Chapter 15 Polynomial and Rational Functions, Limits, and Derivatives

Problem Set 15-1

1. a.
y

1. The graphs match.

8

2. x M D1, 0.4, 4.6

3. f (D1) = (D1)3 D 4(D1)2 D 3(D1) + 2 = 0

4. f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 D 5x + 2)
5 17
x2 D 5x + 2 = 0 x =
= 0.4384, 4.5615
2
5. The graph of g is the same as the graph of f translated
upward 16 units. However, note that f crosses the axis in
three distinct points, while g crosses the axis only once and
is tangent at one point.
6. g(D2) = (D2)3 D 4(D2)2 D 3(D2) + 18 = 0
g(x) = (x + 2)(x2 D 6x + 9) = (x + 2)(x D 3)(x D 3)
The two other roots of g are identical.
7. Two of the roots are identical. The graph intersects the
horizontal axis twice. At one point, the graph only touches
the axis without crossing.

Three (two up and one down), the same as the degree of

the polynomial.
b. x M D1, 2, 4
c. D1 | 1 D5 2 D8
D1 6 D8
1 D6 8
0
p(x) = (x + 1)(x2 D 6x + 8) = (x + 1)(x D 2)(x D 4)
d. The opposites of the zeros of the polynomial appear as
the linear terms in the factors: If c is a zero, then x D c is a
factor.
2. a.

8. h appears to have only one zero.

9. h(D3) = (D3)3 D 4(D3)2 D 3(D3) + 54 = 0

h(x) = (x + 3)(x2 D 7x + 18)
7 D23
x2 D 7x + 18 = 0 x =
2
= 3.5 2.3979i

13

10. The graph intersects the horizontal axis only once.

x M D1

11. Answers will vary.

9
13
b. D1 | 1 D3
D1
4 D13
1 D4 13
0

Problem Set 15-2

Q1.

Q2.
y

p(x) = (x + 1)(x2 D 4x + 13)

4 16 D 52
= 2 3i;
2
3
2
p(2 + 3i) = (2 + 3i) D 3(2 + 3i) + 9(2 + 3i) + 13
= (D46 + 9i) + (15 D 36i) + (18 + 27i) + 13 = 0

c. x2 D 4x + 13 x =
x

d. The one real zero corresponds to the one x-intercept.

Q3.

Q4.
y

3. Sixth-degree polynomial; four real zeros; two nonreal

complex zeros

4. Seventh-degree polynomial; three real zeros (two distinct real

zeros); four nonreal complex zeros
5. Eighth-degree polynomial; six real zeros (three distinct real
zeros); two nonreal complex zeros

Q5. 3 + 28i

Q6. x = 7 i5

Q7. x = 7 3i

7. Example: f (x) = D(x + 3)(x + 1)(x D 1)

Q8. Horizontal dilation by 12

Q9. Exponential

6. Ninth-degree polynomial; seven real zeros (six distinct real

zeros); two nonreal complex zeros

Q10. Complementary
x

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Problem Set 15-2 205

8. Example: f (x) = D(x + 2)(x + 2)(x D 2)

16. Example: f (x) = (x + 2)(x D 2)(x2 + 1)

9. Example: f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 D 4x + 5)

y

17. No such polynomial exists; a polynomial cannot have more

zeros than its degree.
18. Example: f (x) = x(x + 2)(x + 1)(x D 1)(x D 2)
y

10. No such polynomial with real coefficients; every cubic

function is continuous and increases or decreases without
bound, so it must cross the axis at some point.
11. Example: f (x) = x3 + x
y

19. Sum = 1, product = D40,

sum of pairwise products = D22, x = D5, 2, 4
20. Sum = D1, product = 15,
sum of pairwise products = D7, x = 3, D2 i

21. Sum = D

18
156
, product =
,
5
5

7
12
sum of pairwise products = D , x = , D3 2i
5
5
12. No such polynomial exists; every quartic is continuous and
changes from decreasing to increasing (or increasing to
decreasing).
13. Example: f (x) = x 4 + 1

9
15
22. Sum = , product = D ,
2
2
3
sum of pairwise products = D4, x = D , 1, 5
2
23. f (x) = x3 D 4x2 D 11x + 30 = (x + 3)(x D 2)(x D 5)

24. f (x) = x3 D 9x2 + 26x D 24 = (x D 2)(x D 3)(x D 4)

x

25. f (x) = x3 D 8x2 + 29x D 52 = (x D 4)(x2 D 4x + 13)

= (x D 4)(x D 2 D 3i )(x D 2 + 3i )
26. f (x) = x3 + 5x2 + 4x D 10 = (x D 1)(x2 + 6x + 10)
= (x D 1)(x + 3 D i)(x + 3 + i)

14. Example: f (x) = D(x + 2)(x + 1)(x D 1)(x D 2)

y

5
27. a. 2 | 1 D7
2 D10
1 D5
D5
D7
5
D3 | 1
D3 30
1 D10 35
b. p(2) = D6,

4
D105
D101

p(x)
6
= x2 D 5x D 5 D
xD2
xD2

p(D3) = D101,

15. Example: f (x) = (x + 1)2(x D 2)2

4
D10
D6

p(x)
101
= x2 D 10x + 35 D
x+3
x+3

206

Problem Set 15-2

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2
28. a. 3 | 1 D9
3 D18
1 D6 D16
D9
2
D2 | 1
D2 22
1 D11 24

D5
D48
D53
D5
D48
D53

p(x)
53
= x2 D 6x D 16 D
xD3
xD3
p(x)
53
p(D2) = D53,
= x2 D 11x + 24 D
x+2
x+2

b. p(3) = D53,

29. If p(x) is a polynomial, then p(c) equals the remainder when

p(x) is divided by the quantity (x D c).
30. (x D c) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if and only if p(c) = 0.
31. A polynomial function has at least one zero in the set of
complex numbers.
32. An nth-degree polynomial function has exactly n zeros in the
set of complex numbers, counting multiple zeros.
If a polynomial has only real coefficients, then any nonreal
complex zeros appear in conjugate pairs.
33. Student program. See the Instructors Resource Book for an
example program.
Db + b2 D 4ac Db D b2 D 4ac
+
2a
2a
D2b
b
=
=D
2a
a
Db + b2 D 4ac Db D b2 D 4ac
z1z2 =

2a
2a
2
2
b D (b D 4ac)
=
4a2
4ac c
= 2=
4a
a

37. g(x) = (x D 1)3 D 5(x D 1)2 + 7(x D 1) D 12

= x3 D 8x2 + 20x D 25
x3 D 5x2 + 7x D 12 = (x D 4)(x2 D x + 3)





1 1
1 1
= (x D 4) x D D i11 x D + i11 ;
2 2
2 2
1 1
x = 4, i11
2 2
x3 D 8x2 + 20x D 25 = (x D 5)(x2 D x + 3)





