Racel Nia E.

del Mar

BSCE-2

November 29, 2013

I.Definition of Terms
1. Temperature - a measure of the average translational kinetic energy
associated with the disordered microscopic motion of
atoms and molecules.
2. Thermometer a device that measures temperature or temperature
gradient using a variety of different principles.
3. Temperature Scales - a way to measure temperature quantitatively;
the scale of degrees on a thermometer .
4. Heat - a natural spontaneous process that occurs when the bodies differ
in hotness and have a suitable physical connection.
5. Thermal Contact - A state in which two or more systems can exchange
thermal energy.
6. Thermal Equilibrium - is a condition under which two substances that
have physical contact do not exchange heat energy.
7. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics - states that if two systems are at the
same time in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are
in thermal equilibrium with each other.
8. Specific Heat - is the measurable physical quantity of heat energy
required to change the temperature of an object or body
by a given amount.
9. Thermal Expansion - is the tendency of matter to change in volume in
response to a change in temperature.
a. Linear Expansion - leads to expansion relationships for length, area,
and volume in terms of the linear expansion
coefficient ; expansion of a body in one direction.
b. Surface Expansion relates the change in a material's surface
dimensions to a change in temperature. It is the
fractional change in area per degree of
temperature change.
c. Volume Expansion - refers to an increase in the total amount of fluid
present in the body.
10. Latent Heat of Fusion - The heat absorbed as a substance changes phase
from liquid to solid, a process called fusion or
solidification.

11. Latent Heat of Vaporization - is the enthalpy change required to

transform a given quantity of a substance from a liquid into
a gas at a given pressure.
12. Boyles Law - the principle that at a constant temperature the volume of
a confined ideal gas varies inversely with its pressure.
13. Charles Law - he observed that at a fixed pressure, the volume of a gas
is proportional to the temperature of the gas.
14. Ideal Gas Law - relates the variables of pressure, volume, temperature,
and number of moles of gas within a closed system.
15. Kinetic Theory of Gases - is the study of the microscopic behavior of
molecules and the interactions which lead to
macroscopic relationships like the ideal gas law.
16. Thermal Conduction - transfer of energy (heat) arising from temperature
differences between adjacent parts of a body.
17. Convection - is the flow of heat through a bulk, macroscopic movement
of matter from a hot region to a cool region, as opposed to
the microscopic transfer of heat between atoms involved
with conduction.
18. Radiation - is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves
travel through a vacuum, or through matter-containing
media that are not required for their propagation.
19. First Law of Thermodynamics - formulated by stating that the change in
the internal energy of a closed system is equal to the amount
of heat supplied to the system, minus the amount of work
derived from the system.
20. Thermal Processes
a. Isobaric Processes - a thermodynamic process in which the pressure
stays constant.
b. Adiabatic Processes - any process that occurs without gain or loss of
heat by the system.
c. Isovolumetric Processes - A thermodynamic process that takes place
at constant volume so that no work is done on
or by the system.
d. Isothermal Processes - is a change of a system, in which the
temperature remains constant.
21. Heat Engine - is a system that performs the conversion of heat or
thermal energy to mechanical work.

22. Second Law of Thermodynamics - states that the entropy of an

isolated system never decreases, because isolated
systems spontaneously evolve towards thermodynamic
equilibrium.
23. Refrigerators - is a heat engine in which work is done on a refrigerant
substance in order to collect energy from a cold region
and exhaust it in a higher temperature region, thereby
further cooling the cold region.
24. Heat Pumps - is a device which applies external work to extract an
amount of heat QC from a cold reservoir and delivers heat
QH to a hot reservoir.
25. Carnot Engine - is a hypothetical engine that operates on the
reversible Carnot Cycle.
26. Steam Engine - is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using
steam as its working fluid.
27. Entropy - is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a
thermodynamic system may be arranged, often taken to be
a measure of disorder, or a measure of progressing
towards thermodynamic equilibrium.