"butinEsperantothismustbeexpressedbytheequivalentof"Iwishthatyougo."Theinfinitivemaynotbe
usedexceptwhenitcanitselfbethesubjectoftheverbinsuchgeneralstatementsas"itisnecessarytogo."
THEPREPOSITIONJE.
260.Sinceprepositionalusesarenotexactlyalikeinanytwolanguages,itisnotalwayspossibleto
translateaprepositionofonelanguagebywhatisitsequivalentinsomesensesinanother.Inorderto
insuresomemeansoftranslatingcorrectlyintoEsperantoanyprepositionalphraseofthenational
languages,theprepositionjeisregardedasofratherindefinitemeaning.Inadditiontoitsuseindates
andallusionstotime(89,185),itmaybeemployedwhennootherprepositiongivestheexactsense
required,especiallyinprotestationsandexclamations,expressionsofmeasure(seealso139),andof
indefiniteconnection:
Jelanomodeielo!InthenameofHeaven!
Jemiahonoromijaelfarostion!OnmyhonorIwillaccomplishthat!
iestaslongajedumejloj,itistwomileslong(longbytwomiles).
Ilivenisjegrandajnombroj,theycameingreatnumbers.
Liestastenatadelapolicano,jelabrako,perfortanurego,heisheldbythepolicemen,bythearm,
with(by)astrongrope.
Theprepositionjeisusedtoexpressindefiniteconnectionafterthefollowingwords(otherprepositions
sometimesusedaregiveninparentheses):
ekkriije(pro),tocryoutat.
enuije,tobeboredwith.
fieraje(pri),proudof.
fidije(al),torelyupon.
ojije(pri),torejoiceat.
gratulije(pri),congratulateon.
hontije(pri),tobeashamedof.
indaje,worthyof.
interesiije,totakeinterestin.
kaptije,toseizeby.
kontentaje(kun),contentwith.
kredije,tobelievein.
(sin)okupije,tobusy(oneself)at.
plenaje(de),fullof.
prenije,totakeby.
provizije(per),toprovidewith.
riigije(per),toenrichwith.
ridije,tolaughat.
satiije,tobesatedwith.
senigije,todepriveof.
similaje(al),similarto.
sopirije(al),toyearnfor.
arije,toloadwith.
tenije,toholdby.
Thetranslationgivenforaprepositioninanydictionaryisthegeneralonewhichservesinthemajorityofcases.
Thefinershadesofmeaningandrealorapparentexceptionscanmerelybetoucheduponifmentionedatall.
THESUFFIXOP.
261.Thesuffixopisusedtoformcollectivenumerals:
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duope,bytwos,inpairs. milope,bythousands.
kvarope,byfours.
sesopigi,toformintogroupsofsix.
VOCABULARY.
celi,toaim.
Ciruso,Cyrus.
fidi,torely.
ui,toenjoy.
honoro,honor.
krom,beside,save,but.
plena,full.
prokrasti,todelay(trans.).
provizi,toprovide.
rezulti,toresult.
sopiri,toyearn,tosigh.
spaco,space.
terura,terrible.
vero,truth.
LAMARADODELADEKMILGREKOJ.
IamCiruso,nepodeCirusoGranda,sopirisjelaimperiodesiaplimaljunafrato,kiusekvislapatronde
ambafratojkielreo,apliusteimperiestro.Decidinteforigidelareeco(todethrone)sianfraton,
Cirusopetislagrekojnkeilipartoprenu(takepart)enkelkajnegravajmilitadoj.Multajtiamajgrekojtre
volontesinokupisjelabatalado,prolagrandapagoricevata.Lavenditajsklavojkajladetruitaj
konstruaojiamprovizisilinjemultedariao,kajkromtiolamilitistojajnisuielamilitadonmem.
Estistuteindiferentealiliulakazodelamilitadoestaspravakajjustaane.UnueCirusonurpetiske
ilihelpuliajnproprajnsoldatojnkontraiujnajbaroj.Likaisalilisianverancelon,arselagrekojestus
suspektintajtion,kionliintencisfari,ilineniamestusakompanintajlintielmalproksimendesia
patrolando.GradelikondukisilintranstutanAzion,kajfineladekmilgrekojkomprenision,kajtreege
koleriis.Paroladantealili,Cirusotujdiris"Minepermesaskevireiru,kajmipetegaskeviantaen
maradukunmi,senplua(further)prokrasto!Semisukcesoskontramiafrato,micertigasvinjemia
honorokeiuelvirevenoshavantesakojnplenajnjeriao!Estasnurnecesekevifidujemi,kajio
estosbona!"Tiamlasoldatojhontisjesiaantaatimo,kajkuraeantaenmaradis.Fine,apudgranda
urbo,lafratodeCirusoelvenishavanteokcentmilsoldatojn,porbatalikontralacentmildeCiruso.Per
lahelpodesiajgrekoj,Cirusoestispreskavenkintaenterurabatalo,kiamsubiteliekvidissianfraton,
jemalgrandainterspaco.Ekkriante"Mividaslaviron!"lirajdisrekteallareo,etantesianpezanlancon
alli.LasolarezultoestislamortodeCirusomem,arlaamikojdelareo,kvinopekajsesopeatakinte
Ciruson,lintujmortigis.
1.Cyrusdidnotdesirethathisbrothershouldremainking.2.Hedecided,"Letmemyselfbecome
(farii)king!Ishouldmuchenjoythat!"3.SoheaskedtheGreekstohelphiminsomebattlesagainst
nearbyenemies.4.Graduallyanarmy(126)ofahundredthousandmen,tenthousandofwhomwere
Greeks,gathered(232,b)aroundhim.5.Heledthemfartherandfarther,intothemiddleofAsia,until
finallytheGreekssuspectedhistrueaim.6.Theysaidtoeachotherinterror,"Hedidnotatfirstpropose
thatwefightagainsttheGreatKing.Letusreturnhomewithoutdelay!"7.Cyrusaddressed(218)them
asfollows:"MustIpermityoutogoback?Iimploreyoutobecourageous,andIdoadviseyounotto
forgetyourlongingfor(260)honor!8.Onlybeworthyofyourleader,andrelyuponme!Doyounot
wishtoreturnhomeprovidedwithwealth,besidethemoneywhichIshallpaytoyou?"9.Immediately
thesoldierswereashamedoftheirfear,andadvancedbyhundreds,fullofcourage.10.Soonthebrother
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ofCyrusapproached,with(havante)eighthundredthousandmen.11.BytheaidoftheGreeks,Cyrus
wonthebattle,buthehimselflosthislife.12.SoneitherhenortheGreekscouldenjoytheresultoftheir
efforts.
LESSONLVII.
CLAUSESEXPRESSINGPURPOSE.
262.Purposemaybeexpressedbyasubordinateimperativeclause,introducedbyporke:
Mifarasinporkelihelpuvin,Idoitinorderthathemayhelpyou.
Miekkriisporkeviadu,Icriedoutinorderthatyoushouldhear.
Livenosporkeniestufeliaj,hewillcomethatwemaybehappy.
Mistudasporkemilernu,IstudythatImaylearn.
Ilirestuporkenipunuilin,letthemstayforustopunishthem.
Cf.theexpressionofpurposebytheinfinitivewithpor(98),whichhowevercannotbeusedexceptwhenthe
subjectofthemainverbisthesubjectofthesubordinateverb,orwhentheobjectofthemainverbisthesubjectof
thesubordinateverb.
FURTHERUSESOFTHEACCUSATIVE.
Cf.theaccusativeofdirectobject(23),directionofmotion(46,121),time(91),andmeasure(139).
263.Theaccusativeofdirectionofmotionisusedafternounsfromrootsexpressingmotion:
Liaeniroenlaurbonestissubita,hisentranceintothecitywassudden.
Lairadotienestosplezuro,(the)goingthitherwillbeapleasure.
iafaladoterentimigismin,itsfallingearthwardterrifiedme.
264.a.Anintransitiveverbmaybefollowedbyanounintheaccusativecase,ifthemeaningofthenoun
isrelatedtothatoftheverb:
Livivasagrablanvivon,helivesanagreeablelife.
idancisbelandancon,shedancedabeautifuldance.
Iliplorismaldolajnlarmojn,theyweptbittertears.
b.Verbsofmotion(iri,veni,pasi,mari,veturi,etc.)compoundedwithprepositionsoradverbs(121)
indicatingdirection,alsocompoundsofsuchverbsasestiandstariwithprepositionsexpressing
situation,maybefollowedbytheaccusative,insteadofbyaprepositionalphraseinwhichthe
prepositionisrepeated:
Laviropreterpasisladomon,themanpassed(by)thehouse.
Linantavenisdusklavoj,therepreceded(camebefore)himtwoslaves.
Nisuprenirulatuparon,letusgoupthestairs.
Mieestislafeston,Iattended(waspresentat)theentertainment.
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Mikontrastarasvianopinion,Ioppose(withstand)youropinion.
c.Theslightchangeinmeaninggivenbypriusedasaprefixmayrenderintransitiveverbstransitive.
Thesameistrueofelprefixedtointransitiveverbsnotexpressingmotion:
ipriplorislamortintanbirdon,shemournedthedeadbird.
Mipripensoslaaferon,Ishallconsider(thinkover)thematter.
Niinpriparolos,weshalltalkitover.
Liklareelparolaslavortojn,hepronouncesthewordsclearly.
InthisusepriresemblestheEnglishandGermaninseparableprefixbe,asinEnglishbemoan,bewail,bethink,
bespeak,Germanbeklagen,besprechen,sich,etc.
265.Theaccusativemaybeusedafterverbsofsuchmeaningthateitheraprepositionalphraseoran
accusativewouldseemcorrect:
Mipardonaslin(alli),Ipardon(grantpardonto)him.
Mihelpislin(alli),Ihelped(gaveaidto)him.
iplaasmin(almi),itpleases(ispleasingto)me.
Liobeisnin(alni),heobeyed(wasobedientto)us.
iridismiantimon(jemiatimo),sheridiculed(laughedat)myfear.
Whenambiguitywouldbecaused,asbythepresenceofanotheraccusative,thisconstructionmaynotbe
employed.Onemaysaypardonunin,butmustsaypardonualniniajnpekojn.
266.Theaccusativemaybeusedaftercertainadverbswhicharenormallyfollowedbyaprepositional
phrase:
Rilatetion(rilatealtio),inregardtothat.
Esceptetion(esceptedetio),withtheexceptionofthat.
Koncernelaaferon(koncernejelaafero),concerningtheaffair.
Komparelaalian(komparekunlaalia),incomparisonwiththeother.
Konformelaleon(konformeallaleo),inconformitytothelaw.
267.
SYNOPSISOFTHECONJUGATIONOFTHEVERB.
vidi,tosee.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Present.
(Aoristic)mividas
(Progressive)miestasvidanta
miestasvidata
Past.
(Aoristic)mividis
(Imperfect)miestisvidanta
miestisvidata
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Future.
(Aoristic)mividos
(Progressive)miestosvidanta
miestosvidata
Perfect.
miestasvidinta
miestasvidita
Pluperfect.
miestisvidinta
miestisvidita
FuturePerfect.
miestosvidinta
miestosvidita
PeriphrasticFutures.
(Present).
miestasvidonta
miestasvidota
(Past).
miestisvidonta
miestisvidota
(Future).
miestosvidonta
miestosvidota
CONDITIONAL.
Present.
(Aoristic)mividus
(Progressive)miestusvidanta
miestusvidata
Past.
miestusvidinta
miestusvidita
Future.
miestusvidonta
miestusvidota
IMPERATIVE.
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Present.
(Aoristic)mividu
(Progressive)miestuvidanta
miestuvidata
Past.
miestuvidinta
miestuvidita
Future.
miestuvidonta
miestuvidota
INFINITIVE.
Present.
(Aoristic)vidi
(Progressive)estividanta
estividata
Perfect.
estividinta
estividita
Future.
estividonta
estividota
THESUFFIXUM.
268.Theindefinitesuffixumservesthesamegeneralpurposeinwordformationwhichjeservesasan
indefinitepreposition(260):
aerumi,toair.
kolumo,collar.
buumo,muzzle. plenumi,tofulfil.
gustumi,totaste. proksimume,approximately.
VOCABULARY.
ebena,level,even.
escepto,exception.
esperi,tohope.
fremda,foreign.
historio,history.
kompari,tocompare.
nepre,inevitably,certainly.
obei,toobey.
obstina,obstinate.
promesi,topromise.
rilato,relation.
sata,satiated.
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koncerni,toconcern. savi,tosave.
konformi,toconform. verki,tocompose(booksormusic).
LAREIRADODELADEKMILO.
LagrekajmilitistojsentisgrandanteruronkiamCirusonepluvivis.Lacelodelalongamaradonepovis
estiplenumata,prolamortodelaobstinatrokuraamilitestromem.Kvankamlagrekojestisvenkintoj,
iliestistutesolajenfremdalando,irkaitajdebarbarojkiuj,pertrompemajproponojkajfalsaj
promesojpriamikajinterrilatoj,tujokazigislamortondelagrekajestroj.Senigitejesiajestroj,la
kompatindajvirojtutemalesperis.Sedkelkajsubestroj,rapidekunvenigintelasoldatojn,diris,"Nimem
kondukosvinperkielebleplejrektavojohejmen!Nifarosnianeblon(utmost)porkeniiujestu
savitaj!"arrestisnenioaliaporfari,lamalfacilamalgajareiradodelagrekojkomenciissenprokrasto.
Ilitransirisvarmegajnebenaojn(plains),supreniriskajmalsupreniriskrutajnnekovritajnmontojn,
mezedelavintro,kajsenpontojtransirislarajnriverojn.ielamalfidindajbarbarojatakisilin,kvaza
porkeneniugrekorestuviva.Kromtio,lagrekojmortisdekopekajdudekopeiutage,provarmegeco,
malvarmegeco,lacecokajmalsateco(hunger).Fine,postnekredeblajsuferoj,larestaodeladekmil
soldatojalvenissurmonton,kajekvidislamaron.Lataekkriego"Lamaro!Lamaro!"eksonisinterla
lacajviroj,elkiujmultajplorislarmojndeojo.Deinfanecoilialkutimisallavojaadoperakvo,kaj
postiomdaripozoilisinprovizisjeipoj,portransirilamaronallapatrujojekiuiliestistiellonge
sopirintaj.Treegeinteresahistoriokoncernelatutanaferonestasverkitadefamagrekaverkisto(writer),
kiuestisakompanintaCirusonporkelipovuuikajstudiioninteresansurlavojo.Tiuaziamilitadode
Cirusonepreestasunuellaplejrimarkindajokazintaojiampriskribitaj,esenesceptodelapostairado
tiendeAleksandroGranda.
1.AfterthedeathofCyrus,theleadersoftheGreekwarriorsdidnotknowwhattodo.2.Inthecourseof
thefollowingday,oneoftheleadersoftheenemysentamessenger(205)withdeceitfulpromisesabout
help.2.Hesaid"Assembleinourleader'stent,inorderthatyoumayalldiscussthematter."3.The
Greekleaderswent,althoughtheysuspecteddanger,becausetheydidnotknowhowelsetosavetheir
men.4.Buttheyneverreturned,andsoontheGreeksunderstoodthatthebarbarianshadkilledthem.5.
Theywepttearsofdespair,andsaid"Thebarbarianswillinevitablydestroyus,forweareinaforeign
land,whereweknowneitherthelanguagesnortheroads,andthepeoplesarewithoutexceptionhostile
tous."6.Buttheleadersoflesserranksaid"Obeyusandfollowus,andweshalldoourbesttosave
you!"7.Theirreturn,acrosshotplainsandsnowcoveredmountains,mademoredifficultbyhungerand
bytheunceasingattacksofthebarbarians,isrelatedinthehistorywrittenbyafamousGreekhistorian.8.
Onecanstillreadthisinterestingnarrative,inGreekorinatranslation.
LESSONLVIII.
PERMISSIONANDPOSSIBILITY.
269.Permissionisusuallyexpressedbytheuseofpermesi,lasi,ortheimperativemood:
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uvipermesaskemirestu?MayI(doyoupermitmeto)stay?
Jes,mipermesas(jes,restu),yes,youmay(yes,stay).
Neestaspermesateeniritien,itisnotallowedtoenterthere.
Lasulinveni,lethimcome.
270.Theideaofpossibilityorprobabilityisgivenbytheuseofsomesuchadverbaseble,kredeble,
verajne,etc.:
Ebleliobeosalvi,hemay(perhapshewill)obeyyou.
Kredeblelisukcesos,probablyhewillsucceed.
Verajneviestasprava,youareprobablyright.
Ebleonilinsavus,theymight(possiblytheywould)savehim.
Ilineprenebatislin,theycouldnothave(surelydidnot)beathim.
Tioestasneebla!Thatcannotbe(thatisimpossible)!
THEPREFIXGE.
271.Wordsformedwiththeprefixgeindicatethetwosexestogether:
gepatroj,parents.
geavoj,grandparents.
genepoj,grandchildren.
gefiloj,son(s)anddaughter(s).
gefratoj,brother(s)andsister(s).
geedzoj,husband(s)andwife(wives).
gesinjoroj,Mr.andMrs.,lady(ladies)andgentleman(gentlemen).
THESUFFIXA.
272.Thesuffixahasadisparagingsignificance:
domao,ahovel.
pentrai,todaub.
hundao,acur.
popolao,rabble,mob.
obstinaa,obstinate. ridai,toguffaw.
INTERJECTIONS.
273.Interjectionsarewordsusedtoexpressfeelingorcallattention.Amongthemorecommon
interjectionsare:
Adia!Farewell!(171). Hura!Hurrah!
Fi!Fie!
Nu!Well!
Ho!Oh!Ho!
Ve!Woe!(Hove!Alas!).
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Verbsintheimperative,andadverbs,arefrequentlyusedasinterjections,asAtentu!Lookout!Askultu!Hark!
Bonvenu!Welcome!Antaen!Forward!Bone!Good!For!Away!Ja!Indeed!Jen!There!Behold!
Theinterjectionfiissometimesusedasadisparagingprefix,likea(272),asfibirdo,uglybird,fievalo,asorry
nag.
VOCABULARY.
Aleksandrio,Alexandria.
Ameriko,America.
Aristotelo,Aristotle.
Astralio,Australia.
biblioteko,library.
eduki,tobringup,educate.
Egipto,Egypt.
estimi,toesteem.
firma,firm.
fondi,tofound,establish.
hispano,Spaniard.
kapabla,capable.
komuna,common,mutual.
kontinento,continent.
Kristo,Christ.
miliono,million.
spite,inspiteof.
vasta,vast,extensive.
ALEKSANDROGRANDA.
PermesukemidirukelkajnvortojnprilavivodeAleksandroGranda,kiuneestismaturavirosedhavis
nurdudekjarojnkiamlifariisreo.Liajgepatrojestistrezorgeedukintajlin,kajlafilozofoAristotelo,
kiunlitrealteestimis,estisunuelliajinstruistoj.Aleksandrofirmetenadissianpropranreolandon,kaj
ankaGrekujon,kiunliapatroestisvenkintakromtio,lifarismilitadojnkontradiversajfremdaj
landoj,unueenAzio,tiamenAfriko,kielifondisurbon,kajinnomisAleksandrio.Aleksandrionepre
estisbelegariaurbo.TietroviispostelafamaAleksandriabiblioteko.Seineestusdetruitadefajro,
enladarodeiujmilitadoj,nisendubekonusmulteplibonelasciadondelaantikvajgrekoj,kiuj
verajneestislaplejklerapopoloiamvivintaenEropo.VenkinteEgipton,AleksandroreirisenAzion,
istreorientakajsudapartoj,venkanteiujnie,kvazailiestuslaplejmalkuraajpopolaojenla
mondo.Sedspiteiespetojliestisobstinaenezorgemaprisiasano,kajsubite,hove,limortispro
febro,tricentdektrijarojnantaKristo.Selineestustielfruemortinta,kielmulteliestusebleelfarinta!
LiesperisvenkiHispanujon,Italujon,kaj,mallongavorte,tiomdelaokcidentamondokiomlijam
posedisdelaorienta.Tiamliceliskunigiionenunuvastanimperion,kvazaporfariellamondounu
grandanfamilion.Liintenciskelamilionojdaenloantojakceptukomunajnleojnkajkutimojn,e
komunanlingvon,kredeblelagrekan.Eblelijahavislakapableconporfariioni.Estasprotioke
oniofteadasladiron"Aleksandrosopirisjealiajmondojporvenki."Tamen,kielmalgrandaestistiu
mondokiunlikonis!LatiamulojkonisnurmalgrandanpartondeAfriko,deAzio,edeEropo.Ilisciis
nenionpriAnglujo,aprilavastajkontinentojAstralio,nordakajsudaAmerikoj.
Theuseoftrovii,andalsoofsintrovi,kui,stariandsidi,inasensenotgreatlydifferingfromthatofesti,avoids
themonotonousrepetitionofformsofesti,justasEnglishuseslie,sit,perch,etc.,innarrationforsimilarreasons:
Multajvilaojtroviastie,manyvillagesare(situated)there.
EgiptotroviasenlanordorientapartodeAfriko,Egyptis(found)inthenortheasternpartofAfrica.
Lisintrovissolaenladezerto,hefoundhimself(hewas)aloneinthedesert.
Laurbokuisinterdulagoj,thecitylaybetweentwolakes.
Surlamontflankosidisvilaeto,onthemountainsideperchedatinyvillage.
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1.AlexandertheGreatwishedtounitethewholeworldintoonevastempire.2.Heintendedthatallthe
differentpeoplesshouldconformtocommonlawsandthattheirsonsanddaughtersshouldspeakone
commonlanguage,andinspiteoftheirlovefortheirnationallanguages,shouldleaveoffspeakingthem.
3.Possiblyhemighthaveaccomplishedhisobjecttosomeextent(217),ifhehadnotdiedsuddenly
whenhewasonlythirtytwoyearsold.4.Hissoldiersmarchedweepingpasthistent,tobidfarewellto
theirdyingleader.5.Theymusthaveesteemedhimveryhighly!6.ItwasAlexanderwhofoundedthe
cityofAlexandria,inEgypt,whereapproximatelythreehundredyearsbeforeChristthefamous
Alexandrianlibrarywaslocated.7.Itcontainedanenormouscollectionofbooksalmostseven
hundredthousand.8.Alas,thisextensivelibrarywasdestroyedbyfire!9.Alexander,who"sighedfor
otherworldstoconquer,"didnotevenknowoftheexistenceofNorthandSouthAmerica,Australia,or
evenofEnglandandNorthernEurope.10.BesidehisAsiaticempire,heknewverylittleofAsia,evenof
China,withitsmillionsofinhabitants.11.Howsmalltheworldwasinthosedays!
LESSONLIX.
THEPOSITIONOFUNEMPHATICPRONOUNS.
274.Anunemphaticpersonal,indefiniteordemonstrativepronounveryfrequentlyprecedestheverbof
whichitistheobject.Thisisespeciallytrueiftheverbinquestionisaninfinitive:
Mivolaslinvidi,Iwishtoseehim.
Lipovostionfari,hewillbeabletodothat.
Videvusionmani,yououghttoeatsomething.
uviinkredis?Didyoubelieveit?
Seliminvidus,liminsavus,ifheshouldseeme,hewouldsaveme.
Cf.inotherlanguages,asinGermanichmchteihnsehen,Frenchjeveuxlevoir,Latinsealunt,medefendi,etc.
ThatsuchpronounsareunemphaticcanbeseenfromEnglishlethercome(=let'ercome),makehimstop(=
make'imstop),etc.,inwhichtheunemphaticformser,im,replacehim,her,inpronunciation(cf.theGreekenclitic
pronouns,,,,,,,,,theSanskritencliticformsm,me,tv,te,nas,vas,enam,enat,enm,
alsosm,andtheAvestan,m).Thesamephenomenonisindicatedinprithee(=praythee),andinthespellings
gimme(=giveme),lemme(=letme),indialectstories.
SOMEINTRANSITIVEVERBS.
275.SomeintransitiveverbshaveEnglishmeaningswhichdonotdifferinformfromthetransitive
Englishverbstowhichtheyarerelated.InEsperantothesuffixig(214)mustbeusedwhenthe
transitivemeaningisdesired.Someexamplesaregiveninthefollowingtable:
Verb.
Boli...
IntransitiveUse.
Laakvobolas
Thewaterboils
TransitiveUse.
Liboligaslaakvon
Heboilsthewater
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Bruli...
Lafajrobrulas
Thefireburns
Libruligislapaperon
Heburnedthepaper
esi...
Labruoesas
Thenoisestops
Liesigaslabruon
Hestopsthenoise
Dari...
Labruodaras
Thenoisecontinues
Lidarigaslabruon
Hecontinuesthenoise
Degeli...
Laglaciodegelas
Theicethaws
Liindegeligasperfajro
Hethawsitwithfire
Droni...
Laknabinodronis
Thegirldrowned
Laviroindronigis
Themandrownedher
Eksplodi...
Pulvoeksplodas
Gunpowderexplodes
Liineksplodigos
Hewillexplodeit
Halti...
Lihaltistimigite
Hehaltedinalarm
Lihaltigislasoldatojn
Hehaltedthesoldiers
Lumi...
Lasunolumas
Thesunshines
Lilumigislalampon
Helightedthelamp
Pasi...
Latempopasas
Timepasses
Tiellipasigislatagon
Thushepassedtheday
Pendi...
ipendasdebrano
Ithangsonabranch
Liinpendigisdebrano
Hehungitonabranch
Soni...
Lasalutapafosonis
Thesalutesounded
Onisonigislasalutanpafon
Theysoundedthesalute
Sonori...
Lasonorilosonoris
Thebellrang
Onisonorigislasonorilon
Theyrangthebell
AtransitiveuseofsuchintransitiveverbswouldbelikeusingtheEnglishintransitiveverb"learn"forthe
transitiveverb"teach,"asinthe"I'lllearnyou"(for"I'llteachyou")ofilliteratespeech.
THESUFFIXER.
276.Thesuffixerisusedtoformwordsexpressingunitsorcomponentpartsofthatwhichisindicated
intheroot:
fajrero,spark(offire). neero,snowflake.
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monero,coin.
sablero,grainofsand.
THEPREFIXESBOANDDUON.
