The Reserve Bank of India (RBI, Hindi: ) is India's central banking

institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee. It

commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 during the British Rule in
accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[4] The
original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid, which
were initially owned entirely by private shareholders.[5] Following India's
independence on 15 August 1947, the RBI was nationalised on 1 January
1949.

The RBI plays an important part in the Development Strategy of the

Government of India. It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The
general superintendence and direction of the RBI is entrusted with the 21member Central Board of Directors: the Governor (Dr. Raghuram Rajan), 4
Deputy Governors, 2 Finance Ministry representatives, 10 governmentnominated directors to represent important elements from India's economy,
and 4 directors to represent local boards headquartered at Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai and New Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of 5 members
who represent regional interests, and the interests of co-operative and
indigenous banks.

The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading
member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI).

Contents
1 History
1.1 19351950
1.2 19501960
1.3 19601969
1.4 19691985
1.5 19851991
1.6 19912000
1.7 Since 2000
2 Structure of RBI

2.1 Central Board of Directors

2.2 Governors
2.3 Supportive bodies
2.4 Offices and branches
3 Main functions
3.1 Financial Supervision
3.2 Regulator and supervisor of the financial system
3.3 Managerial of exchange control
3.4 Issuer of currency
3.5 Banker's bank
4 Detection of fake currency
4.1 Developmental role
4.2 Related functions
5 Policy rates and reserve ratios
5.1 Bank rate
5.2 Reserve requirement cash reserve ratio (CRR)
5.3 Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)
6 Publications
7 Further reading
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
19351950[edit]

Reserve Bank of India-10 Rupees (1937), first year of banknote issue.

The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to
economic troubles after the First World War.[6] RBI was conceptualized as per

the guidelines, working style and outlook presented by Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as

written in his book "The Problem of the Rupee Its origin and its solution." in
front of the Hilton Young Commission.The bank was set up based on the
recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and
Finance, also known as the HiltonYoung Commission.[7] The original choice
for the seal of RBI was The East India Company Double Mohur, with the
sketch of the Lion and Palm Tree. However it was decided to replace the lion
with the tiger, the national animal of India. The Preamble of the RBI describes
its basic functions to regulate the issue of bank notes, keep reserves to
secure monetary stability in India, and generally to operate the currency and
credit system in the best interests of the country.[8] The Central Office of the
RBI was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata), but was moved to Bombay
(now Mumbai) in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burma's central bank, except
during the years of the Japanese occupation of Burma (194245), until April
1947, even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After the
Partition of India in 1947, the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan
until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations.
Though set up as a shareholders bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the
Government of India since its nationalization in 1949.[9]

19501960[edit]
In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru, developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the
agricultural sector. The administration nationalized commercial banks[10] and
established, based on the Banking Companies Act of 1949 (later called the
Banking Regulation Act), a central bank regulation as part of the RBI.
Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support the economic plan with
loans.[11]

19601969[edit]
As a result of bank crashes, the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a
deposit insurance system. It should restore the trust in the national bank
system and was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government
found funds to promote the economy and used the slogan "Developing
Banking". The government of India restructured the national bank market and
nationalized a lot of institutes. As a result, the RBI had to play the central part
of control and support of this public banking sector.

19691985[edit]
In 1969, the Indira Gandhi-headed government nationalized 14 major
commercial banks. Upon Gandhi's return to power in 1980, a further six
banks were nationalized.[7] The regulation of the economy and especially the
financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and
1980s.[12] The central bank became the central player and increased its
policies for a lot of tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[13]
These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge
effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lent money in
selected sectors, like agri-business and small trade companies.[14]

The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every
newly established office in a town.[15] The oil crises in 1973 resulted in
increasing inflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the
effects.[16]

19851991[edit]
A lot of committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1991.
Their results had an effect on the RBI. The Board for Industrial and Financial
Reconstruction, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the
Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a
whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for
more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian
financial market was a leading example for so-called "financial repression"
(Mackinnon and Shaw).[17] The Discount and Finance House of India began
its operations on the monetary market in April 1988; the National Housing
Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a
new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security
measures and liberalisation.[18]

19912000[edit]
The national economy came down in July 1991 and the Indian rupee was
devalued.[19] The currency lost 18% relative to the US dollar, and the
Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a
temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New
guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This
turning point should reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal.
[20] The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the

financial market like the trust and property markets.[21] This first phase was
a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to
diversify owner structures in 1998.[22]

