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Skill sheet 1
Using a microscope
Take care! If
you hit the
thin glass slides
when you focus the
microscope they will
break.
Never use a
microscope where
the Suns rays could
reflect off the mirror.
focusing
knobs
5 Look down the
eyepiece and
slowly turn the
focusing knob
so that the lens
moves away
from the slide.
stage
6 Carefully focus
until you get a
clear picture.
Looking closer
7
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Magnification
2
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Skill sheet 2
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1
The magnification is times 2. We write this as 2. Magnifying by 2
is the same as multiplying the size by 2.
2 cm 2 4 cm
Microscopes work in the same way. They magnify things more than a
magnifying glass does. How well you can see things through a
microscope depends on how large it makes them look. This depends
on the magnification of the microscope lenses.
1
Look closely at the eyepiece lens or the objective lens. You should
be able to see a number like 10 on it. This is the magnification
it gives. A magnification of 10 means the lens makes things
look 10 times larger.
10
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Microscope magnification
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Skill sheet 3
10
^ _ 1 Look closely at the eyepiece lens or the objective lens. You should
be able to see a number like 10 on it. This is the magnification
it gives. A magnification of 10 means it makes things look
10 times larger.
2
10
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Skill sheet 4
Web searches
The World Wide Web (Internet) is a very useful source of information, but to make sure
you get only the information you really want you must ask yourself these questions before
you start:
Where
can I find the
information I am
looking for?
How can I
make sure the
search engine
finds what I am
looking for?
How can I
make sure the
search engine
understands
me?
Yahooligans!
Yahoo!
Alta Vista
HotBot
Google
There may be a menu that allows you to specify what you want it
to match.
Select a search method:
Otherwise use the word and. So you would use
Intelligent default
Mars and planet and atmosphere to make sure
An extract phrase match
the search engine looked for all the words.
Matches on all words (AND)
Anyone can put information
Matches on any word (OR)
onto the Internet so you need to
How
can I use the
be careful about what you choose to read.
information I
A page written by NASA will be very reliable for information about
get?
planets but might be too complicated. NASA For Kids would be
simpler to understand.
Sometimes people put information that is silly or incorrect on their web pages. You
should always try to avoid sites with the words alternative, alt or unofficial in their
address. Remember, you must choose the sites with care and do not believe everything
you read on the Internet!
What
should I do with
the information?
Always remember to surf sensibly and safely. Never give your e-mail address or password
to anybody on the Internet without first checking with your teacher.
Harcourt Education Ltd 2003 Catalyst 1
This worksheet may have been altered from the original on the CD-ROM.
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Skill sheet 5
Variables like
this are continuous
variables.
If it is has values
like red, green, blue
or tall, medium, short
or January, March, April
then you want a bar chart.
Variables like
this are discontinuous
variables.
Length of root in cm
Number of cars
5
4
3
2
1
3
2
1
red
10
15
20
25
Remember
give the graph a title
label the axes
if there are units, put
them on the axes
make sure each point
is in exactly the right
place
Time in days
Colour
2
1
10
15
20
Time in days
Length of root in cm
Length of root in cm
25
3
2
1
10
15
20
25
Time in days
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Bar charts
Number of cars
5
4
3
2
1
Line graphs
red
Colour
50
40
30
20
10
10
15
20
25
Time in seconds
60
Distance in metres
60
0
0
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
Time in seconds
60
Speed in m/s
Distance in metres
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
15
20
25
Time in seconds
40
Pressure in Pa
Skill sheet 6
Interpreting graphs
30
20
10
0
10
15
20
25
Volume in m3
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Skill sheet 7
Good results
What makes good results?
There are several things that help make good results. Taking enough
readings in an investigation, taking your readings to a suitable number of
t u
decimal points, and using good measuring instruments will all help you get
^ _ reliable, precise and accurate results. Lets look at each of these things in
more detail.
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Reliable results
Your teacher has probably suggested sometimes that you should repeat
your experiment a few times to get several readings for each value of the
input variable.