277.Theprefixboindicatesrelationshipbymarriage.Toindicatehalfbloodrelationship,orstep
relationship,duon(166)isused:
bopatro,fatherinlaw. duonpatro,stepfather.
bofratino,sisterinlaw. duonfrato,halfbrother.
CORRESPONDENCE.
278.a.Lettersshouldbedatedasindicatedinthefollowing:
Bostono,jela24adedecembro,1912a.
NovJorko,la24andecembro,1912a.
Sirakuzo,24/XII/1912.
b.Theusualmethodsofaddressare(tostrangersandinbusinessletters):Sinjoro,Sinjorino,Estimata
Sinjoro,KarajSinjoroj,TreestimataFralino,etc.(tofriendsandrelatives)KaraFralino,Karaj
Gefratoj,KaraAmiko,KaraMario,Patrinomia,(placingthepossessiveadjectiveafterthenounin
thiswaygivesanaffectionatesense,asinEnglish"Mothermine,"etc)etc.(topersonswhoseopinions
onsomesubjectareknowntoagreewiththoseofthewriter)Estimata(Kara)Samideano(followerof
thesameidea).
c.Amongthemoreusualformsofconclusionare(tostrangersandinbusinessletters):Trefidelelavia,
Trevere,Kungrandaestimo,Kunplejaltaestimo,etc.,(tofriends):Kunamikasaluto,Kuniuj
bondeziroj,Kunsamideanajsalutoj,Fratelavia,etc.
VOCABULARY.
adreso,address.
aparta,separate.
bedauri,toregret.
efa,chief.
do,so,then.
fontano,fountain.
hotelo,hotel.
inko,ink.
konvena,suitable.
koverto,envelope(forletters).
krajono,pencil.
mendi,toorder(ofstores,etc).
NovJorko,NewYork.
numero,number(numeral).
ofico,office,employment.
poto,post(letters,etc.).
respekto,respect.
speciala,special.
stato,state(politicalbody)
tramo,tram.
efisoftenusedindescriptivecompounds(167,b),asefkuiristo,chief(head)cook,chef,efurbo,chiefcity,
capital,efanelo,archangel.
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KELKAJLETEROJ.
Sirakuzo,la2andemarto,1911.
KaraAmiko,
Sendubevinsurprizosricevileteronskribitandemiehoteloenitiuurbo,netremalproksimede
viapropraoficejo!Viabofrato,kiunmiokazerenkontishieraenlapotoficejo,donisalmivian
adreson.isnun,miestastielokupatakeminehavislatemponeportelefonialvi.Sednunmihavas
duatriminutojndaliberatempo,kajmitujekkaptaslaokazonporskribiletereton,petantekevi
vespermanukunmihodiavespere,elahotelokie,kielvividas,miloasdeantaunutago.(Pardonu,
mipetas,kemifinasitiunleteronperkrajono,sedmiuseltroviskerestasneniompludainkoenmia
fontanplumo.)Venujelasesa,setiuhoroestaskonvena.Bedarinde(unfortunately),midevosforresti
delahotelolatutanposttagmezon,prikomercajaferoj,aliemivinrenkontuselatramvojo,kiehaltasla
tramveturiloj(streetcars).Estosplejbone,miopinias,keviirurektealmiaambro,numero26,kiemi
senprokrastevinrenkontos,semineestosefektivejamvinatendanta.Niesperukelaefkuiristo
preparosalnibonanmanon!Miesperaskevimalatentoslafalantajnneerojn,kajneprevenos,
respondealmiaiometesubitainvito,arnijahavosmultedakomunajtravivaojporpriparoli.Doisla
baldaarevidojelavespermano!
Kunplejamikajsalutoj,
Roberto.
Thewordtialmaybeomittedfromthecombinationtialke(83),ifthemeaningisobvious.
Boston,13/VII/1911.
WilsonkajJones,
NovJorko.
EstimatajSinjoroj:
Bonvolusendialmiperrevenantapotovianplejnovanprezaron(pricelist).Nibaldabezonosiujn
novajnmeblojnporniajoficejoj,precipeskribtablojn,tablojnkonvenajnporskribmainoj(typewriters),
kajspecialajnlibrujojn,farotajnlaniajbezonoj.Seviajprezojestaskonvenaj,nisendubevolosmendi
devitianmeblaron.
Kunrespekto,
J.F.Smith,
eBrownkajBrown.
NovJorko,17/VII/1911.
SinjoroJ.F.Smith,
eBrownkajBrown,
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NovJorko.
EstimataSinjoro:
Nihavaslahonoronsendialvienapartakovertonianplejnovanprezaron,alkiunipetaskevidonu
vianatenton,precipealpaoj1529.Tievitrovospriskribitajniajnplejbonajnoficejajnmeblarojn.Ni
senpagemetosiujnaetitajnmeblojnsurlavagonaron,sedkomprenebleninepagoslakostondela
sendado.
Niplezurefabrikosspecialajnlibrujojnlaviajbezonoj,kajvolontericevosviajnordonojnpritio.
Niajprezojestoskielebleplejmalaltaj.
Esperantekelameblarojpriskribitajenniaprezaro,kunekunlatiepresitajprezoj,estosplene
kontentigaj,kajcertigantealvikenizorgeplenumosiunmendon,nirestas,
Trerespektelaviaj,
WilsonkajJones.
Bostono,la27anMajo.
SinjoroB.F.Brown,
Sirakuzo,NovJorkatato.
KaraSinjoro:
VianadresonnidankasalniajkomunajamikojSinjorojMillerkajWhite,kajperitionipermesas
alniproponialviniajnservojnporlavendadodetiajinfanludiloj,kiajnvifabrikas.Nihavasbonegajn
montrajnfenestrojn(showwindows),enniabutiko,preskamezedelaefstratoenlaurbo,kajennia
butikotroviassufiedagrandajvitramebloj(showcases).Tialnipovustreoportuneadministritian
aferon.Nimulteojossevirespondoskielebleplejbalda,sciigantealnikiomdaprocentovidonos,
kajkiajnaranojnvivolusfari.Nicertigasalvikeeniuokazonipenosfarinianeblonporviaplej
bonaintereso.
Kunaltaestimo,
D.Rose.
LESSONLX.
SOMETRANSITIVEVERBS.
279.SometransitiveverbshaveEnglishmeaningswhichdonotdifferinformfromtheintransitive
Englishverbstowhichtheyarerelated(converselytotheuseexplainedin275).InEsperantothesuffix
i(232),oradifferentroot,mustbeusedwhenanintransitivemeaningisdesired.Followingarethe
morecommonverbsofthischaracter,togetherwithexamplesoftheintransitiveuseofseveralofthem:
balanci,tobalance.
etendi,toextend,toexpand.
fermi,toclose,toshut.
fini,toend,tofinish.
fleksi,tobend,toflex.
hejti,toheat.
renversi,toupset,tooverturn.
rompi,tobreak.
ruli,toroll,(awheel,ball,etc.).
skui,toshake.
strei,tostretch.
svingi,toswing.
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klini,toincline,tobend.
kolekti,togather,tocollect.
komenci,tobegin,tocommence.
mezuri,tomeasure.
montri,toshow.
movi,tomove.
pati,topasture,tofeed.
anceli,tocausetovacillate.
ani,tochange.
iri,totear.
turni,toturn.
veki,towake.
veri,topour.
volvi,toroll(aroundsomething).
Lalaboronunfinias,theworkisnowcomingtoanend.
Laglavofleksiis,theswordbent.
Lafoliojdisvolvias,theleavesunroll(develop).
iukutimoanios,everycustomwillchange.
Lavintrojamkomencias,thewinterisalreadybeginning.
Mivekiosjelasesa,Ishallawakeatsix(o'clock).
Lamontriloanceliis,theindicatortrembled(vacillated).
Vastaebenaoetendiisantali,avastplainextendedbeforehim.
ELISION.
280.Elisionisnotcommon,anditsuseinwritingaswellasinspeakingisbestavoided.Itoccursmost
frequentlyinpoetry.
a.Theaofthearticlemaybeelidedbeforeawordbeginningwithavowel,orafteraprepositionending
inavowel:
"L'espero,l'obstinokajlapacienco."
"Del'montojriveretojfluas."
"Kajkantastral'puraaero."
b.Thefinaloofanounmaybeelidedinpoetry.Theoriginalaccentofthenounremainsunchanged:
"Ho,miakor',nebatumaltrankvile."
"Surlakampolarozet'."
c.Thefinaleofanadverbisveryrarelyelided(exceptintheexpressiondank'al,whichoccursinprose
aswellasinpoetry):
"Kepovumifoj'jeeternoekdormi!"
Dank'alvi,misukcesis,thankstoyou,Isucceeded.
THEPREFIXEKS.
281.Theprefixeksisusedtoformwordsexpressingapreviousincumbentofaposition,orremoval
fromsuchposition:
eksprezidanto,expresident.
eksreo,exking.
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eksigi,toputoutofoffice,todischarge.
eksii,towithdrawfromone'soffice,toresign.
THEPREFIXPRA.
282.Theprefixpraisusedtoformwordsexpressingprecedenceinthelineofdescent,orgeneral
remotenessinpasttime:
praavo,greatgrandfather. prapatroj,forefathers,ancestors.
pranepo,greatgrandson. pratempa,primeval.
THESUFFIXESJANDNJ.
283.Thesuffixjisusedtoformaffectionatediminutives,fromthefirstsyllableorsyllablesof
masculinenamesortermsofaddress.Thesuffixnjformssimilarfemininediminutives:
Jojo,Johnnie,Joe. Manjo,May,Mamie.
Pajo,Papa.
Panjo,Mamma.
WEIGHTSANDMEASURES.
284.Nationalsystemsofweightsandmeasurestranslatedintointernationalform(asmejlo,mile,funto,
pound)cannotconveyaverydefinitemeaningtoonenotfamiliarwiththeparticularsystemused.
Consequentlythemetricsystem(alreadyusedbyscientistseverywhereandbythegeneralpublicin
manycountries)isadoptedfortheinternationalsystemofweightsandmeasures:
LengthandSurface.
milimetro,millimeter(.0394inch).
centimetro,centimeter(.3937inch).
decimetro,decimeter(3.937inches).
metro,meter(39.37inches).
dekametro,dekameter(393.7inches).
hektometro,hektometer(328feet1inch).
kilometro,kilometer(3280feet10inches.62137mile).
kvadratametro,squaremeter(1550squareinches).
hektaro,hektare(2.471acres).
Weight.
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gramo,gram(15.432grainsavoirdupois).
dekagramo,dekagram(.3527ounceavoirdupois).
hektogramo,hektogram(3.5274ounceavoirdupois).
kilogramo,kilogram(2.2046poundsavoirdupois).
Capacity.
decilitro,deciliter(6.1022cubicinches.845gill).
litro,liter(.908quart,drymeasure1.0567quart,liquid).
dekalitro,dekaliter(9.08quart,drymeasure2.6417gallons).
hektolitro,hektoliter(2bushels3.35pecks26.417gallons).
kilolitro,kiloliter(1.308cubicyards264.17gallons).
THEINTERNATIONALMONEYSYSTEM.
285.Namesofnationalcoinstranslatedintointernationalform(asdolaro,dollar,cendo,cent)cannot
conveyaverydefinitemeaningtopersonsnotfamiliarwiththesecoins.Consequentlythesystem
devisedforinternationaluse(notforactualcoins,butforcalculationandpricequotations)isbasedupon
aunitcalledthespeso.Themultiplesofthisunitarethespesdeko(10spesoj),spescento(100spesoj),
andspesmilo(1000spesoj).Tenspesmilojhaveapproximatelythevalueofafivedollargoldpiece,
twentymarks,twentyfivefrancs,onepoundsterling,etc.Thespesmilo,equivalenttoabout$0.4875in
themoneyoftheUnitedStatesandCanada,istheunitcommonlyused.(Toreducedollarstospesmiloj,
multiplyby2.051.)
ABBREVIATIONS.
286.Thefollowingabbreviationsareoftenused(forthoseofthemetricsystemseeanyEnglish
dictionary):
Dro.,Doktoro,Dr.
Fino.,Fralino,Miss.
Pro.,Profesoro,Prof.
Sro.,Sinjoro,Mr.
Sino.,Sinjorino,Mrs.
Ko.,Kio.,Kompanio,Co.
No.,Nro.,Numero,No.
&,kaj,&.
Sm.,spesmilo(j).
Sd.,spesdeko(j).
k.t.p.,kajtielplu,andsoforth.
k.c.,kajceteraj,etc.
k.sim.,kajsimila(j),et.sim.
t.e.,tioestas,i.e.
e.,ekzemple,e.g.
p.s.,postskribao,P.S.
VOCABULARY.
aboni,tosubscribeto,take. ledo,leather.
aparato,apparatus.
metalo,metal.
atomata,automatic.
momento,moment.
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bovo,ox.
dimensio,dimension.
ekzemplo,example.
fokuso,focus.
fotografi,tophotograph.
funkcii,tofunction,work.
kamero,camera.
negativo,negative.
objektivo,lens,objective.
originalo,original.
plato,plate(photographic,etc)
provi,totry.
reklami,toadvertise.
strei,tostretch(trans.).
Cf.thedifferencebetweenprovi,totryinthesenseoftesting,makinganessayorendeavor,peni,totryinthe
senseoftakingpainsormakinganeffort,andjui,totryinajudicialsense.
PRILAKAMERO.
Bostono,12/XI/1910.
BrownkajKo.,
NovJorko.
Sinjoroj:
Vidintevianreklamonengazetoalkiumiabonas,miskribasporpetikevisendualmi
priskribaondeviakameronomita"LaInfaneto,"kiuneblemidezirosprovi.
Bonvoluankasendidekduonondaplatoj,6x9centimetrojn,porkiumiikunesendasspesmilon
kajduonon.
Kunrespekto,
J.C.Smith.
Theparticlei(usedwithtiu,tio,ties,iu,io)mayalsobeusedwithcertainadverbs,asisube,herebelow,i
supre,hereabove,ikune,herewith,etc.
NovJorko,18annovembro,1910.
KaraSinjoro:
Respondantealviaestimataleterodela12a,nidonasisubemallonganpriskribaondeniabonega
fotografilonomita"LaInfaneto."
"LaInfaneto"kamerohavisneesperitansukceson,kajestasvenditapomilojdaekzempleroj.ieoni
unuvoeladasianmalgrandankajtamenbonegankonstruon,kajankaianfirmansamtempefacilan
funkciadon.ineestaspligrandaolmonujo,tialinebezonasplimultedaspacooltiu,kajpovasesti
portatakajuzatatreegekonvene.
Ladimensiojdelafermitakameroestas8x5x6.5centimetroj.Lapezo,kunobjektivo,triplatingoj,
kajmalbrila(ground)vitro,estas365gramoj."LaInfaneto"estaskonstruitatuteelmetalo,kajkovritade
bonegabovledo.Kiamonimalfermaslaaparaton,laobjektivosamtempeenfokusias,tiamanierekela
kameroestaspretaporuzadopostunusekundo,arlaobjektivfermilo(shutter)estasiamstreita.
Sekve:neniajpreparadoj,neniaprokrastojelaekfotografado.
Lanegativojestasklarajislabordo,kajtialkonvenajporpligrandigo.Cetere,onisciaskebona
pligrandigoofteplikontentigasolmalgrandaoriginalo.Precipeepromenojkajvojaojonitialvolonte
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preferaslamalgrandan"Infaneton,"porpostepligrandigilanegativojn.
Porlapligrandigonifabrikasspecialajntaglumpligrandigajnaparatojn,kiesprezojestasmalaltaj
(viduenniaprezaro).
Nineanislakonstruonde"LaInfaneto"depost1909,arisnuniestasiurilatekontentiga.
Solelarapidecareguligodelamomenta(instantaneous)fermiloestasplibonigita,arniinfabrikaskun
specialaatomatafermilo,kiuestasaranitapormalfermojdaraj(timeexposures),kajmomentaj,je
unusekundoisunucentonodasekundo.
Esperantekenibaldaricevosmendondevi,kajcertigantealvikenitrezorgeplenumosiunajn
mendon,nirestas.
Trerespektelaviaj,
Brown&Ko.
PerC.
ESPERANTOENGLISHVOCABULARY.
ThefollowingvocabularyincludesallrootsusedintheprecedingLessons,allprimarywordsofthe
language,andalargenumberofadditionalroots(tofacilitateoriginalcomposition).Noattempthasbeen
made,however,toincludealloftherootsinthelanguage,forwhichanEsperantoEnglishDictionary
shouldbeconsulted.
Referencesaretosections,unlessthepage(p.)isgiven.Forotherpartsofspeechthanthoseindicated
undereachrootorprimaryword,seeWordFormation,116,120,159,171.Seealsothereferencesgiven
undereachprefixandsuffix.Forformationofcompoundwords,see160,167,176,184.Thefollowing
abbreviationsareused:adj.=adjectiveadv.=adverbconj.=conjunctionintrans.=intransitiveprep.
=prepositiontrans.=transitive=repetitionoftheword.
A.
abelo,bee.
abio,fir.
abituriento,bachelorofarts(A.B.).
abomena,abominable.
aboni,tosubscribeto,take(magazine,etc.).
abrikoto,apricot.
acero,maple(tree).
acida,acid,sour.
a,derogatorysuffix(272).
aeti,tobuy.
ad,suffixindicatingduration(218).
adia,(adv.andinterjection),farewell,goodbye(171,273).
adjektivo,adjective.
administri,toadminister,tomanage.
admiri,toadmire.
admoni,toexhort,admonish.
adori,toworship,adore.
adreso,address(onletters,etc.).
adverbo,adverb.
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advokato,lawyer,barrister.
aero,air.
afabla,affable,amiable.
afero,affair,matter,thing,cause.
afio,handbill,placard,poster.
afranki,tofrank(letters),prepayite,postpaid.
Afriko,Africa.
agi,toact,performaction.
agaci,tosetonedge(ofteeth).
agento,agent.
agiti,toagitate.
aglo,eagle.
agonio,agony.
agrabla,agreeable,pleasant.
ao,age.
ajn(adv.),ever(236).
a,suffixformingconcretewords(227).
akademio,academy.
akceli(trans.),toaccelerate,hasten.
akcento,accent,stress.
akcepti,toaccept,receive,welcome.
akcidento,accident.
akiri,toacquire.
akompani,toaccompany.
akra,sharp,acute,shrill.
akrido,grasshopper.
akso,axis,axle.
akto,act(ofaplay).
aktiva,active(grammatical).
aktoro,actor(player).
akurata,accurate,exact.
akuzi,toaccuse.
akuzativo,accusative.
akvo,water.
akvarelo,watercolorpainting.
akvario,aquarium.
al(prep.),to,toward(46,160,251,252).
alado,lark(bird).
aleo,avenue,walk,path(ofgarden,park,etc.).
Aleksandrio,Alexandria.
Aleksandro,Alexander.
alfabeto,alphabet.
Alfredo,Alfred.
algebro,algebra.
alia,other.
alko,elk.
alkoholo,alcohol.
alkovo,alcove,recess.
almanako,almanac.
almena,(adv.),atleast(66).
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almozo,almsulo,beggar.
alta,high,tall.
altaro,altar.
aludi,toalludeto.
alumeto,match(forfire).
ami,tolove.
amaso,crowd,throng,mass.
amba(pronoun),both(oftwoobjectsnaturallyinpairs,orofpersonsorthingsassumedoralready
knowntobethusgrouped)(238).
amboso,anvil.
amelo,starch.
Ameriko,America.
amfibia,amphibious.
amfiteatro,amphitheatre.
amiko,friend.
amindumi,towoo,makelove.
amplekso,extent,dimension.
amuzi,toamuse.
an,suffixdenotingmembership,etc.(145).
analizi,toanalyse.
ananaso,pineapple.
anaso,duck.
anekdoto,anecdote.
Anglo,Englishman.
angulo,angle,corner.
anelo,angel.
animo,soul.
anka(adv.),also.
ankora(adv),still,yet.
ankro,anchor.
anonci,toannounce.
anso,latch,doorhandle.
ansero,goose.
anstata(prep.),insteadof(98,159).
anta(prep.),before(89,90,120,159,160),antaol(conj.),97,98.
antikva,ancient,antique.
antilopo,antelope.
antipatio,antipathy.
aparato,apparatus.
aparta,separate.
apartamento,apartment,suite(ofrooms).
aparteni,tobelong.
apatio,apathy.
apena(adv.),scarcely,hardly.
aperi,toappear.
apetito,appetite.
apladi,toapplaud.
aplombo,assurance,selfcommand.
apogi,tolean,torest(upon).
apologio,apology,vindication.
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apoteko,pharmacy,drugstore,chemist'sshop.
aprilo,April.
aprobi,toapprove.
apud(prep.),nearto,closeby(120,159).
ar,suffixformingcollectives(126).
Arabo,Arab.
araneo,spider.
arani,toarrange.
arbo,tree.
arbitracii,toarbitrate.
ardezo,slate(stone).
areno,arena.
aresti,toarrest.
argilo,clay.
argumenti,toargue.
arento,silver(metal).
aritekturo,architecture.
Arimedo,Archimedes.
ario,tune,air(music).
Aristejdo,Aristeides.
aristokrato,aristocrat.
Aristotelo,Aristotle.
aritmetiko,arithmetic.
arko,arc.
arkado,arcade.
armi,toarm.
armeo,army.
armoracio,horseradish.
aroganta,arrogant.
aromo,aroma,fragrance.
arto,art.
artiko,joint.
artikolo,article(grammaticalorliterary).
Arturo,Arthur.
asekuri,toinsure(withacompany).
asocio,association(organization).
asparago,asparagus.
aspekto,aspect,appearance.
astro,heavenlybody,star.
ataki,toattack.
atendi,towait,waitfor,expect.
atenta,attentive.
atesti,toattest,givewitness,certify.
atingi,toattain,reach.
atlaso,satin.
atleto,athlete.
atmosfero,atmosphere.
atributo,attribute.
a(conj.),or,either.
adi,tohear.
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agusto,August.
askulti,tolisten.
Astralio,Australia.
atomata,automatic.
atoro,author.
atuno,autumn.
avo,grandfather.
avara,avaricious,miserly.
avelo,hazelnut.
aveno,oats.
averti,towarn,caution.
avida,eager.
avizi,togivenotice.
azeno,ass,donkey.
Azio,Asia.
azoto,nitrogen.
B.
babili,tochatter,babble.
bagatelo,trifle,bagatelle.
balo,ball(dance).
baki,tobake.
balai,tosweep(afloor,etc.).
balanci(trans.),tobalance,poiseilakapon,tonodthehead.
balda(adv.),soon.
baleno,whale.
bani(trans.),tobathe.
banano,banana.
bandai,tobandage.
banko,bank(financial).
bankroti,tobecomebankrupt,fail.
banto,bow(ofribbon).
bari(trans.),tobar,toobstruct.
barakti,towrestle,struggle.
barbo,beard.
barbaro,barbarian.
barelo,barrel.
baritono,barytone.
baso,bass(voice).
bastono,stick.
bati,tobeat.
batali,tofight,battle.
batato,sweetpotato.
bedari,toregret.
beko,beak,bill.
bela,beautiful,handsome.
belgo,Belgian.
beni,tobless.
benko,bench.
bero,berry.
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besto,animal,beast.
beto,beet.
bezoni,toneed,want.
biblioteko,library.
biciklo,bicycle.
bieno,land,property,estate.
biero,beer.
bifsteko,beefsteak.
bildo,picture,image.
bileto,ticket,notebank,banknote,bill.
birdo,bird.
bis(adv.),oncemore,asecondtime,encore.
biskvito,biscuit.
blanka,white.
bleki,toneigh,bleat,giveitscry(ofanyanimal).
blinda,blind.
blovi,toblow.
blua,blue(color).
bluzo,blouse.
bo,prefixexpressingrelationshipbymarriage(277).
boato,boat.
boji,tobark(ofdogs).
boli(intrans.),toboil.
bombono,bonbon,sweet.
bona,goodveni,towelcome.
bori,tobore(holes).
bordo,shore,bank,edge(ofrivers,etc.).
Bostono,Boston.
boto,boot.
botelo,bottle.
bovo,oxao,beefidao,vealviro,bull.
brako,arm(ofthebody).
brano,branch,bough.
brando,brandy.
brasiko,cabbageflorbrasiko,cauliflower.
brava,brave.
breto,shelf,bracket.
brido,bridle(ofharness).
briko,brick,tile.
brili,toshine(116).
Brito,Briton.
brodi,toembroider.
bronzo,bronze.
brosi,tobrush.
brouro,pamphlet,brochure.
brovo,eyebrow.
bruo,noise.
bruli(intrans.),toburn(275).
bruna,brown.
bruto,cattle,dumbanimal.
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bubo,streetarab,gamin.
bui,toslaughter,butcher.
bufo,toad.
buko,buckle(metal).
bukedo,bouquet.
buklo,curl,ringlet(ofhair).
bulbo,onion,bulb.
bulgaro,Bulgarian.
bulko,roll(bread).
bulvardo,boulevard.
burono,bud,youngshoot.
buo,mouth.
butero,butter.
butiko,shop,store.
butono,button.
C.
celi,toaim,haveaspurposeorgoal.
celerio,celery.
cendo,cent(coin).
cent,hundred(142).
centigramo,centigram(284).
centilitro,centiliter(284).
centimetro,centimeter(284).
centro,center.
cerbo,brain.
certa,certain,sure.
cervo,stag,deer.
cetera,remaining.
ci(pronoun),thou(40).
cidonio,quince.
cifero,cipher.
cigaro,cigar.
cigaredo,cigarette.
cigno,swan.
cilindro,cylinder.
cinamo,cinnamon.
cindro,ashes.
ciro,blacking(forshoes).
cirkonstanco,circumstance.
cirkulero,circular(letter).
Ciruso,Cyrus.
citi,toquote.
citrono,lemon.
civilizi,tocivilize.
colo,inch(measure).
.
agreni(trans.),togrieve,vex,annoy.