The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the
RBI allowed nationalized banks in July to interact with the capital market to
reinforce their capital base. The central bank founded a subsidiary company
the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limitedin February 1995
to produce banknotes.[23]

Since 2000[edit]
The Foreign Exchange Management Act from 1999 came into force in June
2000. It should improve the item in 20042005 (National Electronic Fund
Transfer).[24] The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd., a
merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes
and coins.[25]

The national economy's growth rate came down to 5.8% in the last quarter of
20082009[26] and the central bank promotes the economic development.
[27]

Structure of RBI[edit]

RBI runs a monetary museum in Mumbai

Central Board of Directors[edit]
The Central Board of Directors is the main committee of the Central Bank.
The Government of India appoints the directors for a 4-year term. The Board
consists of a Governor, and not more than 4 Deputy Governors, 4 [28]
Directors to represent the regional boards, 2 from the Ministry of Finance and
10 other directors from various fields.

The central bank now wants to create a post of Chief Operating Officer(COO)
and re-allocate work between the five of them(4 Deputy Governor and COO).
[29][30]

Governors[edit]
The Governor of RESERVE BANK OF INDIA is Raghuram Rajan. There are 4
Deputy Governors, Deputy Governor H R Khan, Dr Urjit Patel, R Gandhi and S
S MUNDRA. Dr. Urjit Patel became Deputy Governor in January 2013. Two of
the four Deputy Governors is traditionally from RBI ranks, and is selected
from the Bank's Executive Directors. As for the rest, one is nominated from
among the Chairpersons of Public Sector Bank, and the other is an economist
of repute . It is also often seen that an officer of Indian Administrative Service
is appointed Deputy Governor of RBI and later as the Governor of RBI. The
case of Y. Venugopal Reddy, an officer of Indian Administrative Service batch
of 1964 is a noted example for this trend in the RBI.

Supportive bodies[edit]
The Reserve Bank of India has four regional representations: North in New
Delhi, South in Chennai, East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai. The
representations are formed by five members, appointed for four years by the
central government and servebeside the advice of the Central Board of
Directorsas a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks
from the central board.[31] The institution has 22 regional offices.

The Board of Financial Supervision (BFS), formed in November 1994, serves

as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions. It has four
members, appointed for two years, and takes measures to strength the role
of statutory auditors in the financial sector, external monitoring and internal
controlling systems.

The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the
chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S.S.Tarapore to "lay the road
map" to capital account convertibility. The five-member committee
recommended a three-year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999
2000.

On 1 July 2007, in an attempt to enhance the quality of customer service and

strengthen the grievance redressal mechanism, the Reserve Bank of India
created a new customer service department.

Offices and branches[edit]

The Reserve Bank of India has four zonal offices.[32] It has 19 regional offices
at most state capitals and at a few major cities in India. Few of them are
located in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Chandigarh,
Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Jammu, Kanpur, kochi, Kolkata,
Lucknow, Mumbai, Nagpur, Patna, and Thiruvananthapuram. It also has 09
sub-offices located in Dehradun, Gangtok, Panaji, Raipur, Ranchi, Shillong,
Shimla , Srinagar and Agartala .

The bank has also two training colleges for its officers, viz. Reserve Bank Staff
College at Chennai and College of Agricultural Banking at Pune. There are
three autonomous institutions National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM),
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research (IGIDR), Institute for
Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT).[33] There are
also four Zonal Training Centres at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and New Delhi.

Main functions[edit]
Main article: Reserve Bank Of India: Working and Functions

Reserve Bank of India regional office, Delhi entrance with the Yakshini
sculpture depicting "Prosperity through agriculture".[34]

The RBI Regional Office in Delhi.

The regional office of RBI (in sandstone)in front of GPO(in white) at Dalhousie
Square, Kolkata.
Financial Supervision[edit]
The Reserve Bank of India performs this function under the guidance of the
Board for Financial Supervision (BFS). The Board was constituted in November
1994 as a committee of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of
India.

Objective

Primary objective of BFS is to undertake consolidated supervision of the

financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions and nonbanking FINANCE companies.

Constitution

The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board
as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the Governor. The
Deputy Governors of the Reserve Bank are ex-officio members. One Deputy
Governor, usually, the Deputy Governor in charge of banking regulation and
supervision, is nominated as the Vice-Chairman of the Board.

BFS meetings

The Board is required to meet normally once every month. It considers

inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the
supervisory departments.

BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of
the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial
institutions. The audit sub-committee includes Deputy Governor as the
chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members.

