CE

157: Design of Reinforced

Concrete Structures
Design Philosophies
Engr. William Mata
Structural Engineering Group
UP InsCtute of Civil Engineering

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The aart
rt and science o
f selecCng, arranging and
proporConing materials of construcCon to
produce a safe, economical structure which will
serve its intended funcCon

ART

ENGINEERING

SCIENCE

Use of Judgement based on:

Accumulated Experience

ART
Standard Design PracCce

Standard ConstrucCon PracCce

- pertains to the use of systemaCc methods of study

- based on sound knowledge and principles of:
STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

MATERIAL BEHAVIOR
SCIENCE
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR
SOURCE and EFFECTS of ACTIONS

NOTES:

1.) ComputaCons (SCIENCE) serve only as a guide to design

decisions
- computaCons serve to verify that the structure will
behave as intended
2.) Design Problems are inherently indeterminate such that
several alterna-ve solu-ons are possible
3.) Actual behavior of structures, material behavior and
acCons are very complex

- knowledge is far from complete*

- simplifying assumpCons are required*

*gives rise to uncertain-es all design variables are

random variables (vs determinis-c)

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The
art
a nd s cience
of selecCng, arranging and
proporConing materials of construcCon to
produce a safe, economical structure which will
serve its intended funcCon

1.) TYPE Reinforced Concrete, Steel, Precast/Prestressed

Concrete
2.) PROPERTIES basically Strength
SELECTING MATERIALS

3.) FACTORS AFFECTING CHOICE Availability, RelaCve Cost,

Framing, Architectural Requirements, others

SELECTION OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FRAMING SYSTEM

1.) Based on Load gravity load, lateral load
2.) Subsystems roof framing, verCcal framing, member
layout, foundaCon systems)
ARRANGING
PROPORTIONING

DETERMINATION OF MEMBER SIZE AND SHAPE

STRUCTURAL DESIGN

The art and science of selecCng, arranging and

proporConing materials of construcCon to
produce
a safe, economical structure which will
uncCon
serve its intended funcCon

Structure should not pose any danger of injury or fatality

(occupants, passerbys, and occupants of adjacent structures)
Structural and nonstructural elements should have sucient
strength to resist anCcipated acCons
SAFE
ECONOMICAL

Can be economically built and maintained

Structures designed to avoid condiCons which may interfere

with the normal operaCons or funcCons of the dierent
components
Examples:

SERVICEABLE

1.) Excessive deecCon/drib

2.) Excessive vibraCon
3.) Excessive cracking

SPECIFICATIONS and BUILDING CODES

Increased reliability of safety and serviceability (generally
increases cost)
SPECIFICATIONS:
Specify minimum design requirements with respect to
The materials,
Structural dEesign
ngineer
has the
ulCmate
responsibility
for a
loadings,
load
combinaCons,
design
safe methods,
structure strength evaluaCon and serviceability
BUILDING CODES:
Legally binding minimum design requirements as
adopted by the responsible government authority

DESIGN PHILOSOPHIES

System of Principles used for guidance in determining and

providing acceptable levels of safety against the possible
occurrence of limit states
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) is a limit states
design

LIMIT STATES

CondiCons in which a structure becomes unt for service

Main Categories:
1.) UlCmate (Strength) Limit States
2.) Serviceability Limit States
3.) Special Limit States

ULTIMATE (STRENGTH) LIMIT STATES

CondiCons which make the structure unsafe due to the

collapse of any part of or the whole structure
Loss of equilibrium, rupture, progressive collapse, formaCon
of a mechanism, instability, faCgue

SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES

CondiCons which make the structure unusable due to the

disrupCon of the use of part of or the whole structure
DeecCons, crack widths, vibraCons

SPECIAL LIMIT STATES

Damage or collapse in extreme earthquakes

Structural eects of res, explosions, or vehicular collisions
Structural eects of corrosion or deterioraCon
Long-term physical or chemical instability

LIMIT STATES DESIGN

A design procedure wherein the structure or structural
members are arranged and proporConed such that no
applicable limit state is exceeded when subject to all
appropriate load combinaCons
Basic Processes:
Determine all potenCal or signicant limit states
Determine acceptable levels of safety against the
occurrence of each limit states
Design/proporCon structure/members to provide the
required safety

