RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

BONI AVE., MANDALUYONG CITY

EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF
URBAN PLANNING &
HISTORICAL STAGES OF URBAN PLANNING
GROUP A

SUBMITTED BY
BOBIER, JOHN JOVEN
LAUMOC, PAUL DANIEL
ORBE, MARJORIE CARISH
MIRANO, ARJAY

SUBMITTED TO
ENGR. EZEKIEL MODRONIO

July 19, 2015

URBAN PLANNING
Planning, also called urban planning or city and regional planning, is a dynamic profession
that works to improve the welfare of people and their communities by creating more
convenient, equitable, healthful, efficient, and attractive places for present and future
generations.
Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the use of land,
protection, use of the environment, public welfare, and the design of the urban environment,
and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas such as transportation,
communications, and distribution networks.
PRECLASSICAL PERIOD
NEOLITHIC ERA
The Neolithic or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human
technology, beginning about 10,200 BC, in some parts of the Middle East, and later
in other parts of the world and ending between the year 4,500 and 2,000 BC.
It is considered the last part of the Stone Age. The Neolithic Era commenced the
beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when
metal tools became widespread. The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and
cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and
of domesticated animals. Ceramic pottery first arrives on the scene as a storage vessel
for this new-found abundance
Social organization: During the Neolithic age, people lived in small tribes composed
of several bands or lineages. Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical
than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in
general.
Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the
household was probably the center of life. Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures were
building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC.
These structures required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests
that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour
though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.

Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or

'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a protochief, functioning as a lineage-group head.

 Shelter: The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to
the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent
constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated
with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways
were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the
houses. The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was
covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept.
Farming: A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was
to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed.
One potential benefit of the development and increasing sophistication of farming
technology was the possibility of producing surplus crop yields, in other words, food
supplies in excess of the immediate needs of the community. Surpluses could be
stored for later use, or possibly traded for other necessities or luxuries. Agricultural
life afforded securities that pastoral life could not, and sedentary farming populations
grew faster than nomadic.
In addition, increased population density, decreased population mobility, increased
continuous proximity to domesticated animals, and continuous occupation of
comparatively population-dense sites would have altered sanitation needs and
patterns of disease.
Technology: The identifying characteristic of Neolithic technology is the use of
polished or ground stone tools, in contrast to the flaked stone tools used during the
Paleolithic era.
Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for
the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding
stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled
manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments,
including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance
on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with
the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled
them to exploit their newly won farmland.

CLASSICAL PERIOD
Traditionally, the Greek philosopher Hippodamus (5th century BC) is regarded as the first
town planner and inventor of the orthogonal urban layout. Aristotle called him the father of
city planning. This is, however, only partly justified. The Hippodamian plan that was called
after him, is an orthogonal urban layout with more or less square street blocks.
Gradually, the new layouts became more regular. After the city of Miletus was destroyed by
the Persians in 494 BC, it was rebuilt in a regular form that, according to tradition, was
determined by the ideas of Hippodamus of Miletus. Regular orthogonal plans particularly
appear to have been laid out for new colonial cities and cities that were rebuilt in a short
period of time after destruction.
Following in the tradition of Hippodamus about a century later, Alexander commissioned the
architect Dinocrates to lay out his new city of Alexandria, the grandest example of idealised
urban planning of the ancient Hellenistic world, where the city's regularity was facilitated by
its level site near a mouth of the Nile.
The ancient Romans also employed regular orthogonal structures on which they molded their
colonies. They probably were inspired by Greek and Hellenic examples, as well as by
regularly planned cities that were built by the Etruscans in Italy.
The Romans used a consolidated scheme for city planning, developed for military defence
and civil convenience. The basic plan consisted of a central forum with city services,
surrounded by a compact, rectilinear grid of streets, and wrapped in a wall for defence. A
river usually flowed through the city, providing water, transport, and sewage disposal.
Hundreds of towns and cities were built by the Romans throughout their empire. Many
European towns, such as Turin, preserve the remains of these schemes, which show the very
logical way the Romans designed their cities. They would lay out the streets at right angles, in
the form of a square grid. All roads were equal in width and length, except for two, which
were slightly wider than the others. One of these ran eastwest, the other, northsouth, and
intersected in the middle to form the center of the grid. All roads were made of carefully fitted
flag stones and filled in with smaller, hard-packed rocks and pebbles. Bridges were
constructed where needed. Each square marked by four roads was called an insula, the Roman
equivalent of a modern city block.
Each insula was 80 yards (73 m) square, with the land within it divided. As the city
developed, each insula would eventually be filled with buildings of various shapes and sizes
and crisscrossed with back roads and alleys
Areas outside city limits were left open as farmland. At the end of each main road was a large
gateway with watchtowers. A portcullis covered the opening when the city was under siege,