The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision

(DBS), Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and Financial
Institutions Division (FID) and gives directions on the regulatory and
supervisory issues.

Regulator and supervisor of the financial system[edit]

The institution is also the regulator and supervisor of the financial system and

prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's

banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to maintain public
confidence in the system, protect depositors' interest and provide costeffective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme
has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective
addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary
supply, monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has
to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins.[35]

Managerial of exchange control[edit]

The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange
Management Act, 1999. Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment
and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange
market in India.

Issuer of currency[edit]
The bank issues and exchanges currency notes and coins and destroys the
same when they are not fit for circulation. The objectives are giving the public
adequate sups of RBI are to issue bank notes, to maintain the currency and
credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain
the reserves. RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it
can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development,
because both objectives are diverse in themselves. For printing of notes, the
Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a wholly
owned company of the Government of India, has set up printing presses at
Nashik, Maharashtra and Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. The Bharatiya Reserve
Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL), a wholly owned subsidiary of
the Reserve Bank, also has set up printing presses at Mysuru in Karnataka
and Salboni in West Bengal. In all, there are four printing presses.[36] And for
minting of coins, SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai, Noida (UP), Kolkata and
Hyderabad for coin production.[36]

Banker's bank[edit]

Nagpur branch holds most of India's gold deposits

RBI also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account

holders and can deposit money.RBI maintains banking accounts of all

scheduled banks.[37] Commercial banks create credit. It is the duty of the RBI
to control the credit through the CRR, bank rate and open market operations.
As banker's bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the
commercial banks and helps inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant
financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last
resort by providing emergency advances to the banks. It supervises the
functioning of the commercial banks and take action against it if need arises.

Detection of fake currency[edit]

In order to curb the fake currency menace, RBI has launched a website to
raise awareness among masses about fake notes in the
market.www.paisaboltahai.rbi.org.in provides information about identifying
fake currency.[38]

On 22 January 2014; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March
2014, it will completely withdraw from circulation all banknotes issued prior
to 2005. From 1 April 2014, the public will be required to approach banks for
exchanging these notes. Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes
until further communication. The Reserve Bank has also clarified that the
notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender. This would mean
that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as
for non-customers. From 1 July 2014, however, to exchange more than 10
pieces of `500 and `1000 notes, non-customers will have to furnish proof of
identity and residence to the bank branch in which she/he wants to exchange
the notes.

This move from the Reserve Bank is expected to unearth black money held in
cash. As the new currency notes have added security features, they would
help in curbing the menace of fake currency.[39]

Developmental role[edit]
The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to
support national objectives and industries.[11] The RBI faces a lot of intersectoral and local inflation-related problems. Some of this problems are
results of the dominant part of the public sector.[40]

Related functions[edit]
The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking
function for the central and the state governments. It also acts as their
banker. The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established in 1988 to promote
private real estate acquisition.[41] The institution maintains banking
accounts of all scheduled banks, too. RBI on 7 August 2012 said that Indian
banking system is resilient enough to face the stress caused by the drought
like situation because of poor monsoon this year.[42]

Policy rates and reserve ratios[edit]

Policy Rates, Reserve Ratios, Lending and Deposit Rates as of 2 June 2015
Bank Rate

8.25%

Repo Rate

7.25%

Reverse Repo Rate 6.25%

Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) 4%
Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
Base Rate

21.50%

10.00%10.25%

Savings Deposit Rate

4%

Term Deposit Rate 8.00%9.00%

Bank rate[edit]
RBI lends to the commercial banks through its discount window to help the
banks meet depositors' demands and reserve requirements for long term.
The interest rate the RBI charges the banks for this purpose is called bank
rate or Repo Rate. If the RBI wants to increase the liquidity and money supply
in the market, it will decrease the bank rate and if RBI wants to reduce the
liquidity and money supply in the system, it will increase the bank rate. The
bank rate has lost its significance as a monetary policy tool as the central
bank signals stance through changes in repo, the rate at which banks borrow
short-term funds from RBI. The Bank Rate, which is the standard rate at which
the RBI buys or re-discount bills of exchange or other commercial paper, is
presently used in the country.