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ambro,room.
apo,cap.
apelo,hat.
apitro,chapter(ofbook).
ar(conj.),because,since(83).
arma,charming,delightful.
arniro,hinge.
asi,tohunt(gameorwildanimals).
e(prep.),at,inthehouseorpresenceof(125,160).
efa,chief,principal,head.
eko,cheque.
emizo,shirt,chemise.
eno,chain(forwatch,etc.).
erizo,cherry.
esi(intrans.),tocease,leaveoff(275).
evalo,horseviro,stallion.
i(adv.),expressesproximity(60,66).
ia,ofeverykind(177).
ial(adv.),foreveryreason(188).
iam(adv.),always(187).
ie(adv.),everywhere(182).
iel(adv.),ineveryway(193).
ielo,heaven,sky.
ies(pronoun,possessive),everybody's(174).
ifono,rag.
io(pronoun),everything,all(233).
iom(adv.),all(194).
irka(prep.),around,roundabout(89,120,159,160).
iu(pronounandadj.),everyone,each(173).
j,suffixformingaffectionatediminutives(283).
okolado,chocolate.
u(adv.),whether(whentranslated)(30,66).
D.
da(prep.),of(afterquantitativenounoradv.)(99,101,103).
daktilo,date(fruit).
Damoklo,Damocles.
dano,Dane.
danci,todance.
danero,danger.
danki,tothank.
dato,date(chronological).
dari(intrans.),tocontinue,last.
de(prep.),of,from,by(49,89,l00,160,169,170).
deci,tobeproper,decentnedecaskeviiru,itisnotproperforyoutogo.
decembro,December.
decidi,todecide.
decigramo,decigram(284).
decilitro,deciliter(284).
decimetro,decimeter(284).
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defendi,todefend.
degeli(intrans.),tothaw(275).
deori,tobeonduty(ofofficer,attendant,etc.).
dek(adj.),ten(136).
dekagramo,dekagram(284).
dekalitro,dekaliter(284).
dekametro,dekameter(284).
deklami,todeclaim,recite.
dekstra,right(notleft).
delegi,todelegate.
delikata,delicate,dainty,nice.
demandi,toask,inquire.
densa,dense,thick,close.
dento,tooth.
depeo,adispatch.
des(adv.),themore(usedwithpli,84).
deserto,dessert.
detalo,detail.
detrui,todestroy.
devi,tohaveto,must(247).
dezerto,desert,waste.
deziri,todesire.
Dio,God.
diamanto,diamond.
difekti,todamage,spoil.
diferenca,different.
difini,todefine,todestine.
dika,thick,corpulent.
dikti,todictate(letters,etc.)
diligenta,diligent.
dimano,Sunday.
dimensio,dimension.
Diogeno,Diogenes.
diplomo,diploma.
diplomato,diplomat.
diri,tosay(77).
direkti,todirect,guide,manage.
dis,prefixexpressingseparation(245).
diskuti,todiscuss.
distanco,distance.
distingi,todistinguish.
distri,todistract,takeawaytheattention.
diveni,toguess.
diversa,varied,diverse,different.
dividi(trans.),todivide.
do,consequently,then,so.
doktoro,doctor.
dolaro,dollar.
dola,sweet,pleasant.
doloro,pain,ache.
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domo,house.
domao,pity,regrettableaffair.
doni,togive.
donaci,tomakeagift,present.
dorloti,tocaress,fondle,pet.
dormi,tosleep.
dorno,thorn.
dorso,back(ofthebody).
doti,toendow.
drapo,cloth.
drogo,drug.
droni(intrans.),todrown(275).
du(adj.),two(136)
dubi,todoubt.
dum(prepandconj.),during,while(96,120,159).
dungi(trans.),tohire(persons).
E.
ebena,even,flat,level.
ebl,suffixexpressingpossibility(161,162).
ebria,inebriate,intoxicated.
ec,suffixformingabstracts(202).
e(adv.),even.
eduki,tobringup,educate.
edzo,husband,marriedman.
efekto,effect.
efektiva,real,actual.
efiki,tobeefficacious,act(on),producearesult.
eg,suffixformingaugmentatives(122).
egala,equal.
Egipto,Egypt.
eo,echo.
ej,suffixformingwordsindicatingplace(III).
ek,prefixexpressingsuddennessorbeginning(206).
eks,prefixexpressingformerincumbency(281).
eksciti,toexcite.
eksperimenti,toexperiment.
eksplodi(intrans.),toexplode.
ekster(prep.),outsideof(120,121).
ekzameni,toexamine,test.
ekzemplo,example.
ekzemplero,copy(ofbookormagazine).
ekzerci(trans.),toexercise.
ekzili,toexile,banish
ekzisti,toexist.
el(prep.),outof,of,out(75,106,138,197,264,c).
elekti,tochoose.
elektra,electric.
elokventa,eloquent.
em,suffixexpressingpropensityorinclination(192).
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eminenta,eminent.
en(prep.),in(89,160),into(46).
energio,energy.
entrepreni,toundertake.
entuziasmo,enthusiasm.
enui,tobewearied,bebored.
envii,toenvy.
epoko,epoch,period,time.
er,suffixexpressingacomponentpart(276).
erari,toerr,makeamistake.
escepti,toexcept(266).
esperi,tohope.
esplori,toinvestigate,explore.
esprimi,toexpress.
esti,tobe(109).
establi,toestablish.
estimi,toesteem.
estingi,toextinguish.
estr,suffixexpressingleadershiporauthority(253).
et,suffixformingdiminutives(198).
etao,story(ofahouse)teretao,groundfloorunuaetao,secondstory.
etendi(trans.),toextend,lengthen,widen.
eterna,eternal.
Eropo,Europe.
evangelio,gospel,evangel.
eviti,toavoid,shun.
evolucio,evolution.
F.
fabo,bean(leguminousfruit).
fabelo,story,tale.
fablo,fable.
fabriki,tomanufacture.
facila,easy.
fadeno,thread.
fajfi,towhistle.
fajro,fire.
fako,department,specialty.
fakto,fact.
fali,tofall.
faldi,tofold.
falsi,tofalsify,forge,debase.
famo,fame,renown,rumor.
familio,family.
familiara,familiar,accustomed.
fandi(trans.),tosmelt,fuse(metals,etc.).
fanfaroni,toboast,vauntoneself,brag.
fantomo,phantom,ghost.
fari,tomake,do,render.
faraono,pharaoh(Egyptianruler).
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farmi,tofarm(asatenant).
farmacio,pharmacy(knowledgeoftheuseofdrugs).
farti,tobein(goodorbad)health.
faruno,flour.
fasko,bundle,bunch.
fasono,cut,mode,fashion.
fatala,fatal,predestined.
fako,jaw(literalandfigurative).
favora,favorable.
fazeolo,bean(gardenbean).
feo,fairy,fayino,fairy.
febro,fever.
februaro,February.
felo,skin,hide(ofanimals).
felia,happy.
femuro,thigh.
fendi(trans.),tosplit.
fenestro,window.
fero,ironvojo,railway.
ferdeko,deck(ofship).
fermi(trans.),toclose,shut.
fervoro,zeal,fervor.
festi,tocelebrate.
festeno,banquet.
fi(interjection),fie!(273).
fiakro,cab.
fiano,betrothedman,fiance.
fidi,torelyupon,trust.
fidela,faithful,loyal.
fiera,proud,haughty.
filo,son.
filozofo,philosopher.
fini(trans.),tofinish,end.
fingro,fingerdikafingro,thumbmontrafingro,indexfingerlongafingro,middlefingerringa
fingro,ringfingermalgrandafingro,littlefinger.
firma,firm,steady.
fio,fish.
fiziko,physics,physicalscience.
flago,flag,banner,smallstandard.
flanko,side.
flari(trans.),tosmell,scent.
flava,yellow.
fleksi(trans.),tobend,flex.
fliki,topatch.
floro,flower(116).
flui,toflow.
flugi,tofly.
fluida,fluid,liquid.
fojo,time,occasion(127).
fojno,hay.
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fokuso,focus.
folio,leaf.
fondi,tofound,establish.
fonto,spring(ofwater),fount.
fontano,fountain(artificial).
for(adv.),away(71).
forgesi,toforget.
forko,fork.
formo,shape,form.
formiko,ant.
forno,stove.
forta,strong.
fosi,todig.
fotografi,tophotograph
frago,strawberry.
frako,eveningdress(formen).
frakasi,toshatter,breaktopieces.
frambo,raspberry.
franco,Frenchman.
frandi,tobefondofsweets,beanepicure.
frano,fringe.
frapi,toknock,strike.
frato,brother.
fralo,bachelor,unmarriedman.
frazo,sentence,phrase.
Frederiko,Frederick.
fremda,foreign.
freneza,crazy,mad.
frea,fresh,new.
fripono,rogue,rascal,knave.
friti(trans.),tofry.
fromao,cheese.
frosto,frost.
froti,torub.
frua,early.
frukto,fruit.
frunto,forehead.
fulmo,lightning.
fumi,tosmoke.
fundo,bottom.
fundamento,foundation,base.
funebro,mourning.
fungo,mushroom.
funkcii,tofunction,work.
funto,pound.
furioza,furious,raging.
fui,tobungle.
futo,foot(measure).
G.
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gaja,gay,merry.
gajni,togain.
galerio,gallery.
galopi,togallop.
ganto,glove.
gardi,toguard,watchover.
gaso,gas.
gasto,guest.
gazeto,gazette,magazine.
ge,prefixindicatingbothsexestogether(271).
generalo,general(military).
genuo,kneefleksi,tokneel.
geometrio,geometry.
germano,German.
Gertrudo,Gertrude.
gieto,wicket,ticketwindow,turnstile.
girlando,garland,wreath.
glacio,iceao,anice(food).
gladi,toiron(linen,etc.).
glaso,tumbler,glass.
glata,smooth,polished,flat.
glavo,sword.
gliti,toglide,slide.
globo,globe.
gloro,glory.
gluo,glue.
gluti,toswallow.
goro,throat.
gracia,graceful.
grado,grade,degree.
grafo,countlando,county.
gramo,gram(284).
gramatiko,grammar.
granda,great,large,big.
graso,fat.
gratuli,tocongratulate.
grava,important,serious,grave.
graviti,togravitate.
greko,Greek.
greno,grain(wheat,corn,etc.).
grimpi,toclimbup,creepup.
grinci,togrind,gnash.
griza,gray.
grupo,group.
gurdo,hurdygurdy,barrelorgan.
gusto,taste.
guti,todrip.
gvidi,toguide.
.
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ardeno,garden.
emi,togroan.
eni,todisturb,incommode.
enerala,general,common.
entila,courteous,polite.
i(pronoun),it(32,37,42,274).
is(prep.),asfaras,until(46,89).
oji,torejoice,beglad(116).
ui,toenjoy,findpleasurein.
usta,exact,just.
H.
hajlo,hail(frozenrain).
haki,tochop,hackilo,axe.
halti(intrans.),tohalt,stop.
haro,ahair.
hato,skin(human).
havi,tohave.
haveno,harbor,port.
hazardo,chance,hazard.
hebreo,Hebrew.
hejmo,home.
hejti(trans.),toheat(aplace).
hektaro,hektare(284).
hektogramo,hektogram(284).
hektolitro,hektoliter(284).
hektometro,hektometer(284).
hela,bright,clear.
helpi,tohelp,aid,assist.
herbo,grass,herb.
heroo,hero.
heziti,tohesitate.
hiera(adv.),yesterday(93,171).
Hierono,Hiero.
hipokriti,toplaythehypocrite.
hirundo,swallow(bird).
hispano,Spaniard.
historio,history.
ho(interjection),ho,oh(273).
hodia(adv.),today(93,171).
Holando,Holland.
homo,humanbeing.
honesta,honest.
honori,tohonor.
honti,tobeashamed.
horo,hour(185).
horizonto,horizon.
horizontala,horizontal.
horloo,clockpohorloo,watch.
hotelo,hotel.
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humila,humble.
humoro,humor,temper.
hundo,dog.
hura!(interjection),hurrah!
.
emio,chemistry.
ino,Chinaman.
oro,choir.
I.
ia,anykindof(208).
ial(adv.),foranyreason(213).
iam(adv.),ever,atanytime,once(212).
id,suffixindicatingdescendantoryoungof(207).
ideo,idea.
idealo,ideal.
identa,identical.
idiomo,idiom.
idioto,idiot.
ie(adv.),somewhere(209).
iel(adv.),somehow(216).
ies(pronoun,possessive),somebody's(204).
ig,suffixformingcausativeverbs(214,239,275).
ignori,toignore.
i,suffixforminginchoativeandintransitiveverbs(232,239,279).
il,suffixformingnamesofinstruments(63).
ili(pronoun),they(32,37,42).
ilustri,toillustrate.
iluzio,illusion,delusion.
imagi,toimagine,fancy.
imiti,toimitate.
imperio,empire.
impliki,toimplicate.
imposto,tax,impost.
impresi,toimpress.
impulso,impulse.
in,suffixformingfeminines(59).
inciti,toincite,arouse,provoke.
ind,suffixexpressingworthormerit(154).
indiano,Indian(American).
indiferenta,indifferent,unconcerned,unimportant.
industrio,industry(trade,business).
infano,child.
infekti,toinfect,contaminate.
influi,toinfluence.
informi,togiveinformation.
ing,suffixexpressingaholderorcontainer(237).
ineniero,engineer.
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inko,ink.
insekto,insect.
insisti,toinsist.
inspiri,toinspire.
instrui,toinstruct,teach.
insulo,island.
insulti,toinsult.
inteligenta,intelligent.
intendi,tointend.
inter(prep.),between,among(85,89,160).
interesi(trans.),tointerest.
intermiti,tobeintermittent.
interna,internale,inside.
interpreti,tointerpret.
intima,intimate.
inviti,toinvite.
io(pronoun),something(233).
iom(adv.),some,acertainamountiompostiom,littlebylittle(217).
iri,togo.
ist,suffixindicatingprofession,etc.(172).
italo,Italian.
iu(pronoun),someone,acertain(one)(203).
J.
ja(adv.),indeed,infact(215).
jako,jacket,shortcoat.
jam(adv.),already.
januaro,January.
jaro,year.
je,prep.ofindefinitemeaning(89,185,260).
jen(adv.),there,behold(228).
jes(adv.),yes(171).
Jesuo,Jesus.
Johano,John.
ju(adv.),themore(usedwithpli,84).
jugo,yoke.
jui,tojudge.
julio,July.
juna,young.
jungi,toharness.
junio,June.
jupo,skirt.
juristo,jurist.
justa,just,upright.
juvelo,jewel.
.
aluza,jealous.
ado,Thursday.
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eti,tothrow,cast,hurl.
ongli,tojuggle.
uri,totakeoath,swear.
urnalo,newspaper,journal.
us(adv.),amomentbefore,just.
K.
kadavro,corpse.
kadro,frame(ofpictures).
kaduka,decaying,inruin.
kafo,coffee.
kao,cage.
kahelo,tile(forpaving).
kaj(conj.),andkaj..kaj..,both..and..(26).
kajero,notebook.
kaldrono,caldron.
kalendaro,calendar.
kaleo,carriage.
kalkano,heel(ofthefoot)umo,heelofashoe.
kalkuli,tocalculate,reckon.
kamelo,camel.
kameno,chimney.
kamero,camera.
kampo,field.
kanajlo,scoundrel,rascal.
kanapo,sofa.
kando,candy.
kandelo,candle.
kanoto,canoe.
kanti,tosing.
kapo,head.
kapabla,capable.
kapelo,chapel(forprayer).
kapitalo,capital(money).
kapitolo,capitol.
kapti,tocatch,seize.
kara,dear,prized.
karaktero,character.
karbo,coal.
karcero,jail.
karesi,tocaress.
karno,flesh.
karoto,carrot.
karto,cardpotkarto,postcardvizitkarto,visitingcard.
kartono,pasteboard.
karuselo,merrygoround.
kaso,moneybox,treasuryisto,cashier,treasurer.
kaskado,waterfall,cascade.
kastelo,castle.
kai,tohide,conceal(252).
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katano,chestnut.
kato,cat.
kateno,fetter,chain.
kazo,cause.
kavo,cavity,hole.
kazo,case(grammatical).
ke(conj.),that(53,83,105,259,262).
kelo,cellar.
kelka,someaj,several,morethanoneortwo.
kelnero,waiter(inhotelorrestaurant).
kesto,chesttirkesto,drawer.
kia,whatkindof(112,150)kiamaniere,how.
kial(adv.),why(129).
kiam(adv.),when(123,155).
kie(adv.),where(118,151).
kiel(adv.),how,inwhichway,as(134,156).
kies(pronoun,possessive),whose(107,147).
kilogramo,kilogram(284).
kilolitro,kiloliter(284).
kilometro,kilometer(284).
kio(pronoun),what(233).
kiom(adv.),howmuch(140,164,185).
kisi,tokiss.
kiu(pronoun),who(106,146).
klaki(trans.),toclap,clatter.
klara,clear,distinct.
klavo,key(ofpiano,etc.).
klaso,class.
klera,enlightened,wellinformed.
klimato,climate.
klini(trans.),toincline,bend.
klingo,blade(ofknife,etc.).
klopodi,toundertakeinitiativework,takestepstoward,laborforthesuccessorcompletionof
something.
klubo,club(organization)
knabo,boy.
koboldo,sprite,kobold,brownie.
kofro,trunk,chestwithalid.
koko,cock(domesticfowl).
koketa,coquettish.
kokso,hip.
kolo,neck.
kolbaso,sausage.
kolegio,college.
kolekti(trans.),tocollect,gather.
koleri,tobeangry,losethetemper.
kolombo,pigeon,dove.
kolono,column,pillar.
kolonelo,colonel.
koloro,color.
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kolporti,topeddle.
komandi,tocommand(militaryandnaval).
kombi,tocomb.
komedio,comedy.
komenci(trans.),tobegin,commence.
komerci,totrade,engageincommerce.
komforto,comfort(freedomfrompain,want,etc.).
komisii,toentrustwith,putinchargeof,givetheagencyfor.
komitato,committee.
komizo,clerk,employee,assistant.
kompanio,company(commercialorganization).
kompari,(trans.)tocompare,(266).
kompati,topity,havecompassionfor.
kompleto,suit(ofclothes).
komplezo,kindness,courtesy,dispositiontooblige.
kompliki,tocomplicate.
komposti,tocompose,set(type)isto,compositor.
kompoto,jam,preserve,
kompreni,tounderstand.
komuna,common,mutual.
komuniki,tocommunicate.
koni,tobeacquaintedwith,knowatiikun,tobecomeacquaintedwith(117).
koncerni,toconcern(266).
koncerto,concert(musical).
kondamni,tocondemn.
kondio,termsspecified,stipulation,condition.
konduki,toconduct,lead.
konduktoro,conductor(ofcar,train,etc.).
konduti,tobehave,conductoneself.
konfesi,toconfess,admit.
konfidi,totrust,haveconfidencein.
konfiti,topreserve,pickle(fruits,etc.).
konformi,tobeinconformitywith(266).
konfuzi,toconfuse,confound.
kongreso,congress(assembly).
konko,shell(ofmollusk,etc.).
konkuri,tovie,compete.
konkurenco,competition(inbusiness,etc.).
konkurso,prearrangedtrialofskill,formalcompetition(forprizes,etc.).
konscii,tobeconscious.
konscienco,conscience.
konsenti,toconsent,agree.
konservi,tokeep,preserve,save.
konservativa,conservative.
konsili,toadvise,counsel.
konsisti,toconsist.
konsoli,toconsole,comfort.
konsonanto,consonant.
konspiri,toconspire,plot.
konstanta,constant.
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konstati,toverify,ascertainthetruthof,certify.
konstitucio,constitution.
konstrui,tobuild.
konsulo,consul.
konsulti,toseekadviceof,consult.
konto,account(bookkeeping,commercial).
kontenta,content,satisfied.
kontinento,continent(geographical).
kontrakti,tocontract,agree.
kontralto,contralto.
kontra(prep.),against,opposite,opposedto(159,160).
kontroli,tocontrol,inspect,examineandcheck.
konturo,outline,contour.
kontuzi,tobruise.
konveni,tobesuitable,befittingorconvenient.
konvinki,toconvince,persuade.
kopii,tocopy.
koro,heart(ofthebody).
korbo,basket.
korekti,tocorrect.
korespondi,toexchangeletters,correspond.
koridoro,corridor,passage.
korko,cork(bark).
korno,horn.
korpo,body,a,corporeal.
korpuso,corps(military).
korto,courtyard,court.
kortego,court(royal,etc.).
korvo,raven.
kosti,tocost.
kostumo,costume.
koto,mud.
kotizi,topaydues,payone'sshareofanassessment.
kotleto,cutlet,chop.
kotono,cotton.
kovi,tobrood(ofbirds).
koverto,envelope
kovri,tocover.
krabo,crab.
krado,grating,grate,lattice.
krajono,pencil.
kraki,toclack,crackle.
krano,faucet,tap.
kravato,cravat.
krei,tocreate.
kredi,tobelieve(265).
kremo,cream.
krepusko,twilight,halflightofdawnorevening.
kreski,togrow.
krestomatio,chrestomathy,collectionofselectedpassages.
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kreto,chalk.
krevi(intrans.),toburst,crackopen(suddenlyandwithnoise).
krii,tocryout.
kribri,tosift(withasieve).
krimo,crime.
kringo,ringshapedbiscuit.
kripla,crippled.
Kristo,Christ.
kritiki,tocriticise.
kroi,tohook.
krom(prep.),beside,asidefrom,except,save,but.
krono,crown.
kruco,crossumi,tocrucify.
kruo,pitcher,jugtekruo,teapot.
kruela,cruel.
kruro,leg.
krusto,crust.
kruta,steep.
kubuto,elbow.
kudri,tosew.
kuglo,bullet.
kuiri,tocook.
kuko,cakeao,pastry.
kukumo,cucumber.
kukurbo,pumpkin.
kulero,spoon.
kulpa,guilty.
kulturi,tocultivateterkulturi,totillthesoil,farm.
kun(prep.),with(70,76,120,160,159).
kuniklo,rabbit.
kupono,coupon.
kupro,copper(metal).
kuri,torun.
kuraci,totreatforillness,cureato,apatientisto,aphysician,medicalman.
kurao,courage.
kurbo,curve.
kurioza,uncommon,curious.
kurso,course(oflessons).
kurteno,curtain.
kuseno,cushion.
kui,tolie,recline(239).
kutimo,custom,habit.
kuvo,tub,largebasin.
kuzo,cousin.
kvadrato,square(equilateralrectangle).
kvalito,quality,texture.
kvankam(conj.),though,although,while(concessive).
kvanto,quantity,amount.
kvar,(adj.),four(136).
kvartalo,quarter(ofacity).
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kvaza(conj.),asthough,asif(250).
kverko,oak.
kvieta,calm,quiet.
kvin,(adj.),five(136).
kvitanco,receipt(forpayment).
L.
la(article),the(II,47,201,280,a).
labori,towork,labor.
laca,tired,weary.
lao,string,lace(ofshoe,etc.).
lado,tinplate(sheetironcoveredwithtin).
lago,lake.
lakto,milk.
laktuko,lettuce.
lama,lame.
lampo,lamp.
lano,wool.
lanco,lance,spear.
lando,land,country.
lango,tongue(ofthebody).
lanterno,lantern.
lanugo,down(hairs,feathers).
lardo,bacon.
lara,wide,broad.
larmo,tear(oftheeye).
lasi,(trans.),toleave,let,permit.
lasta,last(inaseries).
latina,Latin.
la(prep.),inaccordancewith,along,by(191).
labo,arbor,summerhouse.
ladi,topraise.
lata,loud.
lavi,towash.
leciono,lesson.
ledo,leather.
legi,toread.
legomo,vegetable.
leo,law.
leki,tolick.
leono,lion.
leporo,hare.
lerni,tolearn.
lerta,clever,skilful.
letero,letter(epistle).
levi,toraise,lift.
li(pronoun),he,him(32,37,42).
libera,free.
libro,book.
ligi,totie,bind,fastenilo,bondthatwhichtiesorfastensao,knoto,league,alliance.
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ligno,wood.
limo,limit,boundary.
limonado,lemonade.
lingvo,language.
linio,lineilo,ruler.
lipo,lipharoj,moustache.
lito,bed(forsleeping).
litero,letterofthealphabetlalitera,literal.
literaturo,literature.
litro,liter(284).
liveri,todeliver,supply,furnish.
logi,toallure.
loi,todwell,reside(133).
loko,placea,local.
lokomotivo,locomotive.
longa,long.
lonicero,honeysuckle.
lorno,telescope,spyglasseto,operaglasses.
lui,tohire,rent(engageandpayrentfor).
ludi,toplay.
lukso,luxury.
luli,tolulltosleepilo,cradle.
lumi,toshine(275).
luno,moon.
lunatiko,lunatic.
lundo,Monday.
lupo,wolf.
M.
mai,tochew,masticate.
magazeno,warehouse.
magio,magic.
magistro,masterofarts(A.M.).
maizo,maize,Indiancorn.
majo,May.
majesta,majestic.
majonesa,mayonnaise.
majstro,master(ofhisartorprofession).
makaronio,macaroni.
maksimumo,maximum.
makulo,spot,stain.
makzelo,jawosto,jawbone.
mal,prefixformingopposites(67).
maleolo,ankle.
malgra(prep.),notwithstanding.
malica,malicious.
mano,hand.
mandato,moneyorder.
mani,toeat.
maniero,manner,way.
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maniko,sleeve.
manki(intrans.),tobelacking,wanting.
mantelo,cloak,mantle.
manuskripto,manuscript.
maro,sea.
maro,swamp,marsh.
mardo,Tuesday.
Mario,Mary.
marko,mark.
marmelado,marmalade.
marmoro,marble(stone),
mari,towalk.
marto,March.
martelo,hammer.
mastro,master(ofahouse,etc.)
maino,machine.
mateno,morning(93).
materialo,material.
matura,ripe,mature.
meblo,pieceoffurniture.
medicino,medicine(thescience).
meaniko,mechanics.
mejlo,mile.
meleagro,turkey.
melki,tomilk.
melodio,melody.
melono,melon.
mem(pronoun),self,selves(219).
membro,limb,member.
memori,toremember,keepinmindrememori,torecalltomemory.
mendi,toorder(ofastore,etc.).
mensogi,tolie,telllies.
mentono,chin.
menuo,menu.
meriti,todeserve,merit.
merkredo,Wednesday.
merlo,blackbird.
meti,toput,place.
metalo,metal.
metio,trade,handicraft.
metodo,method,way.
metro,meter(284).
mezo,middle.
mezuri,tomeasure.
mi(pronoun),I,me(32,37).
mielo,honey.
mieno,appearance,mien.
miksi(trans.),tomix.
mil(adj.),thousand(142).
milda,mild.
