Experiment 4 Questions

1. State the major advantage and disadvantage of voltage multipliers over power
supplies.
Voltage multipliers are essential especially for devices that need a high amount
of voltage with a less supply from its input however a disadvantage of this is that
if the device requires a very high voltage, the circuit will be more complex if
voltage multipliers are still used because there will be more components in the
circuit like capacitors and diodes.
2. Explain the operation of the voltage multiplier circuit shown in Figure 4.6.
The circuit shown in the figure simply doubles the total voltage of the circuit; this
operation occurs every half-cycle, once the capacitor charges reaches the
maximum value equal to the voltage source.
3. Explain the discrepancies between the measured and computed voltages in
Table 4.1. Compute for the percent error using Equation 1.1?
The discrepancies seen were most likely human or instrumental errors.
4. What purpose does a power supply serve in an electronic circuit?
In an electronic circuit, a power supply supplies power or voltage to make a
circuit function and aside from this it also acts as a regulator when fluctuations
occur.
5. Determine a relationship between voltage doubling (exact), load resistance,
and capacitor size.
As the capacitor size increases, voltage doubling slightly increases however with
the load resistance with didnt recognize or formulated any relationship because
somehow the data werent enough.

6. Under what conditions are power transformers used instead of multiplier

circuits?
Power transformers are used when a device or circuit needs a lower voltage.
7. Discuss the importance of multiplier circuits in electronic circuits.
Multiplier circuits are essential especially for devices which needs a higher
voltage from a low input. With the combination of the diodes and capacitors, the
voltage of a circuit can be doubled which can make it function better.
8. What is a gate?
A gate is an electronic switch that is dependent to the type of input voltage to
give an output either a very high or low voltage.
9. What type of gate is represented by Figure 4.7? by Figure 4.8? by Figure 4.9?
by Figure 4.10?

4.7 - AND gate with 2 inputs

4.8 OR gate with 2 inputs

4.9 AND gate with 3 inputs

4.10 OR gate with 3 inputs

10. Provide a complete discussion (circuit analysis) of the four given circuits in
relation to the type of gates they represent.

Figure 4.7 and Figure 4.9 are both AND gates however they have different
number of inputs. An AND gate functions by giving a high output voltage if all of
the switches have an input voltage not equal to zero as seen in the data

Figure 4.8 and 4.10 are both OR gates but also with different number of inputs.
An OR gates functions by giving a high output voltage if and only if all of its
switches dont have a zero input voltage.

11. How does the AND circuit differ in operation from the action of the OR circuit?
As stated in question 10 an AND gates gives a high output voltage if all switches
have an input voltage while an OR gates functions once any of the switches has
an input voltage.
12. What is the basic function of a "switching gate"?
A switching gate functions by letting current flow in the circuit depending on the
type of input it is set to.
13. What are the schematic symbols and equivalent circuits of the AND gate and
the OR gate?
14. An AND gate has another source aside from the one connected to the diodes and its
cathode is connected to the source and the anode is connected to the output.
15. An OR gate has the anode of the diode connected to the source and the cathodes to
the output and also has a pull-down resistor.

16. What is an inverter, an NAND gate and a NOR gate?

Inverter a type of gate which gives a high input when there is a low output and

vice versa.
NAND gate a type of gate which gives a high output if all the inputs are low
NOR gate a gate which gives a high output as long as there are no high inputs

17. Answer the computer simulation problems in Exercise 4: Design of Voltage

Multipliers and Switching Diode.3

Experiment 5 Questions
1.

Discuss the importance of rectification.

There are circuits that only needs a current flow in only one direction and
this is where rectification comes in because it aids in the operation of the
components of the circuit and lessens the chance for it to be damaged.

2.

Define ripple factor. What is the ripple factor for all the experimental circuits?
Ripple factor is the ratio between the RMS value of the ripple voltage and
the DC component of the output voltage which is usually represented as a
percentage.

3.

Discuss the importance of the bleeder resistor.

A bleeder resistor aids in the discharging of a capacitor to regulate a
circuit.

4.

Discuss the effect and importance of a shunt capacitor.

A shunt capacitor provides a safer or more regulated power supply by
allowing current to pass around the circuit to lessen fluctuations and sometimes it
is also utilized to be a source of reactive power.

5.

Discuss the effect and importance of a RC filter.

RC filters can be classified as high pass or low pass however both still
does the same function and that is to allow certain frequencies to pass to obtain
either a high or low output.

6.

Compare the performance of a full-wave rectifier with that of a half-wave rectifier in

five important aspects. Discuss its advantages.
A half wave rectifier only or only allows either the positive or negative part
of the AC wave and its output voltage is a half lower than a full wave rectifier. On
the other hand a full wave rectifier converts the whole waveform to be positive
and it has a higher output voltage than a half wave.

7.

Discuss the operation of the half-wave and full-wave rectifier circuits when the
shunt capacitor is connected.
Once a capacitor has been connected, during the negative cycle of the
AC wave, clipping occurs and this means that the capacitors acts as the source
for a half cycle and a smoother ripple will be formed.

8.

Discuss briefly the applications of half-wave rectifiers.

Half wave rectifiers are mostly used in power supplies because its main purpose
is to convert AC to steady DC.

Exercise 5
DESIGN OF RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITOR FILTER
A. Simulate the center-tapped transformer full-wave rectifier circuit shown
in Figure 1 using MULTISIM 8 software and determine the following:
1. Sketch of the rectified signal across RL as seen from the oscilloscope.

2. Reading of the DC voltmeter connected across the RL.

V = -1.246 uV
3. Reading of the DC ammeter connected in series with the RL.
I = 607.415 pA

4. If a 330uF capacitor is connected across the R sketch the filtered signal as seen from
the oscilloscope.

5. Reading of the DC voltmeter connected across the parallel combination of RL and

330F capacitor.
V = -1.30nV

B. Design a bridge-type full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter with an

input of 22OVrms, 60Hz to the transformer and requires a maximum
output voltage of 26V and a minimum output voltage of 22V across a 500
load. Determine the circuit configuration of the power supply, rating of the
transformer, value of the filter capacitor and the PRV rating of the Silicon
diode. Simulate your circuit using MULTISIM 8 software.