Reserve requirement cash reserve ratio (CRR)[edit]

Every commercial bank has to keep certain minimum cash reserves with
Reserve Bank of India. Consequent upon amendment to sub-Section 42(1),
the Reserve Bank, having regard to the needs of securing the monetary
stability in the country, RBI can prescribe Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) for
scheduled banks without any floor rate or ceiling rate. Before the enactment
of this amendment, in terms of Section 42(1) of the RBI Act, the Reserve Bank
could prescribe CRR for scheduled banks between 5% and 20% of total of
their demand and time liabilities. RBI uses this tool to increase or decrease
the reserve requirement depending on whether it wants to effect a decrease
or an increase in the money supply. An increase in Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
will make it mandatory on the part of the banks to hold a large proportion of
their deposits in the form of deposits with the RBI. This will reduce the size of
their deposits and they will lend less. This will in turn decrease the money
supply.

Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)[edit]

Apart from the CRR, banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form
of gold, cash and approved securities. Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial
banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and
thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances, thus it is an antiinflationary impact. A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans
and advances to investment in government and approved securities. In welldeveloped economies, central banks use open market operationsbuying
and selling of eligible securities by central bank in the money marketto
influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus
influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the
commercial and industrial sectors. In the open money market, government
securities are traded at market-related rates of interest. The RBI is resorting
more to open market operations in the more recent years. Generally RBI uses

Minimum margins for lending against specific securities.

Ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes.
Discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances.
Direct credit controls in India are of three types:

Part of the interest rate structure, i.e., on small savings and provident funds,
are administratively set.
Banks are mandatory required to keep 21.50% of their deposits in the form of
government securities.
Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40% of their
advances.
Publications[edit]
A report titled "Trend and Progress of Banking In India" is published annually,
as required by the Banking Regulation Act of 1949. The report sums up trends
and developments throughout the financial sector.[43] Starting in April 2014,
the Reserve Bank of India is sending out bi-monthly policy updates.[44]

Further reading[edit]
S. L. N. Simha. History of the Reserve Bank of India, Volume 1: 19351951.
RBI. 1970. ISBN 81-7596-247-X. (2005 reprint PDF)
G. Balachandran. The Reserve Bank of India, 19511967. Oxford University
Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-564468-9. (PDF)
A. Vasudevan et al. The Reserve Bank of India, Volume 3: 19671981. RBI.
2005. ISBN 81-7596-299-2. (PDF)
Cecil Kisch: Review "The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India" by K.
N. Raj. In: The Economic Journal. Vol. 59, No. 235 (Sep., 1949), pp. 436438.
Findlay G. Shirras: The Reserve Bank of India. In The Economic Journal. Vol.
44, No. 174 (Jun., 1934), pp. 258274.
Narenda Jadhav, Partha Ray, Dhritidyuti Bose, Indranil Sen Gupta: The
Reserve Bank of Indias Balance Sheet: Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution,
November 2004.
References[edit]
^ Reserve Bank of India. Rbi.org.in (2005-02-07). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
^ Reserve Bank of India - India's Central Bank. Rbi.org.in. Retrieved on 201405-21.
^ "Reserve Bank of India - India's Central Bank". rbi.org.in.
^ "Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934" (PDF). p. 115. Retrieved 6 August 2012.

^ "RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT, 1934 (As modified up to 27 February 2009)"

(PDF). Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Retrieved 20 November 2010.
^ Cecil Kisch: Review "The Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India" by
Rohit. In: The Economic Journal. Vol. 59, No. 235 (Sep., 1949), PP. 436438, p.
436.It began according to the guidelines laid down by Dr. B R Ambedkar.
^ a b "Reserve Bank of India: Platinum Jubilee (PDF)". RBI.org.in. 2010.
Retrieved on 15 April 2012.
^ Kolekar, Yogesh Prasad, The Reserve Bank of India and its
functions,legalservicesindia.com
^ "History". RBI. 1935-04-01. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
^ Beth Anne Wilson und Geoffrey N. Keim: India and the Global Economy in
Business Economics, January 2006, S.29.
^ a b Narenda Jadhav, Partha Ray, Dhritidyuti Bose, Indranil Sen Gupta: The
Reserve Bank of Indias Balance Sheet: Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution,
November 2004, S.. 16.
^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed: Corporate Governance Reforms in India in Journal
of Business Ethics, Volume 37, Number 3 / May, 2002, p. 253.
^ Sunil Kumar, Rachita Gulati: Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks
converge with banking reforms? in Int Rev Econ (2009) 56:4784, p. 47-48.
^ Panicos O. Demetriades, Kul B. Luintel: Financial Development, Economic
Growth and Banking Sector Controls: Evidence from India. in The Economic
Journal. Vol. 106, No. 435 (March 1996), pp. 359374, p. 360.
^ Alpana Killawala: "History of The Reserve Bank of India Summary",
Reserve Bank of India Press Release, 18.03.2006 (RBI)
^ Narenda Jadhav, Partha Ray, Dhritidyuti Bose, Indranil Sen Gupta: The
Reserve Bank of Indias Balance Sheet: Analytics and Dynamics of Evolution,
November 2004, S. 40.
^ Sunil Kumar, Rachita Gulati: Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks
converge with banking reforms? in Int Rev Econ (2009) 56:4784, p. 48.
^ Chronology of Events, Developing the Markets: Seeds of Liberalization1985 to 1991 (RBI)
^ Amal Kanti Ray: Indias Social Development in a Decade of Reforms: 1990
91/19992000 in Social Indicators Research, Volume 87, Number 3 / July,
2008, p. 410.