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milimetro,millimeter(284).
miliono,million.
militi,tofight,wagewar.
mino,mine(ofcoal,silver,etc.).
minaci,tothreaten.
mineralo,mineral.
minimumo,minimum.
ministro,minister(political).
minuto,minute.
miopa,shortsighted.
miri,towonder.
mistero,mystery.
mizero,misery.
modo,mode,fashion.
modelo,model.
modera,moderate.
modesta,modest.
moki,tomock.
mola,soft.
momento,momenta,momentary,instantaneous.
mono,money.
monao,monk.
monario,monarch.
monato,month.
mondo,world.
monto,mountain.
montri(trans.),toshow.
moro,conduct(inregardtorightorwrong)oj,morals.
morala,moraleco,morality.
mordi,tobite.
morga(adv.),tomorrow(171).
morti,todieigi,tokill.
moto,titleofrespect(258).
movi(trans.),tomove,putinmotion.
muelo,mill(forgrinding).
mui,toroar,bellow.
multa,much(81).
muro,wall.
murmuri,tomurmur.
muso,mouse.
mustardo,mustard.
muo,fly.
muta,dumb,mute.
muzeo,museum.
muziko,music.
N.
nacio,nation.
nai,toswim.
naiva,artless,naive,ingenuous.
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najbaro,neighbor.
najlo,nail(ofmetal).
napo,turnip.
naski,toproduce,bringforth,givebirthto.
naturo,nature.
na(adj.),nine(136).
nazo,nose.
ne(adv.),no,not(27,66,a,171).
nebulo,fog,mist.
necesa,necessary.
negativo,negative(photographic).
neo,snow.
nek(negativeconj.),neither,nor(31).
nenia,nokindof(224).
nenial(adv.),fornoreason(229).
neniam(adv.),never(226).
nenie(adv.),nowhere(225).
neniel(adv.),innoway(230).
nenies(pronoun,possessive),nobody's(221).
nenio(pronoun),nothing(233).
neniom(adv.),none,notany(231).
neniu(pronoun),noone,nobody,no(220).
nepo,grandson.
nepre,inevitably,certainly,unfailingly.
nervo,nerve.
nesto,nest.
netrala,neutral,nonpartisan.
nevo,nephew.
ni(pronoun),we,us(32,37).
nigra,black.
nivelo,level.
nj,suffixformingaffectionatediminutives(283).
nobelo,nobleman.
nobla,noble(incharacter).
nokto,night.
nomo,namei,toname,mention.
nombro,number(quantity).
nordo,north.
norvego,Norwegian.
nostalgio,homesickness.
noto,note.
nova,new,recent,noveldenove,anew,again.
novembro,November.
nu(interjection),well!(273).
nuanco,shade,tint,hue.
nubo,cloud.
nuda,bare,naked,nude.
nukso,nut.
nulo,zero,naught.
numero,number,numeral(No.).
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nun(adv.),now(171).
nur(adv.),merely,only.
nutri,tonourish,tofeed.
O.
obei,toobey(265).
objekto,object,thing.
objektivo,lens,objective.
obl,suffixformingmultiples(186).
oblikva,oblique,slanting.
observi,toobserve,takenoteof.
obstina,obstinate.
oceano,ocean.
odori,tosmell(goodorbad).
ofendi,tooffend.
oferi,tosacrifice,offer.
ofico,office,employmentisto,officer(offirmororganization)ejo,office(theplace).
oficiala,official.
oficiro,officer(militaryornaval).
ofta,frequent.
ok(adj.),eight(136).
okazi,tohappen,occur,takeplace.
okcidento,west.
oktobro,October.
okulo,eye.
okupi,tooccupy.
ol(conj.),than(82,97,98).
oleo,oil.
olivo,olive.
ombro,shadow,shade.
ombrelo,umbrella.
on,suffixformingfractions(166).
ondo,wave.
oni(pronoun),one,they(54).
onklo,uncle.
op,suffixformingcollectivenumerals(261).
opero,opera.
opinii,tohavetheopinion,think.
oportuna,handy,convenient,opportune.
oro,gold.
orano,orange(fruit).
ordo,order(methodicalorproperarrangement).
ordinara,ordinaryeksterordinara,extraordinary.
ordoni,toorder,bid,command.
orelo,ear(ofthebody).
orfo,orphan.
organo,organ(physical).
organizi,toorganize.
orgeno,organ,(musicalinstrument).
oriento,east.
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originalo,original.
orkestro,orchestra.
ornami,toornament,adorn.
orta,rightangled.
oscedi,togape,yawn.
osto,bone.
ostro,oyster.
ostracismo,ostracism.
ovo,egg.
P.
paco,peace.
pacienco,patience.
padeli,topaddle.
pafi,toshoot(withgun,etc.).
pagi,topay.
pao,page(ofabook,etc.).
pajlo,straw.
paki,topack.
pala,pale.
palaco,palace.
paliso,stakearo,palisade.
palpi,tofeel(withthefingers,etc.)ado,touch(thesense).
palpebro,eyelid.
pano,bread.
pantalono,trousers.
pantoflo,slipper.
papero,paper(material).
papilio,butterfly.
paro,pair.
paradizo,paradise.
paragrafo,paragraph.
paralela,parallel.
pardoni,toforgive,pardon(265).
parenco,relative(person).
parfumo,perfume.
parko,park.
parkere,byrote,byheart,frommemory.
paroli,tospeak(77).
parto,part,share.
participo,participle.
pasi,(intrans.),topass.
pasaero,passenger.
pasero,sparrow.
pasio,passion.
pasiva,passive.
Pasko,Easter.
pasteo,patty,smallpie.
pastinako,parsnip.
pastro,pastor,clergyman,priest.
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pai,tostep.
pati(trans.),topasture,feedisto,shepherd.
pato,pan,fryingpan.
patro,father.
pazo,pause.
pavimo,pavement.
peco,piece,morsel.
pejzao,landscape.
peki,tosin.
pekli,topickle(meat,etc.).
peli,tochaseaway,driveoff.
pelto,coatorwrapoffur.
peni,tostrive,try.
pendi(intrans.),tohang.
penetri,topenetrate.
peniko,paintbrush,hairpencil.
pensi,tothink.
penti,torepent.
pentri,topaint.
pepi,tochirp,twitter.
per(prep.),bymeansof,with,by(64).
perdi,tolose.
perei,toperish.
perfekta,perfect.
perfidi,tobetraya,perfidious,treacherous.
perioda,periodic.
perlo,pearl.
permesi,topermit,allow,let.
perono,platform(railway),stoop(entranceporch).
persekuti,topersecute,prosecute.
persiko,peach.
persisti,topersist,persevere.
persono,person.
peruko,wig.
pesi(trans.),toascertaintheweightofilo,scales,balance.
peti,torequest,beg,ask.
petoli,tobemischievous,saucy,roguish.
petrolo,petroleum,kerosene.
petroselo,parsley.
pezi(intrans.),tobeheavy,weigh.
pia,pious.
piceo,spruce(tree).
piedo,footiranto,pedestrian.
piedestalo,pedestal.
piki,toprick,sting.
pilgrimi,togoonapilgrimage.
pilko,ball(toplaywith).
pino,pine(tree).
pinakoteko,picturegallery.
pini,topinch.
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pinglo,pin.
pinto,point,pinnacle,summit.
pioniro,pioneer.
pipo,pipe(forsmoking).
pipro,pepper.
piro,pear.
pisti,tocrush,mashao,pure.
pitoreska,picturesque.
pizo,pea.
placo,publicsquare,place(broad,shortstreetoropenspace).
plai,toplease,tobepleasing(265).
plado,flatdish.
plafono,ceiling.
plano,plan,scheme.
plando,sole(ofthefoot).
planedo,planet.
planko,floor.
planti,toplant.
plata,flat,plane.
pladi(trans.),tosplash,dabble(aliquid).
plej(adv.),most(74,79,81,162)malplej,least(80).
plekti,toweave,plait,braid.
plena,fullplenumi,tofulfil.
plendi,tocomplain.
pleto,tray.
plezuro,pleasure.
pli(adv.),more(74,79,81)malpli,less(80).
plori,toweep,cry.
plu(adv.),further,more,anymore.
plugi,toplow.
plumo,pen,feather.
plumbo,lead(metal)isto,plumber.
pluvo,rain.
pnematiko,pneumatictire.
po(prep.),attherateof(175).
poemo,poem.
poeto,poet.
poezio,poetry,poesy.
pokalo,goblet,cup.
polo,Pole.
polico,police(force).
politiko,politics.
polmo,palm(ofthehand).
poluri,topolish,makesmoothandglossy.
poluso,pole(geographical).
polvo,dust.
pomo,apple.
pompo,pomp,splendor.
ponto,bridge.
popolo,apeople,folk.
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populara,popular.
por(prep.),for(95,98,262).
porcelano,porcelain,china.
porcio,portion,share.
pordo,door.
porko,swine,pig,hog.
porti,tocarry,bear.
portreto,portrait.
posedi,topossess,own.
post(prep.),after,behind(89,120).
postuli,torequire,demand.
poo,pocket.
poto,post(mail)kesto,mailboxmarko,postagestampmandato,postalmoneyorder.
poto,pot.
potenca,powerful,mighty.
povi,tobeable,can(72).
pra,prefixindicatingremotenessinlineofdescent(282).
praktiko,practice.
prava,right,intheright.
precipa,principal,chief.
preciza,precise.
prediki,topreach.
preferi,toprefer.
prefikso,prefix.
prei,toprayejo,church.
premi,topress.
premio,premium,prize.
preni,totake.
prepari,toprepare.
presi,toprint.
preska(adv.),almost.
preta,ready.
preteksti,tomakepretextof,pretend,sham.
pretendi,tomakepretensionto,layclaimto.
preter(prep.),beyond,past,by.
prezo,price.
prezenti,topresent,offer.
prezidi,topresideanto,presidingofficer,president,chairman.
pri(prep.),concerning,about,of(160,264,c).
princo,prince.
principo,principle.
printempo,spring(season).
pro(prep.),onaccountof,becauseof,for(86).
problemo,problem.
procento,interest,percentage.
proceso,lawsuit,legalprocess.
produkti,toproduce.
profesio,profession,occupation,calling.
profesoro,professor.
profilo,profile.
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profito,profiti,toprofit(by).
profunda,deep,profound.
progresi,toprogress.
projekto,project.
proklami,toproclaim.
prokrasti,todelay,procrastinate.
proksima,near.
promeni,togowalking,promenade.
promesi,topromise.
proponi,topropose,offer.
proporcio,proportion.
propra,own(one'sown)malpropra,otherpeople'sigialsi,toappropriate,makeone'sown.
prosperi,tohavesuccess,prosper.
protekti,toprotect.
protesti,toprotest.
protokolo,minutes(ofameeting).
provi,totry,attempt,test.
provizi,toprovide.
prozo,proseao,prosecomposition,pieceofprose.
prudenta,reasonable,sensible,rational.
prujno,hoarfrost.
pruno,plum.
prunto,loani,(edoni),tolendepreni,toborrow.
pruvi,toprove,giveproofof.
psalmo,psalm.
publiko,public(the)igi,topublish.
pudingo,pudding.
pudri,topowder.
pugno,fist.
pulmo,lung.
pulvo,gunpowder.
pumpi,topump.
puni,topunish.
punto,lace(point,etc.).
pupo,doll.
pupitro,desk.
pura,clean,pure.
purpura,purple.
pui,topushrepui,torepulse.
puto,well(forwater).
R.
rabarbo,rhubarb.
rabi,topillage,plunderisto,robber.
rabati,torebate,giveareduction,discountorrebate.
rado,wheel.
radio,ray(oflight),spoke(ofwheel),radius.
radiko,root.
rafano,radish.
rafini,torefineejo,refinery.
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rajdi,toride(horse,etc.).
rajto,right(tosomething).
rakonti,torelate,narrate(77).
rampi,tocreep,crawl,clamber.
rano,frog.
rando,edge,border.
rango,rank,grade,dignity.
rapida,rapid,quicko,speedemo,haste.
raporti,toreport,giveareport.
raso,race(tribe,people,nation).
raspi,torasp,grateilo,grater.
rato,rat.
raka,hoarse,raucous.
ravi,toenchant.
razi,toshave.
re,prefixindicatingrepetitionorreturn(223).
reala,real.
reciproka,reciprocal,mutual(180).
redakcio,editorialdepartment.
redakti,toedit.
redaktoro,editor.
redingoto,frockcoat.
refuti,torefute.
regi,torule,govern,reign.
regali(trans.),toregale,treat(tofoodordrink).
regiono,region.
registri(trans.),toregister,enroll.
regno,state,governedbodyano,citizen,subject.
regulo,rule,regulation.
reo,king.
reklami,toadvertise.
rekomendi,torecommend,register(aletter).
rekompenci,torecompense,reward.
rekta,straight,undeviating,direct.
relo,rail.
religio,religion.
remi,torow.
remburi,toupholster,stuff,pad.
renkonti(trans.),tomeet.
renversi(trans.),toupset.
reprezenti,torepresent.
respekti,torespect.
respondi,toanswer.
respubliko,republic.
resti,toremain,stay.
restoracio,restaurant.
resumi,tosummarize,giveinresum.
reto,net,netting.
revi,toindulgeinrevery,dream,fancy.
revuo,journal,review,magazine.
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rezoni,toreason(exertthepowerofreasoning).
rezulti,toresult.
ricevi,toreceive.
ria,rich.
ridi,tolaugh(265).
rifuzi,torefuse.
rigardi,tolook.
rigli,tobolt(fasten).
rikolti,toharvest,reap.
rilati,tohaverelation(to)(266).
rimarki,tonotice,note.
rimedo,means,wayvivrimedoj,meansoflivelihood.
rimeno,thong,strap.
ringo,ring.
ripo,rib.
ripari,tomend,repair.
ripeti,torepeat.
ripozi,torepose,rest.
riproi,toreproach.
rivero,river.
rizo,rice.
robo,dress,robe.
Roberto,Robert.
rompi(trans.),tobreak.
rondo,circle,ring,round.
roso,dew.
rosti,toroast.
rozo,rose(flower).
rubando,ribbon.
rubuso,blackberry.
rua,red.
ruino,ruin.
ruli(trans.),toroll(ball,etc.).
ruso,Russian.
rusti,torust.
rutino,routine.
ruza,crafty,cunning,sly.
S.
sabato,Saturday.
sablo,sand.
sago,arrow.
saa,wise.
sako,sack,bag.
salo,salt.
salajro,salary,wages.
salato,salad.
salono,parlor,drawingroom.
salti,tojump,leap.
saluti,tosalute,greet.
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sama,same.
sana,healthy,well.
sango,blood.
sankta,sacred,holy.
sapo,soap.
sardeno,sardine.
sata,satedmalsata,hungry.
saco,sauce,gravy,dressing.
savi,tosaverescue.
scii,toknow(117).
scienco,science.
se(conj.),if(240).
sed(conj.),but.
segi,tosaw.
seo,chair.
seka,dry.
sekreto,secret.
sekretario,secretary.
sekundo,second(oftime).
sekvi,tofollow.
selo,saddle.
semo,seedi,tosow.
semajno,week.
sen(prep.),without(248).
senato,senateano,senator.
senco,sense,meaning.
sendi,tosend.
senti,tofeel,perceive.
sep(adj.),seven(136).
septembro,September.
seri,toseek,hunt,lookfor.
seruro,lock.
servi,toserve.
servico,course(ofameal).
ses(adj.),six(136).
severa,severe,stern.
sezono,season.
si(pronoun,reflexive),himself,herself,etc.(40,44,274).
sibli,tohiss,whistle(wind,etc.).
sidi,tosit(239).
sigeli,toseal.
signo,sign,trace,mark.
signifi,tosignify,mean.
silabo,syllable.
silenti,tobesilent(239).
silko,silk.
simio,monkey.
simila,like,similar.
simpla,simple.
sinjoro,gentleman,Mr.(163).
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Sirakuzo,Syracuse.
sitelo,pail,bucket.
skatolo,smallboxorcase.
skizi,tosketch.
sklavo,slave.
skoto,Scot,Scotchman.
skrapi,toscrape.
skribi,towrite.
skui(trans.),toshake.
skulpti,tocarve,sculpture.
societo,society.
soifi,tobethirsty.
sojlo,threshold.
Sokrato,Socrates.
sola,alone,sole,only.
soldato,soldier.
solena,formal,solemn.
somero,summer.
soni(intrans.),tosound.
soni,todream(insleep).
sonori(intrans.),toring,soundilo,bell.
sopiri,toyearn,long,sigh.
sorbi,toabsorbpapero,blottingpaper.
soro,witchcraftensori,tobewitchisto,sorcerer.
sorto,destiny,fate,lot.
sovaa,wild,savage.
spaco,space.
speco,kind,sort,species.
speciala,special.
specimeno,specimen,sample.
spegulo,mirror.
sperta,experienced,expert.
speso,speso(internationalunitofmoney,284).
spezo,clearing(financial)elspezi,todisburse,expend,spendenspezi,totakein,receive(funds).
spinaco,spinach.
spiri,tobreatheelspiri,toexhale.
spite(prep.),inspiteof.
sprita,witty.
stacio,station(railway,boat,etc.).
stampi,tomarkofficially,stamp.
standardo,standard,flag.
stano,tin(metal).
stango,pole.
stari,tostand(239).
stato,state(ofbeing),condition.
stelo,star.
stenografio,shorthand,stenography.
stilo,style.
stimuli,tostimulate.
stomako,stomach.
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stranga,strange,peculiar.
strato,street.
strei(trans.),tostretch.
streki,tomakeastreak,orlinesubstreki,tounderlinesurstreki,trastreki,tocrossoff,strikeout.
strio,streak,stripe,band.
striko,strike(oflabor).
studi,tostudy.
studento,student(college,etc.).
stufi(trans.),tostew.
stumpo,stump(oftree,etc.).
sub(prep.),under,beneath(121,160).
subita,sudden,abrupt.
substanco,substance.
sudo,south.
suferi,tosuffer,endure.
sufii,tosufficeega,abundant.
sufikso,suffix.
sufoki(trans.),tosuffocate.
sugestii,tosuggest.
suko,sap,juice(ofplants,etc.)a,succulent.
sukcesi,tosucceed.
sukero,sugar.
sulfuro,sulphur.
sulko,furrow,wrinkle.
sumo,sum,amount.
suno,sun.
supo,soup.
super(prep.),above,over(159)a,superior.
superstio,superstition.
supozi,tosuppose.
supre(adv.),abovea,upper,aboveao,surface.
sur(prep.),on,upon(160).
surda,deaf.
surprizi,tosurprise.
surtuto,overcoat.
suspekti,tosuspect.
svedo,Swede.
sveni,tofaint,swoon.
svingi(trans.),swing,brandish.
sviso,Swiss.
.
afo,sheepao,muttonido,lambidao,lamb(meat)viro,ram.
ajni,toseem,appear.
alo,shawl.
anco,luck,chancebonance,luckily.
anceli(trans.),tooscillate,vacillate,maketremble.
ani(trans.),tochange,alter.
ari,toburden,load.
ati,tolike,prize.
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amo,foam,froth.
elo,shell,peeling,bark.
elko,suspender,supporter.
erci,tojoke,jest.
i(pronoun),she,her(32,37,42).
ildo,shield.
inko,ham.
ipo,ship.
iri,totear.
irmi,toshelter,shieldilo,screen.
limo,slime.
losi,tolockilo,key.
miri,toanoint,smear.
nuro,string.
oseo,broadroadway,drive.
ovi,toshove,push.
oveli,toshovel.
pari,tospare,beeconomicalof.
pini,tospin.
pruci,togush,spout,spurt(ofliquids).
ranko,cupboard,wardrobe.
rabo,screw.
talo,steel.
tato,state(political).
teli,tosteal(252).
tipo,log,blockofwood.
tofo,cloth,stuff.
tono,stone.
topi,tostopup,corkilo,stopper.
trumpo,stocking.
tupo,step,roundaro,staircase.
uo,shoesuperuo,overshoe.
uldi,toowe,beindebted.
ultro,shoulder.
uto,chutei,topour(asinachute).
veli,toswell,becomeswollen.
viti,toperspire.
T.
tabako,tobacco.
tabelo,table,index,tabulation.
tablo,table(furniture).
tabulo,board,plank.
tago,dayio,dawnmezo,noon.
tajloro,tailor.
taksi,toestimate,value,rate.
talento,talent.
talio,waistbeltalia,shapely,havingagoodfigure.
tamburo,drum.
tamen(conj.),nevertheless,however,yet,still.
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tantiemo,percentageofprofit,royalty.
tapio,carpet.
tarifo,tariff,scheduleofrates.
taso,cupsubtaso,saucer.
tasko,task.
tagi,tobefitfor,goodfor.
tavolo,layer.
teo,tea.
teatro,theatreao,play.
tedi,tobetedious.
tegi,tocover,putacoveringupon.
tegmento,roof.
teksi,toweave.
telefoni,totelephone.
telegrafi,totelegraph.
telero,platemeblo,sideboard.
temo,theme,subject.
tempo,time.
tempio,temple(ofthehead).
templo,temple(building).
teni,tohold,keep.
tendo,tent.
tenoro,tenor(voice).
tenti,totempt.
teorio,theory.
tero,earth,soilenterigi,tointer.
teraso,terrace.
teritorio,territory.
termino,term,definition(word).
terni,tosneeze.
terpomo,potato.
teruro,terror.
tia,thatkindof,such(65).
tial(adv.),therefore(78,83).
tiam(adv.),then,atthattime(73).
tibio,shinbone,tibiakarno,calf(oftheleg).
tie(adv.),there(68).
tiel(adv.),thus,so(88,156).
tigro,tiger.
tikli,totickle.
tilio,linden.
timi,tofear,beafraidof.
timono,pole,tongue,shaft.
tinti,tojingle,tinkle.
tio(pronoun),that(233,234).
tiom(adv.),thatmuch,somuch(104,164).
tiri,topull,draw.
tirano,tyrant.
titolo,title.
tiu(pronoun),thatone,that(56)tiui,thisone,this(60).
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tosto,toast(sentiment).
tolo,linen.
toleri,totolerate.
tomato,tomato.
tombo,tomb,grave.
tono,tone.
tondi,toshearilo,shears,scissors.
tondri,tothunder.
tordi,totwista,crooked,winding.
tra(prep.),through(46,160).
trabo,beam(wooden).
traduki,totranslate.
trafi,toreach,attain(thatwhichwasaimedatorsought)maltrafi,tomiss.
trajto,feature.
trakti,totreatof(inessay,speech,etc.)ato,treatise.
tramo,tramvojo,tramway,streetcarlineveturilo,streetcar.
trani,tocut,sever.
trankvila,serene,tranquil,calm.
trans(prep.),across,theothersideof(160).
tre(adv.),very,verymuch.
tremi,totremble.
trempi,todrench,dip.
treni,todrag,haul,drawao,train(ofadress).
trezoro,treasure.
tri(adj.),three(136).
triki,toknit.
trinki,todrink.
tritiko,wheat.
triumfo,triumph.
tro(adv.),too,toomuch.
trompi,todeceive.
trono,throne.
tropiko,tropic.
troti,totrot.
trotuaro,sidewalk,pavement.
trovi,tofind.
truo,hole.
trudi,toforceupon,imposealtrudema,importunate.
trunko,trunk(oftreeorbody).
tualeto,toilet.
tubo,tube,pipe.
tubero,bulb,knot,tuber.
tuj(adv.),atonce,immediately
tuko,pieceofcloth.
turo,tower.
turko,Turk.
turmenti,totorment.
turni(trans.),toturn.
tusi,tocough.
tui,totouchkortui,totouch(theheartof).
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tuta,entire,whole,all.
U.
uj,suffixindicatingreceptacle,thatwhichbearsorcontains(181).
ul,suffixindicatingpersoncharacterizedbythatintheroot(132).
ulmo,elm.
um,indefinitesuffix(268).
ungo,nail(offinger)ego,claw,talon.
universo,universe.
universitato,university.
unu(adj.),one(136,137,180)unuio,union.
uragano,hurricane.
urbo,cityefurbo,capital.
uri,tobeurgentorpressing.
urso,bear.
Usono,UnitedStatesofAmerica.
utila,useful.
uzi,tousetrouzi,toabuse.
V.
vadi,towade.
vaflo,waffle.
vagi,towander,toroamisto,vagabond.
vagono,car,railwaycarriage.
vaki,tobevacant.
vakso,wax.
valo,valley.
valizo,valise,satchel,bag.
valori,tobeworth.
valsi,towaltz.
vana,vain,fruitless.
vango,cheek.
vanta,vain,conceited.
vaporo,steam,vapor.
varbi(trans.),toenlist,recruit.
varma,warm.
vasta,vast,spacious,extensive.
vazo,vase,basin.
ve!(interjection),woe!hove!alas!(273).
vegeti,tovegetate,grow(asplants).
vegetara,vegetarian.
vejno,vein.
veki(trans.),towake,awake.
velo,sail.
velki,tofade,wither,wilt.
veluro,velvet.
veni,tocome.
vendi,tosell.
vendredo,Friday.
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veneno,poison.
veni,toavenge.
venki,toconquer,vanquish.
vento,wind.
vero,truth.
verando,veranda,porch.
verda,green.
verki,tocompose(musicorliterature).
vermo,worm.
vermielo,vermicelli.
verso,verse.
veri,topour(aliquid).
vertikala,vertical.
vespero,evening(93).
vesti,toclothe,dress.
veto,vest,waistcoat.
veti,towager,bet.
vetero,weather.
veturi,toride,go(invehicle,boat,etc.).
vi(pronoun),you(32,37,274).
viando,meat.
vibri,tovibrate.
vico,turn,placeinaserieslavice,inturnsiavice,inhis(her,its,their)turnvicprezidanto,vice
president.
vidi,tosee.
vidvo,widowerino,widow.
vigla,alert,brisk.
vilao,village.
vino,wine.
vinagro,vinegar.
vinbero,grapesekvinbero,raisin.
vintro,winter.
violo,violet.
violono,violin.
vipi,towhip.
viro,man
virto,virtue.
vii,towipe.
vitro,glass(material).
vivi,tolive(133).
vizao,face,visage.
viziti,tovisit.
voo,voicedoni,tovote.
vojo,road,way.
vojai,tojourney,travel,voyage.
voki,tocall.
vokalo,vowel.
voli,tobewilling,will,wish.
volonte,willingly.
volumo,volume(book).
