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Limitedslipdifferential
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Alimitedslipdifferential(LSD)isatypeofautomotive
differentialgeararrangementthatallowsforsomedifferencein
angularvelocityoftheoutputshafts,butimposesamechanical
boundonthedisparity.
Inanautomobile,suchlimitedslipdifferentialsaresometimesused
inplaceofastandarddifferential,wheretheyconveycertain
dynamicadvantages,attheexpenseofgreatercomplexity.

Contents

ConetypeLSD

1Earlyhistory
2Benefits
3Basicprincipleofoperation
4Types
4.1Fixedvalue
4.2Torquesensitivity(HLSD)
4.2.1Clutch,conetype,orplateLSD
4.2.1.12Way,1way,1.5Way
4.2.2GearedLSD
4.3Speedsensitivity
4.3.1Viscous(VLSD)
4.3.2Gerotorpump
4.4Electronic
4.5Electronicsystems:brakebased
4.6Otherrelatedfinaldrives
5Factorynames
6References
7Externallinks

Earlyhistory
In1932,FerdinandPorschedesignedaGrandPrixracingcarfortheAutoUnioncompany.Thehighpower
ofthedesigncausedoneoftherearwheelstoexperienceexcessivewheelspinatanyspeedupto100mph
(160km/h).In1935,PorschecommissionedtheengineeringfirmZFtodesignalimitedslipdifferential
thatwouldperformbetter.TheZF"slidingpinsandcams"becameavailable,[1]andoneexamplewasthe
TypeB70forearlyVWs.

Benefits
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Themainadvantageofalimitedslipdifferentialisdemonstratedbyconsideringthecaseofastandard(or
"open")differentialinoffroadingorsnowsituationswhereonewheelbeginstosliporlosecontactwith
theground.Insuchacasewithastandarddifferential,theslippingornoncontactingwheelwillreceivethe
majorityofthepower,whilethecontactingwheelwillremainstationarywiththeground.Thetorque
transmittedwillbeequalatbothwheels,andtherefore,willnotexceedthethresholdoftorqueneededto
movethewheelwithtraction.Inthissituation,alimitedslipdifferentialpreventsexcessivepowerfrom
beingallocatedtoonewheel,andtherebykeepingbothwheelsinpoweredrotation.TheadvantagesofLSD
inhighpower,rearwheeldriveautomobilesweredemonstratedduringtheUnitedStates"MuscleCar"era
fromthemid1960sthroughtheearly1970s.Itsoonbecameapparentthat"MuscleCars"withLSDor
"posi"wereatadistinctadvantagetotheirwheelspinningcounterparts.

Basicprincipleofoperation
Automotivelimitedslipdifferentialsallcontainafewbasicelements.First,allhaveageartrainthat,like
anopendifferential,allowstheoutputshaftstospinatdifferentspeedswhileholdingthesumoftheir
speedsproportionaltothatoftheinputshaft.
Second,allhavesomesortofmechanismthatappliesatorque(internaltothedifferential)thatresiststhe
relativemotionoftheoutputshafts.Insimpleterms,thismeanstheyhavesomemechanismwhichresistsa
speeddifferencebetweentheoutputs,bycreatingaresistingtorquebetweeneitherthetwooutputs,orthe
outputsandthedifferentialhousing.Therearemanymechanismsusedtocreatethisresistingtorque.The
typeoflimitedslipdifferentialtypicallygetsitsnamefromthedesignofthisresistingmechanism.
ExamplesincludeviscousandclutchbasedLSDs.Theamountoflimitingtorqueprovidedbythese
mechanismsvariesbydesignandisdiscussedlaterinthearticle.
Alimitedslipdifferentialhasamorecomplextorquesplitandshouldbeconsideredinthecasewhenthe
outputsarespinningthesamespeedandwhenspinningatdifferentspeeds.Thetorquedifferencebetween
thetwoaxlesiscalledTrqd.[2](InthisworkitiscalledTrqffortorquefriction[3]).Trqdisthedifference
intorquedeliveredtotheleftandrightwheel.ThemagnitudeofTrqdcomesfromthesliplimiting
mechanisminthedifferentialandmaybeafunctionofinputtorque(asinthecaseofageardifferential),or
thedifferenceintheoutputspeeds(asinthecaseofaviscousdifferential).
Thetorquedeliveredtotheoutputsis:
Trq1=Trqin+Trqdforthesloweroutput
Trq2=TrqinTrqdforthefasteroutput
Whentravelinginastraightline,whereonewheelstartstoslip(andspinfasterthanthewheelwith
traction),torqueisreducedtotheslippingwheel(Trq2)andprovidedtotheslowerwheel(Trq1).
Inthecasewhenthevehicleisturningandneitherwheelisslipping,theinsidewheelwillbeturningslower
thantheoutsidewheel.Inthiscasetheinsidewheelwillreceivemoretorquethantheoutsidewheel,which
canresultinundersteer.[3]
Whenbothwheelsarespinningatthesamespeed,thetorquedistributiontoeachwheelis:
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Trq(1or2)=Trqin(Trqd)while
Trq1+Trq2=Trqin.
ThismeansthemaximumtorquetoeitherwheelisstaticallyindeterminatebutisintherangeofTrqin(
Trqd).