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

SAFE Structure/Member
If the RESISTANCE, R (member capacity) is greater than
the maximum load, Q (or load eects) it is to carry
R
resistance

Q
due to acCon

Note:
Q and R are actually random variables
design values, Qdes and Rdes are only at best an
esCmate

Q and R are random variables

Frequency distribuCon of sustained live load component in oces

Comparison of measured and computed failure moments

based on all data for reinforced concrete beams with fc >
2000 psi

ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE

As determinisCc variable:
Q

As random variable:

FACTOR of SAFETY

Required against possible overload/understrength

Should be such that there is only a small probability of the
structure being unsafe

LRFD/STRENGTH DESIGN

Method of proporConing structural components such that its

design strength, SD, considering possible understrength and
inelasCc behavior of the material should not exceed the
required strength due to acCons considering possible
overloads
Uses both:
Strength (ReducCon) Factors
Load Factors

LRFD/STRENGTH DESIGN
MathemaCcally,
SD

SU

Sn

iQi

Design Strength

Required Strength

SD Design Strength = Sn
Sn Nominal Strength, determined assuming determinisCc variables
strength (reducCon) factor
SU required strength
Qi = load/load eect (usually service level)
i = load factor
i = load type

REQUIRED STRENGTH (LOAD COMBINATIONS)

U = 1.4(D + F)
U = 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (1.0L* or 0. 8W)
U = 1.2D + 1.6W + 1.0L* + 0.5(Lr or R)

where:
D dead load
L live

Lr roof live
R rain

H soil

W wind

U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L*

U = 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
U = 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

F - uid
T temperature, creep, shrinkage, setlement
E - Earthquake
*1.0 factor for these combinaCons can be
reduced to 0.5 except for garages, assembly
areas and all areas w/ L>100psf (4.8 kPa)

REASONS FOR LOAD FACTORS

(possible overloads)

MAGNITUDE may vary from calculated

D member size, dimensions, material densiCes and
esCmates for component systems (uCliCes, ceilings,
walls)
L staCsCcally determined
UNCERTAINTIES IN DISTRIBUTION
UNCERTAINTIES ARISING IN DETERMINATION OF LOAD
EFFECTS
- assumpCons/variaCons in material and secCon
properCes (linear analysis)
- modeling simplicaCons
- degree of cracking
CHANGE IN USE OR OCCUPANCY

REASONS FOR LOAD FACTORS

(possible overloads)

Note: LOAD FACTORS

depend primarily on uncertainCes in loading thus independent of
material of structure
Strength factors selected to provide a minimum margin of safety
SAFE CRITERIA

REASONS FOR LOAD FACTORS

(possible overloads)

Using ANSI Load Factors, s were selected to give the following values:

Load Combina-on Target Reliability Index,

3.0 for members
D + L
4.5 for connecCons
D + L + W
2.5 for members
D + L + E
1.75 for members

Note: LRFD specicaCons also calibrated with the 1978 AISC ASD
specicaCons

STRENGTH FACTORS

TENSION CONTROLLED SECTIONS
(exure, tensions)

0.9

COMPRESSION CONTROLLED SECTIONS

with spiral

0.75

w/ others (TIED)

0.65

TRANSITION
(between tension and compression controlled)
Shear and torsion
Bearing on Concrete
(except post-tension anchorage (0.85) zones and strut and Ce models)
Strut and Tie Models

-
0.75
0.65
0.75

REASONS FOR SPECIFYING STRENGTH FACTORS

1.) VARIABILITY OF MATERIAL STRENGTHS
a.) test specimen v/s in situ strength
b.) dierence in loading rate
c.) eect of shrinkage or residual stresses
2.) VARIABILITY IN MEMBER DIMENSIONS
a.) tolerances in size and placement
3.) ASSUMPTIONS AND SIMPLIFICATIONS IN DESIGN
EQUATIONS
a.) example: use of CU = 0.003 in exural strength
b.) several equaCons ducCle type or britle
3.) TYPE OF FAILURE DucCle type of Britle
4.) IMPORTANCE OF MEMBER IN THE STRUCTURE