3 1
3 1
= (x D 5) x D D i11 x D + i11 ;
2 2
2 2
3 1
x = 5, i11
2 2



1 1
= 4 + 1,
+ i11 + 1
2 2

Problem Set 15-3

Q1. x2 D 8x + 15

Q2. 7 + 22i

Q3. x D 14x + 49

Q4. 16 + 30i

Q5. Four

Q6. D7 D 4i
7
Q8. D
2

Q7.
y
x

34. z1 + z2 =

35. f (x) = 2x + 3x D 14x D 9x + 18


3
9
= 2 x 4 + x3 D 7x2 D x + 9
2
2



3
= 2(x + 3) x + (x D 1)(x D 2);
2
3
3
D3 D + 1 + 2 = D ;
2
2


3
3
3
D3 D D 31 D 32 D 1 D 2 + 12
2
2
2
D14
= D7 =
;
2




3
3
3
D3 D 1 D 3 D 2 D 312 D 12
2
2
2
9
D9
= =D ;
2
2


3
18
D3 D 12 = 9 =
2
2
4

Q9. 7

Q10. E

1. a.
P(x)
10
x
1

36. For each nonzero root zn of P(x),





c
b
1
d
z3nQ
= z3n 3 + 2 +
+a
zn
zn zn zn
= d + czn + bz2n + az3n
= P(zn) = 0


1
Because zn is nonzero and z3nQ
= 0, it follows that
zn


1
1
is a zero of Q(x).
Q
= 0; in other words,
zn
zn

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10

b. The function has three zeros (equals the degree of the

equation) and two extreme points (one less than the
degree of the equation).
c.
x

p(x)

20

58

122

218

352

18
38
64
96
134

20

26

32

38

2. a.
P(x)

50

x
1

b. Function has two zeros (less than the degree of the

equation) and three extreme points (one less than the
degree of the equation).

Problem Set 15-3 207

c.

b.
x

p(x)

g(x)

D2

D5

D3

D1

22

D25

11

D24

D31

10

D24

27

43

D24

221

110

187

27
D11
D1
33
67
77

D38

48

10

24

34

34

D24

10

f (x)
x
2

20

b.
x

f(x)

25.4

13.1

D3.8

D23.5

D44.2

D64.1

D12.3
D16.9
D19.7
D20.7
D19.9

D4.6

1425

1.8

D2.8

58
194
426
778

16

48

64

72

136

96

232

120

252

24
24
24

g(x)

1.8

D1.0

1.8

D0.8

c. f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

8a + 4b + 2c + d = 25.4
27a + 9b + 3c + d = D13.1
64a + 16b + 4c + d = D3.8
125a + 25b + 5c + d = D23.5
0.3
8
4 2 1 D1 25.4
13.1
D5.0
27
9 3 1
=

D3.8
7.0
64 16 4 1
D23.5
29.0
125 25 5 1
So f (x) = 0.3x3 D 5x2 + 7x + 29.
Cubic regression gives the same result, with R2 = 1 (curve
passes through all the points).
f (x)
20
x
2

647

D6

c. g(x) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + e
16a + 8b + 4c + 2d + e = D3
81a + 27b + 9c + 3d + e = D25
256a + 64b + 16c + 4d + e = D31
625a + 125b + 25c + 5d + e = 27
1296a + 216b + 36c + 6d + e = 221
16
8
4 2 1 D1 D3
1
81
27
9 3 1
D25
D6
256 64 16 4 1 D31 H 7
625 125 25 5 1
27
D8
1296 216 36 6 1
221
17
So g(x) = x 4 D 6x3 + 7x 2 D 8x + 17.
Quartic regression gives the same answer, with R2 = 1
(curve passes through all the points).

3. a.
20

D22

20

100

x
7

5. a. f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

0a + 0b + 0c + d = 0
a + b + c + d = 116
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 448
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 972
0 0 0 1 D1
0
D4
1 1 1 1
116
120

8 4 2 1
448
0
27 9 3 1
972
0
f (x) = D4x 3 + 120x 2
Cubic regression gives the same result, with R2 = 1.
in.
= 8 in.
b. f (10) = D4,000 + 12,000 = 8,000
1,000
c. f (x) = D4x 3 + 120x 2 = D4x 2(x D 30)
f (x) = 0 x = 0 ft or 30 ft
d.
f(x)

4. a.
g(x)

10,000

x
10
100

30

x
2

208

20

Problem Set 15-3

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

Residual

6. a.
x

h(x)

10

1750

20

3060

30

3510

40

3700

50

4230

60

5700

1310
450
190
530
1470

D860
D260
340
940

10

x
5

600
600
600

b. Cubic function:
h(x) = 0.1x 3 D 10.3x 2 + 370x D 1020
by cubic regression or by solving four simultaneous cubic
equations.

The 12-in. model is the most overpriced.

d. The demand for the smaller sets is greater, so the price is
higher.
8. a. B(x) = 0.0370x 3 D 3.2896x 2
+ 75.1812x D 137.8333
with R2 = 0.9999

c.

B(x)
300

h(x)

1000

10

10

There is no vertex, so the rocket does not start descending

before the second stage fires.
d. Two possibilities: Either the function fails to model the
behavior of the rocket at liftoff or the rocket was launched
from the bottom of a deep hole or from a submarine.
7. a.
p(x)

b. The maximum number of plants was approximately

375 plants after approximately 15.5 weeks. The last plant
died at about week 38, and the first plant of the next
spring sprouted at about week 49.
c. If B(8) = 273, then the new best-fitting cubic function is
B(x) = 0.0833x3 D 3.9642x2
+ 78.3095x D 142.4285
(R2 = 0.9999). The graph no longer has any vertices; the
number of beans still keeps increasing.
d. 1620; Plymouth Colony (Plymouth Rock)

500
x
10

The function appears to have three vertices, so it must

have degree at least four.
b. p(x) = 0.0058x 4 D 0.3289x 3 + 6.1803x 2
D36.6237x + 193.0963
with R2 = 0.9931
p(x)

500

9. a. If y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d , with leading coefficient 1, then

Db = 1.7 + 3.8 + 5.5 b = D11.0,
c = (1.7)(3.8) + (1.7)(5.5) + (3.8)(5.5) c = 36.71,
Dd = (1.7)(3.8)(5.5) d = D35.53,
so
y = x3 D 11x2 + 36.71x D 35.53.
The y-intercept is D35.53 mi.
4.1 mi
b. Multiply by D35.53
mi :
4.1
(x D 1.7)(x D 3.8)(x D 5.5)
y=D
35.53
4.1
(x 3 D 11x 2 + 36.71x D 35.53)
=D
35.53
D4.1 3 45.1 2 150.511
=
x +
x D
x + 4.1
35.53
35.53
35.53

c.
x

Farm Road 13
4.1

10

c. The predicted values y

W = p(x) and residuals y D y
W are
x

y
W

142.0312

yDy
W
17.9687

126.9978

D26.9978

140.6908

D20.6908

12

195.7265

54.2734

17

226.2139

D6.2139

21

234.2633

D34.2633

27

326.2134

13.7865

32

670.2425

9.7574

35 1107.6199

D7.6199

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3.8

Route 66
5.5

The river goes south before the first crossing and after
the last.
d. Farthest south for 1.7 mi x 3.8 mi is y = D0.3618 mi
at x = 2.5676 mi. Farthest north for 3.8 mi x 5.5 mi
is y = 0.2508 mi at x = 4.7656 mi.
D4.1 3 45.1 2 150.511
x +
x D
x + 4.1 = D10 mi
35.53
35.53
35.53
x = 8.3568 mi (using the intersection feature of a
calculator) x = 2.8568 mi east of the zero at 5.5 mi.
Problem Set 15-3 209