Types
SeveraltypesofLSDarecommonlyusedonpassengercars.
Fixedvalue
Torquesensitive
Speedsensitive
Electronicallycontrolled

Fixedvalue
Inthisdifferentialthemaximumtorquedifferencebetweenthetwooutputs,Trqd,isafixedvalueatall
timesregardlessoftorqueinputtothedifferentialorspeeddifferencebetweenthetwooutputs.Typically
thisdifferentialusedspringloadedclutchassemblies.

Torquesensitivity(HLSD)
Thistypeincludeshelicalgearlimitedslipdifferentialsandclutch,cone(analternativetypeofclutch)
wheretheengagementforceoftheclutchisafunctionoftheinputtorqueappliedtothedifferential(asthe
engineappliesmoretorquetheclutchesgripharderandTrqdincreases).
TorquesensingLSDsrespondtodriveshafttorque,sothatthemore
driveshaftinputtorquepresent,thehardertheclutches,conesor
gearsarepressedtogether,andthusthemorecloselythedrive
wheelsarecoupledtoeachother.Someincludespringloadingto
providesomesmalltorquesothatwithlittleornoinputtorque
(trailingthrottle/gearboxinneutral/mainclutchdepressed)thedrive
wheelsareminimallycoupled.Theamountofpreload(hencestatic
coupling)ontheclutchesorconesareaffectedbythegeneral
condition(wear)andbyhowtightlytheyareloaded.
Clutch,conetype,orplateLSD

ZFLSDclutchstackvisibleonleft

Theclutchtypehasastackofthinclutchdiscs,halfofwhicharecoupledtooneofthedriveshafts,the
otherhalfofwhicharecoupledtothespidergearcarrier.Theclutchstacksmaybepresentonbothdrive
shafts,orononlyone.Ifononlyone,theremainingdriveshaftislinkedtotheclutcheddriveshaftthrough
thespidergears.Inaconetypetheclutchesarereplacedbyapairofconeswhicharepressedtogether
achievingthesameeffect.
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Onemethodforcreatingtheclampingforceistheuseofacamrampassemblysuchasusedina
Salisbury/rampstyleLSD.Thespidergearsmountonthepinioncrossshaftwhichrestsinangledcutouts
formingcammedramps.Thecammedrampsarenotnecessarilysymmetrical.Iftherampsaresymmetrical,
theLSDis2way.Iftheyaresawtoothed(i.e.onesideoftherampisvertical),theLSDis1way.Ifboth
sidesaresloped,butareasymmetric,theLSDis1.5way.(Seethediscussionof2,1.5and1waybelow)
Analternativeistousethenaturalseparationforceofthegearteeth
toloadtheclutch.Anexampleisthecenterdifferentialofthe2011
AudiQuattroRS5.[4]
Astheinputtorqueofthedriveshafttriestoturnthedifferential
center,internalpressurerings(adjoiningtheclutchstack)areforced
sidewaysbythepinioncrossshafttryingtoclimbtheramp,which
compressestheclutchstack.Themoretheclutchstackis
compressed,themorecoupledthewheelsare.Thematingofthe
verticalramp(8085inpracticetoavoidchipping)surfacesina
onewayLSDonoverrunproducesnocameffectorcorresponding
clutchstackcompression.