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volumeno,volume(ofabody).
volvi,toroll(somethingaroundsomething).
vorto,wordaro,dictionary.
vosto,tail.
vualo,veil.
vulgara,common,vulgar.
vulpo,fox.
vundi,towound.
Z.
zenito,zenith.
zigzago,zigzag.
zingibro,ginger.
zinko,zinc.
zono,girdle,belt,zone.
zoologio,zoology.
zorgi,tocare(for),beanxious(about).
zumi,tohum,buzz.
ENGLISHESPERANTOVOCABULARY.
ThefollowingvocabularyincludesallEsperantorootsusedintheprecedinglessons,allprimarywords
ofthelanguage,andalargenumberofadditionalroots(tofacilitateoriginalcomposition).Noattempt
hasbeenmade,however,toincludealloftherootsofthelanguage,ortheirvariousEnglishmeanings,
forwhichanEnglishEsperantoDictionaryshouldbeconsulted.
Referencesaretosections,unlessthepage(p.)isgiven.Forotherpartsofspeechthanthoseindicated,
seeWordFormation,116,120,159,171,alsothereferencesunderPrefixesandSuffixesintheIndex.
Forformationofcompoundwordsotherthanthosegiven,see160,167,176,184.Thefollowing
abbreviationsareused:adj.=adjectiveadv.=adverbconj.=conjunctionintrans.=intransitiveprep.
=prepositiontrans.=transitive=repetitionoftheEnglishword.
A.
abandon,forlasi.
abash,hontigi.
(be)able,povi(72).
abominable,abomena.
about(prep.),irka(concerning)pri(adv.),(approximately,proksimume.
above(prep.),super(159)(adv.),supreisupre.
abrupt,subita.
absorb,sorbi.
abundant,sufiega.
academy,akademio.
accelerate(trans.),akceli.
accent,akcento.
accept,akcepti.
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accident,akcidento(chance)okazo.
accompany,akompani.
(in)accordancewith(prep.),la(191).
account,konto(bill)kalkulo(story)rakonto.
(on)accountof(prep.),pro(86).
accurate,akurata.
accusative,akuzativo.
accuse,akuzi,kulpigi.
accustomed,familiara,kutimita.
ache,doloro.
acid,acido.
(be)acquaintedwith,koni(117)become,konatii.acquire,akiri.
across(prep.),trans.
act,agion,efiki(behave)konduti(ofplay)akto.
active,agema(grammatical),aktiva.
actor,aktoro.
actual,efektiva,vera.
acute,akra.
add,aldoni(160).
address(onletters,etc.)adreso(lecture)parolado.
adequate,sufia.
adjacent,apuda(159).
adjective,adjektivo.
administer(manage),administri.
admire,admiri.
admit,konfesi(letin)allasi.
admonish,admoni.
adore,adori.
adorn,ornami.
adverb,adverbo.
advantage,utilo,profito.
advertise,reklami.
advise,konsili.
affable,afabla.
affair,aferoregrettable,domao.
affirmative,jesa(171).
(be)afraid,timi.
Africa,Afriko.
after(prep.),post(89).
afternoon,posttagmezo.
again,denove,ree(223).
against(prep.),kontra.
age,aoof,plenaaold,maljuneco.
(givean)agency,komisii.
agent,agento.
agitate,agiti.
agony,agonio.
agree,konsenti(contract)kontrakti.
agreeable,agrabla.
aid,helpi.
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aimat,celi.
air,aeroto,aerumi(music)ario.
alas!,hove(273).
alcohol,alkoholo.
alcove,alkovo.
alert,vigla.
Alexander,Aleksandro.
Alexandria,Aleksandrio.
Alfred,Alfredo.
algebra,algebro.
alive,viva.
all(pronounandadj.),iuj(173)(indefinitepronoun)io(233)(adv.ofquantity)iom(194)(whole,
entire)tuta.
alliance,ligo.
allow,permesi.
allude,aludi.
allure,logi.
almanac,almanako.
almost(adv.),preska.
alms,almozo.
alone,sola.
along(prep.),la(191)with,kunekun.
aloud,late.
alphabet,alfabeto.
already(adv.),jam.
also(adv.),anka.
altar,altaro.
alter(trans.),ani,aliigi.
although(conj.),kvankam.
always(adv.),iam(187).
America,Ameriko.
amiable,afabla,aminda.
amid,mezede,inter(85).
among(prep.),inter(85).
amount,sumo,kvantoacertain,iom(217).
amphibious,amfibia.
amphitheatre,amfiteatro.
amuse,amuzi.
analyse,analizi.
ancestor,prapatro(282).
anchor,ankro.
ancient,antikva.
and(conj.),kaj(26).
anecdote,anekdoto.
anew,denove.
angel,anelo.
angle,angulo.
angry,kolera.
animal,besto.
ankle,maleolo.
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announce,anonci.
annoy,agreni.
anoint,miri.
answer,respondi.
ant,formiko.
antelope,antilopo.
antipathy,antipatio.
antique,antikva.
anvil,amboso.
anxious,maltrankvila.
any(pronounandadj.),iu(203)(adv.ofquantity)iom(217)kind,time,thing,etc.,seetable,
235.
anymore(adv.),plu.
apartment,apartamento.
apathy,apatio.
apologise,pardononpeti.
apology(defence),apologio.
apparatus,aparato.
appear(comeinsight),aperi(seem)ajni.
appearance(aspect),aspekto,mieno,vidio.
appetite,apetito.
applaud,apladi.
apple,pomo.
apply(puton),almetito(forinformation,etc.),sinturnial.
approach,alproksimiial.
appropriate,proprigialsi(suitable),konvena,deca.
approve,aprobi.
approximate,proksimuma.
apricot,abrikoto.
April,aprilo.
apron,antatuko.
aquarium,akvario.
Arab,arabostreet,bubo.
arbitrate,arbitracii.
arbor,labo.
arc,arko.
arcade,arkado.
archer,pafarkisto.
Archimedes,Arimedo.
architecture,aritekturo.
arena,areno.
argue,argumenti.
Aristeides,Aristejdo.
aristocrat,aristokrato.
Aristotle,Aristotelo.
arithmetic,aritmetiko.
arm(ofthebody),brako(weapon)armilo.
army,armeo.
aroma,aromo.
around(prep.),irka(89,160).
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arouse,inciti,veki.
arrange,arani.
arrest,aresti.
arrive,alveni.
arrogant,aroganta.
arrow,sago.
art,arto.
Arthur,Arturo.
article(grammatical,literary)artikolo.
artificial,artefarita.
artless,naiva.
as(adv.)kielas...as...tiel...kiel...(156)if,though,kvaza(250)faras,is(prep.,46)
much...as...,tiom...kiom(164).
ascertain,certiithetruthof,konstati.
(be)ashamed,honti.
ashes,cindro.
Asia,Azio.
asidefrom(prep.),krom.
ask(inquire),demandi(request),peti.
asparagus,asparago.
aspect,aspekto,mieno.
ass,azeno.
assemble,kunveni,kunvoki.
assist,helpi.
association(organization),asocio.
assurance,aplombo,certigo.
at(prep.),e(125,160),je(260)therateof,po(175).
athlete,atleto.
atmosphere,atmosfero.
attack,ataki.
attain,atingi,trafi.
attempt,provi.
attentive,atenta.
attest,atesti.
attribute,atributo.
August,agusto.
Australia,Astralio.
author,atoro,verkisto.
automatic,atomata.
autumn,atuno.
avaricious,avara.
avenge,veni.
avenue,aleo,bulvardo.
avoid,eviti.
awake(trans.),veki.
away(adv.),for(71)(distant),malproksime(170).
axe,hakilo.
axis(axle),akso.
B.
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babble,babili.
baby,infaneto.
bachelor,fraloofarts(A.B.),abituriento.
back(ofthebody),dorsototherear(adv.),malantaen(121).
bacon,lardo.
bag,sako,valizo.
bagatelle,bagatelo.
bake(trans.),baki.
balance(trans.),balanci(scales),pesilo.
ball(toplaywith),pilko(dance),balo(globe),globo.
banana,banano.
band(stripe),strio(music),orkestro(group),aro(126).
bandage,bandai.
banish,ekzili.
bank(financial),banko(shore),bordo.
(become)bankrupt,bankroti
banner,flago,standardo.
banquet,festeno.
bar,bari.
barbarian,barbaro.
bare,nuda.
bark(oftrees),elo(ofdogs),boji.
barrel,bareloorgan,gurdo.
barren,senfrukta.
barrister,advokato.
barytone,baritono.
base(foundation),fundamento,bazo(ignoble),malnobla.
basin,vazo,kuvo.
basket,korbo.
bass(voice),baso.
bathe(trans.),bani.
battle,batali.
be,esti(109).
beak,beko.
beam(wooden),trabo(light),radio.
bean(leguminousfruit),fabo(gardenbean),fazeolo.
bear(animal),urso(carry),porti(endure),elporti,suferi(produce,givebirthto),naski.
beard,barbo.
beast,besto.
beat,bati(surpass),superi,venki.
beautiful,bela.
because(conj.),ar(83),tialke(83)of(prep.),pro(86).
become,ii,farii(232)(besuitable),konveni,deci.
bed,lito.
bee,abelo.
beef,bovao(227,c).
beefsteak,bifsteko.
beet,beto.
before(prep.),anta(89,90,120,159,160)(conj.),antaol(97,98)(adv.),antae,usantae.
beg(request),peti(askalms),almozonpeti.
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beggar,almozulo.
begin(trans.),komenci(seealsoprefixek,206).
behave,konduti.
behind(prep.),post.
behold,rigardi,vidi(adv.),jen(228).
Belgian,belgo.
believe,kredi(265).
bell,sonorilo.
belong,aparteni.
below(prep.),sub(adv.),sube,malsupre.
belt,zono.
bench,benko.
bend(trans.),klini,fleksi.
benevolence,bonfaro.
berry,bero.
beside(prep.),krom(near),apud(atthesideof),flankede.
bet,veti.
betray,perfidi.
betrothed(man),fiano.
between(prep.),inter(85,89).
bewitch,ensori.
beyond(prep.),preter.
bicycle,biciklo.
bid(order),ordonifarewell,adiai.
big,granda.
bill(ofbird),bekobank,bankbiletohand,afio(reckoning),kalkulo.
bind(fasten),ligi(wounds),bandai.
bird,birdo.
biscuit,biskvito(ringshaped),kringo.
bit(piece),peco(adv.),iom(217).
bite,mordi.
black,nigrato(shoes,etc.),ciri.
blackberry,rubuso.
blackbird,merlo.
blacking,ciro.
blade(ofknife,etc.),klingo.
bleat,bleki.
bless,beni.
blind,blinda.
block(ofwood),stipo.
blood,sango.
bloom,flori(116).
blot(spot),makulo.
blotter,sorbilo,sorbpapero.
blouse,bluzo,kitelo.
blow,blovi(stroke),bato.
blue,bluaish,dubeblua.
blush,ruii.
board(plank),tabulo(food),nutrado.
boast,fanfaroni.
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boat,boato,ipeto.
body,korpo.
boil(intrans.),boli(275).
bolt(fasten),rigli.
bonbon,bombono.
bond(fastening),ligilo.
bone,osto.
book,libronote,copy,kajero.
boot,boto.
border(edge),rando.
bore(holes),bori(weary),enuigi.
(be)born,naskii.
borrow,pruntepreni.
Boston,Bostono.
both(pronounandadj.),amba(238)(adv.),kaj(26).
bottle,botelo.
bottom,fundo,malsupro.
bough,brano.
boulevard,bulvardo.
boundary,limo.
bouquet,bukedo.
bow(ofribbon),banto(forshooting),pafarko.
bow(bend),klinii,saluti.
box,kestosmall,skatolo.
boy,knabo.
bracket(shelf),breto.
brag,fanfaroni.
braid,plekti.
brain,cerbo.
branch(oftree),brano(ofworkorstudy),fako.
brandish,svingi.
brandy,brando.
brave,bravo.
bread,pano.
break(trans).,rompitopieces,frakasi.
breakfast,matenmano.
breathe,spiri.
brick,briko.
bridge,ponto.
bridle,brido.
bright(clear),hela.
bring,alportiforth(produce),naskiup(educate),eduki.
brisk,vigla.
Briton,Brito.
broad,lara.
brochure,brouro.
bronze,bronzo.
brood(birds),kovi.
brother,frato.
brown,bruna.
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brownie,koboldo.
bruise,kontuzi.
brush,brosi.
brute,bruto.
bucket,sitelo.
buckle,buko.
bud,burono.
build,konstrui.
bulb,tubero,bulbo.
Bulgarian,Bulgaro.
bull,bovviro.
bullet,kuglo.
bunch,fasko.
bundle,fasko,pakao.
bungle,fui.
burden,ari.
burn(intrans.),bruli(275).
burst(intrans.),krevi.
bury,enterigi.
but(conj.),sed(prep.),krom.
butcher,bui.
butter,butero.
butterfly,papilio.
button,butonoto,butonumi.
buy,aeti.
buzz,zumi.
by(prep.),per(64)de(169,170)(past),preter(accordingto),la(191).
C.
cab,fiakro.
cabbage,brasiko.
cage,kao.
cake,kuko.
calculate,kalkuli.
caldron,kaldrono.
calendar,kalendaro.
calf,bovido(oftheleg),tibikarno.
call,voki(visit),viziti.
calling(profession),profesio.
calm,kvieta,trankvila.
camel,kamelo.
camera,kamero.
can(beable),povi(72)(preservefruit,etc.),konfiti.
candle,kandelo.
candy,kando.
canoe,kanoto.
cap,apo.
capable,kapabla.
capital(money),kapitalo(excellent),bonega(city),efurbo.
capitol,kapitolo.
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car,vagono.
card,kartovisiting,vizitkarto.
care(for),zorgi(pri).
caress,dorloti,karesi.
carpet,tapio.
carriage,kaleo,veturilo.
carrot,karoto.
carry,porti.
carve,skulpti.
case(smallbox),skatolo(chest),kesto(legal),proceso(holder),ujo(181),ingo(237)
(occasion),okazo(grammatical),kazo.
cashier,kasisto.
cascade,kaskado.
cast,eti.
castle,kastelo.
cat,kato.
catch,kapti.
cattle,bruto,brutaro.
cauliflower,florbrasiko.
cause,igi(214)(producearesult),kazi(motive),kialotialo(espousedoradvocated),afero
(legal),proceso.
caution,averti.
cavity,kavo.
cease(intrans.),esi.
ceiling,plafono.
celebrate,festi,solenigied,fama.
celery,celerio.
cellar,kelo.
cent,cendo.
center,centro.
centigram,centigramo(284).
centiliter,centilitro(284).
centimeter,centimetro(284).
certain,certaa(one),iu(pronounandadj.,203)amount,etc.,seetable,235.
certainly,nepre,certe,ja(215).
certify,atesti,certigi,konstati.
chain,eno(fetter),kateno(ofmountains),montaro.
chair,seo.
(be)chairman,prezidi.
chalk,kreto.
chance,anco(hazard),hazardo(opportunity),okazo.
change(trans.),ani(coins),moneroj.
chapel,kapelo.
chapter,apitro.
character,karaktero.
charge(commission),komisio(burden),aro(price,cost),prezo,kosto.
charm,armi.
chase(game,etc.),asi(driveoff),forpeli.
chatter,babili.
check(onbank),eko.
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cheek,vango.
cheese,fromao.
chemise,emizo.
chemistry,emio.
chemist'sshop,apoteko.
cheque,eko.
cherry,erizo.
chest(box),kesto(withalid),kofro.
chestnut,katano.
chew,mai.
chief,efa,precipa(leader),estro(253).
child,infano,ido(207).
chimney,kameno.
chin,mentono.
china(porcelain),porcelano(country),inujo.
Chinaman,ino.
chirp,pepi.
chocolate,okolado.
choir,oro.
choose,elekti.
chop,haki(cutlet),kotleto.
chrestomathy,krestomatio.
Christ,Kristo.
church(building),preejo.
chute,uto.
cigar,cigaro.
cigarette,cigaredo.
cinnamon,cinamo.
cipher,cifero.
circle,cirklo,rondo.
circular(letter,etc.),cirkulero.
circumstance,okazo,detalo,cirkonstanco.
citizen,regnano,urbano.
city,urbo.
civilise,civilizi.
clack,kraki.
claim,pretendi.
clamber,rampi.
clap(trans.),klaki.
class,klaso.
clatter,(trans.),klaki.
claw,ungego.
clay,argilo.
clean,pura.
clear(bright),hela(distinct),klara.
clearing(financial),spezo.
clergyman,pastro.
clerk,komizo.
clever,lerta.
climate,klimato.
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climbup,grimpi,suprenrampi.
cloak,mantelo.
clock,horloo.
close(trans.),fermi(dense),densato(prep.),apudproksimede(170).
cloth(ingeneral),tofo(woollen,etc.),drapo(pieceof),tukotable,tablotuko.
clothe,vesti.
cloud,nubo.
club(organization),klubo(weapon),bastonego.
coal,karbo.
coat,vesto(short),jako(frock),redingotoover,surtuto.
cock(fowl),koko.
coffee,kafo.
collect(trans.),kolekti.
college,kolegio.
colonel,kolonelo.
color,koloro.
column,kolono.
comb,kombi.
come,veni.
comedy,komedio.
comfort(console),konsoli(freedomfrompain,etc.),komforto.
command,ordoni(militaryandnaval),komandi.
commerce,komerco.
commission(entrusted),komisio(percentageofprofit),tantiemo,komisipago.
committee,komitato.
common(general),enerala(mutual),komuna(vulgar),vulgara.
communicate,komuniki.
company(commercial),kompanio(guests),gastaro(presence),eesto.
compare(trans.),kompari(266).
compassion,kompato.
compete,konkuri.
competition,konkurado(forprizes),konkurso(inbusiness),konkurenco.
complain,plendi.
complicate,kompliki.
compose(musicorliterature),verki.
compositor(oftype),kompostisto.
conceal,kai(252).
concern,koncerni(266)(anxiety),maltrankvileco.
concerning(prep.),pri.(264,c).
concert(musical),koncerto.
condemn,kondamni.
condition,cirkonstanco(stipulation),kondio(state),stato.
conduct(lead),kondukioneself(behave),konduti.
conduct(behavior),konduto(inregardtorightorwrong),moro.
conductor(ofcar,etc.),konduktoro.
confess,konfesi.
confide,konfidi.
conform,konformi(266).
confound(confuse),konfuzi.
congratulate,gratuli.
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congress,kongreso.
conquer,venki.
conscience,konscienco.
(be)conscious,konscii.
consent,konsenti.
consequently,sekve,dotial(78).
(be)conservative,konservativa.
consist,konsisti.
console,konsoli.
consonant(letter),konsonanto.
conspire,konspiri.
constant,konstanta.
constitution,konstitucio.
consul,konsulo.
consult,konsulti,petikonsilonde.
contaminate,infekti.
content,kontenta.
continent(land),kontinento.
continue,dari,darigi.
contour,konturo.
contract(commercialandlegal),kontrakti.
contralto,kontralto.
contrary,malo(67)kontrastarema.
control,kontroli(govern),regi.
convenient,konvena,oportuna.
convince,konvinki.
cook,kuiri.
copper,kupro.
copy,kopii(ofabook,etc.),ekzemplero.
coquettish,koketa.
cork,topi(barkofcorktree),korko.
corner,angulo.
corporal,corporeal,korpa.
corps(military),korpuso.
corpse,kadavro.
correct,korekti(right),prava.
correspond,korespondi.
corridor,koridoro.
cost,kosti.
costume,kostumo.
cotton,kotono.
cough,tusi.
counsel,konsili.
count,kalkuli,sumi,nombri(person),grafo.
county,graflando.
country,lando(asopposedtocity),kamparo.
coupon,kupono.
(be)courageous,kurai.
course(oflessons),kurso(ofameal),servicoof,komprenebleintheof,enladarode.
court,korto,kortego,juejo.
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courteous,entila.
courtesy,entileco(kindness),komplezo.
cousin,kuzo.
cover,kovri(putcoveringupon),tegi.
crab,krabo.
crack(split)(trans.),fendi(crackle),kraki(burstopen)(intrans.),krevi.
cradle,lulilo.
crafty,ruza.
cravat,kravato.
crawl,rampi.
crazy,freneza.
cream,kremo.
create,krei.
creep,rampiup,grimpi.
crime,krimo.
crippled,kripla.
criticise,kritiki.
crooked,torda,malrekta,kurba.
cross,kruco(angry),koleraoff,trastreki.
crowd,amaso,anaro(145,126).
crown,krono.
crucify,krucumi.
cruel,kruela.
crush,pisti,premegi.
crust,krusto.
cry(weep),plori(shout),krii(ofanimals),bleki.
cucumber,kukumo.
cultivate,kulturithesoil,terkulturi.
cunning,ruza.
cup,taso(goblet),pokalo.
cupboard,ranko.
curious(odd),kurioza(inquisitive),scivola.
curl(ofhair),buklo.
curtain,kurteno.
curve,kurbo.
cushion,kuseno.
custom,kutimo(tax),imposto.
cut,trani(ofagarment),fasono.
cutlet,kotleto.
cylinder,cilindro.
Cyrus,Ciruso.
D.
dabble(aliquid),pladi.
dainty,delikata.
damage,difekti.
Damocles,Damoklo.
Dane,dano.
danger,danero.
dance,danci.
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date(fruit),daktilo(time),dato.
dawn,tagio.
day,tago.
deaf,surda.
dear(prized),kara(expensive),multekosta.
debase(adulterate),falsi(makebad),malbonigi.
decay(mould),imo(inhealth),kaduki.
deceive,trompi.
December,decembro.
decide,decidi.
decigram,decigramo(284).
deciliter,decilitro(284).
decimeter,decimetro(284).
deck(ofship),ferdeko(adorn),ornami.
declaim,deklami.
deep,profunda.
deer,cervo.
defend,defendi.
define,defini,priskribi.
degree,grado.
dekagram,dekagramo(284).
dekaliter,dekalitro(284).
dekameter,dekametro(284).
delay,prokrasti.
delegate,delegi.
delicate,delikata.
delightful,arma,plaega.
deliver(supply),liveri(setfree),liberigi.
delusion,iluzio.
demand,postuli.
dense,densa.
deny,nei(171).
department(ofwork,etc.),fako.
desert,dezerto(justreward),merito.
deserve,meriti.
desire,deziri.
desk,pupitro,skribtablo.
dessert,deserto.
destine,destinidifini.
destiny,destino(lot),sorto.
destroy,detrui,neniigi.
detail,detalo.
dew,roso.
diamond,diamanto.
dictionary,vortaro.
dictate(letters),dikti.
die,morti.
different,diversa,malsama,diferenca.
differentiate,diferencigi.
dig,fosi.
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dignity(rank),rango.
diligent,diligenta.
dimension,dimensio(size),amplekso.
Diogenes,Diogeno.
dip(inliquid),trempi.
diploma,diplomoholderof,diplomito.
diplomat,diplomato.
direct(guide),direkti(undeviating),rekta.
disburse,elspezi,elpagi.
discount,rabati.
discuss,diskuti,priparoli.
disdain,malati,malestimi.
dish(flat),plado.
dispatch(letter),depeo.
distance,distanco.
distinct,klara.
distinguish,distingi.
distract(theattention),distri(confuse),konfuzi.
disturb,eni,maltrankviligi.
diverse,diversa.
divide(trans.),dividi.
do,fari(suffice),sufii.
doctor,doktoro(medical),kuracisto.
dog,hundo.
doll,pupo.
dollar,dolaro.
donkey,azeno.
door,pordohandle,anso.
doubt,dubi.
down(hairorfeathers),lanugo(downward)(adv.),malsupren.
dove,kolombo.
drag(trans.),treni.
draw(pull),tiri(sketch),skizi.
drawer,tirkesto.
drawingroom,salono.
dream(insleep),soni(fancy),revi.
drench,trempi.
dress,vesti(sin)(frock),robosuit,frako.
dressing(sauce),saco.
drink,trinki.
drip,guti.
drive(off),peli(vehicle),veturigi(roadway),oseo.
drown(intrans.),droni.
drug,drogostore,apoteko.
drum,tamburo.
dry,seka.
duck,anaso.
dues,kotizaopay,kotizi.
dumb,mutaanimal,bruto.
during(prep.),dum(96)enladarode.
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dusk,krepusko.
dust,polvoremovethe,senpolvigi.
duty,devobeon,deori.
dwell,loi.
E.
each(adj.andpronoun),iu(173).
eager,avida.
eagle,aglo.
ear(ofthebody),orelo.
early,frua.
earth,tero(theplanet),terglobo.
east,oriento.
Easter,Pasko.
easy,facila.
eat,mani.
echo,eo.
economical,parema.
edge,rando(ofrivers,etc.),bordo.
edit,redakti.
editor,redaktoro.
editorialbody,redakcio.
educate,(rear),eduki(teach),instrui.
effect,efekto.
effective,efektiva.
(be)efficacious,efiki.
egg,ovo.
Egypt,Egipto.
eight(adj.),ok(136).
either(pronounandadj.),iu(203)iu(173)unualaalia(adv.),aonside(adv.),ambaflanke
(238).
elbow,kubuto.
electric,elektra.
elk,alko.
elm,ulmo.
eloquent,elokventa.
embroider,brodi.
eminent,eminenta.
empire,imperio.
employ(hire),dungioneself,sinokupi(use),uzi.
employee,komizo,dungito,oficisto.
employment,ofico,okupado.
enchant,ensori,ravi.
encore(adv.),bis.
end(trans.),fini.
endow,doti.
endure,suferi,elporti.
engineer,ineniero.
Englishman,anglo.
enjoy,uioneself,sinamuzi.
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enlightened,klera.
enlist(trans.),varbi.
enroll(trans.),registri,varbi.
enthusiasm,entuziasmo.
entire,tuta.
entrust,komisii,alkonfidi.
envelope(ofletter),koverto.
envy,envii.