2000 2
L = 5L2
202
800
mass = bL3 = 3 L3 = 0.1L3
20

b. First differences:
f (x + k) D f (x)
= 3akx2 + (3ak2 + 2bk)x + (ak3 + bk2 + ck)
f (x + 2k) D f (x + k)
= 3akx2 + (9ak2 + 2bk)x + (7ak3 + 3bk2 + ck)
f (x + 3k) D f (x + 2k)
= 3akx2 + (15ak2 + 2bk)x + (19ak3 + 5bk2 + ck)

10. a. lift = aL2 =

b. P(L) = lift D (mass + 400)

= 5L2 D (0.1L3 + 400)
= D0.1L3 + 5L2 D 400

Second differences:
[f (x + 2k) D f (x + k)] D [f (x + k) D f (x)]
= 6ak2x + (6ak3 + 2bk2)
[f (x + 3k) D f (x + 2k)] D [f (x + 2k) D f (x + k)]
= 6ak2x + (12ak3 + 2bk2)

c.
L

P(L)

D400

10

20

800

30

1400

40

1200

50

D400

Third difference = 6ak3.

This expression does not involve x.
c.
x

d. D0.1L3 + 5L2 D 400 = D0.1(L3 D 50L2 + 4000)

= D0.1(L D 10)(L2 D 40L D 400)
= D0.1(L D 10)(L D 20 D 202)(L D 20 + 202)
L = 10, 20 202
= D8.2842 m, 10 m, and 48.2842 m
At L = 10 m, the plane becomes large enough to lift itself
and the crew. At L = 48.2842 m, the plane becomes
so large it cannot lift itself. L = D 8.2842 m has no
real-world meaning.

g(x)

56

10

4,011

17

21,588

24

63,077

31

138,768

3,955

13,622

17,577

10,290

23,912

41,489

10,290

34,202

75,691

This agrees with 6ak3 = 6(5)(7)3 = 10,290.

13. a. R2 = 0.9611
b. SSres = 67.0324

11. a. The graphs match.

c. y = 10.875
SSdev = 1724.875

b.
y

d. R2 =

20,000
x

1724.875 D 67.0324
= 0.9611
1724.875

14. Answers will vary.

50

Problem Set 15-4

Q1.

Q2.

c. Both graphs look similar to y = x3. The vertices and intercepts of the f graph are hard to see. The terms of lower
degree do not significantly affect the graph for large x.
12. a. f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
f (x + k) = a(x + k)3 + b(x + k)2 + c(x + k) + d
= ax3 + 3akx2 + 3ak2x + ak3
+ bx2 + 2bkx + bk2 + cx + ck + d
= ax3 + (3ak + b)x2
+ (3ak2 + 2bk + c)x
+ (ak3 + bk2 + ck + d)
f (x + 2k) = a(x + 2k)3
+ b(x + 2k)2 + c(x + 2k) + d
= ax3 + 6akx2 + 12ak2x + 8ak3
+ bx2 + 4bkx + 4bk2
+ cx + 2ck + d
= ax3 + (6ak + b)x2
+ (12ak2 + 4bk + c)x
+ (8ak3 + 4bk2 + 2ck + d)
f (x + 3k) = a(x + 3k)3 + b(x + 3k)2
+ c(x + 3k) + d
= ax3 + 9akx2 + 27ak2x + 27ak3
+ bx2 + 6bkx + 9bk2
+ cx + 3ck + d
= ax3 + (9ak + b)x2
+ (27ak2 + 6bk + c)x
+ (27ak3 + 9bk2 + 3ck + d)

210

Problem Set 15-4

Q3.

Q4.
y

D7 5
, ,4
2 3

Q5. Six or fewer

Q6. x =

Q7. Three

Q8. Horizontal dilation by 3

Q9. 3 R 4

Q10. C

1.
y

x
2

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2.

8. lim r(x) = lim x + 3 = 7

x4

x4

lim h(x) = lim x + 3 +

x4

x4

1
=
xD4

9. Horizontal translation by 2, vertical dilation by D1 (reflection

across the x-axis)

h
1

10. Horizontal translation by 4

11.

x3 D 10x2 + 24x D 16
xD2
x3 D 10x2 + 24x D 17
g(x) =
xD2

3. f (x) =

r(x)

x
11

1
4

h(x)

1.9

D3.59

1.99

D3.9599

1.999

D3.995999

996.004001

undefined

undefined

2.001

D4.003999

D1004.003999

2.01

D4.0399

2.1

D4.39

6.41
96.0401

12.
y

1
1

D104.0399
D14.39

x
2

They show the discontinuity and the asymptote.

4. r(x) =

x 2 D x D 11
x2 D x D 12
, h(x) =
xD4
xD4
x

r (x)

h (x)

3.9

6.9

D3.1

3.99

6.99

D93.01

3.999

6.999

D993.001

undefined

undefined

4.001

7.001

1007.001

4.01

7.01

107.01

4.1

7.1

17.1

2x D 22
2x D 22
=
x2 + 2x D 8 (x + 4)(x D 2)
5
D3
=
+
x+4 xD2

13. f (x) =

7x D 2
7x D 2
=
x2 D x D 2 (x + 1)(x D 2)
3
4
=
+
x+1 xD2

14. g(x) =

15.

They show the discontinuity and the asymptote.

24 D16
5. 2 | 1 D10
2 D16
16
1
D8
8
0
f (x)
x2 D 8x + 8
24 D17
2 | 1 D10
2 D16
16
1
D8
8
D2
1
g(x) = x2 D 8x + 8 D
xD2
12
6. 4 | 1 D1
4 D12
1
3
0
r(x)
x + 3
4 | 1 D1 D11
4
12
1
3
1
1
h(x) = x + 3 +
xD4
7. lim f (x) = lim x2 D 8x + 8 = D4
x2
x2
1
=
lim g(x) = lim x2 D 8x + 8 D
x2
x2
xD2

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

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16.

5
: horizontal translation by D4, vertical dilation by 5
x+4
D3
: horizontal translation by 2, vertical dilation by D3
xD2
3
: horizontal translation by D1, vertical dilation by 3
x+1
4
: horizontal translation by 2, vertical dilation by 4
xD2

In Problems 1722, both methods are shown.