ZFLSDspiderpinionshaftramps
visible

2Way,1way,1.5Way

Broadlyspeaking,therearethreeinputtorquestates:load,noload,andoverrun.Duringloadconditions,as
previouslystated,thecouplingisproportionaltotheinputtorque.Withnoload,thecouplingisreducedto
thestaticcoupling.Thebehavioronoverrun(particularlysuddenthrottlerelease)determineswhetherthe
LSDis1way,1.5way,or2way.
A2waydifferentialwillhavethesamelimitingtorqueTrqdinboththeforwardandreversedirections.
Thismeansthedifferentialwillprovidesomeleveloflimitingunderenginebraking.
A1waydifferentialwillprovideitslimitingactioninonlyonedirection.Whentorqueisappliedinthe
oppositedirectionitbehaveslikeanopendifferential.InthecaseofaFWDcaritisarguedtobesaferthan
a2waydifferential.[5]Theargumentisifthereisnoadditionalcouplingonoverrun,i.e.a1wayLSDas
soonasthedriverliftsthethrottle,theLSDunlocksandbehavessomewhatlikeaconventionalopen
differential.ThisisalsothebestforFWDcars,asitallowsthecartoturninonthrottlerelease,insteadof
ploughingforward.[5]
A1.5waydifferentialreferstoonewheretheforwardandreverselimitingtorques,Trqd_fwd,d_rev,are
differentbutneitheriszeroasinthecaseofthe1wayLSD.Thistypeofdifferentialiscommoninracing
carswhereastronglimitingtorquecanaidstabilityunderenginebraking.
GearedLSD
Geared,torquesensitivemechanicallimitedslipdifferentialsusewormgearsandspurgearstodistribute
anddifferentiateinputpowerbetweentwodrivewheelsorfrontandbackaxles.Thisisacompletely
separatedesignfromthemostcommonbeveledspidergeardesignsseeninmostautomotiveapplications.
Astorqueisappliedtothegears,theyarepushedagainstthewallsofthedifferentialhousing,creating
friction.ThefrictionresiststherelativemovementoftheoutputsandcreatesthelimitingtorqueTrqd.
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UnlikeotherfrictionbasedLSDdesignsthatcombineacommonspidergear"open"differentialin
combinationwithfrictionmaterialsthatinhibitdifferentiation,thetorquesensingdesignisauniquetypeof
differential,withtorquebiasinherenttoitsdesign,notasanaddon.Torquebiasisonlyappliedwhen
needed,anddoesnotinhibitdifferentiation.TheresultisatruedifferentialthatdoesnotbinduplikeLSD
andlockingtypes,butstillgivesincreasedpowerdeliveryundermanyroadconditions.
Examplesinclude:
TorsenT1isthebrandnameoftheoriginalGleasman
DifferentialinventedbyVernonGleasmancirca1949(US
Patent2,559,916appliedin1949,granted1951).[6]The
originalGleasmandesignwassoldtoTheGleasonWorks
(laternamedGleasonCorporation),whostartedmarketingit
in1982.TheoriginalT1modelisincompatiblewithcclip
driveaxles,whichlimiteditsusewithmanycarsandtrucksof
thetime.However,theoriginalTorsendifferentialwasused
inracingbyMarioAndrettiandPaulNewmanwithgreat
success.[7]AlllaterwormgearLSDdesignswerederived
fromtheoriginalGleasmandifferential.TheT1isoriginal
equipmentintheAudiQuattro,SubaruImprezaWRXSTI,
ToyotaMegaCruiserandAMGeneralHMMWV"Humvee".
[8]