and additional watchtowers were constructed along the city walls. An aqueduct was built
outside the city walls.
After the gradual disintegration and fall of the West-Roman empire in the 5th century little
remained of urban culture in western and central Europe. In the 10th and 11th centuries,
though, there appears to have been a general improvement in the political stability and
economy. This made it possible for trade and craft to grow and for the monetary economy and
urban culture to revive. Initially, urban culture recovered particularly in existing settlements,
often in remnants of Roman towns and cities, but later on, ever more towns were created
anew. Meanwhile, the population of western Europe increased rapidly and the utilised
agricultural area grew with it. The agricultural areas of existing villages were extended and
new villages and towns were created in uncultivated areas as cores for new reclamations.
Urban development in the early Middle Ages, characteristically focused on a fortress, a
fortified abbey, whether in an extended village or the centre of a larger city. Since the new
center was often on high, defensible ground, the city plan took on an organic character,
following the irregularities of elevation contours like the shapes that result from agricultural
terracing.
Caernarvon (Wales). Plan by John Speed, 1611. Caernarfon castle and town were re-founded
by King Edward I of England in July 1283, during his second Welsh campaign to end the
Second War of Independence.
Plan of Elburg in The Netherlands, based on the cadastral plan of 1830. Elburg was founded
in 1392 by Arent toe Boecop, steward of the duke of Gelre. Arent seems to have acted as a
private entrepreneur. He had bought a piece of land next to the existing town, and he obtained
permission from his lord to extend and rebuild the town, and to resettle the population of the
surrounding area, selling the house lots to the settlers. The highly symmetrical layout is
centred on a canalised river and an intersecting street. The symmetry is disturbed, however,
by the church in the eastern corner and by the pre-existing street (the only curved one in the
whole town) on the northwest side. The corner bastions and the wide outer ditch were added
in the late 16th century.
In the 9th to 14th centuries, many hundreds of new towns were built in Europe, and many
others were enlarged with newly planned extensions. These new towns and town extensions
have played a very important role in the shaping of Europes geographical structures as they
in modern times. All kinds of landlords, from the highest to the lowest rank, tried to found
new towns on their estates, in order to gain economical, political or military power.
From the evidence of the preserved towns, it appears that the formal structure of many of
these towns was willfully planned. The newly founded towns often show a marked regularity
in their plan form, in the sense that the streets are often straight and laid out at right angles to
one another, and that the house lots are rectangular, and originally largely of the same size.

One very clear and relatively extreme example is Elburg in the Netherlands, dating from the
end of the 14th century. Looking at town plans such as the one of Elburg, it clearly appears
that it is impossible to maintain that the straight street and the symmetrical, orthogonal town
plan were new inventions from the Renaissance,' and, therefore, typical of modern times.'
The deep depression around the middle of the 14th century marked the end of the period of
great urban expansion. Only in the parts of Europe where the process of urbanisation had
started relatively late, as in eastern Europe, was it still to go on for one or two more centuries.
It would not be until the Industrial Revolution that the same level of expansion of urban
population would be reached again, although the number of newly created settlements would
remain much lower than in the 12th and 13th centuries.

RENAISSANCE EUROPE
Florence was an early model of the new urban planning, which took on a star-shaped layout
adapted from the new star fort, designed to resist cannon fire. This model was widely imitated,
reflecting the enormous cultural power of Florence in this age; The Renaissance was hypnotized by
one city type which for a century and a half from Filarete to Scamozzi was impressed upon utopian
schemes: this is the star-shaped city". Radial streets extend outward from a defined centre of military,
communal or spiritual power.
The Ideal City by Fra Carnevale (1480-1484). This extraordinary panel exemplifies
Renaissance ideals of urban planning and offers a model of the architecture and sculpture that would
be commissioned by a virtuous ruler who cares for the welfare of the citizenry.
The ideal centrally planned urban space: Sposalizio by Raphael Sanzio, 1504. Only in ideal
cities did a centrally planned structure stand at the heart, as in Raphael's Sposalizio. As built, the
unique example of a rationally planned quattrocento new city centre, that of Vigevano (149395),
resembles a closed space instead, surrounded by arcading.
Filarete's ideal city, building on Leon Battista Alberti's De re aedificatoria, was named
"Sforzinda" in compliment to his patron; its twelve-pointed shape, circumscribable by a "perfect"
Pythagorean figure, the circle, took no heed of its undulating terrain in Filarete's manuscript. This
process occurred in cities, but ordinarily not in the industrial suburbs characteristic of this era, which
remained disorderly and characterized by crowding and organic growth.

