Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Authors
Lutz Hulka | lutz.hulka@omicron.at
Markus Ptter | markus.puetter@omicron.at
Date
Jul 21, 2010
Related OMICRON Product
CPC 100
Application Area
Cables & Transmission Lines Analysis
Version
v1.0
Document ID
ANP_10002_ENU
OMICRON
Page 1 of 21
Contents
1
Please use this note only in combination with the related product manual which contains several important safety
instructions. The user is responsible for every application that makes use of an OMICRON product.
OMICRON electronics GmbH including all international branch offices is henceforth referred to as OMICRON.
OMICRON 2010. All rights reserved. This application note is a publication of OMICRON.
All rights including translation reserved. Reproduction of any kind, for example, photocopying, microfilming, optical
character recognition and/or storage in electronic data processing systems, requires the explicit consent of OMICRON.
Reprinting, wholly or in part, is not permitted.
The product information, specifications, and technical data embodied in this application note represent the technical
status at the time of writing and are subject to change without prior notice.
We have done our best to ensure that the information given in this application note is useful, accurate and entirely
reliable. However, OMICRON does not assume responsibility for any inaccuracies which may be present.
OMICRON translates this application note from the source language English into a number of other languages. Any
translation of this document is done for local requirements, and in the event of a dispute between the English and a nonEnglish version, the English version of this note shall govern.
OMICRON 2010
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1.1
Moreover, additional relevant laws and internal safety standards have to be followed.
1.2
Safety Measures
Before starting a measurement, read the safety rules in the CPC 100 User and Reference Manual
and CP CU1 Reference Manual carefully and observe the application specific safety instructions in
this Application Note when performing measurements to protect yourself from high-voltage hazards.
1.3
Symbol
Description
Equipment damage or loss of data possible.
OMICRON 2010
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1.4
Related Documents
The following documents complete the information covered in this Application Note:
Title
Description
OMICRON 2010
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2.1
Before Starting
Caution: A lightning discharge to the line under test can cause injury or possibly
death of the operating staff. Do not connect the measurement setup to overhead
lines if there is a possibility of a thunderstorm over any part of the lines to be
measured.
Caution: Connecting the measurement setup to overhead lines with a life parallel
system brings about high-voltage hazards. It is strongly recommended to take all
parallel lines out of service before proceeding.
Before connecting CP CU1 to overhead lines or power cables (further on referred to as power lines),
you must estimate the open-line voltage as described in 2.3 Estimating the Open-Line Voltage.
Follow the instructions below exactly and sequentially to protect yourself from high-voltage hazards.
In addition to the following safety instructions, observe "Safety Rules" on page 7 of the CP CU1
Reference Manual V1.4.
2.2
Line Length
0 ... 0.16
0.8 ... 8
4.0 ... 40
> 16
02 km/01.5 miles
110 km/0.55 miles
550 km/330 miles
> 20 km/15 miles
Current Range
100 A
50 A
20 A
10 A
Compliance Voltage
50 V
100 V
250 V
500 V
2.3
2.
Switch off, short-circuit and ground the power line on both sides using an installed grounding
switch or, if no grounding switch is available on site, using grounding cables (further on, the
grounding switch or these extra grounding cables are referred to as grounding switch).
Make sure that the connection to ground at the far end of the power line is not removed during
the complete test procedure.
OMICRON 2010
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3.
4.
5.
6.
In addition to the grounding switch, ground the line at the near end using a grounding set
consisting of three cables rated for the maximum short-circuit current possible on the line (further
on, this connection is called working ground).
Open the grounding switch at the near end of the power line and measure the current through the
working ground using a clamp-on ammeter on all three phases.
Close the grounding switch.
Calculate the estimated open-line voltage after removal of the grounding cables as follows:
or
where
[] = [] 0.4[/] 2 []
(1)
[] = [] 0.64[/] 2 []
(2)
> 500 V, stop. The measurement is not possible due to high-voltage hazard.
Try to take parallel lines out of service.
250500 V, the measurement is possible only in the 10 A range.
100250 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A or 20 A range.
50100 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A, 20 A or 50 A range.
< 50 V, the measurement is possible in all current ranges.
7.
If the current range allowed by the estimated open-line-voltage is lower as the current range set
according to Table 1: Recommended Current Range Settings on page 5, set the current range
switch of CP CU1 to the value allowed by the open-line voltage.
Caution: While the grounding switch at the near end of the power line is open, the
area around CP GB1 in the range of 5 m/15 ft and around CP CU1 in the range of
2 m/5 ft is a dangerous zone due to high-voltage and mechanical hazards. Do not
enter the dangerous zone. Keep the grounding switch open for a time as short as
possible.