AudiQuattroTorsenDifferential
TorsenT2wasanewGleasmandesigncirca1984(US
[9]
PatentapplicationWO1984003745A1) thatiscompatible
withcclipaxles.Thenewdesign,alongwithamergercreatingZexelGleasonU.S.A.increased
TorsenavailabilityforOEMandaftermarketapplications.VariantsincludetheT2R,whichincludes
aPositractionstyleclutchpackthatgivespreloadforracingpurposesandtheT3,adualdifferential
intendedforAWDapplications.TheT2isoriginalequipmentinmanyhighperformancecarsand
trucks.[8]
Quaifedifferential,soldunderthenameAutomaticTorqueBiasingDifferential(ATB),coveredby
EuropeanPatentNo.130806A2.TheQuaifeversionismostestablishedinEuropeandothermarkets
otherthantheUS,providingextensiveaftermarketsupportforEuropeanandJapanesebrandcars,
especiallyfrontwheeldriveandallwheeldriveapplications.TheFordFocusRSusestheQuaifeas
originalequipment.[10]
EatonCorporationisthelatestowneroftheTruetracdifferential,whichhasbeenquietlyin
productionformanyyears.ItsdesignissimilartotheTorsenT2(slightlylesstorquebias),andisan
aftermarketpartformanypopularUSmadesolidaxlesforrearwheeldriveand4x4trucks.The
Truetracismostoftenusedinthefrontaxleof4x4trucksintendedforoffroaduse,incombination
withlockingcenterandreardifferentials.AsisthecasewithallgearedLSDdesigns,theTruetrac
doesnothaveanynegativeimpactonsteeringthatmostotherLSDand"locker"designsareproneto.

Speedsensitivity
Speedsensitivedifferentialslimitthetorquedifferencebetweentheoutputs,Trqd,basedonthedifference
inspeedbetweenthetwooutputshafts.Thusforsmalloutputspeeddifferencesthedifferentialsbehavior
maybeveryclosetoanopendifferential.Asthespeeddifferenceincreasethelimitingtorqueincreases.
Thisresultsindifferentdynamicbehaviorascomparedtoatorquesensitivedifferential.

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Viscous(VLSD)
Theviscoustypeisgenerallysimplerbecauseitrelieson
hydrodynamicfrictionfromfluidswithhighviscosity.Silicone
basedoilsareoftenused.Here,acylindricalchamberoffluidfilled
withastackofperforateddiscsrotateswiththenormalmotionof
theoutputshafts.Theinsidesurfaceofthechamberiscoupledto
oneofthedriveshafts,andtheoutsidecoupledtothedifferential
carrier.Halfofthediscsareconnectedtotheinner,theotherhalfto
theouter,alternatinginner/outerinthestack.Differentialmotion
forcestheinterleaveddiscstomovethroughthefluidagainsteach
other.Insomeviscouscouplingswhenspeedismaintainedthefluid
Nissan240SXViscousLSD
willaccumulateheatduetofriction.Thisheatwillcausethefluidto
expand,andexpandthecouplercausingthediscstobepulled
togetherresultinginanonviscousplatetoplatefrictionandadramaticdropinspeeddifference.Thisis
knownasthehumpphenomenonanditallowsthesideofthecouplertogentlylock.Incontrasttothe
mechanicaltype,thelimitingactionismuchsofterandmoreproportionaltotheslip,andsoiseasierto
copewithfortheaveragedriver.NewProcessGearusedaviscouscouplingoftheFergusonstyleinseveral
oftheirtransfercasesincludingthoseusedintheAMCEagle.
ViscousLSDsarelessefficientthanmechanicaltypes,thatis,they"lose"somepower.Inparticular,any
sustainedloadwhichoverheatsthesiliconeresultsinsuddenpermanentlossofthedifferentialeffect.[11]
Theydohavethevirtueoffailinggracefully,revertingtosemiopendifferentialbehavior.Typicallya
viscodifferentialthathascovered60,000miles(97,000km)ormorewillbefunctioninglargelyasanopen
differentialthisisaknownweaknessoftheoriginalMazdaMX5(a.k.a.Miata)sportscar.Thesiliconeoil
isfactorysealedinaseparatechamberfromthegearoilsurroundingtherestofthedifferential.Thisisnot
serviceablewhenthedifferential'sbehaviordeteriorates,theVLSDcentermustbereplaced.
Gerotorpump
Thisstylelimitedslipdifferentialworksbyusingagerotorpumptohydraulicallycompressaclutchto
transfertorquetothewheelthatisrotatingtheslowest.Thegerotorpumpusesthedifferentialcarrieror
cagetodrivetheouterrotorofthepumpandoneaxleshafttodrivetheinnerrotor.Whenthereisa
differencebetweentheleftandrightwheels'speed,thepumppressurizesthehydraulicfluidcausingthe
clutchtocompress.therebycausingthetorquetobetransferredtothewheelthatisrotatingtheslowest.
Thesepumpbasedsystemshavealowerandupperlimitsonappliedpressurewhichallowsthedifferential
toworklikeaconventionaloropendifferentialuntilthereisasignificantspeeddifferencebetweenthe
rightandleftwheel,andinternaldampingtoavoidhysteresis.Thenewestgerotorpumpbasedsystemhas
computerregulatedoutputformoreversatilityandnooscillation.