(bean)epicure,frandi.
epoch,epoko.
equal,egala.
err,erari.
establish,establi,fondi(prove,etc.),konstati.
estate,bieno.
esteem,estimi.
estimate,taksi.
eternal,eterna,iama.
Europe,Eropo.
evangel,evangelio.
even(level),ebenanumber,parnombro(actually)(adv.),e.
evening,vespero(93)dress(ofman),frako.
ever(adv.),iam(212)(indefiniteadv.),ajn(236)(always),iam(187).
every(one),(pronounandadv.),iu(173)thing,way,etc.,seetable,235.
evolution,evolucio.
exact,akurata,usta(demand),postuli.
examine,ekzameniandcheck,kontroli.
example,ekzemplo(model),modelo.
Excellency(title),moto(258).
except,escepti(266)(prep.),krom.
excite,eksciti.
exercise(trans.),ekzerci.
exhale,elspiri.
exhort,admoni.
exile,ekzili.
exist,ekzisti.
expect,atendi.
expend(money),elspezi(energy,etc.),uzi,eluzi.
experienced,sperta.
experiment,eksperimenti.
expert,sperta,lerta.
explode(intrans.),eksplodi(275).
explore,esplori.
express,esprimi(train),rapidavagonaro.
extend(trans.),etendi,pligrandigi,plilongigi.
extensive,vasta,vastampleksa.
extent(size),amplekso.
extinguish,estingi.
extraordinary,eksterordinara.
eye,okulobrow,brovolid,palpebro.
F.
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fable,fabelo.
face,vizao.
fact,faktoin,fakte,efektive,ja(215).
fade,velki.
fair(just),justa(beautiful),bela.
fairy,feo,feino.
faint,sveni.
faithful,fidela.
fall,fali(autumn),atuno.
false,falsa(treacherous),perfida.
fame,famo.
familiar,familiara,kutima.
family,familio.
fancy,imagi,revi.
far,malproksimeasas(prep.),is(46).
farm(asatenant),farmi(tillthesoil),terkulturi.
farewell(adv.andinterjection),adia(171,273).
fashion,fasono,modo.
fasten,ligi.
fat,graso(corpulent),dika.
fatal,fatala.
fate,sorto,fatalo,destino.
father,patro.
faucet,krano.
favor,favoria,komplezo.
favorable,favora.
fay,feo,feino.
fear,timi.
feather,plumo.
feature,trajto.
feed,nutriflocks,pati.
feel,senti(withfingers,etc.),palpi.
female,ino(59).
fervor,fervoro.
fetter(chain,etc.),kateno.
fever,febro.
fianc,fiano.
fie(interjection),fi(273).
field,kampo.
fight,batali,militi.
fill,plenigi.
find,trovi.
fine,bela,delikata(ofmoney),monpuno.
finger,fingroindex,montrafingrolittle,malgrandafingromiddle,longafingroring,
ringafingro.
finish(trans.),fini.
fir,abio.
fire,fajrosetto,ekbruligi.
firm,firma.
fish,fio(catchfish),fikapti.
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fist,pugno.
fit,almezuri(be),tagi.
(be)fitting,konveni(decent),deci.
five(adj.),kvin(136).
flag,flagostandardo.
flat,glata,ebenaplata.
flesh,karno.
flex(trans.),fleksi.
floor,planko.
flour,faruno.
flow,flui.
flower,floro(116).
fluid,fluida.
fly,flugi(insect),muo.
foam,amo.
focus,fokuso.
fog,nebulo.
fold,faldi.
folk,popolo.
follow,sekvi,postveni,postiri.
(be)fondofsweets,frandi.
fondle,dorloti.
foot(ofthebody),piedo(measure),futo.
for(prep.),por(95,98,262)pro(86)(conj.),ar(83).
force,forto(compel),devigi(upon),altrudi(al).
fore,pra(282).
forehead,frunto.
foreign,fremda.
forge(falsify),falsi.
forget,forgesi.
forgive,pardoni.
fork,forko.
form,formi,alformi,modeli.
formal,solena.
found,fondi.
foundation,fundamento.
four(adj.),kvar(136).
fount,fonto.
fountain,fontano.
fox,vulpo.
fragrance,aromo,bonodoro.
frame(ofpicture),kadro.
frank,afranki.
Frederick,Frederiko.
free,libera.
Frenchman,franco.
frequent,ofta(visitoften),vizitadi.
fresh,frea,nova.
Friday,vendredo.
friend,amiko.
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fringe,frano.
frivolous,malserioza.
frockcoat,redingoto.
frog,rano.
from(prep.),de(89,170)el(cause),pro(86).
frost,frosto(hoar),prujno.
froth,amo.
fruit,frukto.
fruitless(vain),vana.
fry(trans.),friti.
function(ofmachinery,etc.),funkcii.
funereal,funebra.
fulfil,plenumi.
full,plena.
fur,felo(coatorwrap),pelto.
furious,furioza.
furnish(supply),liveri(provide),provizi(ahouse),mebli.
furniture(pieceof),meblo.
furrow,sulko.
further(adv.),plu.
fuse(trans.),fandi.
futile,vana.
future,estonteco(grammatical),estonto(adj.),estonta.
G.
gain,gajni,obteni.
gallery,galerio(forpictures),pinakoteko.
gallop,galopi.
gamin,bubo.
gape(yawn),oscedi.
garden,ardeno.
garland,girlando.
gas,gaso.
gather(trans.),kolekti.
gay,gaja.
gaze,fikserigardi.
gazette,gazeto.
general,enerala,komuna(military),generalo.
gentleman,sinjoro.
geometry,geometrio.
German,germano.
Gertrude,Gertrudo.
ghost,fantomo.
gift,donaco.
ginger,zingibro.
girdle,zono.
give,doni(asagift),donaciinformation,informinotice,aviziwitness,atestibirth
to,naski.
(be)glad,oji(116).
glass(material),vitro(tumbler),glaso.
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glide,gliti.
globe,globo.
glory,gloro.
glossy(polished),polurita.
glove,ganto.
glue,glui.
gnash,grinci.
go,iri(invehicle,boat,etc.),veturionapilgrimage,pilgrimi.
goal,celo.
goblet,pokalo.
God,Dio.
good,bonabefor,tagipor.
goodbye(adv.andinterjection),adia(171,273).
goose,ansero.
gospel,evangelio.
govern,regi.
graceful,gracia.
grade,grado(rank),rango.
grain(wheat,etc.),greno(unit)ero(276).
gram,gramo(284).
grammar,gramatiko.
grandfather,avo.
grandson,nepo.
grape,vinbero.
grass,herbo.
grasshopper,akrido.
grate,raspigrater,raspilo.
grating(barorlattice),krado.
grave,tombo(serious),grava.
gravitate,graviti.
gravy,saco.
gray,griza.
grieve(trans.),agreni,malojigi(intrans.)maloji.
grind,grinci.
great,granda(remoteinancestry),pra(282).
Greek,greko.
green,verdaish,dubeverda.
greet,saluti.
groan,emi.
group,grupo,aro(126).
ground,terofloor,teretao.
grow,kreski,vegeti.
guard,gardi.
guess,diveni.
guest,gasto.
guide,gvidi,direkti.
guilty,kulpa.
gunpowder,pulvo.
gush(ofliquids),pruci.
H.
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habit,kutimo.
hack,haki(carriage),fiakro.
hail(frozenrain),hajlo.
(a)hair,haropencil,peniko.
half,duono(166,277).
halt(intrans.),halti.
ham,inko.
hammer,martelo.
hand,mano(ofclock),montrilo.
handbill,afio.
handicraft,metio.
handsome,bela.
hang(intrans.),pendi.
handy,oportuna.
happen,okazi.
happy,felia.
harbor,haveno.
hardly(adv.),apena.
hare,leporo.
haricot(bean),fazeolo.
harness,jungi.
harvest,rikolti.
hasten(trans.),akceli(intrans.)rapidi.
hat,apelo.
haughty,fiera.
haul,treni.
have,havito,devi.
hay,fojno.
hazard,hazardo.
hazelnut,avelo.
he(pronoun),li(32,37,42).
head,kapo(adj.),efa.
health,sanostateof(goodorbad),farto.
hear,adi.
heart,koroby,(byrote),parkere.
heat(trans.),hejti,varmigi.
heaven,ieloheavenlybody,astro.
heavy,peza.
Hebrew,hebreo.
heel(offoot),kalkano(ofshoe),kalkanumo.
hektare,hektaro(284).
hektogram,hektogramo(284).
hektoliter,hektolitro(284).
hektometer,hektometro(284).
help,helpi(265).
hen,kokino.
herb,herbo.
hero,heroo.
hesitate,heziti.
hide,kai(252)(skinofanimals),felo.
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Hiero,Hierono.
high,alta.
hinge,arniro.
hip,kokso.
hire(persons),dungi(houses,etc.),lui.
hiss,sibli.
history,historio.
ho(interjection),ho(273).
hoar(frost),prujno.
hoarse,raka.
hog,porko.
hold,teni.
holder(handle),tenilo,anso(receptacle),ujo(181)ingo(237).
hole,truo(cavity),kavo.
Holland,Holando.
holy,sankta.
home,hejmoat,ehejme.
homesickness,nostalgio.
honest,honesta.
honey,mielo.
honeysuckle,lonicero.
honor,honori(astermofaddress),moto(258).
hook,kroi.
hope,esperi.
horizon,horizonto.
horizontal,horizontala.
horn,korno.
horse,evalo.
horseradish,armoracio.
hose,trumpojsupporter,elko.
hotel,hotelo.
hour,horo(185).
house,domoattheof(prep.),e(125,160).
how(adv.),kiel(134)kiamanieremuch,kiom(140,185).
however(conj.),tamen(adv.),ajn(236).
hue,nuanco.
hum,zumi.
humanbeing,homo.
humble,humila.
humor,humoro.
hundred(adj.),cent(142).
hungry,malsata.
hunt,seri(gameorwildanimals),asi.
hurdygurdy,gurdo.
hurl,eti.
hurrah(interjection),hura(273).
hurricane,uragano.
hurry,rapidi.
husband,edzo.
hypocrite,hipokrito.
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I.
I(pronoun),mi(32,37,274).
ice,glacio(food),glaciao.
idea,ideo.
ideal,idealo.
identical,identa.
idiom,idiomo.
idiot,idioto.
if(conj.),se(240)as,kvaza(250)(whether),u.
ignore,ignori.
illusion,iluzio.
illustrate,ilustri.
image,bildo.
imagine,imagi.
imitate,imiti.
immediate,tuja(171).
implicate,impliki.
important,grava,serioza.
importunate,altrudema.
impose,trudi.
impost,imposto.
impress,impresi.
impulse,impulso.
in(prep.),en(46,89,160)thepresenceof,e(125,160).
inch,colo.
incite,inciti.
incline(trans.),klini.
incommode,eni.
(be)indebted,uldi.
indeed(adv.),ja(215)doefektive.
index,tabelo.
Indian(American),indiano,ruhatulocorn,maizo.
indifferent,indiferenta.
industry(trade),industrio.
inebriate,ebria.
inevitable,nepra,neevitebla.
infect,infekti.
influence,influi.
inform,informi,sciigi.
ingenuous,naiva.
inhabitant,loanto,ano(145).
inhale,enspiri.
ink,inko.
inquire,demandi.
insect,insekto.
inside(adv.),interne(prep.),en.
insist,insisti.
inspect,inspekti,ekzameni,rigardi,kontroli.
inspire,inspiri.
instantaneous,momenta.
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insteadof(prep.),anstata(98,159).
instruct,instrui(order),ordoni.
insult,insulti.
insure(withacompany),asekuri(makecertain),certigi.
intelligent,inteligenta.
intend,intenci.
interest,interesi(ofmoney),procento.
(be)intermittent,intermiti.
internal,interna.
interpret,interpreti.
intimate,intima.
intoxicated,ebria.
investigate,esplori,ekzameni,elseri.
invite,inviti.
iron(metal),fero(linen),gladi.
island,insulo.
it(pronoun),i(32,37,42,274)seealso50,51.
Italian,italo.
J.
jacket,jako.
jail,karcero.
jam,kompoto,fruktao.
January,januaro.
jaw(orifice,opening),fako(oftheskull),makzelobone,makzelosto.
jealous,aluza.
jest,erci.
Jesus,Jesuo.
Jew,hebreo.
jewel,juvelo.
jingle(intrans.),tinti.
John,Johano.
joint,artiko.
joke,erci.
journal,urnalo,revuo.
journey,vojai.
judge,jui.
jug,kruo.
juggle,ongli.
July,julio.
jump,salti.
June,junio.
jurist,juristo.
just(upright),justa(exact),usta(adv.),uste,us.
K.
keep,teni,gardi(preserve),konserviinmind,memori.
kerosene,petrolo.
key,losilo(ofpiano,etc.),klavo.
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kill,mortigi.
kilogram,kilogramo(284).
kiloliter,kilolitro(284).
kilometer,kilometro(284).
kind(species),speco(good),bona,bonkorathat,what,etc.,seetable,235.
kindness,komplezo,bonkoreco.
king,reodom,reolando.
kiss,kisi.
knave,fripono.
knee,genuo.
kneel,genufleksi.
knit,triki.
knock,frapi.
knot,tubero(tied),ligao(ofribbon),banto.
know,scii(beacquaintedwith),koni(117).
kobold,koboldo.
L.
labor,laboriforthesuccessorcompletionofsomething,klopodi.
lace,punto(ofashoe),lao.
(be)lacking(intrans.)manki.
lake,lago.
lamb,afido(meat),afidao.
lame,lama.
lamp,lampo.
lance,lanco.
land,lando(estate),bieno(soil),tero.
landscape,pejzao.
language,lingvo.
lantern,lanterno.
large,granda.
lark(bird),alado.
last(intrans.),dari(inaseries),lasta(previous)pasinta,antaa.
latch,anso.
late,malfrua.
Latin,latina.
latter,itiu(61,62).
lattice,krado.
laugh,ridi(265).
law,leosuit,proceso(rule),regulo.
lawyer,advokato,leisto.
lay,meti,kuigiaside,demeticlaim,pretendi.
layer,tavolo.
lead,konduki.
lead(metal),plumbo.
leaf,folio.
league(alliance),ligo.
lean(trans.),apogi,klini(notfat),malgrasa.
leap,saltiyear,superjaro.
learn,lerni(news,etc.),sciii.
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learned,klera.
least(adv.),malplej(80),malplimulte(81)at,almena.
leather,ledo.
leave(trans.),lasioff(intrans.),esi.
leg,kruro.
legal,leaprocess,proceso.
lemon,citrono.
lemonade,citronao,limonado.
lend,prunti,pruntedoni.
lens,objektivo.
lengthen(trans.),etendi,plilongigi.
less(adv.),malpli(80)malplimulte(81).
lesson,leciono.
let(trans.),lasi(rent),luigi(permit),permesi.
letter(epistle),letero(ofthealphabet),litero.
lettuce,laktuko.
level,nivelo(flat),ebena.
library,biblioteko(collectionofbooks),libraro.
lick,leki.
lie(recline),kui(239)(tellfalsehoods),mensogi.
lift,levi.
light,luma,hela(notheavy),malpeza.
lightning,fulmo.
like,ati(similar),similaseealso250.
limb,membro(ofatree),brano.
limit,limi.
linden,tilio.
line,linio,vico,streko.
linen,tolo.
lion,leono.
lip,lipo.
liquid,fluida.
listen,askulti.
liter,litro(284).
literal,lalitera.
literature,literaturo.
little,malgranda(withslightlyaffectionatesense),eta(198)(adv.),malmulte,iom(217)by,
iompostiom.
live,vivi(dwell),loi(133).
load,ari.
loan,prunti,pruntedoni.
local,loka.
lock,losi(fastening),seruro.
locomotive,lokomotivo.
lodge,loi.
log,tipo.
long,longafor,sopirije.
look,rigardifor,seri.
lose,perdi(failtoprofit),malgajnitime,malfrui.
lot(fate),sorto.
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loud,lata.
love,amimake,amindumi.
loyal,fidela,lojala.
luck,ancolucky,bonanca.
lull,kvietigi(tosleep),luli.
lunatic,lunatiko.
lung,pulmo.
luxury,lukso.
M.
macaroni,makaronio.
machine,maino.
mad,freneza.
magazine,gazeto,urnalo,revuo.
magic,magio.
mail,poto,enpotigibox,potkesto.
maize,maizo.
majestic,majesta.
majesty(termofaddress),moto(258).
make,fari(seealso214)mistakes,erarilove,amindumi.
malicious,malica.
man,viro.
manage,administri,direkti(ahousehold),mastrumi.
manner,maniero(rightorwrong),morointhat,inevery,etc.,seetable,235.
mantle,mantelo.
manufacture,fabriki.
manuscript,manuskripto.
maple,acero.
marble(stone),marmoro.
march,maradi.
March,marto.
mark,marko,signo(official),stampo.
marmalade,marmelado.
marry(becomemarried),edzii.
master,mastro(ofhisprofessionorart),majstroofArts(A.M.),magistro.
match(forfire),alumeto.
material,materialo(cloth),tofo.
matter,afero.
mature,matura.
maximum,maksimumo.
May,majo(auxiliaryverb),see269,270.
mayonnaise,majonesa.
mean,signifi,intenci,malnobla.
meaning,senco.
means,rimedobyof(prep.),per(64).
measure(trans.),mezuri.
meat,viando.
mechanics,meaniko.
medical,medicina,kuracista.
medicine(drug,etc.),kuracilo(science),medicino,kuracarto.
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meet(trans.),renkonti,trafi(assemble),kunveni.
melody,melodio.
melon,melono.
melt,fluidigi,fluidii,degeli.
member,membro,ano(145).
memory,memoroby,parkere,memore.
mend,ripari(patch),fliki.
mention,nomiciti.
menu,menuo.
merely(adv.),nur.
merit,meriti.
merry,gajamake,festeni.
merrygoround,karuselo.
metal,metalo.
meter,metro(284).
method,metodo.
middle,mezo,centro.
mien,mieno.
mild,milda.
mile,mejlo.
milk,lakto(drawthemilkof),melki.
mill,muelo.
millimeter,milimetro(284).
million,miliono.
mine(coal,etc),mino(possessiveadj.),mia(43).
mineral,mineralo.
minimum,minimumo.
minister(political),ministro(clergyman),pastro.
minute(time),minuto(adj.),detala,malgranda.
minutes(ofameeting),protokolo.
mirror,spegulo.
miserly,avara.
misery,mizero.
miss(failtoreach),maltrafi(bemissing),manki(noticetheabsenceof),sentilaforestonde
(younglady),fralino(163).
mist,nebulo.
mistake,eraro.
Mister,Sinjoro(163,286).
mix(trans.),miksi.
mock,moki.
mode,fasono,modo.
model,modelo.
moderate,modera.
modest,modesta.
moment,momentoaago,(adv.),us.
monarch,monaro.
Monday,lundo.
money,monobox,kasoorder,mandato.
monk,monao.
monkey,simio.
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month,monato.
moon,luno.
moral,morala,bonmoramorals,moroj.
more(adv.),pli(74,79)(quantity),plimulte(81)(further),pluthe,jupli,despli(84).
morning,mateno(93).
morsel,peco.
most(adv.),plej(74,79)(quantity),plejmulte(81).
mould,imo.
mountain,monto.
mourning,funebro.
mouse,muso.
moustache,lipharoj.
mouth,buo(ofriver),enfluo,elfluo.
move(trans.),movi(changeresidence)transloi.
much,multa(81)(very),tre.
mud,koto.
murmur,murmuri.
museum,muzeo.
mushroom,fungo.
music,muziko.
must,devi(247).
mute,muta.
mutton,afao.
mutual,reciproka(180),komuna.
myopic,miopa.
mystery,mistero.
N.
nail(metal),najlo(ofthefingerortoe),ungo.
naive,naiva.
naked,nuda.
name,nomo.
narrate,rakonti.
nation,nacio.
nature,naturo.
naught,nulo(none),neniom(231).
near,proksima(170)(prep.),apud(120,159).
necessary,necesa.
neck,kolo.
need,bezoni.
needle,kudrilo.
negative,nea(171)(photographic),negativo.
neighbor,najbaro.
neither(conj.),nek(31)(pronounandadj.),neniu(220).
nephew,nevo.
nerve,nervo.
nest,nesto.
net,reto.
neutral,netrala.
never(adv.),neniam(226).
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nevertheless(conj.),tamen.
new,nova,freanews,novao.
newspaper,urnalo,tagurnalo.
nice,delikata.
night,nokto.
nine(adj.),na(136).
nitrogen,azoto.
no(adv.),ne(27,66,a)(adj.),neniu(220)one,where,etc.,seetable,235.
noble,nobla,
nobleman,nobelo.
nobody(pronoun),neniu(220).
nod(thehead),balanci(lakapon).
noise,bruo.
none(adj.andpronoun),neniu(220)(adv.),neniom(231).
nonpartisan,netrala.
noon,tagmezo.
nor(conj.),nek(31).
north,nordo.
Norwegian,norvego.
not(adv.),ne(27,66,a).
note,noto,biletobook,kajero(notice),rimarki,noti.
nothing,nenio(233).
notice,rimarkinotigive,avizi.
notwithstanding(prep.),malgra(conj.),tamen.
nourish,nutri.
novel,nova(book),romano.
November,novembro.
now(adv.),nun.
nude,nuda.
nullify,nuligi,neniigi.
number(quantity),nombro(numeral),numero.
nut,nukso.
O.
oak,kverko.
(make)oath,uri.
oats,aveno.
obey,obei(265).
object,objekto(aim),celo(oppose),kontraparoli,kontrastari,protesti.
objective,objektivo.
obligation(financial),uldo(moral),devo.
oblige(compel),devigi(renderservice),farikomplezon,servi.
oblique,oblikva.
observe,observi,rimarki,noti.
obstinate,obstina.
obstruct,bari.
occasion,fojo(127)okazo.
occupation,profesio,okupo,metio.
occupy,okupi.
occur,okazi.
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ocean,oceano.
October,oktobro.
odor,odoro.
of(prep.),de(49,100,160,170)da(99,101,103)el(concerning),pri(160,264,c).
offend,ofendi.
offer,proponi,prezenti,oferi.
office,ofico(place),oficejo.
officer(oforganizationorfirm),oficisto(militaryornaval),oficiro.
official,oficiala.
often(adv.),ofte,multfoje.
oh(interjection),ho(273).
oil,oleo.
olive,olivo.
on(prep.),suraccountof,pro(86).
once(adv.),unufojeonatime,iam(212)at,tujmore,bis.
one(adj.),unu(136,137,180)(pronoun),oni(54).See235.
onion,bulbo.
only,sola(mere),nura.
opera,operoglasses,lorneto.
opinion,opinio.
opportune,oportuna.
opposedto(prep.),kontra.
opposite(converse),malo(67)(prep.),kontra.
or(conj.),a.
orange(fruit),orano.
orchestra,orkestro.
order,ordoni(ofstore,etc.),mendi(methodicalorproperarrangement),ordomoney,
mandato.
ordinary,ordinara.
organ(physical),organo(musical),orgeno.
organize,organizi.
original,originalo.
ornament,ornami.
orphan,orfo.
oscillate(intrans.),balancii.
ostracism,ostracismo.
other,alia(remaining),ceterapeople's,malproprawise,alie.
outof,el.
outline,konturo(profile),profilo(sketch),skizo.
outside(prep.),ekster(120,121).
over(prep.),super(across),trans(concerning),pricoat,surtutoshoe,superuo(adv.),(too),
tro.
owe,uldi.
own,posedi,propra.
ox,bovo.
oyster,ostro.
P.
pack,paki.
pad,remburi.
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paddle,padeli.
page(ofbook,etc.),pao.
pail,sitelo.
pain,doloro(effort),penotakepains,peni.
paint,pentri(material),kolorigilobrush,peniko.
pair,paro.
palace,palaco.
pale,pala.
palisade,palisaro.
palm(ofthehand),polmo.
pamphlet,brouro.
pan,pato.
paper(material),paperonews,urnalo.
paradise,paradizo.
paragraph,paragrafo.
pardon,pardoni(265).
parallel,paralela.
park,parko.
parlor,salono.
parsley,petroselo.
parsnip,pastinako.
part,partoofaworkorbook,kajeroseparate(trans.),disiri,apartigi,disdividi.
participle,participo.
pass(intrans.),pasi.
passage,koridoro.
passenger,pasaero.
passion,pasio.
passive,pasiva.
past(prep.),preter(time),estinteco(grammatical),estinto(bygone),estinta.
paste(glue),glui.
pasteboard,kartono.
pastor,pastro.
pastry,kukao.
pasture(trans.),pati.
patch,fliki.
path,vojeto.
patience,pacienco.
patient(illperson),kuracato.
patty,pasteo.
pause,pazi.
pavement,pavimo(sidewalk),trotuaro.
pay,pagidues,kotizi.
pea,pizo.
peace,paco.
peach,persiko.
pear,piro.
pearl,perlo.
peculiar,stranga,kurioza.
peddle,kolporti.
pedestal,piedestalo.
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pedestrian,piediranto.
peeling,elo.
pen,plumo(enclosure),ejo(III).
pencil,krajonohair,peniko.
penetrate,penetri.
people,popolo(indefinitepronoun),oni(54).
pepper,pipro.
perceive,senti(see),vidi.
percentage,procento(ofprofit),tantiemo.
perfect,perfekta.
perfidious,perfida.
perform(act),agi(fulfil),plenumi(do),fari.
perfume,parfumo(odor),bonodoro.
period,periodo(oftime),epoko(punctuation),punkto.
perish,perei.
permit,permesi.
persecute,persekuti(worry),turmenti,eni.
persevere,persisti.
person,persono.
perspire,viti.
persuade,konvinki.
pet,dorloti.
petroleum,petrolo.
phantom,fantomo.
Pharaoh,faraono.
pharmacy,farmacio(shop),apoteko.
philosopher,filozofo.
photograph,fotografi.
phrase,frazo.
physician,kuracisto.
physics,fiziko.
pick(choose),elekti(gather),kolekti.
pickle,pekli.
picture,bildo(portrait),portretogallery,pinakoteko.
picturesque,pitoreska,pentrinda.
pie,kukao(patty),pasteo.
piece,peco.
pig,porko.
pigeon,kolombo.