ENLIGHTENMENT EUROPE
During this period, rulers often embarked on ambitious attempts at redesigning their capital
cities as a showpiece for the grandeur of the nation. Disasters were often a major catalyst for planned
reconstruction. An exception to this was in London after the Great Fire of 1666 when, despite many
radical rebuilding schemes from architects such as John Evelyn and Christopher Wren, no large-scale
redesigning was achieved due the complexities of rival ownership claims. However, improvements
were made in hygiene and fire safety with wider streets, stone construction and access to the river.
Model of the seismically protective wooden structure, the "gaiolapombalina" (pombaline
cage), developed for the reconstruction of Pombaline Lower Town
In contrast, after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, King Joseph I of Portugal and his ministers
immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city. The architect Manuel da Maia boldly proposed
razing entire sections of the city and "laying out new streets without restraint". This last option was
chosen by the king and his minister. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king
commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets the
new mottos of Lisbon. The Pombaline buildings were among the earliest seismically protected
constructions in Europe.
An even more ambitious reconstruction was carried out in Paris. In 1852, Baron GeorgesEugne Haussmann was commissioned to remodel the Medieval street plan of the city by demolishing
swathes of the old quarters and laying out wide boulevards, extending outwards beyond the old city
limits. Haussmann's project encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the centre of Paris and
in the surrounding districts, with regulations imposed on building faades, public parks, sewers and
water works, city facilities, and public monuments. Beyond aesthetic and sanitary considerations, the
wide thoroughfares facilitated troop movement and policing.
A concurrent plan to extend Barcelona was based on a scientific analysis of the city and its
modern requirements. It was drawn up by the Catalan engineer Ildefons Cerd to fill the space beyond
the city walls after they were demolished from 1854. He is credited with inventing the term
urbanization and his approach was codified in his General Theory of Urbanization (1867).

MODERN URBAN PLANNING

Planning and architecture went through a paradigm shift at the turn of the 20th century. The
industrialized cities of the 19th century had grown at a tremendous rate, with the pace and style of
building largely dictated by private business concerns. The evils of urban life for the working poor

were becoming increasingly evident as a matter for public concern. The laissez-faire style of
government management of the economy, in fashion for most of the Victorian era, was starting to
give way to a New Liberalism that championed intervention on the part of the poor and
disadvantaged. Around 1900, theorists began developing urban planning models to mitigate the
consequences of the industrial age, by providing citizens, especially factory workers, with healthier
environments.

GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

The first major urban planning theorist was Sir Ebenezer Howard, who initiated the garden
city movement in 1898. This was inspired by earlier planned communities built by industrial
philanthropists in the countryside, such as Cadburys' Bournville, Lever's Port Sunlight and George
Pullman's eponymous Pullman in Chicago. All these settlements decentralized the working
environment from the centre of the cities, and provided a healthy living space for the factory workers.
Howard generalized this achievement into a planned movement for the country as a whole. He was
also influenced by the work of economist Alfred Marshall who argued in 1884 that industry needed a
supply of labor that could in theory be supplied anywhere, and that companies have an incentive to
improve workers living standards as the company bears much of the cost inflicted by the unhealthy
urban conditions in the big cities.

URBAN PLANNING PROFESSION

Urban planning became professionalized at this period, with input from utopian visionaries as
well as from the practical minded infrastructure engineers and local councilors combining to produce
new design templates for political consideration. The Town and Country Planning Association were
founded in 1899 and the first academic course on urban planning was offered by the University of
Liverpool in 1909.
The first official consideration of these new trends was embodied in the Housing and Town
Planning Act of 1909 that compelled local authorities to introduce coherent systems of town planning
across the country using the new principles of the 'garden city', and to ensure that all housing
construction conformed to specific building standards.
Following this Act, surveyors, civil engineers, architects, lawyers and others began working
together within local government in the UK to draw up schemes for the development of land and the
idea of town planning as a new and distinctive area of expertise began to be formed. In 1910, Thomas

Adams was appointed as the first Town Planning Inspector at the Local Government Board, and
began meeting with practitioners. The Town Planning Institute was established in 1914 with a
mandate to advance the study of town-planning and civic design. The first university course in
America was established at Harvard University in 1924.

Modernism

Le Corbusier, modernist architect presented his scheme for a "Contemporary City" in 1922.

1920 is the ideas of modernism began to surface in urban planning

"Plan Voisin", In 1925 ", in which he proposed to bulldoze most of central Paris north of the
Seine and replace it with his sixty-story cruciform towers from the Contemporary City

Nadir Afonso, a painter-architect who absorbed Le Corbusier's ideas into his own aesthetics
theory.

Patrick Geddes, who understood the importance of taking the regional environment into
account and the relationship between social issues and town planning, and foresaw the
emergence of huge urban conurbations.

Ebenezer Howard, urban planning concepts were only adopted on a large scale after World
War II.

URBAN CRISIS

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, many planners felt that modernism's clean lines and lack of
human scale sapped vitality from the community, blaming them for high crime rates and
social problems.