8x D 2
A
B
A(x D 4) + B(x + 2)
=
+
=
x2 D 2x D 8 x + 2 x D 4
(x + 2)(x D 4)
(A + B)x + (D4A + 2B)
A+B=8
=
e
(x + 2)(x D 4)
D4A + 2B = D2
D1
A
1 1
8
3
c d=c
d c d=c d
B
D4 2
D2
5
8x D 2
8x D 2
Method 2: 2
=
;
x D 2x D 8 (x + 2)(x D 4)
8(D2) D 2 D18
covering up (x + 2),
=
= 3;
D2 D 4
D6
8(4) D 2 30
=
covering up (x D 4),
= 5.
4+2
6
3
5
8x D 2
=
+
Either way, 2
.
x D 2x D 8 x + 2 x D 4

17. Method 1:

Problem Set 15-4 211

11x D 17
A
B
A(x D 6) + B(x + 1)
=
+
=
x2 D 5x D 6 x + 1 x D 6
(x + 1)(x D 6)
(A + B)x + (D6A + B)
A + B = 11
A
=
e
c d
(x + 1)(x D 6)
D6A + B = D17
B
1 1 D1 11
4
=c
d c
d=c d
D6 1
D17
7
11x D 17
11x D 17
Method 2: 2
;
=
x D 5x D 6 (x + 1)(x D 6)
11(D1) D 17 D28
covering up (x + 1),
= 4;
=
D1 D 6
D7
11(6) D 17 49
covering up (x D 6),
= 7.
=
6+1
7
11x D 17
4
7
Either way, 2
.
=
+
x D 5x D 6 x + 1 x D 6

18. Method 1:

7x D 1
A
B
A(x + 5) + B(x + 1)
=
+
=
x2 + 6x + 5 x + 1 x + 5
(x + 1)(x + 5)
(A + B)x + (5A + B)
A+B=7
A
=
c
dc d
(x + 1)(x + 5)
5A + B = D1
B
D1
1 1
7
D2
=c
d c d=c d
5 1
D1
9
7x D 1
7x D 1
Method 2: 2
;
=
x + 6x + 5 (x + 1)(x + 5)
7(D1) D 1 D8
covering up (x + 1),
= D2;
=
D1 + 5
4
7(D5) D 1 D36
covering up (x + 5),
= 9.
=
D5 + 1
D4
7x D 1
D2
9
Either way, 2
.
=
+
x + 6x + 5 x + 1 x + 5

19. Method 1:

D2x D 18
A
B
A(x D 7) + B(x D 3)
=
+
=
x2 D 10x + 21 x D 3 x D 7
(x D 3)(x D 7)
(A + B)x + (D7A D 3B)
A + B = D2
A
dc d
=
c
(x D 3)(x D 7)
B
D7A D 3B = D18
6
1
1 D1 D2
=c
d c
d=c d
D18
D7 D3
D8
D2x D 18
D2x D 18
Method 2: 2
;
=
x D 10x + 21 (x D 3)(x D 7)
D2(3) D 18 D24
covering up (x D 3),
= 6;
=
3D7
D4
D2(7) D 18 D32
covering up (x D 7),
= D8.
=
7D3
4
6
8
D2x D 18
Either way, 2
.
=
D
x D 10x + 21 x D 3 x D 7

20. Method 1:

9x2 D 24x D 57
A
B
C
=
+
+
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x D 5) x + 1 x + 3 x D 5
A(x + 3)(x D 5) + B(x + 1)(x D 5) + C(x + 1)(x + 3)
=
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x D 5)
A(x2 D 2x D 15) + B(x2 D 4x D 5) + C(x2 + 4x + 3)
=
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x D 5)
(A + B + C)x2 + (D2A D 4B + 4C)x + (D15A D 5B + 3C)
=
;
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x D 5)
A+B+C=9
A
D2A D 4B + 4C = D24 B
D15A D 5B + 3C = D57
C
1
1 1 D1
9
2
= D2 D4 4 D24 = 6
D15 D5 3
D57
1
9(D1)2 D 24(D1) D 57 D24
Method 2: covering up (x + 1),
= 2;
=
(D1 + 3)(D1 D 5)
D12
9(D3)2 D 24(D3) D 57 96
covering up (x + 3),
= 6;
=
(D3 + 1)(D3 D 5)
16

21. Method 1:

212

Problem Set 15-4

9(5)2 D 24(5) D 57 48
= 1.
=
(5 + 1)(5 + 3)
48
2
2
6
1
9x D 24x D 57
Either way,
.
=
+
+
(x + 1)(x + 3)(x D 5) x + 1 x + 3 x D 5
covering up (x D 5),

5x2 + 7x + 6
A
B
C
=
+
+
(x D 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) x D 1 x + 1 x + 2
A(x + 1)(x + 2) + B(x D 1)(x + 2) + C(x D 1)(x + 1)
=
(x D 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
A(x2 + 3x + 2) + B(x2 + x D 2) + C(x2 D 1)
=
(x D 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
(A + B + C)x2 + (3A + B)x + (2A D 2B D C)
=
(x D 1)(x + 1)(x + 2)
A+B+C=5
A
1
1
1 D1 5
3

=
3A
+
B
=
7
B
3
1
0 7 = D2

2A D 2B D C = 6
C
2 D2 D1
6
4
5(1)2 + 7(1) + 6 18
Method 2: covering up (x D 1),
= 3;
=
(1 + 1)(1 + 2)
6
2
5(D1) + 7(D1) + 6 4
covering up (x + 1),
= D2;
=
(D1 D 1)(D1 + 2)
D2
5(D2)2 + 7(D2) + 6 12
covering up (x + 2),
= 4.
=
(D2 D 1)(D2 + 1)
3
2
5x + 7x + 6
3
2
4
Either way,
.
=
D
+
(x D 1)(x + 1)(x + 2) x D 1 x + 1 x + 2

22. Method 1:

0
and may or may not have
0
a
a removable discontinuity; an infinite form looks like ,
0
where a 0, and has a vertical asymptote.

23. An indeterminate form looks like

24. If you can fill in a value of the function at a discontinuity

so that the resulting graph is continuous in a neighborhood
of the discontinuity, then the discontinuity is said to be
removable. This is done algebraically by factoring out the
discontinuitya factor equal to 0 is removed from both the
numerator and denominator by canceling.
25. a. The graph should look like Figure 15-4c.
If x < 2, then x D 2 < 0 so |x D 2| = D(x D 2),
2[ D (x D 2)]
so limDf (x) = limDx2 D
= limDx2 + 2 =
x2
x2
x2
xD2
(2)2 + 2 = 6.
If x > 2, then x D 2 > 0, so |x D 2| = x D 2,
2(x D 2)
so lim+f (x) = lim+x2 D
= lim+x2 D 2 = (2)2 D 2 = 2.
x2
x2
x2
xD2
D
The notation x 2 , read x approaches 2 from below,
means that x is restricted to numbers less than 2, and
similarly for x 2+ (from above).
b. The graph should look like Figure 15-4d.
g(2.99) = 34 + 23int(2.99) = 34 + 23(2) = 70
g(3) = 34 + 23int(3) = 34 + 23(3) = 70
26. Oliver Heaviside (18501925) was a British scientist who
made important discoveries in electromagnetism and
calculus. He predicted the existence of the Heaviside layer, a
region of the atmosphere that reflects radio waves.
If
A
B
P(x)
=
+
(x D a)(x D b) x D a x D b
then
A
P(x)
B
=
D
x D a (x D a)(x D b) x D b
P(x) D B(x D a)
=
, so
(x D a)(x D b)

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

P(x) D B(x D a)
(x D a)(x D b)
P(x) D B(x D a)
=
xDb
Since this is true for any x (except x = b), its particularly true
for x = a, so
P(a) D B(a D a) P(a)
A=
=
aDb
aDb
which is what you are calculating if you cover up x D a and
plug in a.
A = (x D a)

g(x) D g(1)
(x3 D 2x2 D x + 6) D 4
= lim
x1
xD1
xD1
x 3 D 2x 2 D x + 2
(x D 1)(x 2 D x D 2)
= lim
= lim
x1
x1
xD1
xD1
= lim (x 2 D x D 2) = D2;

b. lim

x1

x1

g(x) D g(3)
(x 3 D 2x 2 D x + 6) D 12
= lim
x3
xD3
xD3
x3 D 2x2 D x D 6
(x D 3)(x2 + x + 2)
= lim
= lim
x3
x3
xD3
xD3
= lim (x2 + x + 2) = 14

lim

x3

x3

The answers agree.