Electronic
Anelectroniclimitedslipdifferentialwilltypicallyhaveaplanetaryorbevelgearsetsimilartothatofan
opendifferentialandaclutchpacksimilartothatinatorquesensitiveorgerotorpumpbaseddifferential.In
theelectronicunittheclampingforceontheclutchiscontrolledexternallybyacomputerorother
controller.Thisallowsthecontrolofthedifferentialslimitingtorque,Trqd,tobecontrolledaspartofa
totalchassismanagementsystem.AnexampleofthistypeofdifferentialisSubarusDCCDusedinthe
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2011SubaruWRXSTi.[12]AnotherexampleisthePorschePSDsystemusedonthePorsche928.Athird
exampleistheSAABXWD(HaldexGeneration4)witheLSD,itusesacommon(electronicallycontrolled
viathevehiclecomputernetwork)hydraulicpowerpacktocontrolboththelongitudinalandtransversal
torquetransferoftheXWDsystem.ThesameHaldexsystemisusedonseveralotherGMEpsilonbased
vehiclessuchastheCadillacSRXetc.

Electronicsystems:brakebased
Thesesystemsarealternativestoatraditionallimitedslipdifferential.Thesystemsharnessvariouschassis
sensorssuchasspeedsensors,antilockbrakingsystem(ABS)sensors,accelerometers,and
microcomputerstoelectronicallymonitorwheelslipandvehiclemotion.Whenthechassiscontrolsystem
determinesawheelisslipping,thecomputerappliesthebrakestothatwheel.Asignificantdifference
betweenthelimitedslipdifferentialsystemslistedaboveandthisbrakebasedsystem,isthatbrakebased
systemsdonotinherentlysendthegreatertorquetotheslowerwheel,plustheaddedbrakefrictionmaterial
wearthatresultsfromtheuseofsuchasystemifthevehicleisdriveninanenvironmentwherethebrake
basedsystemwillactivateonaregularbasis.
BMW'selectroniclimitedslipdifferentialusedontheF105seriesisanexampleofsuchasystem.Another
examplebeganonthefirstyear(1992)productionoftherestyled,andnew4.6LV8overheadcamFord
CrownVictoriamodelwithitsoptionalantilockbrakes.Thisoptionwasavailableonthe1992Crown
Victoria,onwardonthosecarsequippedwithantilockbrakes.