Caution: If you see or hear anything uncommon in the test equipment, for
example noise of electrical discharge or lightening of surge arrestors, close the
grounding switch before touching the measurement setup.
OMICRON 2010
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2.4
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Disconnect the grounding cables from the ground (the grounding switch is closed!) and connect
them to the CP GB1s line studs.
Position CP CU1 at a minimum distance of 5 m/15 ft from CP GB1.
Position CPC 100 at a minimum distance of 5 m/15 ft from CP CU1 and 10 m/30 ft from CP GB1.
Ground CP CU1 using a cable of at least 6 mm2 cross-section close to CPC 100 and the position
of the operator.
Connect CP CU1 with CP GB1 as shown in Figure 1: Wiring the Measurement Setup on page 7.
OMICRON 2010
Page 7 of 21
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ground CPC 100 using a cable of at least 6 mm2 cross-section close to the position of the
operator.
Connect CP CU1 with CPC 100 as shown in Figure 1: Wiring the Measurement Setup above.
Mark the area around CP GB1 in the range of at least 5 m/15 ft and around CP CU1 in the range
of at least 2 m/5 ft as dangerous zone.
Open the grounding switch and read the voltmeter on the CP CU1s front panel from outside of
the dangerous zone.
Caution: If the voltmeters reading is
> 500 V, stop. The measurement is not possible due to high-voltage hazard.
250500 V, the measurement is possible only in the 10 A range.
100250 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A or 20 A range.
50100 V, the measurement is possible in the 10 A, 20 A or 50 A range.
< 50 V, the measurement is possible in all current ranges.
OMICRON 2010
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3.1
0 1
1
(3)
Note: 1 =
the complex ratio of the zero-sequence impedance 0 and the positive-sequence impedance 1(see
Figure 2: Zero-Sequence Impedance Definition below)
0 =
0
1
(4)
(5)
(6)
where and are the real and imaginary parts respectively of the ground impedance and and
are the real and imaginary parts respectively of the line impedance.
OMICRON 2010
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The single-phase zero-sequence impedance corresponds to a serial connection from the line
impedance 0 and the triple ground impedance . The k factor is an important setting of distance
protection relays. The precision of this setting affects the accuracy of distance protection relays
dramatically. The k factor can be calculated, but the calculation results give only a rough estimate of
the actual value. As a wrong k factor setting can cause worse power quality, higher risk to lose the
system stability and loss of power supply, k factor measurements are essential for fast, selective and
reliable distance protection.
Because there are usually strong disturbances by other lines in service, measurement at the mains
frequency is not feasible. All measurements running according to the templates are done below and
above the mains frequency and the results are interpolated. From these results the positive- and
zero-sequence impedances as well as the k factor in various formats are calculated.
3.2
Mutual Coupling
Basically, mutual coupling is nothing but a voltage induced in the parallel system II, which is caused
by a current in system I. Due to the voltage induced in system II, a current also flows in the parallel
system, which in turn induces a voltage in system I. This relation is shown in the following figure.
For measuring the coupling impedance , the template requires two measurements. The
advantage of this measurement is that no measurement is required on system II. Rather, all
measurements are conducted on system I. In the first measurement, system II is separated from the
ground on at least one end. Consequently, no current can flow through system II. The result is the
zero-sequence impedance 01 for the case that no current can flow in system II. For the second
measurement, both ends of the line have to be grounded to ensure a flow of current. However, the
voltage in system II becomes zero. The result of this measurement is the zero-sequence impedance
02. The coupling impedance 02 is now calculated from 01 and 02:
OMICRON 2010
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= 130102 01
(7)
The coupling factor can be presented in two versions. The following equation shows the complex
coupling factor .
=
(8)
In the two equations below, the real and imaginary components are split.
OMICRON 2010
(9)
Page 11 of 21
3.3
Performing Measurements
Connect the measurement setup to the overhead lines or power cables under test following 2 Safety
Instructions for Connecting CP CU1 to Power Lines on page 5.
Note: For line length below 5 km/3 miles it is recommended to connect the V SENSE input of CP
CU1 as close as possible to the VT of the line to reduce the additional impedance of the current feed
in the path. For longer lines, you can connect the V SENSE input with the Kelvin clamps directly on
CP GB1.
In the course of the k factor test procedure, the following measurements are performed:
Line-to-line impedance measurements: L1-L2, L1-L3, L2-L3 (Figure 4: Line-to-Line
Measurements below shows the L1-L2 measurement as example.)