^ Ananya Mukherjee Reed: Corporate Governance Reforms in India in Journal

of Business Ethics, Volume 37, Number 3 / May, 2002, p. 257.
^ Raghbendra Jha, Ibotombi S. Longjam: Structure of financial savings during
Indian economic reforms in Empirical Economics (2006) 31:861869, p.862.
^ Sunil Kumar, Rachita Gulati: Did efficiency of Indian public sector banks
converge with banking reforms? in Int Rev Econ (2009) 56:4784, p. 49,
^ Chronology of Events, Crisis and Reforms- 1991 to 2000 (RBI)
^ "RBI History Spanning 7 Decades of Public Service". Rbidocs.rbi.org.in.
1935-04-01. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
^ Security Printing &Minting Corporation of India, About Us (SPMCIL)
^ Second Quarter Review of Monetary Policy for the Year 200910, Punkt 15.,
(RBI)
^ Macroeconomic and Monetary Developments Second Quarter Review
200910, S.94, (RBI)
^ Reserve Bank of India - India's Central Bank. Rbi.org.in. Retrieved on 201405-21.
^ "RBI proposes COO post in rank of Deputy Governor". intoday.in.
^ "RBI Proposes COO Post in Rank of Deputy Governor". ndtv.com.
^ "About us, Organisation and Functions". RBI. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
^ "Reserve Bank of India". Rbi.org.in. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
^ https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/OtherLinks.aspx
^ "History of Reserve Bank". Retrieved 2009-02-24.
^ RBI, Frequently Asked Questions, Currency Matters (RBI)
^ a b RBI, Right To Information Doc, Pg 29/30
^ "Reserve Bank of India - India's Central Bank". rbi.org.in.
^ "RBI launches website to explain detection of fake currency". Times of
India. 8 July 2012.
^ "Reserve Bank of India". rbi.org.in.
^ Samarjit Das, Kaushik Bhattacharya: Price convergence across regions in
India in Empirical Economics (2008) 34:299313, S. 312.

^ Alpana Sivam, Sadasivam Karuppannan: Role of state and market in

housing delivery for low-income groups in India in Journal of Housing and the
Built Environment 17: 6988, 2002, S.85.
^ "Indian banks can weather impact of drought: RBI". 07-08-2012. Check
date values in: |date= (help)
^ C. R. L. Narasimhan (2 December 2013). "NPA reduction, a key issue". The
Hindu. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ "Maintaining the status quo". 2 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
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Estonia Bank of Finland Banque de France National Bank of Georgia Bank of
Greece Hungarian National Bank Central Bank of Iceland Central Bank of
Ireland Banca d'Italia Central Bank of Kosovo National Bank of Latvia Bank of

Lithuania Central Bank of Luxembourg National Bank of the Republic of

Macedonia Central Bank of Malta National Bank of Moldova Central Bank of
Montenegro De Nederlandsche Bank Norges Bank Central Bank of the Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus National Bank of Poland Banco de Portugal
National Bank of Romania Central Bank of Russia Banka Slovenije (Slovenia)
National Bank of Serbia Bank of Spain Nrodn banka Slovenska (Slovakia)
Sveriges Riksbank Swiss National Bank Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
National Bank of Ukraine
Oceania
Reserve Bank of Australia Reserve Bank of Fiji Reserve Bank of New Zealand
Bank of Papua New Guinea Central Bank of Samoa Central Bank of Solomon
Islands National Reserve Bank of Tonga

Policies and implementation

Policies
Capital requirement Contractionary monetary policy Expansionary monetary
policy Basel II Basel III Basel 4
Implementation
Capital control Discount rate Interest rates Money creation Open market
operation Sovereign wealth fund