(bea)pilgrim,pilgrimi.
pillage,rabi.
pillar,kolono.
pin,pinglo.
pinch,pini.
pine(tree),pinofor,sopirije.
pineapple,ananaso.
pinnacle,pinto.
pioneer,pioniro.
pious,pia.
pipe,tubo(forsmoking),pipo.
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pitcher,kruo.
pity,kompati(regrettableaffair),domao.
placard,afio.
place,loko(forsomething),ejo(111)(broad,shortstreetoropenspace),placo(put),meti.
plait,plekti.
plan,plano,projekto,skizo.
plane,plata.
planet,planedo.
plank,tabulo.
plant,planti(vegetablegrowth),kreskao,vegetao.
plate,plato(dish)telero.
platform(railway),perono.
play,ludi(music),muziki(theatrical),teatrao.
player(theatrical),aktoro.
pleasant,agrabla,dola,afabla.
please,plai(265)kontentigi,fariplezuronal(inrequests),bonvolu,mipetas.
pleasure,plezurotakein,ui.
plot,konspiri.
plow,plugi.
plum,pruno.
plumber,plumbisto.
plunder,rabi.
plural,multenombro.
pneumatic,pneumatika.
pocket,poo.
poem,poemo.
poet,poeto.
poetry,poezio.
point,punkto(sharp),pintoout,montri.
poise(trans.),balanci(ofmanner),aplombo.
poison,veneno.
pole,stango(shaftofvehicle),timono(geographical),poluso.
Pole,polo.
police,polico.
polite,entila.
politics,politiko.
polish,poluripolished,polurita,glata.
pomp,pompo.
popular,popularo,popola.
porcelain,porcelano.
porch,verando(stoop),perono(balcony),balkono.
pork,porkao.
port,haveno.
portion,porcio,parto.
portrait,portreto.
possess,posedi.
possible,ebla(161,162)kredebla(270).
post(pole),stango(mail),potocard,potkartopaid,afrankite.
postage(cost),potelspezostamp,potmarko.
poster,afio.
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pot,poto.
potato,terpomosweet,batato.
pound,pisti(measure),funto.
pour(liquids),veri(asinachute),uti.
powder,pudro.
power,povo,potenco.
practice,praktiki.
praise,ladi.
pray,prei.
preach,prediki.
precise,preciza,usta.
predestined,fatala.
prefer,preferi.
prefix,prefikso.
premium,premio.
prepare,prepari.
prepay,afranki.
presence,eesto,apudestointheof(prep.),e(125),anta.
present(gift),donaco(time),estanteco,estanta,nuna(171)(inattendance),eestanta.
present,prezenti,donaci,doni.
preserve(keep),teni(keepsafe),konservi(food),kompoto,konfitao.
preside,prezidi.
president,prezidanto.
press,premi(print),presi(wardrobe),ranko(beurgent),uri.
pretend(makepretextof),preteksti(feign),ajnigi(layclaim),pretendi.
price,prezo,kosto.
prick,piki.
priest,pastro.
prince,princo,reido.
principal,precipa,efa.
print,presi.
prize,ati(premium),premio.
prized,kara,altetaksata,atata.
problem,problemo.
process,metodo(legal),proceso.
proclaim,proklami.
procrastinate,prokrasti.
produce,produktiaresult,efiki(givebirthto),naski.
profession,profesio.
professor,profesoro.
profile,profilo.
profit,profiti(percentage),tantiemo.
profound,profunda.
progress,progresi.
project,projekto.
promenade,promeni.
promise,promesi.
propensity,inklino,emo(192).
(be)proper,deci.
property,proprao,posedao(land),bieno(characteristic),eco(202).
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proportional,proporcia.
propose,proponi,sugestii.
prose,prozopieceof,prozao.
prosecute,persekuti.
prosper,prosperi.
protect,protekti,gardi.
protest,protesti.
proud,fiera
prove,pruvi(test),provi.
provoke,inciti,eksciti,kazi,naski,kolerigi.
psalm,psalmo.
public,publiko.
publish,publikigi,eldoni.
pudding,pudingo.
pull,tiri.
pump,pumpi.
pumpkin,kukurbo.
punish,puni.
pure,pura.
puree,pistao.
purple,purpura.
purpose,celi,intenci.
push,pui(shove),ovi.
put,metioff,prokrasti.
Q.
quality,eco(202)(texture,etc.),kvalito.
quantity,kvantoany,acertain,iom(217)seetable,235.
quarter(ofacity),kvartalo(fourth),kvaronoly,trimonata.
question,demando(problem),problemo(doubt),dubo.
quick,rapida(lively),viva.
quiet,kvieta,trankvila,silenta.
quince,cidonio.
quite(adv.),tute.
quote,citi.
R.
rabbit,kuniklo.
race(people),raso.
radish,rafanohorse,armoracio.
radius,radio.
rag,ifono.
raging,furioza.
rail,reloway,fervojowaycarriage,vagonowaystation,stacidomo.
rain,pluvobow,ielarko.
raise,levi.
raisin,sekvinbero.
rank,rango(grade),grado.
rap,frapeti.
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rapid,rapida.
rascal,fripono,kanajlo.
rasp,raspi.
raspberry,frambo.
rat,rato.
rate,taksi(scheduleofprices),tarifo,prezaro(percentage),procentoattheof(prep.),po
(175).
rational,prudenta,racionala.
raucous,raka.
raven,korvo.
ravishing,rava.
raw,nekuirita.
ray(oflight),radio.
reach,atingi(agoal),trafi.
read,legi.
ready,preta.
real,efektiva,realavera.
reap,rikolti.
reason(exertthepowerofreasoning),rezoni(cause),kazo(motive),kialoforwhat,forany
,etc.,seetable,235.
reasonable,prudenta.
rebate,rabati.
recall,revoki(tomemory),rememori(toanother'smemory),rememorigi.
receive,ricevi(accept),akcepti(money),enspezi.
receipt(forpayment),kvitanco.
reckon,kalkuli.
recent,nova,antanelonga(90).
receptacle,ujo(237)(foroneobject),ingo(181).
recess(alcove),alkovo(vacation),libertempo.
reciprocal,reciproka(180).
recite,deklami.
recline,kui(239).
recommend,rekomendi.
recompense,rekompeni.
recover(find),retrovi(getwell),resanii.
red,ruareddish,duberua.
reduction(ofprice),rabato.
refine,rafini.
refuse,rifuzi,malpermesi.
refute,refuti.
regale,regali.
region,regiono.
register(trans.),registri(letters),rekomendi.
regret,bedari(bepenitentfor),penti.
regrettable,bedarindaaffair(pity),domao.
regulation,regulo,leo.
reign,regi.
rejoice,oji(116).
relate,rilati(266)(tell),rakonti.
relative(person),parenco.
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religion,religio.
rely,konfidifidi.
remain,restiremaining(other),cetera.
remember,memori(recalltomemory),rememori.
render,fari,igi(214)(anaccount),doni,prezenti,liveri.
renown,famo,gloro.
rent,lui(let),luigi(farmout),farmi(price),luprezo.
repair,ripari(patch),fliki.
repeat,ripeti.
repent,penti.
report,raporti.
repose,ripozi.
represent,reprezenti.
reproach,riproi.
republic,respubliko.
repulse,repui,repeli.
request,peti.
require,postuli(need),bezoni.
rescue,savi.
reside,loi.
respect,respekti.
rest(repose),ripozi(remain),resti(upon),apogisur.
restaurant,restoracio.
result,rezulti.
resume,resumo.
return(goback),reiri(comeback),reveni(giveback),redoni.
revery,revo.
review(magazine),revuo.
reward,rekompenci.
rhubarb,rabarbo.
rib,ripo.
ribbon,rubando.
rice,rizo.
rich,ria.
ride,rajdi(invehicle,boat,etc.),veturi.
ridicule,mokiworthyof(ridiculous),ridinda.
right,prava(tosomething),rajto(notleft),dekstra.
rightangled,orta.
ring(intrans.),sonori(circlet),ringo.
ringlet(ofhair),buklo.
ripe,matura.
river,rivero.
road,vojo(broadroadway),oseo.
roam,vagi.
roar,mui.
roast,rosti.
rob,rabi,teli.
robber,rabisto.
robe,robo.
Robert,Roberto.
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roguish,petola(rascally),fripona.
roll(trans.),ruli(somethingaroundsomethingelse),volvi(bread),bulko(list),listo,registro.
roof,tegmento.
room,ambro(space),spaco.
root,radiko.
rose,rozo.
(by)rote,parkere.
round,rondo(ofladder),tupeto(roundabout)(prep.)irka(89,120,159,160).
routine,rutino.
row(boats),remi.
royalty,reeco(shareofprofit)tantiemo.
rub,froti.
ruin,ruino.
rule,regi(drawlines),linii(regulation),regulo.
rumor,famorumored,ladira.
run,kuri(offluids),flui.
Russian,ruso.
rust,rusti.
S.
sack,sako(plunder),rabi.
sacred,sankta.
sacrifice,oferi,oferdoni.
saddle,selo.
safe,sendanera,senriska(chest),monkesto.
sail,velo.
salad,salato.
salary,salajro.
salt,salo.
salute,saluti.
same,sama.
sample,specimeno.
sand,sablo.
sap,suko.
sardine,sardeno.
satchel,valizo.
sated,sata.
satin,atlaso.
satisfied,kontenta(ofhunger),sata.
Saturday,sabato.
sausage,kolbaso.
sauce,saco.
saucer,subtaso,telereto.
saucy,petola,malentila,insultema.
savage,sovaa.
save,savi(keep),konservi(economize),pari(prep.),krom,esceptede.
saw,segi.
say,diri(77).
scales(forweighing),pesilo.
scarcely(adv.),apena.
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scent(trans.),flari.
schedule(ofrates),tarifo.
science,scienco.
scissors,tondilo.
Scot(Scotchman),skoto.
scoundrel,kanajlo,fripono.
scrape,skrapi.
screen,irmi.
screw,rabodriver,rabturnilo.
sculpture,skulpti.
sea,maro.
seal,sigeli.
season(oftheyear),sezono.
second(oftime),sekundo(inorder),duaatime(adv.),duafoje,bis.
secret,sekreto.
secretary,sekretario.
section,sekcio,parto,ero(276).
see,vidito,zorgipri.
seed,semo.
seek,seriadviceof,konsulti.
seem,ajniing,ajna,kvazaa.
seize,kapti.
select,elekti.
self(reflexive),see39,40,44(intensive),mem(219).
selfcommand,aplombo.
sell,vendi.
senate,senato.
send,sendi.
sense,prudento,sao(meaning),senco(feeling),sento.
sentence,frazo(legal),juo,kondamno.
separate(intrans.),disii,disiri(distinct),aparta.
September,septembro.
serene,trankvila.
series,serio,vico.
serious,serioza,grava.
serve,servi(begoodfor),tagipor.
set,meti(ofthesun),subiri(type),kompostifree,liberigiout(start),foriri,ekiri.
seven(adj.),sep(136).
several,kelkaj,kelke.
severe,severa.
sew,kudri.
shade(shadow),ombro(tint)nuanco(screen),irmilo.
shaft(ofvehicle),timono.
shake(trans.),skui(oscillate),ancelihands,manpremi.
sham,preteksti.
shape,formoly,beltalia.
share,partopreni,dividi,parto,porcio.
sharp,akra(pointed),pinta.
shatter,frakasi.
shave,razi.
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shawl,alo.
she(pronoun),i(32,37,42).
shear,tondi.
sheep,afo.
shelf,breto.
shell,elo(ofmollusk),konkotoremovethe,seneligi.
shelter,irmi.
shepherd,patisto.
shield,ildo(protect),irmi.
shinbone,tibio.
shine,brili,lumi.
ship,ipo.
shirt,emizo.
shoe,uo.
shoot(withgun,etc.),pafi.
shop,butiko.
shore,bordo,marbordo.
short,mallongasighted,miopahand,stenografio.
shoulder,ultro.
shove,ovi.
shovel,oveli.
show(trans.),montri.
shrill,akra,akrasona.
shun,eviti.
shut(trans.),fermi.
side,flankoboard,telermeblowalk,trotuarowise,oblikva.
sift,kribri.
sigh,sopiri.
sign,signothename,subskribi.
signify,signifi.
silent,silenta(239).
silk,silko.
silver,arento.
similar,simila.
simple,simpla.
sin,peki.
since(conj.),ar,tialke(83)(prep.),de,depost(89)(adv.),detiam.
sing,kanti.
single,sola,unuopaman(unmarriedman),fralo.
sit,sidi(239).
six(adj.),ses(136).
sketch,skizi.
skill,lertecotrialof,konkurso.
skin(human),hato(ofanimals),felo.
skirt,jupo.
sky,ielo.
slanting,oblikva,klina.
slate(stone),ardezo.
slaughter,bui.
slave,sklavo.
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sleep,dormilullto,luli.
sleeve,maniko.
slide,gliti.
slime,limo.
slipper,pantoflo.
sly,ruza.
smear,miri.
smell(trans.),flari(intrans.),odori.
smile,rideti.
smoke,fumi.
smooth,glata(polished),polurita.
sneeze,terni.
snow,nei.
so(conj.),do(adv.),(thus),tiel(88,156)(therefore),tial(78)much,tiom(104,164).
society,societo.
Socrates,Sokrato.
sofa,kanapo.
soft,mola.
soil,terosoiled,malpura.
soldier,soldato(professional),militisto.
sole,sola(offoot),plando(ofshoe),ledplando.
solemn,solena.
some,kelka,kelke,iom(217)one,how,etc.,seetable,235.
son,filo.
soon(adv.),balda.
sorcerer,soristo.
sort,speco,klaso(putinorder),ordigi,enfakigi.
soul,animo.
sound(intrans.),soni(ofbells),sonori(ingoodcondition),bonstata.
soup,supo.
sour,acida,maldola.
south,sudo.
sow,semi.
space,spaco.
spacious,vasta,grandspaca,grandampleksa.
Spaniard,hispano.
spare(save),pari(pardon),pardoni.
sparrow,pasero.
speak,paroli(77).
spear,lanco.
special,speciala,aparta.
specialty,fako.
species,speco.
specimen,specimeno,modelo.
spectre,fantomo.
speed,rapido,rapideco.
spell,silabi(witchcraft),sorao.
spend(money),elspezi(time),pasigi.
speso,speso(285).
spider,araneo.
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spin,pini.
spinach,spinaco.
spite,malicoinof,(prep.),malgra,spite.
splash(trans.),pladi.
splendor,pompo,brilo,belegeco.
split(trans.),fendi.
spoil(trans.),difekti.
spoke(ofwheel),radio.
spoon,kulero.
spot,makuli.
spout(liquids),pruci.
spring(season),printempo(ofwater),fonto.
sprite,koboldo,feo.
spruce(tree),piceo.
spurt(ofliquids),pruci.
spy,spiono(catchsightof),ekvidiglass,lorno.
square,kvadrato(public),placo.
stain,makuli.
stair(staircase),tuparo.
stag,cervo.
stake(ofpalisade),paliso.
stamp(officially),stampi(withfoot),piedfrapipostage,potmarko.
stand,stari(239)(endure),suferi,elporti.
standard(model),modelo(flag),standardo.
star,stelo(anyheavenlybody),astro.
starch,amelo.
state(condition),stato(political),tato(governedbody),regno.
station(state),stato(railway,etc.),stacio,stacidomo.
stay,resti.
steady,firma,konstanta,nemovebla.
steal,teli,rabi(252).
steam,vaporo.
steel,talo.
steep,kruta.
step,pai(ofstairs),tupo.
stern,severa.
stew(trans.),stufi.
stick,bastono(adhere),algluii.
still(silent),silenta(adv.),ankorajam(conj.),tamen.
stimulate,stimuli,inciti.
sting,piki.
stipulate,kondio.
stocking,trumpo.
stomach,stomako.
stone,tono.
stoop,klinii(entranceporch),perono.
stop(intrans.),halti(leaveoff),esiup,topi.
stopper,topilo.
store(shop),butiko(warehouse),magazeno,konservejo,tenejo.
story(tale),fabelo,rakonto(ofhouse),etao.
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stove,forno.
straight,rekta.
strange,stranga,kurioza(foreign),fremda.
strap,rimeno.
straw,pajlo.
strawberry,frago.
streak,striomakea,streki.
street,stratoarab,bubo.
streetcar,tramveturiloline,tramvojo.
stress,akcento(force),forto.
stretch(trans.),etendi(forcibly),strei.
string,nuro(shoelace),laobean,fazeolo.
strike,frapi,bati(oflaborers),strikoout,trastreki.
strip(ofpaper,cloth,etc.),banderolooff,senigi.
stripe,strio.
strive,peni.
strong,forta.
struggle,barakti.
student,studento(personstudying),studanto.
study,studi.
stuff,tofo(furniture,etc.),remburi.
stump,stumpo.
style,stilo,modo,fasono.
subject(theme),temo(grammatical),subjekto(ruled),regato.
subscribe,subskribi(tomagazine,etc.),aboni.
substance,substanco.
succeed,sukcesi(farewell),prosperi(follow),sekvi,postveni.
succulent,suka,sukplena.
such,tia(65)(adv.),tiel(88).
sudden,subita,neatendita.
suffer,suferi,toleri(permit),permesi.
suffice,sufii.
suffix,sufikso.
suffocate(trans.),sufoki.
sugar,sukero.
suggest,sugestii,proponi.
suit(ofclothes),vestoj,kompleto(atlaw),proceso.
suitable,konvena,konforma,taga,deca.
suite(ofrooms),apartamento.
sulphur,sulfuro.
sum,sumo(total),tuto.
summarize,resumi.
summer,somerohouse,labo.
summit,pinto,supro.
sun,suno.
Sunday,dimano.
superior,supera(person),superulo.
superstition,superstio.
supply,liveri,provizi.
suppose,supoziopinii.
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sure,certa.
surface,suprao.
surprise,surprizi.
suspect,suspekti.
suspend,pendigi.
suspenders,elko.
swallow,gluti(bird),hirundo.
swamp,maro.
swan,cigno.
swear,uri.
Swede,svedo.
sweep(floors,etc.),balai.
sweet,dolapotato,batato.
sweetmeat,bombono,sukerao,konfitaobefondof,frandi.
swim,nai.
swine,porko.
swing(trans.),svingi(balance),balanci(279).
Swiss,sviso.
swoon,sveni.
sword,glavo.
syllable,silabo.
Syracuse,Sirakuzo.
T.
table(furniture),tablo(tabulation),tabelo.
tail,vosto.
tailor,tajloro.
take,preni(magazines,etc.),aboniin(money),enspeziplace,okazinoteof,observi,
rimarkioath,uristepstowardaccomplishing,klopodipleasurein,uithe
attentionof,distri.
tale,fabelo.
talent,talento.
tall,alta,altkreska,granda.
talon,ungego.
tap(rap),frapeti(faucet),krano.
tariff,tarifo.
task,tasko.
taste,gusto,gustumi.
tax,imposto.
tea,teocaddy,teujo(181)pot,tekruo.
teach,instrui.
tear,iri(oftheeye),larmo.
tease,turmenteti,agreni.
tedious,teda,enuiga,laciga.
telegraph,telegrafi.
telephone,telefoni.
telescope,teleskopo.
tell,diri,rakonti(77)lies,mensogi.
temper,humorolosethe,koleri.
temple(ofthehead),tempio(building),templo.
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tempt,tenti.
ten(adj.),dek(136).
tender,delikata,mola,karesa.
tenor(voice),tenoro(course),daro.
tent,tendo.
term(word),termino(condition),kondio(time),templimo.
terrace,teraso.
territory,teritorio.
terror,teruro.
test,provi,ekzameni.
texture,kvalito(thingwoven),teksao.
than(conj.),ol(82,97,98).
thank,danki(265).
that(conj.),ke(53,83,105,259,262)(pronoun),tiu(56)tio(233,234)kind,tia(65)(adv.),tiel
(88,156)way,tiamaniere,tiel(88)much,tielmulte,tiom(104,164)(when)(adv.),kiam
(155).
thaw(intrans.),degeli.
the(article),la(11,47,201,280,a)(adv.),ju,des(84).
theatre,teatro.
theme,temo.
then(conj.),do(adv.),tiam(73)(afterwards),poste.
theory,teorio.
there(adv.),tie(68)(adv.callingattention),jen(228)seealso51.
therefore(adv.),tial(78)protio,sekve.
they(pronoun),ili(32,37,42)(indefinite),oni(54).
thick,dika,densa.
thigh,femuro.
thing,afero,objekto,ao(227)any,what,etc.,seetable,235.
think,pensi(havetheopinion),opinii.
(be)thirsty,soifi.
this(pronoun),tioi(233,234)(pronounandadj.),tiui(60)all,ioi.Seetable,235.
thong,rimeno.
thorn,dorno.
thou(pronoun),ci(40).
though(conj.),kvankamas,kvaza(250).
thousand(adj.),mil(142).
thread,fadenoaneedle,enkudriligifadenon.
threaten,minaci.
three(adj.),tri(136).
threshold,sojlo.
thrifty,parema.
throat,goro.
throne,trono.
throng,amaso,aro(126).
through(prep.),tra(46,160)(bymeansof),per(64)(becauseof),pro(86),de(170).
throw,eti.
thumb,dikafingro.
thunder,tondri.
Thursday,ado.
thus(adv.),tiel(88,156),tiamaniere.
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ticket,biletowindow,gieto.
tickle,tikli.
tie,ligi(shoes,etc.),lai.
tiger,tigro.
tile,kahelo(brick),briko.
till(moneybox),kaso(prep.),is(46,89)thesoil,terkulturi.
time(ingeneral),tempo(occasion),fojo(127)(epoch),epoko(ofday),horo.
tin(metal),stanoplate(sheetironcoveredwithtin),lado.
tinkle,tinti.
tint,nuanco,koloro.
tire(trans.),lacigi,enuigi(pneumatic),pnematiko.
to(prep.),al(46,160,251,252)is(46,89).
toad,bufo.
toast(bread),panrostao(sentiment),tosto.
tobacco,tabako.
today(adv.),hodia(93,171).
toe,piedfingro.
toilet,tualeto.
tolerate,toleri,suferi.
tomato,tomato.
tomb,tombo.
tomorrow(adv.),morga(93,171).
tone,tono.
tongue(ofthebody),lango(ofvehicle),timono(language),lingvo.
too(adv.),tro(toomuch),tromulte,tro.
tool,ilo(63).
tooth,dento.
top,supro.
torment,turmenti.
total,tuto.
touch,tui(feelwiththefingers,etc.),palpisenseof,palpadotheheartof,kortui.
toward(prep.),al(46,160,251,252).
tower,turoabove,superstari.
trace,signo,postsigno.
trade(occupation),metio(commerce),komerco(exchange),interani.
train(ofcars),vagonaro(ofdress),trenao.
tram,tramoway,tramvojocar,tramveturilo.
tranquil,trankvilakvieta.
translate,traduki.
travel,vojai(byvehicle),veturi.
tray,pleto.
treacherous,perfida.
treasure,trezoro.
treasurer,kasisto.
treasury,kaso.
treat(inspeechorwriting),trakti(forillness),kuraci(acttowards),kondutikontra(regale),
regali.
treatise,traktato.
tree,arbo.
tremble,tremi(vacillate),ancelii.
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trial,juaaskultado,esplorado(ofskill),konkurso(affliction),malojo,sufero(test),provo,
ekzameno(attempt),provo.
trifle,bagatelo.
triumph,triumfo.
tropic,tropiko.
trot,troti.
trousers,pantalono.
trunk(chestwithlid),kofro(oftree),trunko.
trust,fidi,konfidi(financial),trusto.
truth,vero.
try(legally),jui(strive),peni(attempt,test),provi.
tub,kuvo.
tube,tubo.
tuber,tubero.
Tuesday,mardo.
tumbler(fordrinking),glaso(juggler),onglisto.
tune,ario,melodio.
Turk,turko.
turkey,meleagro.
turn(trans.),turni(inaseries),vico.
turnip,napo.
turnstile,gieto.
twilight,krepusko.
twist(trans.),tordi.
twitter,pepi.
two(adj.),du(136).
tyrant,tirano.
U.
umbrella,ombrelo.
uncle,onklo.
unanimous,unuvoa,unuanima.
uncommon,kurioza,nekomuna.
unconcerned,indiferentanezorgema.
under(prep.),sub(121,160).
underline,substreki.
understand,kompreni.
undertake,entrepreniinitiativework,klopodi.
undeviating,rekta.
unfailing(adv.),nepre,certe.
unimportant,indiferenta,negrava.
union,unuigo,unuio,kunigo,kunio.
universe,universo.
university,universitato.
until(prep.),is(89)
up(adv.),supre,supren(121)to,is(46).
upholster,remburi.
upper,supra.
upon(prep.),sur(160).
upright,justa(vertical),vertikala.
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urge,uri,insistepeti.
upset(trans.),renversi.
utmost,ekstrema,eblo(161,seealso162).
V.
(be)vacant,vaki,estineokupata.
vacillate,ancelii.
vagabond,vagisto.
vain(futile),vanasenutila,senfrukta(proud),vanta,fierain,vane.
valise,valizo.
valley,valo.
value(appraise),taksi(like),atihavetheof,valori.
vanquish,venki.
vapor,vaporo.
varied,diversa,malsimila.
vase,vazo.
vast,vasta,granda.
vaunt,fanfaroni,vantparoli.
veal,bovidao(207,c).
vegetable(edible),legomo(plantgrowth),vegetao,kreskao(227,a).
vegetarian,vegetara.
vegetate,vegeti.
veil,vualo.
vein,vejno.
velvet,veluro.
veranda,verando.
verify,konstati,kontroli.
vermicelli,vermielo.
verse,verso(poesy),poezio.
vertical,vertikala.
very(verymuch)(adv.),tre,tremulte(adj.),sama,identa,(intensive)mem(219).
vex,agreni.
vibrate(intrans.),vibri.
vice(wickedness),malvirto(prefix),vic.
vie,konkuri.
village,vilao.
vindication,apologio.
vinegar,vinagro.
violet,violo.
violin,violono.
virtue,virto.
visage,vizao.
visit,viziti.
vivid,hela.
voice,voo.
volume(book),volumo(ofabody),volumeno.
vote,vodoni,baloti.
vowel,vokalo.
voyage,vojai.