For example, if you are pulling shoes with weights in them to investigate
friction, you might pull the shoe five times for each weight and record the
force reading.
1st reading
2nd reading
3rd reading
4th reading
5th reading
Average
10 N
11 N
10 N
12 N
13 N
11 N
Then you need to take an average of all five readings to get an average
reading, by adding them up and dividing by the number of readings.
Any value becomes more reliable, the more readings are taken for it.
Precise results
Whenever you are taking readings, you need to decide how
precisely to read the measuring scale. This means to how
many decimal points to take a reading. There are two things
to consider here: how precise to be and what is most suitable
for the thing you are measuring.
Janes readings are more precise, but Johns readings are
precise enough for foot size.
Accurate results
When you use measuring instruments, you need to
make sure they work well. If you use a forcemeter
that has been overstretched, it will always have a
reading on it, even when there is no weight on it.
The forcemeter in the diagram will always give a
reading that is one newton more than the actual weight.
To be accurate, your instruments must work well. You
should check they work and if necessary adjust any
instruments to zero if possible.
Harcourt Education Ltd 2003 Catalyst 1
This worksheet may have been altered from the original on the CD-ROM.
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Im
taking my readings
of foot length to the
nearest centimetre.
Im
taking mine to the
nearest millimetre.
As you can
see, to get good
results you need to
take reliable, precise
and accurate
measurements.
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Variables
Skill sheet 8
^ _ In science you need to make sure that your investigation looks at just two
variables at a time, so you can see how they affect each other. Below are five
steps to help you decide what variables you are going to work with in an
investigation.
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Skill sheet 9
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2
3
Why is it dangerous?
What should be
done instead?
Identify the different safety hazards there are in this lab. There
are at least 17 of them to find. Write them in the left-hand
column of your table.
Explain why each action is a hazard in the middle column.
Explain what they should do to make it safe in the right-hand
column.
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Skill sheet 10
Hazard symbols
Symbol
Highly
flammable
Catches fire
easily
Ethanol
Corrosive
May destroy
living tissues
(e.g. skin and
eyes) on
contact
Sodium
Wear eye protection
hydroxide Do not swallow or spill
on skin
Wash off skin immediately
Wipe up spills
Toxic
Poisonous
can cause
death either
by swallowing,
breathing in
or absorption
through the
skin
Cyanide
Harmful
Petrol
May have
health risk if
breathed in,
taken internally
or absorbed
through the
skin
Irritant
Not corrosive
but can cause
reddening or
blistering of
skin
Bleach
Oxidising
Provides
oxygen which
allows other
materials to
burn more
fiercely
Liquid
oxygen
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Risk assessment
Skill sheet 11
You should carry out a risk assessment on any activity you plan.
Use your risk assessment to decide what safety precautions should be taken, then write
them down.
Show your safety precautions to your teacher before you begin.
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Skill sheet 12
Wear eye
protection.
Light a splint.
barrel
air hole
base
Turn the collar to get the correct flame for the experiment.
Always leave the air hole closed when you walk away from the
Bunsen burner.
collar
gas in
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Skill sheet 12
Wear eye
protection.
Light a splint.
barrel
air hole
base
Turn the collar to get the correct flame for the experiment.
Always leave the air hole closed when you walk away from the
Bunsen burner.
collar
gas in
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Skill sheet 13
Heating substances
The diagram below shows which flame should be used for heating
solid substances and liquids with a Bunsen burner.
Wear eye
protection.
The diagram also shows the flame which must be left on when the Bunsen burner is
^ _ not being used. This flame is called the safety flame. It looks yellow.
If the flame is too big, adjust the gas at the gas tap.
yellow
flame
very pale
purple flame
roaring
flame
blue cone
air hole
closed
air hole
half open
air hole
fully open
This is the hottest flame
and is used to heat solids.
The hottest part of the
flame is just above the
blue cone.