Problem Set 15-5

Q1. q(4) = 0

Q2. p(4) = 0, q(4) = 0

Q3. q(4) = 0, p(4) 0

Q4. p(5) = 0, q(5) 0

Q5. Indeterminate form

Q6. Infinite form

Q7. m = 3

Q8. m =

Q9. (x D 3)

Q10. 3 + 5i

c. y = D2(x D 1) + 4 = D2x + 6
y

19 D 7
=4
5D2

1. a. Near x = 2,
f (2.001) D f (2)
vM
2.001 D 2
D 0.003999999
=
= D3.999999 M D4
0.001
Near x = 4,
f (4.001) D f (4) 0.008006001
vM
=
4.001 D 4
0.001
= 8.006001 M 8
f (x) D f (2)
(x 3 D 6x 2 + 8x + 5) D 5
= lim
x2
xD2
xD2
x 3 D 6x 2 + 8x
(x D 2)(x 2 D 4x)
= lim
= lim
x2
x2
xD2
xD2
2
= lim (x D 4x) = D4;

x
1

The line is tangent to the graph.

3. a.
y (m)

b. lim

x2

x2

f (x) D f (4)
(x 3 D 6x 2 + 8x + 5) D 5
= lim
x4
xD4
xD4
x 3 D 6x 2 + 8x
(x D 4)(x 2 D 2x)
= lim
= lim
x4
x4
xD4
xD4
2
= lim (x D 2x) = 8

lim

x4

x4

The answers agree.

c. y = 8(x D 4) + 5 = 8x D 27
y

x (min)
3

b. yQ(3) M 3 m/min
yQ(7) M D4 m/min
c. In the everyday sense of speed (without reference to
direction), the object is slowing down at 3 min and
speeding up at 7 min. But in the more precise terminology
of physics and mathematics, the object is decelerating
(accelerating in the negative, or downward, direction) at
both timesgetting slower in the positive direction (that
is, gaining negative velocity) at 3 min, and getting faster
in the negative direction (also gaining negative velocity) at
7 min. Both accelerations are about 2 m/min2, which
means that at this rate of deceleration, the velocity would
lose 2 m/min every minute.
4. a.
y (ft)

1
2

The line is tangent to the graph.

2. a. Near x = 1,
g(1.001) D g(1) D 0.001998999
vM
=
1.001 D 1
0.001
= D 1.998999 M D2
Near x = 3,
g(3.001) D g(3) 0.014007001
=
vM
3.001 D 3
0.001
= 14.007001 M 14

x (s)
1

b. yQ(1) M D
yQ(4) M

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

1
ft/s
2

1
ft/s
4

Problem Set 15-5 213

c. In the everyday sense, the object is slowing down at 1 s

and speeding up at 4 s, but in the precise sense, it is
accelerating at both times. At t = 1 s, the acceleration is
about 1 ft/s2, and at t = 4 s, the acceleration is about
0.2 ft/s2.
5. a. 1 | 1 D17 105 D89
1 D16
89
1 D16
89
0
This means a 1-ft board is free!
f (x) = (x D 1)(x 2 D 16x + 89)
= (x D 1)(x D 8 D 5i )(x D 8 + 5i )
b. f (20) = 3211 = $32.11; f (14.8647) = 1000 = $10.00
3
A $10 board would be about 14 ft 10 in.
8
f (x) D f (8) (x3 D 17x 2 + 105x D 89) D 175
=
c.
xD8
xD8
x3 D 17x2 + 105x D 264 (x D 8)(x2 D 9x + 33)
=
=
xD8
xD8
2
= x D 9x + 33 if x 8.
f (x) D f (8)
lim
= lim (x2 D 9x + 33) = 25
x8
x8
xD8
d. y = 25(x D 8) + 175 = 25x D 25
The line is tangent to the graph.
y

300

d. d(t) = 0.2t3 D 1.8t2 + 3t + 5.6

= 0.2(t3 D 9t2 + 15t + 28)
If you can write
t3 D 9t2 + 15t + 28 as
(t + a)(t + b)(t + c) where a, b, c > 0, or as
(t + a)(t + b)(t + c) + d where a, b, c 0 and
d > 0, or as (t + a)(t D b)2 + d where a 0
and d > 0 (no restriction on b), then
d(t) > 0 for t 0.
Trying each of the positive integer factors
of 28 in turn as a, you can find
t3 D 9t2 + 15t + 28 = (t + 1)(t2 D 10t + 25) + 3
= (t + 1)(t D 5)2 + 3, which is 3, so
d(t) (0.2)(3) = 0.6, for all t > D1.
e. Using a graphing calculators zero command, d(t) = 0 at
t = D1.0811 s.
Using a graphing calculators minimum command, the bee
was closest at t = 5 s; d(5) = 0.6 ft.
7. a. d(1) = 200(1)2D(1) = 100; d(1.5) = 200(1.5)2D(1.5)
d(1.5) D d(1) 6.0660
= 106.0660;
=
= 12.1320/s
1.5 D 1
0.5 s
d(1.1) D d(1) 102.6336 D 100
b.
=
= 26.3362/s;
1.1 D 1
0.1 s
d(1.01) D d(1) 100.3023 D 100
=
= 30.2342/s;
1.01 D 1
0.01 s
d(1.001) D d(1) 100.0306 D 100
= 30.6400/s;
=
1.001 D 1
0.001 s
d(1.0001) D d(1) 100.0030 D 100
=
= 30.6807/s.
1.0001 D 1
0.0001 s
The average rates do seem to be approaching a limit.
c. The rate equals the value calculated in part a. Graphically,
the rate corresponds to the slope of the line through
(1, d(1)) and (1.5, d(1.5)).

200

d. The average rates match those calculated in part b. As

t 0, the average rates approach a limit (30.6852/s).

