DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYESTEM

(DCS):
Distributed control system is the micro processor based technology
which is the basis of multi loop digital control.
Distributed control system is a control system in which control of
multiple process parameters can be done from a central control point.
This is software based system having the more accuracy because of its
micro processor based technology.

Features and functions of DCS:

Dcs performs the functions of the control
Fast and More Informed Decision Making
Schematics and P&ID Available
Database Establishment
Accuracy at All Levels
precise Supervision
Provide stable and accurate plant control
trends and history of events available

Features of DCS:
The main feature of Dcs from my point of view is that the distributed control
system is micro processor based technology and this can be easily
expandable.
This system the all modules are interred connected so this make this an
integral control system.
One of important feature of Dcs is that the single part failure of this does not
affect the whole system.

System Architecture description

We have at our plant Yokogawa Dcs centum CS 3000 which have the
following description of the system architecture.
This system is consist of different sub units which are
Human interface station
Engineering system
Ethernet
V-net cable
Marshalling cabinet

 Field control station (FCS)

I/O expansion cabinet.

HUMAN INTERFACE SYESTEM:

Human interface system has the different functions like:
Operation and monitoring
Display process variables and controlling of parameters.
Provides the overview of the process data
There are two types of the HIS
consol type
This of dual function that is LCD & touch screen function.
desktop type
The is using a general purpose personal computer.

ENGINEERING SYESTEM:
The engineering system pc is used to make modification, maintenance,
installation in DCS.
This of dual nature i.e. both touch screen and LCD function available.

ETHERNET:
This is a LAN through which the HIS, ES, SUPERVISORY COMPUTORS
are connected.
This is used for sending data from HIS to ES and supervisory
Computers, data includes the trends, process history data.

V-NET CABLE:

This is simply a cable through which ES,HIS,ES are connected to the FCS.
The main function of this is to transfer the data from HIS to FCS and from
FCS to HIS.

MARSHALLING CABINET:
The marshalling cabinet is present in the rack room and the marshalling
cabinet has the basically input/output barriers cards.
This is used to install the input/output barriers. This includes

BARRIER
It is an isolator only which serves the safety of the system as well the
field. These are present in the marshalling cabinet and they protect the
system and field by grounding the excessive current.
IN case of abnormal situation the barrier card does not allow the signal to go
into the field or comes from the field and they stop the transmission by the
grounding that signal.
Input barriers cards:
These are present in the marshalling cabinet and their function is to discard
the excessive current coming from the field to protect the system.

Output barriers card:

These are also present in the marshalling cabinet and all the out put signals
going to the field first passes from these cards and which do the same
function which are input barrier cards are doing and protect the persons
working in the field from the over current signal

FIELD CONTROL STATION:

The field control system is the basic part of the DCS.
FCS performs the process control and also manages communication with the
sub systems. in this control station the different parameters input are coming

from the field which are converted into digital system and then calculations
are performed in the central processing unit and then these calculations are
send back to the field according to their requirement of controlling.
The field control station has the different sub units which I will be describe
below along with their function.
Input module/card
Node interface unit
Rio bus
Field control unit
Out put module/card

The detail description of these is given below:

INPUT MODULE/CARDS:
Its function is to change CURRENT signal coming from the transmitter into
VOLTAGE signal. Its mean that the current signal is converts into the
voltage signal which is then goes to the NODE INTERFACE UNIT where
this is converted to the digital system.
The input/output cards convert this current signal into the voltage signal by
the help of a input resister ,which is a of a constant resistance when current
passes through that constant resistance then generates voltage against that
according to following equation
V=IR

OUT PUT MODULE/CARDS:

Its function is to change VOLTAGE signal coming from the NIU

Into CURRENT signal. Its mean that the signal is converts into the
current signal which is then goes to the field after passing through the
marshalling cabinet this is now analog based system.
This has an output resister.

NODE INTERFACE UNIT:

It provides an interface of signals from Nodes to RIO Bus. This is also
performs the function of transferring the power supply to the input/output
units.

NODE:
Signal which is coming from the input cards is voltage based system so this
converts these into the digital signals for the inputs to the processors which
are present in the field control unit.

REMOTE INPUT OUTPUT BUS(RIO BUS):

It sends signals from NIU to FCU and from FCU to NIU, function of a
carrier.

FIELD CONTROL UNIT:

The field control unit is the main part of the field control station and this is
consist of the

RIO BUS INTERFACE CARDS

V NET INTERFACE CARD
PROCESS CARDS
COLLATOR

PROCESS CARDS
The signal which is coming from the field is converted into the digital signal
which is basically a software based system and this signal goes to the
process cards through RIO BUS, when this signal is goes to the processor
the calculations are performed in the following way
The input signal comes from the field after passing through the input card,
node interface unit comes in to the main processor, and in processor we have
given a set value and the calculation are carried out by the set of the central
processors, both do the same calculations and these are then compared by
the collator if calculation matches of both then this is sent to the output card
through Rio bus interface and which is then goes to the FIELD after passing
through the node interface unit, the out put module/card.
This process card unit have also the (error correcting code)the errors
occurring in main memory can be repaired here.
This whole situation will be cleared by the diagram of the process card unit.

Description of DCS SYESTEM (HOW IT WORKS):

The main purpose of this system is to control the different process
parameters and how this work I will discuss that now by the help of the
BLOCK DIAGRAME OF DCS
The system architecture we have discussed in detail now we will see that
how signal from the field is coming and how this is going back to control the
parameters.

The DCS is basically divided into the three basic parts these are the
FIELD
RACK ROOM
CONTROL ROOM
From the field the parameter is sensed by the help of different sensing
devices and then this is sent to the transmitter, in transmitter we have given a
constant supply of 24 v when the process variable is comes to the transmitter
then a current signal is generates against that variable input from process and
a constant voltage supply this is then send to the rack room.
Rack room consist of the
marshalling cabinet
Field control station
I/O expansion cabinet

Signal from the field first of all comes in to the input barrier cards where the
excessive current is ground in case of any abnormal condition, then this
signal enters into the field control station where calculation are carried out in
the process cards after converting the field signal in to the digital signal in
the node which is then goes to the process card where calculations are
carried out by the help of data from filed, set values given and the data from
HIS through the V-NET.
The calculated out put will then goes to the NIU through the Rio bus and
from where this is goes to the output card which is present in the FIELD
CONTROL STATION. the voltage signal is converted into the current signal
once again here and this out put will goes to the marshalling cabinet where
the out put barrier cards are present which perform their function and then
the signal in the current form goes to the FIELD where this is goes to the
E/P where this electric signal is converts in to the pneumatic signal from
where an out put signal is appears which is goes to the control valve from
controlling the parameter.