Heating solids
When you are heating solids in test tubes:
hold the test tube with a test tube holder near the
top of the tube
heat at an angle as shown in the diagram
do not point the tube towards anybody
heat the tube for a short amount of time and check
to see if anything is happening
keep heating a little longer each time and keep on checking.
Heating liquids
When you are heating liquids in boiling tubes:
fill the boiling tube no more than a third full
use a boiling tube holder or clamp the tube
heat at an angle as shown in the diagram
do not point the tube towards anybody
watch the liquid carefully and if it starts to boil remove the tube from the flame.
Harcourt Education Ltd 2003 Catalyst 1
This worksheet may have been altered from the original on the CD-ROM.
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Skill sheet 14
Laboratory equipment
Name of
apparatus
beaker
Drawing
Diagram
^ _
test tube
filter funnel
and filter
paper
paper
paper
funnel
funnel
tripod
gauze
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Skill sheet 14
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Name of
apparatus
Drawing
Diagram
mat
^ _
Bunsen burner
heat
teat pipette
measuring
cylinder
spatula
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Skill sheet 15
Word equations
Burning magnesium:
magnesium oxygen magnesium oxide
Photosynthesis:
carbon dioxide water glucose oxygen
Respiration:
glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water
Neutralising acid:
hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride water
Displacing copper:
copper sulphate + zinc zinc sulphate copper
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Skill sheet 16
^ _
Strain energy
in a stretched
elastic band
Chemical
energy in
the battery
Gravitational
energy in the
skydiver
light energy
sound energy
electrical energy
electrical energy
cooker
light energy
Chemical
energy
in tree
light energy
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Skill sheet 17
Reading an ammeter
17
How to connect it
+0.09
A
0.1
mA 1
10
100
A 10
M ETE R
How to read it
There are two types of ammeter you might use digital and analogue.
Digital meters have a digital number display,
so they are easy to read. But when you are
using one, you must make sure you have
switched it to the right scale.
0000.48
A
0065.20
A
0.1
mA 1
10
100
A 10
0.1
mA 1
10
100
A 10
M ETER
A reads ...........................
Analogue meters have a pointer. You have
to decide what each mark on the scale means,
then decide where the needle is pointing.
Look at these scales and readings.
2 3 4 5 6
7
0
4 5 6
2 3
7
Amps
Amps
C reads ...........................
D reads ...........................
B reads ...........................
1
2
M ETER
Amps
E reads ...........................
Amps
F reads ...........................
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Skill sheet 18
^ _
Distance in metres
In the same way as you plot graph points, you can read information from a
graph point which is already plotted for you the process is just reversed.
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
Time in seconds
Distance in metres
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
Time in seconds
This is how you can predict values that are bigger than those measured in
an investigation.
Continue the graph line at the same angle as it is
plotted but with a dashed line.
Choose a point on the dashed line whose value
you want to know.
Read off the input and outcome values as above.
In this graph, the dashed line shows that when
the time is 30 seconds the distance would be
60 metres.
80
Distance in metres
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Time in seconds
Harcourt Education Ltd 2003 Catalyst 1
This worksheet may have been altered from the original on the CD-ROM.
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Skill sheet 19
Be an excellent researcher
When you use any resources, such as books, CD-ROMs and the
Internet, you will often find a lot more detail than you were looking
t u
for. You dont have to use it all. In fact, it is better to use less
^ _ information but use a small amount of research properly.
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Try not to write down things that you dont understand. Ask for help
if you need it. Look for something else you do understand on the
same subject. Most importantly, write in your own words the
information you are presenting from your research.
The topic I am researching is
Questions I need
to answer are ...
Answers
Extra details
Source
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Title
Skill sheet 20
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Title
Obtaining evidence
Skill sheet 21
Evaluating
I found it easy to
Although, it was hard to
My results
A more accurate way of doing this experiment would be
If I had more time, I would
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Skill sheet 22
Title
^ _
We think that
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