100

x
5

10

15

20

6. a. d(6) = 2 ft; d(6.01) = 2.0301802 ft;

d(6.01) D d(6) 0.0301808
vav =
=
0.01
0.01 s
= 3.01802 ft/s
d(t) D d(6) 0.2t3 D 1.8t2 + 3t + 3.6
=
;
tD6
tD6
3
2
0.2t D 1.8t + 3t + 3.6
v = lim
t6
tD6
= lim(0.2t2 D 0.6t D 0.6) = 3 ft/s

b. vav =

t6

c. y = 3(x D 6) + 2 = 3x D 16
The line is tangent to the graph.

e. As the two points move along the curve, the line

connecting them begins sloping less, then becomes
horizontal, gets steeper with negative slope, and then
levels out again. The rate (d2 D d1)/(t2 D t1) starts out high,
goes to zero, and then becomes negative. The negative
rates for larger values of t indicate that d(t) is getting
smaller, or that the door is closing.
f. Answers will vary.
f (x) D f (2)
xD2
(x 3 D 11x 2 + 36x D 26) D 10
= lim
x2
xD2
= lim (x 2 D 9x + 18) = 4

8. a. lim

x2

x2

lim

x3

d(t)
10

f (x) D f (3)
(x 3 D 11x 2 + 36x D 26) D 10
= lim
x3
xD3
xD3
= lim (x2 D 8x + 12) = D3
x3

b. g(2) = 3(2)2 D 22(2) + 36 = 4

g(3) = 3(3)2 D 22(3) + 36 = D3
c. Multiply each term by the exponent of x, then reduce the
exponent by 1. In the case of the constant term, the
exponent of x is zero, so when the term is multiplied by
the exponent, the term disappears.
d. x M 2.5, 4.9

t
10

214

Problem Set 15-5

e. 3x2 D 22x + 36 = 0
D(D22) (D22)2 D 4(3)(36)
x=
2(3)
11 13
= 2.4648, 4.8685
=
3
Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual
2007 Key Curriculum Press

f. g(5) = 3(5)2 D 22(5) + 36 = 1

This is just after the rate of change is zero, when the
function is increasing relatively slowly. A slope of 1 looks
about right.

21. f Q(x) = 3x2 + 1 > 0 for all x no vertices

f (x)
10

g. g(x) = 1776x1775
h. The rate of change is given by g(x) = 10x D 51;
g(3) = D21 < 0, so f (x) is decreasing at this point.

x
1

9. f Q(x) = 7x6
10. f Q(x) = 9x8

22. f Q(x) = 6x2 D 8x + 3


2 2 1
=6 xD
+ > 0 for all x
3
3
no vertices.

11. f Q(x) = 48x5

12. f Q(x) = 120x9
13. f Q(x) = 27x2 D 10x + 2

10

f(x)

14. f Q(x) = 33x2 D 6x D 13

15. f Q(x) = 6x5

x
1

16. f Q(x) = 5x

17. f Q(x) = 3x2 D 24x + 36 = 3(x D 2)(x D 6) vertices at x = 2, 6

23. f (3) = 44, f Q(3) = D9
y = D9(x D 3) + 44 = D9x + 71

f (x)

f(x)
10

x
1
10

18. f Q(x) = 3x 2 D 6x D 9 = 3(x + 1)(x D 3) vertices at x = D1, 3

x
1

f (x)
10
x

24. f (5) = 12, f Q(5) = 36

y = 36(x D 5) + 12 = 36x D 168
f(x)

1
10

x
1

19. f Q(x) = 3x 2 D 8x + 1
= x D

4 D 13
4 + 13
(x D

3
3

4 13
vertices at x =
= 0.1314, 2.5251
3
10

f(x)

25. a. If the rule worked, then you would have f Q(x) = x2xD1.
b. According to part a, f Q(0) = 02 D1 = 0. However, the
function is increasing at this point, so the derivative (rate
of change) is greater than zero.
c. The derivative of an exponential function cannot be found
using the power function shortcut because, as shown in
part b, using this shortcut gives at least one answer that is
wrong.




5
5
20. f Q(x) = 3x2 D 5 = 3 x +
xD
3
3
5
vertices at x =
= 1.2909
3

26. Sir Isaac Newton (16421727), English mathematician,

physicist, and philosopher, discovered laws of gravitation
and motion and made discoveries in optics. Gottfried
Wilhelm Leibniz (16461716) was a German philosopher and
mathematician. He made contributions to logic.

f (x)
10

x
1

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

Problem Set 15-5 215

Problem Set 15-6

b.

Review Problems
R0. Journal entries will vary.
R1. a. f (D2) = 8 + 8 D 10 D 6 = 0
g (D2) = 8 + 8 D 8 D 8 = 0
h (D2) = 8 + 8 D 6 D 10 = 0
You can also calculate these values using synthetic
substitution.

57 D82
c. 2 | 1 D10
2 D16
82
1
D8
41
0
f (x) = (x D 2)(x D 4 D 5i)(x D 4 + 5i)
Zeros at x = 2, 4 5i.
y

b. f (x) = (x + 2)(Dx2 + 4x D 3)
g(x) = (x + 2)(Dx2 + 4x D 4)
h(x) = (x + 2)(Dx2 + 4x D 5)

50
x

c. 0 = Dx2 + 4x D 3 = D(x D 1)(x D 3) x = 1, 3

f (x) crosses the horizontal axis at x = 1, 3.
0 = Dx2 + 4x D 4 = D(x D 2)(x D 2) x = 2
g(x) is tangent to the horizontal axis at x = 2.
0 = Dx2 + 4x D 5 x = 2 i
h(x) does not cross the horizontal axis.

d. Fifth-degree polynomial; three real zeros; two nonreal

complex zeros
R4. a.

d. A double zero of a function is a number that makes two

(identical) factors of the function equal zero. A complex
zero of a function is a nonreal complex number that
makes the function equal zero.
3

x3 D 4x2 + 7x + 11
17
= x2 D 2x + 3 +
xD2
xD2
d(2) = 23 D 4(2)2 + 7(2) + 11 = 17

R2. a. f (x) = ax + bx + cx + d
a + b + c + d = 14
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 26
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 60
64a + 16b + 4c + d = 110
1
1 1 1
a
14
8
4 2 1
b
26

27
9 3 1
c
60
64 16 4 1
d
110
a
1
1 1 1 D1 14
D1
26
17
b
8
4 2 1
=

=

60
D32
c
27
9 3 1
110
30
d
64 16 4 1
f (x) = Dx3 + 17x2 D 32x + 30
b. f (5) = D125 + 425 D 160 + 30 = 170
f (6) = D216 + 612 D 192 + 30 = 234
c. y = Dx3 + 17x2 D 32x + 30
R2 = 1 indicates perfect fit.

b.

x3 D 13x2 + 57x D 81 (x D 3)(x2 D 10x + 27)

=
xD3
xD3
2
f (x)
x D 10x + 27
lim f (x) = lim x2 D 10x + 27 = 6
x3
x3
(3, 6) is the location of the hole in the graph.

c. g(x) = x2 D 10x + 27 +
The term

1
.
xD3

1
0
has the infinite form
.
xD3
0

0
d. : indeterminate form
0
a
, where a 0: infinite form
0
9x D 18
9x D 18
=
x2 D 5x + 4 (x D 1)(x D 4)
3
6
=
+
xD1 xD4
3
: horizontal translation by 1, vertical dilation by 3
xD1
6
: horizontal translation by 4, vertical dilation by 6
xD4

e. h(x) =

d.
y

100
x

h(x)

e. The share price goes up, then plummets to zero. Reasons

may vary.
3480 D2400
R3. a. 5 | 120 D1200
600 D3000
2400
120
D600
480
0
d(x) = 120(x D 5)(x D 4)(x D 1)
Zeros at x = 1, 4, 5. The number of zeros equals the degree
of the function. The function is dominated by the cubic
term, which means the value will eventually behave like
120x3. Eventually, this is greater than 700.