Otherrelatedfinaldrives
Spool
Lockingdifferential

Factorynames
Inthe1950sand1960smanymanufacturersbegantoapplybrandnamestotheirLSDunits.Packard
pioneeredtheLSDunderthebrandname"TwinTraction"in1956,becomingoneofthefirst
manufacturers.OtherfactorynamesforLSDsinclude:
AlfaRomeo:Q4,Q2
Audi:Quattro,QuattrowithSportDifferential(rearaxle)
AmericanMotors:TwinGrip
BMW:XDrive,XDrivewithDynamicPerformanceControl(rearaxle),ActiveMDifferential(FR
basedMmodels)
Buick:PositiveTraction.GranSportmodelsusedtheterm"Limitedslip(differential)"
Cadillac:Controlled
Chevrolet/GMCPositraction
Chrysler:SureGrip
DanaCorporation:TrakLokorPowrLok
Ferrari:EDiff
Fiat,Lancia:Viscodrive
Ford:EquaLockandTractionLok
Hyundai:HTRAC
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International:TrakLok(clutchesonly)orPowerLok(clutchandrampingengagementprocess)
Jeep:TracLok(clutchtypemechanical),TruLok(geartypemechanical),andVariLok(gerotor
pump),PowerLok
Maserati:EquTor
Oldsmobile:AntiSpin
Pontiac:SafeTTrack
Porsche:PSD(electrohydraulicmechanical),PorscheTorqueVectoring/Plus(PTV/Plus,combined
electrohydraulicmechanicalandbrakebasedtyperearaxleonly)
Saab:SaabXWDeLSD
StudebakerPackardCorporation:TwinTraction
TVR:Hydratrak
YukonGear&Axle:Duragrip
Mercedes:ASR,AMGRearAxleDifferentialLock(activedifferentialonselectFRbasedAMG/S
modelspuremechanicalvariantalsopresentonselectnonSAMGmodels)

References
1. TheMotorVehicleK.NewtonW.SteedsT.K.GarrettNinthEditionpp549550
2. Chocholek,SE."Thedevelopmentofadifferentialfortheimprovementoftractioncontrol".IMechE1988[1]
(http://www.torsen.com/files/Traction_Control_Article.pdf)
3. Deur,J.etal,"ModelingandAnalysisofActiveDifferentialDynamics",JourofDynamicSystems,
MeasurementandControl,ASME,Nov2010[2](http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?
filetype=pdf&id=JDSMAA000132000006061501000001&idtype=cvips&prog=normal)
4. ProductNews,GearTechnology,"CenterDifferentialoftheNewAudiQuattrowithCylkroFace".
GearTechnologyNov/Dec2010[3](http://wiki.quattroworld.com/images/9/94/Rs5_extracted.pdf)
5. Donnon,Martinetal.(2004).HighPerformanceImports48.ExpressMotoringPublications.pp.7780.
"...beingabletorunthedrivenwheelsalmostfullyopenunderdeceleration.Inapowerfulfrontwheeldrive
scenariowheretorquesteerisaconstantenemy,thisapproach[1wayLSD]hassomedefiniteadvantages."
6. http://www.google.com/patents/US2559916
7. http://members.rennlist.com/951_racerx/ps84gleason.html
8. http://www.torsen.com/files/Torsen_WORLDWIDE_Application_Chart_20111202.pdf
9. http://www.google.com/patents/WO1984003745A1?cl=en
10. http://quaife.co.uk/differentials
11. Donnon,Martinetal.(2003).Zoom67.ExpressMotoringPublications.pp.4548."...thegelusedcanquite
suddenlyalterwithmassivetemperature,andloseitsabilitytogeneratetorquetransfer."
12. Subaru,"DCCDDriverControlledCenterDifferential"
(http://driveperformance2.subaru.com/version1_2/blueprint.asp)

Externallinks
Limitedslipdifferentialsexplained(http://www.drivingfast.net/technology/Differentials.htm)
WhatisaQuaifeATBdifferentialR.T.QuaifeEngineeringLimited
(http://www.quaife.co.uk/differentials)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limitedslip_differential&oldid=667793279"
Categories: Automotivetransmissiontechnologies

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