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The digestive system can be functionally divided into two primary sets of organs or organ systems which
occupy the largest part of the ventral body cavity, the abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic
cavity is bordered by:
superiorly: diaphragm
anteriorly: anterior body wall, abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus, external and internal obliques,
transversus abdominus)
posteriorly: posterior body wall, lower pairs of ribs, some back muscles, vertebral column
inferiorly: pelvis
1. Alimentary Canal = gastrointestinal tract (GI); this is a muscular digestive tube that runs through
the abdominopelvic region of the body. It is involved in the absorption of food and excretion of waste.
Organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), anus
2. Accessory Digestive Organs = secretions of these organs help to break down food; others act as a
filter.
Organs: gallbladder, liver, pancreas
Both of these sets of organs/organ systems (along with the teeth and tongue of the oral cavity) take part in
the digestive process either mechanically or chemically. For now, focus on those parts of the digestive
system that are within the abdominopelvic cavity.
MESENTERIES
A mesentery is a double layer of peritoneum that extends from the body wall to and organ in
the abdominopelvic cavity. Mesenteries hold some organs in place, suspending them from the body
wall. They also tend to transmit important vessels and/or nerves. Most mesenteries are dorsal,
extending from organs to the posterior abdominal body wall. However the stomach and the liver also
receive ventral mesenteries from the anterior abdominal body wall.
Organs that have mesenteries are called intraperitoneal or peritoneal. (The spleen is an exception in
that its mesenteries connect to other organs but not to the body wall.) Organs that have no mesenteries
are called retroperitoneal (the kidneys are an example of this).
LIVER
Falciform ligament: a ventral mesentery that binds liver to anterior abdominal wall, attaches to
anterior aspect of hepatic fissure
Round ligament (Ligamentum teres): extends from umbilicus to liver (remnant of umbilical
vein)
Ligamentum venosum: cord-like remnant of ductus venosus; attaches to posterior aspect of liver
fissure
Liver Anatomy:
Divided into 4 lobes:
1. right lobe (on diaphragmatic surface)
2. left lobe (on diaphragmatic surface)
3. quadrate lobe (on visceral surfaceinferior)
4. caudate lobe (on visceral surfacesuperior)
Porta hepatis: (doorway to the liver)
hepatic portal vein (into liver)
right & left hepatic arteries (from celiac trunk into liverblood for liver tissue)
right & left hepatic ducts (carry bile away from the liver, become common hepatic duct) Bile is
important for fat digestion
Also on the visceral side of liver:
gall bladder (bile storage vessel)
inferior vena cava
Liver Innervation:
Parasympathetic (Vagus) and Sympathetic fibers from the celiac plexus
**Be aware of the livers part in the portal system and that it acts as a filter.
GALLBLADDER
The cystic duct emerges from gallbladder to join the common hepatic duct from the liver and forms the
common bile duct, which empties into duodenum. Bile from the liver (which is constantly made) is
stored in the gallbladder for future use.
PANCREAS
Exocrine (pancreatic juice) & endocrine (insulin & glucagon) gland of importance in digestion and
producing hormones that control sugar levels in the body.
It is a secondarily retroperitoneal organ
Main pancreatic duct (which opens into the duodenum) travels through the length of the
pancreas
Pancreas Innervation & Blood Supply:
Sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves, parasympathetic from vagus (all via the celiac
plexus)
blood supply from hepatic, splenic and superior mesenteric vessels
SPLEEN
A lymphatic organ, very vascularhas white and red pulpfilters out old RBCs
blood supply from splenic artery, drained via portal system
SMALL INTESTINE
The small intestine has 3 divisions:
1. Duodenum (5%) portion that connects to pyloric part of stomach, also receives bile from liver and
gallbladder via the bile duct. Receives secretions from the pancreas (pancreatic juice) via the pancreatic
duct. The bile duct and the pancreatic ducts normally unite to form the hepatopancreatic duct which
emerges in the duodenum at the duodenal papilla.
2. Jejunum (35%) most lies in the umbilical region of the abdominal cavity
3. Ileum (60%) lies in the suprapubic and right inguinal regions of the abdominal cavity
Primarily, the small intestine receives blood from the superior mesenteric artery. But the
duodenum also receives blood from the celiac trunk via gastroduodenal arteries. Likewise,
the superior mesenteric vein drains most of the small intestine, except for a small part of the
duodenum drained by the portal vein.
The duodenum receives sympathetic (sympathetic trunk) and parasympathetic (vagus)
innervation from nerve plexuses around the pancreaticoduodenal arteries (branches of the
gastroduodenal arteries)
The rest of the small intestine receives sympathetic innervation from greater splanchnic nerves
via the celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses, and parasympathetic innervation from the vagus.