216

Problem Set 15-6

1
2

0 = h(x) =

9x D 18
x=2
x2 D 5x + 4

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

R5. a. d(2) = 720 ft, d(2.1) = 727.32 ft

d(2.1) D d(2) 7.32 ft
vav =
=
= 73.2 ft/min
2.1 D 2
0.1 min
d(x) D d(2)
xD2
120x3 D 1200x2 + 3480x D 3120
=
xD2
(x D 2)(x2 D 8x + 13)
= 120
ft/min
xD2

b. vav =

b. 2 | 1 D18 105 D146

2 D32
146
1 D16
73
0
f (x) = (x D 2)(x2 D 16x + 73)
x2 D 16x + 73 = 0 x = 8 3i
c.
100

f(x)

c. Removable discontinuity at x = 2
v

50

100
2

x
10

Point of tangency is (8, 54);

54 D 0
m=
=9
8D2
b = m = 3, agreeing with 8 3i.

d. vav
120(x2 D 8x + 13)

e. The derivative is
d(x) D d(2)
lim
x2
xD2
= lim 120(x2 D 8x + 13) = 120 ft/min

d.
f(x)

x2

10

f. y = 120(x D 2) + 720 = 120x + 480

The line is tangent to the graph.
d(x)

1000

x
2

For f (x) the points are (6, 0) and (2, 4). But this gives
b = 42 DD 06 = i. But b is the coefficient of the imaginary
part, so it must be real. For Df (x) the point of tangency is

D0
(2, D4), so a = 2 and b = D4
2 D 6 = 1, so the zeros
are 2 i, so
Df (x) = (x D 6)(x D 2 D i)(x D 2 + i)
= (x D 6)(x2 D 4x + 5)
= x3 D 10x2 + 29x D 30
f (x) = Dx3 + 10x2 D 29x + 30

x
2

g. The derivative is positive, so the train is going north.

h. f Q(2) = 120 ft/min
For each term, multiply the term by the existing exponent;
then subtract 1 from the exponent.
Concept Problems
C1. a.
x

f(x)

34

50

54

52

50

54

70

10

104

e. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = f (x)

x
1 2 3
4
5 6
f (x) 10 4 6 10 10 0
Using the first four points,
a + b + c + d = 10
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 4
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 6
64a + 16b + 4c + d = 10
1
1 1 1 D1 10
D1
8
4 2 1
4
10

6
D29
27
9 3 1
64 16 4 1
10
30
f (x) = Dx3 + 10x2 D 29x + 30
Dx3 + 10x2 D 29x + 30 = 0
x3 D 10x2 + 29x D 30 = 0
(x D 6)(x2 D 4x + 5) = 0
(x D 6)(x D 2 D i)(x D 2 + i) = 0

f. Student research problem

This matches the graph.

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

Problem Set 15-6 217

C2. a. D1 | 6

17
D24 D35
D6
D11
35
6 11
D35
0
f (x) = (x + 1)(6x 2 + 11x D 35)
= (x + 1)(2x + 7)(3x D 5)
Zeros are D1, D 72 , 53 .

T10.

D7
b. In D1 = D1
1 , D1 is a factor of D35 and 1 is a factor of 6. In 2 ,
D7 is a factor of D35 and 2 is a factor of 6. In 53 , 5 is a
factor of D35 and 3 is a factor of 6.

c. For g(x) the possible rational roots are 1, 5,1,7,3 35 , that is,
11 , 13 , 51 , 53 , and so on.
D1 | 3 D19
13
35
D3
22 D35
3 D22
35
0
g(x) = (x + 1)(3x2 D 22x + 35)
= (x + 1)(x D 5)(3x D 7),
so the roots are D1, 5, 73 .
For h(x) the possible rational roots are
35, 40, 56, 70, 112, 140, 280
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 20,1,28,
2, 3, 6

5 | 6 D35
D31
280
30
D25 D280
6
D5
D56
0
h(x) = (x D 5)(6x2 D 5x D 56)
= (x D 5)(2x D 7)(3x + 8),
so the roots are 5, 72 , D 83 .

ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = f (x)
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 19.4
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 40.1
64a + 16b + 4c + d = 74.2
125a + 25b + 5c + d = 123.5
0.3
8
4 2 1 D1 19.4
40.1
4
27
9 3 1
=

74.2
D5
64 16 4 1
123.5
11
125 25 5 1
f (x) = 0.3x 3 + 4x 2 D 5x + 11
Using a calculator, f (6) = 189.8 and f (7) = 274.9.

T11. 2 | 1 D12
2
1 D10
T12.

54
D20
34

D68
68
0

d(t)
= t 2 D 10t + 34
tD2
Roots are t = 10 2D36 = 5 3i .

T13. There is only one real root, which means the position is at
the stripe only once.
T14. d(3) = 13 ft, d(3.01) = 13.089701 ft
13.089701 D 13
vav =
= 8.9701 ft/s
3.01 D 3
T15. vav (t) =

Chapter Test

d(t) D 13 t 3 D 12t 2 + 54t D 81

=
ft/s
tD3
tD3

T16.

T1. (x D 5)(x D 2) = x 2 D 7x + 10

T2. (x D 5)(x D 2)(x + 1) = (x2 D 7x + 10)(x + 1)

= x3 D 6x2 + 3x + 10
T3. z1 = D1, z2 = 2, z3 = 5

10
t

T4.

3
y
10

T17. Removable discontinuity at t = 3 s

t3 D 12t2 + 54t D 81
tD3
(t D 3)(t2 D 9t + 27)
= lim
t3
tD3
= lim(t 2 D 9t + 27) = 9 ft/s

x
1

T18. lim

t3

t3

T5.
T19.

d(t)
x
30

20

T6. A cubic function has three zeros, but the graph crosses the
axis only once; so the remaining zeros must be nonreal.
T7. 3 | 1
1

1
3
4

D7
12
5

D15
15
0

10

t
2

T8. g(x) = x 3 + x 2 D 7x D 15 = (x D 3)(x 2 + 4x + 5)

T9. x 2 + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)2 + 1 > 0 for all real x.

T20. The line is tangent to the graph.

T21. Answers will vary.

218

Problem Set 15-6

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

Problem Set 15-7

13. The graph shows an example of three parts, of three

different sizes, similar to the original.