Bretton Woods system

International Monetary Fund World Bank Group International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes International Development Association International
Finance Corporation Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

Lists
List of central banks Central banks and currencies of Africa Central banks and
currencies of the Caribbean Central banks and currencies of Central America
and South America
Names in italics indicate non-sovereign (dependent) territories, former
countries, or states with limited recognition

vte
India Banking in India
Reserve bank
Reserve Bank of India
Public sector banks
Allahabad Bank Andhra Bank Bank of Baroda Bank of India Bank of
Maharashtra Bharatiya Mahila Bank Canara Bank Central Bank of India
Corporation Bank Dena Bank IDBI Bank Indian Bank Indian Overseas Bank
Oriental Bank of Commerce Post Bank of India Punjab & Sind Bank Punjab
National Bank State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur State Bank of Hyderabad State
Bank of India State Bank of Mysore State Bank of Patiala State Bank of
Travancore Syndicate Bank UCO Bank Union Bank of India United Bank of
India Vijaya Bank
Private sector banks
Axis Bank Catholic Syrian Bank City Union Bank DCB Bank Dhanlaxmi Bank
Federal Bank HDFC Bank ICICI Bank IndusInd Bank ING Vysya Bank Jammu &
Kashmir Bank Karnataka Bank Karur Vysya Bank Kotak Mahindra Bank
Lakshmi Vilas Bank Nainital Bank RBL Bank (Ratnakar Bank) South Indian
Bank Tamilnad Mercantile Bank Limited Yes Bank
Cooperative banks
Buldhana Urban Cosmos Bank Repco Bank Saraswat Bank Shamrao Vithal Coop. Bank TNSC Bank Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank
Foreign banks
ABN AMRO Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank Antwerp Diamond Bank Australia and
New Zealand Banking Group Bank Internasional Indonesia Bank of America
Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait Bank of Ceylon The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ
Barclays Citibank India Credit Suisse Deutsche Bank HSBC The Royal Bank of
Scotland Scotiabank Standard Chartered
Regional Rural Banks
Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank Kerala Gramin Bank Bangiya Gramin Vikash
Bank Gramin Bank of Aryavart North Malabar Gramin Bank Pallavan Grama
Bank Pandyan Grama Bank Paschim Banga Gramin Bank Sarva UP Gramin
Bank South Malabar Gramin Bank Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank Vananchal Gramin
Bank List of regional rural banks in Uttar Pradesh

Interbank networks
BANCS Cashnet CashTree Cirrus IMPS MITR NFS PLUS RuPay
Defunct banks
Alliance Bank of Simla Arbuthnot & Co Bank of Bombay Bank of Calcutta Bank
of Chettinad Bank of Madras Bank of Madura Bank of Rajasthan Bengal
Central Bank Bharat Overseas Bank Centurion Bank of Punjab Chartered Bank
of India, Australia and China Commercial Bank of India Dass Bank Exchange
Bank of India & Africa Global Trust Bank Grindlays Bank Imperial Bank of India
Lord Krishna Bank Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank Mercantile Bank
of India, London and China Nath Bank Nedungadi Bank New Bank of India
Oriental Bank Corporation Oudh Commercial Bank Palai Central Bank Pandyan
Bank State Bank of Indore State Bank of Saurashtra United Industrial Bank
Related topics
Banking Codes and Standards Board of India ATM usage fees in India DeMaterialisation (DEMAT) Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Indian Financial System
Code (IFSC) List of banks in India National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)
National Payments Corporation of India Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS) Prepaid Payment Instruments
in India
vte
India Governors of the Reserve Bank of India
Emblem of India
Osborne Smith (193537) James Braid Taylor (193743) C. D. Deshmukh
(194349) Benegal Rama Rau (194957) K. G. Ambegaonkar (195757) H. V.
R. Iyengar (195762) P. C. Bhattacharya (196267) Lakshmi Kant Jha (1967
70) B. N. Adarkar (197070) S. Jagannathan (197075) N. C. Sen Gupta
(197575) K. R. Puri (197577) M. Narasimham (197777) I. G. Patel (1977
82) Manmohan Singh (198285) Amitav Ghosh (198585) R. N. Malhotra
(198590) S. Venkitaramanan (199092) C. Rangarajan (199297) Bimal Jalan
(19972003) Y. Venugopal Reddy (200308) Duvvuri Subbarao (200813)
Raghuram Rajan (2013present)