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THEORY
X-Rays
Introduction :
Rontgen in 1895 discovered the X-Rays when he was studying the phenomenon of
discharge of electricity through rarefied gases.
While experimenting with cathode tube he found that when a beam of fast moving
electrons strike a solid target, and invisible, high penitrating radiation are produced.
Because of their unknown radiation nature Rohtgen called these radiation as X-rays.
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation / waves of very short wavelength. ( = 1
100)
Production of X-rays :
The X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons strike a target of suitable
material. When fast moving electrons are suddenly stopped by target, a small part of
kinetic energy get converted into X-rays.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
Cooing
mechani
M
T
F
W
X-ray
Construction :
a)
b)
c)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
d)
THEORY
e)
fitted.
b)
c)
i.
Because when fast moving e-s strikes the target, around 99% of energy is
converted into heat and only 1% which gets converted into X-rays .
ii.
iii.
The target is cooled by flowing cooled water into hollow tuve attached with
the target.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
I)
I)
Intensity
II)
hardness.
Intensity :
It is proportional to the number to e-s striking the target and it can be
controlled by varing filament current.
II)
Hardness :
a)
b)
electrons
termed as hard X-
electrons
comparatively long
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
X-Ray Spectra
I.
Inci.
a)
Few fast moving electrons having velocity about one tenth of the velocity of
the light may penitrate the surface atoms of the target
the highly bound electrons even from the inner-
c)
d)
The energy difference is radiated in the form of X-rays of very small but
definite wavelength.
e)
f)
The spectra consist of sharp lines and is the character or target material,
Hence the spectra known as characteristic or Line X-rays spectra.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
g)
THEORY
If incident electron knock out electron from k shell and the vacancy is filled
by the e- from L-shell, the spectral line representing this transition
is called k
line
[EL EK = h1] =
h)
Instead of L-shell is vacancy is filled by e-from M-sh then it would have been
k line
[EL EK = h2] and
Hence 2 > 1
i)
other,
frequency of lines
for every series from the element of higher atomic number is greater than that
produced by an element of lower atomic
j)
number.
According o Mostly,
Frequency emitted by spectral line an characteristic X-ray spectrum is
function of atomic number. ( b)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
Fig.
Intensity
l)
The peak depends upon, energy levels of atom and energy level pattern is
characteristic of the particular type of element to which the given
atom
belongs to
m)
independent
operating potential .
II.
a)
A few fast moving electrons penetrate deep into interior of the atoms of target
material and are attracted by the attractive forces of their nuclei.
b)
Due to these forces, the electrons get deflected from their original paths.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
c)
THEORY
In this way, the electrons are de-accelerated i.e their velocity is reduced and
this gives rise is loss of energy.
d)
e)
f)
g)
1
2
mv12
1
2
mv22
--- (1)
The highest frequency of the emitted X-rays corresponding to the point where
electron is completely stopped i.e
1
v2 = 0
h)
mv 2 = hmax =
ch
--- (2)
min
mv 2 = eV
min =
min =
---(3)
ch
eV
3108 6.63 1034
1.6 1019 V
12400
V
--- (4)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
1
V
, and min =
THEORY
0, V = which is not
possible.
i)
min .
50 kv
Intensity
40kv
30 kv
Wavelength
[ Fig : Continuous x-ray ]
j)
All curve start with non zero value of minimum wavelength called min .
k)
All the curves attain a peak and after that falls or gradually.
l)
m)
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
Characteristic Spectrum
i.
It is continuous spectrum
i.
It is a line spectrum
ii.
ii.
iii.
Deaccelaration of electron
iii.
responsible
iv.
Fig.
snap shot
Diffraction of X-Rays :
a)
whose
tatement
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
b)
THEORY
c)
required.
d)
e)
f)
BRAGGS LAW :
A
P
R
Plane I
S
Plane II
Q
Plane III
Plane IV
order.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
a)
THEORY
b)
this
The beam will be reflected in all direction by the atom of various atomic planes.
d)
Because the refractive index of matter of crystal is very nearly equal to unity ,
hence there is practically no bending of the rays entering or
.
e)
f)
g)
and
plane II .
Now from atom B, draw two perpendiculars BS & BT on the incident ray
PQ & reflected ray QR respective .
h)
i)
The two reflected rays will be in phase or out of phase will depends
upon
path difference .
j)
SQ + QT = n
--- (1)
n,
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
BSQ
sin =
&
SQ
BQ
SQ
SQ = d sin
SQ + QT = n
BTQ
sin =
QT
BQ
QT
d
QT = d sin
d sin + d sin = n
2d sin = n
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
THEORY
BRAGGS SPECTROMETER :
X-rays
Crystal
S1 S2
Tum table
S3
S4
Ionization
chember
Fig. Braggs Spectrometer
a)
b)
pass
d)
The reflected X-rays are collected by ionisation chember ,the turn table is
rotated till we get sharp increase in the intensity .
e)
law is
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
f)
THEORY
more
We have 1 , 2 ,3
g)
It the intensity (or ionasation current ) is plotted against glancing angel the we
get graph as shown in following fig .