Integration Formula

I.

Indefinite Integral
1.1 Basic Integration Formula
n
u du =

1.

du = u + c

4.

2.

(u v )dx = udx vdx

5.

3.

cudx = c udx where c is any constant

un+1
+ c , n 1
n +1

du
= ln u + c
u

(Power Formula)

(Leading to Logarithms)

1.2 Exponential Functions

1. eudu = eu + c
1.3 Trigonometric Functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

u
a du =

2.

1.4 Hyperbolic Functions

1.
sinu du = cosu + c
2.
cosu du = sin u + c
3.
tan u du = ln cosu + c
4.
cot u du = ln sin u + c
sec u du = ln sec u + tan u + c 5.
csc u du = ln csc u + cot u + c 6.

coshudu = sinhu + c
sinhudu = coshu + c
sech udu = tanh u + c
csch u du = coth u + c
sechu tanh u du = sechu + c
2

cschu coth u du = cschu + c

= ln csc u cot u + c

secu tanu du = secu + c

8. cscu cotu du = cscu + c
9. sec u du =tan u + c
10. csc u du = cot u + c
7.

au
+ c , where a > 0, a 1
ln a

tanh udu =ln coshu + c

coth udu =ln sinhu + c

7.
8.

1. 5 Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Function / Additional Standard Formula

1.
2.

du
2

= arcsin

u
+c
a

a u
du
1
u
a2 + u2 = a arctan a + c

3.

4.

du
2

u a
du
2

u a

1
u
arc sec + c
a
a

= ln u + u2 a2 + c

1.6 Methods of Integration

m

sin

A. Integrals Involving Powers of Sine and Cosine

v cosn vdx

Case1: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number.

m

sin

v cosn vdx = sinm1 v cosn v sin v

Use the trigonometric identity sin v = 1 cos v

Case 2: When m is any number and n is a positive odd integer.
m

sin

v cosn vdx = sinm v cosn1 v cos v

Use the trigonometric identity cos v = 1 sin v

Note: When m & n are both positive odd integers, use either Case 1 (if m <n) or Case 2.

Case 3: When m and n are both even integers (either both positive or one positive and
one zero)

m
n
2
sin v cos vdx = sin v

m
2

n
2

) (cos v) dx
2

Use one or both of the following trigonometric identities

sin 2 v =

1 cos 2v
1+ cos 2v
2
, cos v =
2
2

B. Integrals Involving Powers of Tangent (Cotangent) and Secant (Cosecant)

(a)

v secn vdx

tan

Case1: When m is any number and n is a positive even integer greater than 2.

tan

v secn vdx = tan mv secn2 v sec2 vdx

2

Use the trigonometric identity sec v = 1+ tan v

Case 2: When m is a positive odd integer and n is any number.

tan

v secn vdx = tan m1v secn1 v secv tan vdx

2

Use the trigonometric identity tan v = sec v 1

Case 3: When m is a positive integer and n is zero.

tan
(b)

cot

v dx = tan m2 v tan2 vdx

Use the trigonometric identity tan v = sec v 1

v cscn vdx

The technique involved is similar to that of evaluating the integral of

2

tan
2

v secn vdx .

Hence, use the trigonometric identity csc v = 1+ cot v or cot v = csc v 1

C. Integration by Parts

udv = uv v du

Choose u if it is easy to differentiate while dv easy to integrate.

D. Integration by Algebraic Substitution

Case1: Integrands containing

To eliminate the radical

ax + b
n

ax + b , let z = n ax + b

nz n1dz = adx

and

z n = ax + b

dx =

nz n1dz
a

Case 2: Integrands Containing Multiple Radicals

If an integrand contains several radicals, it can be simplified by the substitution

x = zn
where n is the least common multiple (LCM) of the indices of the radicals or the least
common denominator (LCD) of the denominator of the fractional exponents.
Case 3: Reciprocal Substitution
If the integrand contains an expression of the form

by substituting x =

P (x )
x x 2 + a2

, can be solved usually

1
.
z

E. Integration by Trigonometric Substitution

2

Case1: Integrands containing a u , use the substitution u = a sin .

2

Case 2: Integrands containing u + a , use the substitution u = a tan .

Case 3: Integrands containing u a , use the substitution u = a sec .
F. Integration by Partial Fractions
Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors
Every distinct linear factor of the form
corresponds a partial fraction of the form

ax + b in the denominator D (x ), there

A
where A is constant to be determined.
ax + b

Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors

Every repeated linear factor of the form

(ax + b)n

corresponds the sum of n partial fractions of the form

in the denominator D x , there

()

A
B
Z
+
+!+
2
ax + b (ax + b)
(ax + b)n

where A, B, , Z are constants to be determined.

Case 3: Distinct Quadratic Factors
Every irreducible distinct quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c in the denominator D x , there

()

corresponds a partial fraction of the form

to be determined and 2ax + b =

A(2ax + b ) + B
where A and B are constants
ax 2 + bx + c

d
ax 2 + bx + c .
dx

Case 4: Repeated Quadratic Factors

Every irreducible repeated quadratic factor ax 2 + bx + c

there

corresponds

the

sum

of

partial

in the denominator D x ,

fractions

()

of

the

form

A(2ax + b ) + B C (2ax + b ) + D
Y (2ax + b ) + Z
+
+ ... +
where A, B, , Z are constants to
2
2
n
ax + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c
ax 2 + bx + c

be determined and 2ax + b =

d
ax 2 + bx + c .
dx

II. Definite Integral

If F(x) is a function whose derivative is f(x) and if a and b are constants, then
b

f(x )dx = F(x )

= F(b) F(a)

where a = lower limit and b = upper limit.

Note: The limits are substituted only after the integration has been performed.
Properties of Definite Integral
1.
2.
3.

a
b

b
c

a
b

f(x )dx = f(x )dx

f(x )dx = f(x )dx + f(x )dx, where a < c < b
[f(x ) + g(x )]dx = f(x )dx + g(x )dx
a

Integrals of Even and Odd Functions

If f(x) is defined in [-a, a] and if f(x) is an
1.
2.

Even function that is f x = f x then

a
a

f(x )dx = 2 f (x )dx .

Odd function that is f( x ) = f(x ) then f(x )dx = 0 .
( ) ()

Wallis Formula

sinm x cosn x dx =
where:

(m 1)(m 3)!(2 or 1) (n 1)(n 3)!(2 or 1)

(m + n)(m + n 2)!(2 or 1)

m and n are nonnegative integers

2
=1

if both m and n are even

if either one or both are odd.

Plane Area
I.

Vertical Strip
1.

A=

x =b
x =a

y dx where a <b

A=

2.

x =b
x =a

(yU yL )dx

where: y U = y Upper

yL = y Lower
II.

Horizontal Strip
1.

A=

y =d
y =c

x dy where c <d

2.

A=

where: x R = x Right

x L = x Left
Note: Parabola
Equation

Vertex

f(x ) = y = ax + bx + c
f(y ) = x = ay 2 + by + c

[ ,f( )]
[f( ), ]
b
2a
b
2a

b
2a
b
2a

y =d
y =c

(x R x L )dy