Far end
Overhead Line
Near end
V1 AC
I AC
CPC 100
EXT. BOOSTER
I AC
V1 AC I OUT
CP CU1
BOOSTER V SENSE
CP GB1
OMICRON 2010
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Far end
Overhead Line
Near end
V1 AC
I AC
CPC 100
EXT. BOOSTER
I AC
V1 AC I OUT
CP CU1
CP GB1
BOOSTER V SENSE
Short the three phases with the delivered three-lead cable as shown in "Shorting the Phases" on
page 17 of the CP CU1 Reference Manual V1.4.
OMICRON 2010
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Far end
Overhead Line
Near end
V1 AC
I AC
I AC
V1 AC I OUT
CPC 100
CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER
BOOSTER V SENSE
CP GB1
OMICRON 2010
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Far end
Overhead Line
Near end
V1 AC
I AC
I AC
V1 AC I OUT
CPC 100
CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER
BOOSTER V SENSE
CP GB1
OMICRON 2010
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Far end
Overhead Line
Near end
V1 AC
I AC
I AC
V1 AC I OUT
CPC 100
CP CU1
EXT. BOOSTER
BOOSTER V SENSE
CP GB1
The test procedure is controlled by templates available on the CPC Explorer CD-ROM shipped with
your CP CU1 or in the customer area of www.omicron.at.
It is recommended to use the same test current for all measurements. To find out the highest test
current possible, start the test procedure with the measurement featuring the highest impedance,
that is the L1-L3 measurement on power cables and the L1-E measurement on overhead lines.
After wiring the measurement setup to the line under test proceed as follows:
1.
Configure CPC 100 as described in 2.3 Configuring CPC 100 on page 22 of the CP CU1
Reference Manual V1.4 for the CP CU1s current range set by the current range switch.
Caution: The configured current range must not exceed the limit by the open-line
voltage.
2.
OMICRON 2010
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Caution: Open the grounding switch at the near end before making the test and
keep it open only during the measurement. Close the grounding switch after the
test and before reconnecting the measurement setup.
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.4
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3.4.1
OMICRON 2010
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Click the button "Load XML-File" to open the browse menu to load the desired data to the template.
Click "Print Report" to print the calculated data. Under "Measurements", the results of the
impedances of the nine conducted measurements are shown in Cartesian and Eulerian form. The
relevant calculated impedances are listed under "Impedance Results". 1 is the arithmetic mean
value of the first three measurements. 0is the triple value of the measured three-phase zerosequence impedance and thus refers to one phase (see Figure 2: Zero-Sequence Impedance
(7) on page
Definition). The coupling impedance is calculated according to = 13010201
11. The coupling zero-sequence impedance 0 corresponds to the triple value of the coupling
impedance .
The "Residual Compensation Factor" is the k factor calculated from the determined data for setting
the relays. Under "Residual Compensation Factor Format", one of the three manufacturerdependent formats can be selected. Under "Mutual Coupling Factor", the mutual coupling factor is
indicated. Like for the k factor, three different display formats are available.
L2
L1
L3
The L2-E measurement features the lowest X component because the line is very close to the
ground wire. The X component of the L3-E measurement is decreased by a parallel system taking
course close to L3 on the other side of the tower. Short-circuiting of the parallel system during the
measurement would have increased the effect and would have lead to erroneous results because
this is not the normal operating condition.
Another interesting effect can be observed when measuring power cables. If the screen or shield is
very close to the conductors but the conductors are relatively wide from each other, the inductive
part of the line-to-line measurements is higher than the inductive part of the line-to-ground
measurements, resulting in a negative X component of the calculated impedance . This seemingly
OMICRON 2010
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strange result is explained as follows. Recalling (see 3.1 Why k Factor Measurement? on page 9)
that the zero-sequence impedance is given by
and hence
0 = 1 + 3
=
0 1
3
(10)
(11)
where 1 is the positive-sequence impedance and is defined as a difference between the line-toground loop measurement and a half of the line-to-line loop measurement, the X component of
can become negative.
OMICRON 2010
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Americas
OMICRON electronics Corp. USA
12 Greenway Plaza, Suite 1510
Houston, TX 77046, USA
Phone: +1 713 830-4660
+1 800-OMICRON
Fax: +1 713 830-4661
info@omicronusa.com
Asia-Pacific
OMICRON electronics Asia Limited
Suite 2006, 20/F, Tower 2
The Gateway, Harbour City
Kowloon, Hong Kong S.A.R.
Phone: +852 2634 0377
Fax: +852 2634 0390
info@asia.omicron.at
www.omicron.at www.omicronusa.com