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W.
wade,vadi.
waffle,vaflo.
wager,veti.
wages,salajro.
wait(waitfor),atendion,servi.
waiter(inrestaurant,etc.),kelnero.
waist,taliocoat,veto
wake(trans.),veki.
walk,mari(forpleasure),promeni(ofpark,etc.),aleoside,trotuaro.
wall,muro.
waltz,valsi.
wander,vagi.
want(need),bezoni(desire),deziri,voli(belacking),manki(extremity),mizerego.
war,militi.
wardrobe(garments),vestaro(furniture),ranko,vestoranko.
warehouse,magazeno.
warm,varmamake,varmigi,hejti.
warn,averti(givenotice),avizi,antasciigi.
wash,lavi.
waste(prodigality),malparo(refuse),foretao(desert),dezerto.
watch(lookat),rigardadi(timepiece),pohorlooover,gardi.
water,akvocolor,akvarelofall,kaskado.
wave,ondo(flutter,brandish),flirti,svingi.
wax,vakso.
way(manner),maniero(custom),kutimo(method),metodo(means),rimedo(road),vojo
in,enirejothis,any,etc.,seetable,235.
we(pronoun),ni(32,37).
wear,portiout,eluzi.
(be)wearied,enui.
weather,veterocock,ventoflago.
weave,teksi(plait),plekti.
Wednesday,merkredo.
week,semajno.
weep,plori.
weigh(trans.),pesi(intrans.),(beheavy),pezi(meditateupon),pripensi(264,c).
welcome,bonveniboneakceptiyouare,("nothanksneeded"),estasnenio,volontefarite.
well(healthy),sana(forwater),puto(adv.),bone(interjection),nu(273),boneinformed,
kleranigh(adv.),preska.
west,okcidento.
wet,malsekigi,trempi.
whale,baleno.
what(pronoun),kio(233,234)(pronominaladj.),kiu(106,146)kind,way,time,etc.,see
table,235.
wheat,tritiko.
wheel,rado.
when(adv.),kiam(125,155)(while),dum(96).
where(adv.),kie(118,151)fore,kial(129),tial(78).
whether(conj.),u(30,66,a).
which(pronoun),kio(233,234)(pronounandadj.),kiu(106,146)way,kind,etc.seetable,
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235.
while(prep.),dum(120,159)(conj.),dum(96)(concessive),kvankama,iomdatempo.
whip,vipi.
whistle,fajfi(hiss),sibli.
white,blankawhitish,dubeblanka.
who(pronoun),kiu(106,143)whose,kies(107,147).
whole(entire),tuta.
why(adv.),kial(129),prokio.
wicket,gieto.
wide,laramake,plilarigi,etendi.
widow,vidvinowidower,vidvo.
wig,peruko.
wild,sovaa.
(be)willing,voli.
willingly,volonte.
wilt,velki.
wind,vento,survolvi(twist),tordi(awatch),strei.
winding,torda.
window,fenestroticket,gieto.
wine,vino.
winter,vintro.
wipe,vii.
wise,saa.
wish,voli,deziri.
witch,soristinocraft,soro.
with(prep.),kun(70,76,120,159,160)(bymeansof),per(64)(agentofthepassive),de(169)je
(260)regardto,rilate(266)draw,eliri,foriri(=having),havante(222).
wither,velki.
without(prep.),sen(248).
(give)witness,atesti.
witty,sprita.
woe,malojo(interjection),ve(273).
wolf,lupo.
wonder,miri.
woo,amindumi.
wood,ligno.
wool,lano.
word,vorto(spoken),parolo.
work,labori(ofmachinery),funkcii(literarycomposition),verko.
world,mondo.
worm,vermo.
worship,adori(divineservice),Diservo.
(be)worth,valori.
worthy,inda(154).
wound,vundi.
wreath,girlando.
wrestle,barakti.
wretch,fripono,kanajloed,mizera,aa(272).
wrinkle,sulketo,faldeto.
write,skribi(books,articles,music),verki.
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wrong,malprava,erara,maljusta.
Y.
yawn,oscedi(open),fendii.
year,jaro.
yearn,sopirideziregi.
yellow,flavaish,dubeflava.
yes(adv.),jes(171).
yesterday(adv.),hiera(93,171)daybefore,antahiera.
yet(adv.),ankorajam(conj.),tamen.
yoke,jugo.
you(pronoun),vi(32,37,39)seealsooni(54).
young,juna(offspring),ido(207).
Z.
zeal,fervoro.
zenith,zenito.
zero,nulo.
zigzag,zigzago.
zinc,zinko.
zone,zono.
zoology,zoologio.
INDEX.
Thereferencesaretosections,unlessthepage(p.)isgiven.Thefollowingabbreviationsareused:ace.=
accusativeadj.=adjectiveadv.=adverbexpr.=expressedftn.=footnoteinf.=infinitiveintrans.=
intransitiveprep.=prepositiontrans.=transitive.ForEsperantowordswhoseuseormeaningis
speciallyexplained,referencesaregivenintheVocabulary.
A.
Abbreviations,286ofordinals,p.107,ftn.Abstractnouns,202.Accent,8ofelidedword,280,b.
Accompaniment,70distinguishedfrominstrumentalityandopposition,p.49,ftn.Accordance,expr.
byla,191.Activevoice,participlesof,108,119,152tensesof,seeTensessynopsisof,267.
Accusative,ending,23ofadj.,24ofpronoun,37ofadv.,69,121ofdirection,46,108ofmeasure,
139oftime,91distinguishedfromtemporaladv.,94withtemporaladv.,93whenavoided,92after
adv.,266withintrans.verb,264withnounsexpressingmotion,263incomposition,p.132,ftn.
insteadofprepositionalphrase,265,266notusedafterprep.,36,(al,is,tra)46,(preter)p.139,ftn.
notusedwitharticle,25notusedwithpredicates,25,210"cognate,"seeacc.withintrans.verbs,264,a.
Adjectives,defined,12endingof,12formationof,116,(fromadv.)171,(fromprep.)159attributive,
13acc.of,24pluralof,17agreement,(withnouns)17,21,24,(withpronouns)33,(withwords
connectedbynek)31comparisonof,74possessive,43,(pronominaluseof)45predicate,19,(after
trans,verbs)210useof,distinguishedfromadv.withda,103demonstrative,65distributive,177
indefinite,208interrogative,112negative,224reflexivepossessive,44relative,150causativeverbs
fromrootsof,214,aintrans.verbsfromrootsof,232,ccardinal,136ordinal,149.Adverbs,defined,
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66primary,66derived,79(fromprep.)120demonstrative,(tie)68,(tiam)73,(tial)78,(tiel)88,
(tiom)104interrogative,(kie)118,(kiam)123,(kial)129,(kiel)134,(kiom)140,(u)30,p.38,ftn.
relative,(kie)151,(kiam)155,(kiel)156,p.170,ftn.,(kiom)164distributive,(ie)182,(iam)iS7,
(ial)188,(iel)193,(iom)194indefinite,(ie)209,(iam)212,(ial)213,(iel)216,(iom)217negative,
(nenie)225,(neniam)226,(nenial)229,(neniel)230,(neniom)231,(ne)27,66,ageneralizing,(ajn)
236numeral,158positionof,66,aexpressingdirectionofmotion,69,121withexpressionsoftime,
93distinguishingfromacc.oftime,94withacc.,266withprep.,87callingattention,(jen)228
causativeverbsfrom,214,cintrans.verbsfrom,232,dasinterjections,p.216,ftn.derivationofwords
fromprimary,171.Adverbialclauses,p.168,ftn.participle,222,(translating"without")p.193,ftn.
Adversativeconjunctions,p.32,ftn.Advice,expressionof,257,259.Affectionatediminutives,283
(also198,andftn.,p.221).Affirmation,66.Affixes,seePrefixes,Suffixes.Agency,expr.byde,169.
Agreement,ofattributiveadj.,17,(withacc.)24ofpredicatenounandadj.,21ofadj.withtwoor
morenouns,17ofadj.withwordsconnectedbynek,31ofadj.withpronouns,33ofparticiple,108of
nounsinapposition,48.Alphabet,I.Anticipation,expr.byclause,97byinf.withprep.,98.Aoristic
tenses,explained,p.78,ftn.conjugationof,(present)14,(past)35,(future)55,(conditional)241,
(imperative),254.Apposition,48.Argumentativeconjunction,p.32,ftn.Article,definite,11
invariable,18,25forpossessiveadj.,47withpossessiveadj.,45generic,201,218,b,elisionof,280,
anoindefinite,II.Assumption,defined,240implied,244.Augmentatives,122.Auxiliaryverbs,109.
C.
Cardinalnumerals,136formationof,142.Case,seeAccusative,Dative,Nominative,Possessive.
Causativeverbs,214.Cause,expr.byclause,83bypro,86byke,p.222,ftn.Characteristic,expr.by
kun,76byadverbialparticiple,222.Clauses,defined,p.34,ftn.adverbial,p.168,ftn.causal,83of
anticipation,97ofdurationoftime,96ofimaginativecomparison,250ofpurpose,262ofresult,105
subordinateimperative,259."Cognateacc.,"seeacc.withintrans.verbs,264.Collectivenouns,126.
Collectivesensegivenbyuseofda,103.Commands,expressionof,256insubordinateclause,259.
Complementofprep.,36.Complementaryinf.,29.Comparison,ofadj.,74ofadv.,79ofwords
expressingquantity,81containingol,82juanddesin,84.Composition,seeCompounds.Compound
tenses,explained,109ofimpersonalverbs,179conjugationof,seeTenses.Compounds,dependent,
176descriptive,167possessive,184.Conclusion(ofconditions)defined,240(ofletters),see
Correspondence.Concretenouns,formationof,227.Conditionalmood,241compoundtensesof,242
incontrarytofactconditions,246inlessvividconditions,243independentuseof,244ofdevi,247
conditionalsentences,seeConditions.Conditions,defined,240contrarytofact,246factual,240less
vivid,243vivid,p.189,ftn.summaryof,249.Conjugation,34synopsisof,267oftenses,see
Tenses.Conjunctions,defined,52coordinating,52subordinating,53,(notomitted)p.34,ftn.a,p.
32,ftn.kaj,26,p.32,ftn.ke,(inindirectstatements),53,(incausalclauses)83,p.222,ftn.(inresult
clause)105,(inpurposeclause)262,(insubordinateimperativeclause)259kvaza,250nek,31,p.32,
ftn.se,240sed,p.32,ftn.tamen,p.32,ftn.do,p.32,ftn.seep.110,ftn.Connection,expr.byde,
49indefinite,expr.byje,260.Consent,expressionof,257,(insubordinateclauses)259.Consonants,
combinationsof,6pronunciationof,3,namesof,4.Contrarytofactconditions,246.Coordinating
conjunctions,52.Copulativeconjunctions,p.32,ftn.Correlativewords,235.Correspondence,278.
D.
Dates,expr.byacc.,91expr.byanta,90expr.byprep.,89onletters,seeCorrespondence,278.
"Dative,"ethical,ofreference,ofseparation,p.197,ftn.Definitequantity,nounsof,followedbyde,
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100.Degree,advs.of,66,(tiel)88,(kiel)134,156highestpossible,162seealsoComparison.
Deliberation,expressionof,257,(insubordinativeclause)259.Demonstrative,pronoun,(tiu)56,(i
tiu)60,(tio,itio)233adjective,65adv.,seeAdverbs.Dependentcompounds,176.Derivation,of
adv.,79,(fromprep.)120ofwordsfromprep.,159ofwordsfromprimaryadv.,171.Descriptive
compounds,167.Diminutives,198affectionate,283.Diphthongs,5.Directobject,defined,23inf.
as,seeComplementaryinf.,29clauseas,53,259ofcomplementaryinf.,29ofparticiple,108ofprep.,
seeComplement,36.Direction,expr.byacc.(ofnoun)46,263,(ofadv.)121.Disjunctive
conjunctions,p.32,ftn.Distributive,prep.,seepo,175pronoun,(iu)173,(io)233adj.,177adv.,
seeAdverbs.Doubleletters,6,e.
E.
Elision,280.Emphasis,bye,66byja,215.Emphaticnegation,27.Ending,ofacc.,23ofadj.,12
ofadv.,79ofnoun,10ofplural,16ofinf.,28ofindicative,14,35,55ofconditional,241,of
imperative,254ofparticiple,seeParticiples."Ethicaldative,"p.197,ftn.Exclamations,115useofje
in,260.Exhortation,255.Expedience,expressionsof,259.
F.
Factualconditions,240.Femininenouns,formationof,59.Formation,ofwords,116ofopposites,
67,offeminines,59withigandi,239fromprimarywords,159,171.Fractions,166.
Frequentativeverbs,218,a.Futureparticiple,(active)152,(passive)199.Futuretense,55,
(progressive)114,(passive)183,periphrastic,153,200.Futureperfecttense,148,(passive)196.
G.
Genericarticle,201.218,b.Generalizingadv.ajn,236.
H.
Highestdegreepossible,162.
I.
Imaginativecomparison,250.Imperativemood,254incommandsandprohibitions,256inresolve
andexhortation,255,insubordinateclauses,259.lessperemptoryusesof,257toexpresspurpose,262.
Imperfecttense,113,(passive)178.Impersonalverbs,50,compoundtensesof,179modifiersof,141.
Impersonallyusedverbs,explained,141modifiersof,141.Inchoativeverbs,232,a.Indefinite
connection,expr.byje,260.Indefinite,pronoun,(iu)203,(io)233(personal)54adj.,208advs.,see
Adverbsprep.,260suffix,268quantity,expressionsof,withda,99,101.Independentuseof
conditionalmood,244.Indicativemood,defined,241tensesof,seeSynopsis,267."Indirectobject,"
seeal.Indirectquotation,tensesin,58statementsin,53questionsin,p.38,ftn.p.170,ftn.
Infinitive,defined,28,241endingof,28complementary,29assubject,29modifiersof,130
253/263
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synopsisof,267withprep.,98replacedbynoun,218,b.Instruction,(orders),requestsfor,257,259.
Instrumentality,expr.byper,64distinguishedfromaccompaniment,p.49,ftn.Instruments,
formationofnamesof,63.Intensivepronoun,mem,219.Intention,expr.byclause,259.Interjections,
273.Internationalmoneysystem,285weightsandmeasures,284.Interrogation,30,66,a.
Interrogative,pronoun,(kiu)106,(kio)233adj.,112advs.,seeAdverbs.Intransitiveverbs,defined,
22nopassive,p.122,ftn.fromadj.roots,232,cfromnounroots,advs.,preps.,suffixes,prefixes,232,
dfromtrans,verbroots,232,b,(tableof),279.Introductoryparticle,notneeded,50,51.
Invariability,ofarticle,18ofmem,219ofverb,18ofcardinals,136.Inversion,notneededin
questions,30.
L.
Lessperemptoryusesofimperative,257.Lessvividconditions,243.Letters,namesof,4double,
pronunciationof,6,eseealsoCorrespondence,278.Limitationofthirdpersonalpronoun,42.
M.
Manner,expr.bykun,76expr.by.per,p.53,ftn.byadverbialparticiple,222advs.of,seeAdverbs.
Material,expressionof,197.Means,expressionof,64.Measure,ace.of,139expr.byje,260.
Measures,weightsand,284.Metricsystem,284.Modifiersofimpersonallyusedverbs,141.Money
system,Theinternational,285.Mood,defined,241inf.,seeInfinitiveconditional,241imperative,
254indicative,see267inconditions,seeConditions.Moralobligation,247.Motiveorreason,advs.
of,seeAdverbsexpr.byclause,83expr.byprep.,86.
N.
Names,ofletters,4orthographyofproper,128.Necessity,expressionof,259.Negative,pronoun,
(neniu)220(nenio)233adj.,224advs.,seeAdverbsconjunction,31."Nominativeabsolute,"how
rendered,p.169,ftn.Nominativecase,endingof,(fornouns)10,(foradj.)12ofpredicatenounand
adj.,25,210withprep.,36,(al,is,tra)46.Noun,defined,10,endingof,10,pluralof,16acc.of,23
elisionof,280,bfeminine,59numeral,157participial,205predicate,20,211possessivecaseof,49
expressingmotion,followedbyacc.,263expressingquantity,followedbyda,99,byde,100replacing
inf.,218,breplacingparticipialphrase,p.193,ftn.fromadv.,171fromprep.,159.Nounroots,
causativeverbsfrom,214,cintrans.verbsfrom,232,d.Number,seePlural.Numeralnouns,157
advs.,158.Numerals,cardinal,136formationof,142fractional,166ordinal,149abbreviationof,p.
107,ftn.followedbyel,138.
O.
Object,seeDirectobject,Indirectobject,Complement.Obligation,247,(moral)247.Opposites,
formationof,67ofpliandplej,80.Opposition,distinguishedfromaccompaniment,p.49,ftn.Order,
ofwordendings,p.10,ftn.seealsoPosition.Ordinalnumerals,149advs.,158abbreviationof,p.
107,ftn.Orthography,ofpropernouns,128.
254/263
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P.
Partofthewhole,expressionof,(afternoun)99,(afteradv.)101.Participialnouns,205advs.,222.
Participle,defined,108agreementof,108adverbial,222,(translating"without")p.193,ftn.present,
108,(passive)165past,119,(passive)189future,152,(passive)199.Particle,introductory,not
needed,50,51.Partitiveconstruction,p.74,ftn.Passivevoice,agentof,169participlesof,see
Participlestensesof,seeTensesofigformations,239distinguishedfromiformations,232,b.
Pasttense,35,(passive)seeImperfectpastparticiple,seeParticiples.Pastperiphrasticfuture,153,
(passive)200.Pastinception,presentactionwith,131.Peremptorycommandsandprohibitions,256,
259.Perfecttense,124,(passive)190perfectparticiple,seePastparticiple.Periphrasticfutures,153,
(passive)200.Permission,expressionof,269.Perplexity,expressionof,257,259.Personalpronouns,
32acc.of,37indefinite,54reflexive,39,40limitationofthirdpersonal,42positionofunemphatic,
274.Place,expr.bye,125advs.of,seeAdverbsexpr.byej,III128.Pluperfecttense,135,
(passive),195.Plural,ofnouns,16ofpronouns,56,106,203,173,220ofadj.,16ofunu,137none
ofarticle,18noneofpronounsendingino,233.Position,ofattributiveadj.,13ofadv.,66,aof
emphaticnegative,27ofunemphaticpronoun,274ofinterrogativeadv.,30.Possession,expr.byde,
49.Possessive,adjective,43reflexive,44articlefor,47ftn.,p.221.Possessivecaseofnouns,49of
pronouns,(ties)62,(kies)107,147,(ies)174,(ies)204,(nenies)221seealsoPossessiveadjective,43.
Possessivecompounds,184."Possessivepronouns,"p.24,ftn.Possibility,expressionof,270.
Predicate,adj.,19,agreementof,21aftertrans,verbs,210noun,20agreementof,21aftertrans.
verb,211clauseas,259.Prefixes,causativeverbsfrom,214,cintrans.verbsfrom,232,dprep.as,
160,248adverbas,71,167,a,interjectionas,p.216,ftn.bo,277dis,245duon,277ek,206eks,
281ge,271mal,67pra,282re,223.Prepositions,defined,36withinf.,98withadv.,87with
otherpreps.,87caseusewith,36,46expressingtimerelations,89asprefixes,160wordderivation
from,159advs.from,120causativeverbsfrom,214,cintrans.verbsfrom,232,dmakingintrans.
verbstrans.,264,b,cseealsoreferencesinVocabulary.Prepositionalphrase,acc.insteadof,265,
266.Presentactionwithpastinception,131.Presentperiphrasticfuture,153,(passive)200.Present
participle,108,(passive)165.Presenttense,14,(progressive)110,(passive)168.Primaryadverbs,
defined,66derivationofwordsfrom,171.Probability,expressionof,270.Progressivetenses,present,
110,future,114passive,200.Prohibition,expressionof,256,259.Pronominaladjective,possessive
adj.as,45pronounas,(tiu)57,60,(kiu)106,146,(iu)173,(iu)203,(neniu)220,(amba)238.
Pronouns,defined,32agreementwith,33personal,32indefinitepersonal,54reflexive,38,39,40,
(incomposition)p.132,ftn.possessive,p.24,ftn.possessiveformof,seePossessivecaselimitationof
thirdpersonal,42positionofunemphatic,274correlationofpredicativeorrelative,234followedbyel,
173,p.115,ftn.seriesino,233demonstrative,56,60,233distributive,173,233indefinite,203,233
interrogative,106,233negative,220,233relative,146233summary,235amba,238intensive,
219.Propernouns,orthographyof,128.Protestations,useofjein,260.Proximity,expr.byi,60,66,
p.229,ftn.Purpose,expr.byinf.,98byimperative,262byprep.,95.
Q.
Quantity,constructionwithnounsexpressing,99,100constructionwithadvs.expressing,101advs.of,
(tiom)104,(kiom)140,164,(iom)194,(iom)217,(neniom)231comparisonofadvs.expressing,81.
Questions,30indirect,p.38,ftn.,p.170,ftn.ofdeliberation,perplexity,orforinstructions,257,259.
Quotations,indirect,53,58.
R.
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Reciprocalexpressions,180.Reference,expr.byal,251.Reflexivepronouns,offirstandsecond
persons,39ofthirdperson,40withsubstantivalinf.,130.Reflexivepossessiveadjective,44.
Reflexiveverbs,41distinguishedfromverbsini,232,b.Relativepronoun,(kiu)146,(kio)233not
omitted,p.106,ftn.Relativeadjective,150relativeadverb,seeAdverbs.Relativeclause,see146,233,
(temporal)155,(ofmanner)156,(quantitative)164.Request,expressionof,257,259forinstructions,
257,259.Resolve,expressionof,255.Result,clausesof,105.Root,defined,p.42,ftn.Route,
expressionof,191.
S.
Salutations,115.Separation,expr.byde,170expr.byal,252byfor,71bydis,245.Situation,
expr.bye,125byadverbialparticiple,222.Source,expr.byde,170.Statements,indirect,53tenses
in,58.Subject,defined,15precededbyverb,51inf.as,130clauseas,141,259ofadverbial
participle,222.Subordinateclause,defined,53imperativein,259,262conditionalin,seeConditions,
243,246.Subordinatingconjunctions,ke,53,105,259(tialke)83,p.222,ftn.(porke)262(not
omitted)p.34,ftn.se,240kvaza,250u,p.38,ftn.Substantive,defined,p.71,ftn.inf.as,98,130
clauseas,53,259.Substitution,expr.byprep.,p.63,ftn.expr.byprep.withinf.,98ofnounforinf.,
218,b,p.193,ftn.Suffixes,causativeverbsfrom,214,cintrans.verbsfrom,232,dad,218a,
272a,227an,145ar,126j,283ebl,161ec,202eg,122ej,111em,192er,
276estr,253et,198id207ig,214,239,275i,232,239,279il,63in,59ind,154
ing,237ist,172,p.154,ftn.nj,283obl,186on,166op,261uj,181ul,132um,268.
Summaryofconditions,249.Superlatives,(adj.)74,(adv.)79followedbyel,75.Syllables,7.
Synonyms,apparent,(diri:paroli:rakonti)77,(koni:scii)117,(tempofojo)127,(loi:vivi)133,
(antikva:maljuna:malnova)p.128,ftn.,67,(iu:tuta)p.130,ftn.,(indiferenta:nezorga)p.162,ftn.,
(provi:peni:jui)p.228,ftn.,(uste:juste:us)p.198,ftn.,(ankora:jam)p.124,ftn.,p.112,ftn.,
(trovii:sintrovi:kui:sidi)p.217,ftn.Synopsisoftheverb,267.System,correlative,235metric,
284ofmoney,285.
T.
Temporalclauses,96,155.Temporaladverbs,66,(tiam)73,(kiam)123,155,(iam)187,(iam)212,
(neniam)226,(jam)p.124,ftn.(ankora)p.112,ftn.,(us)p.116,ftn.Tenses,aoristic,p.78,ftn.
compound,109(ofimpersonalverbs)179inindirectquotations,58inconditions,249ofinf.,267of
conditional,241,242ofimperative,254present,14,(progressive)110,(passive)168,past,35,
(passive)178future,55,(progressive)114(passive)183imperfect,113,(passive)178perfect,124,
(passive)190pluperfect,135,(passive)195futureperfect,148,(passive)190periphrastic,153,
(passive)200synopsisofall,267.Terminations,seeEndings.Termsofaddress,163affectionate,
283,p.221,ftn.Time,ofday,185expr.byprep.,89expr.byacc.,91expr.byclause,96,155expr.
byadverbialparticiple,222advs.of,seeTemporaladverbs.Titles,163useofmoto,258.Transitive
verbs,defined,22formedbyig,214fromintrans.roots,264,b,clistofsome,275.
U.
Unemphaticwords,positionof,(negative)27,(pronoun)274.
256/263
7/31/2015
V.
Verbalnounsinad,218,b,p.193,ftn.Verbalroots,causativeverbsfrom,214,b.Verbs,moodof,
241invariable,18causative,214frequentative,218,ainchoative,232,aimpersonal,50reflexive,
41trans.,defined,22trans,fromintrans.roots,275intrans.,defined,22intrans.fromtrans.roots,232,
b,279fromprep.,159fromadv.,171conjugationof,34,(synopsis)267,precedingthesubject,51as
interjection,p.216,ftn.implied,(incomparisons)82,156,250(insalutations)115,(inexclamations)
115,228withprepositionalphrasecontainingda,102.Vividconditions,p.189,ftn.Vowels,
pronunciationof,2.
W.
Way,expressionof,(manner)76,(route)191.Weightsandmeasures,284.Wish,expressionof,257,
259.Words,correlative,235formationof,116fromprepositions,159fromprimaryadvs.,171
compositionof,seeCompoundsorderof,inquestion,30seealsoPosition.
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A Complete Grammar of Esperanto

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Future: miestusvidonta, Ishouldbeabouttosee.

li(i,i)vidu! lethim(her,it)see! ilividu!

Present: miestuvidanta, Present: miestuvidata,

Future: miestuvidonta. Future: miestuvidota.

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