Cumulative Review, Chapters 1015

1.
z
5

a
5

b a

x
b

(7, 4, 3)

(10, 20, 5)

0 0 6.6386
100
[A]
M
0 0 6.2619 ; the fixed point is approximately

14.
0 0
1
(6.6386, 6.2619).
0.4 cos(D20)
15. [B] = 0.4 sin(D20)
0

2. b D aA = 3i + 16j + 2k
A

3. |b D aA| = 32 + 162 + 22 = 269 = 16.4012

1640.1219 m
4. The plane was higher by 200 m.
A

aAb 70 + 80 + 15
5. cos = A A =
= 0.8371
74525
|a ||b |
= 33.1626
A

0.4 0 0
16. [C] = 0 0.4 0
0
0 1
17. The graphs should match.
18.

aAb aAb
6. proj = |aA|cos = |aA| A A = A
|a ||b |
|b |
70 + 80 + 15
=
= 7.2011
525
proj = 720.1190 m

A
7. (aA R b )aA = D407 D 54 + 1003 = 0
A
(aA R b )aA
A
cos = A A A = 0 (aA R b ) aA
|a R b ||a |
A

8. A = 12 |aA R b | = 12 11,625 = 53.9096

A = 539,096.4663 m2
0.45
= 60
9. = cos D1
0.9

Perimeter
of Each

Total
P

36

36

12

48

16

64

64

4
= 1.3333
3

256
= 83.333
3

50
4
= 63,568,114.6772
19. Total P = 36
3
20.
n

81

10. P M (3.5, 23.2)

36

0.45 D0.78 20 x
0.45x D 0.78y + 20
0.45 10 y = 0.78x + 0.45y + 10
11. 0.78
0
0
1 1
1

16

64
9

0.45x D 0.78y + 20
x
12. 0.78x + 0.45y + 10 = y
1
1
0.45x D 0.78y + 20 = x
e0.78x + 0.45y + 10 = y
D0.55x D 0.78y = D20

e 0.78x D 0.55y = D10

D0.55 D0.78 x
D20
d c d=c
d
0.78 D0.55 y
D10
D1
x
D20
D0.55 D0.78
3.5130
c d=c
d c
d=c
d
y
0.78 D0.55
D10
23.1639
P = (3.5130, 23.1639)
c

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

0.4 cos 70 D5
0.4 sin 70 4
0
1

= 7.1111

1
21. r = , N = 4
3
log N log 4
D=
=
= 1.2618
log 1r log 3

n
4
=0
lim A = lim 81
22. n
n
9

n
4
lim P = lim 36
=
n
n
3
This makes sense because an object of dimension less than
two has zero area, while an object of dimension greater than
one has infinite length.

Problem Set 15-7 219

23. The signs of the x2- and y2-terms are opposite. Actually, this
turns out to be a degenerate hyperbola (two intersecting
lines):
25x2 D 9y2 D 200x + 18y = D391
25(x 2 D 8x + 16) D 9(y 2 D 2y + 1)
= D391 + 2516 D 91
25(x D 4)2 D 9(y D 1)2 = 0





xD42
7D12

D
=0
3
5
y

28. The spaceship will crash if 3960 =

Solve 1 + 0.5 cos =

5600
.
1 + 0.5cos

5600
3960

3280
3960
3280
= cos D1
= 360n 34.0772
3960
The crash occurs at (r, ) = (3960, 325.9227).

cos =

29. (5 cis 70)(8 cis 40) = 40 cis 110

= 40(cos 110 + i sin 110)
= D13.6808 + 37.5877i

x
4

3
30.
64 = [64 cis(0 + 360n)]1/3
= 641/3 cis(0 + 120n)
= 4 cis 0, 4 cis 120, 4 cis 240

31. The figure is called a cardioid because it is vaguely heartshaped.

2
2
x
y
+
=1
24.
5
3

Focal radius: c = a2 D b2 = 25 D 9 = 4
c 4
= = 0.8
a 5
a
5
Directrix distance: d = =
= 6.25
e 0.8

10

Eccentricity: e =

x
10

25.
32.

y
D

A + B = 2a = 10 = length of major axis

D = eA = 6.25A
x = 5 cos t
26. e
y = 3 sin t

x
(180 2)

e yQ = 3 sin t + 1

xQ = 5 cos t + 2

x
2

vA1 = 24 cos i + 24 sin j

A
A
vA2 = 12 cos[D(180 D 2)]i + 12 sin[D(180 D 2)]j
= D12 cos 2 D 12 sin 2
x = 24 cos D 12 cos 2
e y = 24 sin D 12 sin 2
The point on the rolling quarter that was touching the fixed
quarter along the x-axis traces out the cardioid.
33. 7, 12, 17, 22
34. 8 + 24 + 72 + 216 = 320

9 2
27. V = 2xy2 = 2x 9 D 25
x
18
3
= 18x D 25 x
Using the methods of Section

15-5, the maximum occurs when
3
54 2
V Q = 18 D x = 18 1 D x2 = 0
25
25
25 53
x=
=
= 2.8867
3
3
Then y = 6 = 2.4494;
radius is r = y = 6 = 2.4494;
103
altitude is h = 2x =
= 5.7735.
3

220

Problem Set 15-7

35. 12 + 15 + 18 + + 36 + 39
=

10


(9 + 3n) = $255

n=1

36. At the end of 36 months, the balance is

5001.007536 = 654.3226 = $654.32.
$154.32 of that is interest.
If the interest were compounded monthly, the balance
would be
5001.093 = 647.5145 = $647.51.
Compound interest gives you an extra $6.81. The value
increases in a series of jumps (one jump every compounding
period) rather than continuously.

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

37. In sequence mode on your grapher, enter

nMin = 0
u(n) = 0.9u(n D 1) + 30
u(nMin) = 51006
n

tn

Rounded

100

100

120

120

138

138

154.2

154

168.78

169

181.902

182

and the series eventually levels off at 300.

Solving 0.9x + 30 = x gives
30
= 300
x=
1 D 0.9
38. The sequence is 1 + 1, 4 + 1, 9 + 1, . . . ,
49 + 1, . . . , n2 + 1, . . . , tn = n2 + 1;
t100 = 1002 + 1 = 10,001
39. tn = n2 + 1 = 5042 n = 5042 D 1 = 71


1
1
1
1
40.
= 1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 +
2
3
4
n=1n 1.2
= 1 + 0.4352 + 0.2675 + 0.1894 +
1
1
1
1
s100 = 1 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 1.2 + +
2
3
4
1001.2
= sum(seq(1/X^1.2,X,1,100,1)) = 3.6030. . .
41. 1 | 1 D25 249 D225
1 D24
225
1 D24 225
0
This means that 1-ft trees are free.

43. z1 + z2 + z3 = 1 + (12 + 9i) + (12 D 9i) = 25

44. f (20) = $2755.00
45.

f (x) D f (10) (x3 D 25x2 + 249x D 225) D 765

=
x D 10
x D 10
x3 D 25x2 + 249x D 990
=
x D 10
(x D 10)(x2 D 15x + 99)
=
x D 10
= x2 D 15x + 99 if x 10;
f (x) D f (10)
lim
= lim (x2 D 15x + 99) = $49/ft
x10
x10
x D 10

46. y = 49(x D 10) + 765 = 49x + 275

The line is tangent to the graph.
y

1500

1000

500
x
5

10

15

20

47. Answers will vary.

42. f (x) = (x D 1)(x2 D 24x + 225)

= (x D 1)(x D 12 D 9i)(x D 12 + 9i)

Precalculus with Trigonometry: Solutions Manual

2007 Key Curriculum Press

Problem Set 15-7 221

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