Modernist planning fell into decline in the 1970s when the construction of cheap, uniform
tower blocks ended in most countries, such as Britain and France.

New Urbanism

Jakriborg in Sweden, started in the late 1990s as a new urbanist eco-friendly new town near
Malm

The most clearly defined form of walkable urbanism is known as the Charter of New
Urbanism.

The real problem with the unsustainable nature of modern cities is not just about cars and too
much driving - it is about the entire urban metabolism of the city (of which auto-mobility is
less than half of the overall ecological footprint and accounts for about half of the GHG
(green house gas) emissions/carbon footprint).

Sustainability and Sustainable Development

Sustain - to cause to continue (as in existence or a certain state, or in force or intensity); to
keep up, especially without interruption diminution, flagging, etc.; to prolong.
Sustainable development is the organizing principle for sustaining finite resources necessary
to provide for the needs of future generations of life on the planet. It is a process that envisions a
desirable future state for human societies in which living conditions and resource-use continue to
meet human needs without undermining the "integrity, stability and beauty" of natural biotic systems.
Sustainability is the "long-term, cultural, economic and environmental health and vitality"
with emphasis on long-term, "together with the importance of linking our social, financial, and
environmental well-being.

Sustainability and Sustainable Development

By: Jonathan M. Harris February 2003
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: DEFINING A NEW PARADIGM
In 1987 the World Commission on Environment and Development sought to add ress the
problem of conflicts between environment and development goals by formulating a definition of
sustainable development: Sustainable development is development which meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Three essential aspects of sustainable development:

* Economic: An economically sustainable system must be able to produce goods and

services on a continuing basis, to maintain manageable levels of government and external
debt, and to avoid extreme sectoral imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial
production.
* Environmental: An environmentally sustainable system must maintain a stable
resource base, avoiding over-exploitation of renewable resource systems or
environmental sink functions, and depleting nonrenewable resources only to the extent
that investment is made in adequate substitutes. This includes maintenance of
biodiversity, atmospheric stability, and other ecosystem functions not ordinarily classed
as economic resources.
* Social: A socially sustainable system must achieve fairness in distribution and
opportunity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender
equity, and political accountability and participation.
These three elements of sustainability introduce many potential complications to the
original, simple definition of economic development. The goals expressed or implied are
multidimensional, raising the issue of how to balance objectives and how to judge success
or failure.

Sustainable Development Goals

The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators
that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the
next 15 years.
The SDGs follow, and expand on, the millennium development goals (MDGs), which were agreed
by governments in 2000, and are due to expire at the end of this year.
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's time-bound and quantified targets for
addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate
shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability.

What are the proposed 17 goals?

1) End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
3) Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages
4) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
5) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment,
and decent work for all
9) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster
innovation
10) Reduce inequality within and among countries
11) Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
12) Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
15) Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss
16) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
17) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable
development

Collaborative Planning
Collaborative Planning provides a better way to enable multi-enterprise planning. You can
collaborate securely with your trading partners, reduce planning cycle time, and identify and react
quickly to supply chain exceptions. By getting early visibility to your supply commit changes and
making your suppliers aware of your order forecast changes, you can quickly streamline crossenterprise planning and operations. Oracle Collaborative Planning enables you to increase forecast
accuracy, implement vendor managed and consigned inventory processes, increase global supply
visibility, reduce supply shortages, and lower expediting cost.

Collaborative Planning in Action

Over the past twenty years the nature of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) planning has
changed significantly. Since 1986 civil works projects require a local sponsor that shares in the cost of
studies and in decision making. Over the years the Corps and regulators have learned that both are
more likely to achieve their objectives if they work together in a cooperative manner. Many Corp
projects now involve issues that by their very nature cannot be addressed by one agency, but require a
coordinated effort by a number of federal, state and local agencies. All of these changes have set the
stage for cooperative planning.
The purpose of this study -- part of a broader assessment conducted by the US Army Institute for
Water Resources -- was to get a realistic assessment of what cooperative planning looks like in action.
This report presents nine cases involving the use of collaborative planning in US Army Corps of
Engineers studies.

Lessons Learned
A side-by-side comparison of the nine cases was made on a number of dimensions. The
results of this analysis are provided on the following pages.
The overall lessons-learned were:
In all nine cases, collaborative planning was judged to be a success.
A number of Corps studies involve so many collaborators and stakeholders that only a collaborative
planning approach has any hope of producing the credibility and commitment necessary for
implementation -- there would have been no point in undertaking the study without collaborative
planning
Collaborative planning can be time consuming and seemingly costly when compared with traditional
planning but as noted above, in many cases traditional planning is not an option
In most cases, collaborative planning produced long-term savings, particularly when it came time for
implementation
There was agreement in all nine cases that without collaborative planning there would have been a
number of negative outcomes