Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
18 / OPTICS LETTERS
1311
1312
Fig. 2. Intensity profile of the light as it exits the waveguide in the pure fused-silica sample. The inset is the
two-dimensional image of the prof ile. For this case the
waveguide was formed with 1-mJ laser pulses and by scanning of the sample at 20 mms.
Table 1.
Energy mJ
Speed mms
5
10
20
50
100
200
400
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
, 0.5
,
2y ,
0.8,
0.1,
,
,
, 3y
3y , 1
4y , 0.07
3y ,
1,
1,
,
,
5y , 3y
3y , 2y
4y , 0.3
3, 0.03
1,
1,
,
,
, 3y
,
4y , 0.8
2,
1,
a
These values are calculated from the measured NAs of the
waveguides. , damaged tracks; , Dn too small to measure;
double-lobed pattern at 633 nm.
index change is produced. Toward this end, we investigated the possible role of laser-induced densification
as a source of the refractive-index change.15 As a
result of the induced volume change, stresses develop that are manifested as birefringence. If one
assumes that the densification is uniform within
the cylindrical volume, one can calculate the relative
magnitude of the induced density change, drr, from
the observed birefringence. For light propagating
in the axial direction the birefringence is given by
dn 2Bs, where B is the stress-optic coefficient
and s is the induced stress. For this simple geometry one can relate the stress to the densification by
the expression s E61 2 ndrr, where E is
Youngs modulus and n is the Poisson ratio. The
refractive-index change that would accompany this
computed density change15 in fused silica amounts to
only 10% of the value obtained from the waveguiding estimate mentioned above. On the other hand,
independent measurement of the 193-nm excimerlaser-induced densification rate of the boron-doped
sample showed a 20-fold increase in refractive index
relative to that of a pure fused-silica sample,16 which
follows the same trend as that reported here. Another
similarity with UV densification is that the induced
index change can be annealed out at 800 C. One
possible explanation for the low value inferred from the
birefringence measurement is that the densification
pattern is not a pure cylinder, which could result in a
smaller measured birefringence.
The waveguides demonstrated here can serve as the
constituent building blocks for more-complex optical
circuits. To illustrate the possibilities of this technique we produced a waveguide Y coupler in a bulk
sample of pure fused silica. This structure is shown
in Fig. 3 guiding 514.5-nm light from an argon laser.
The relative coupling into the two branches depends
strongly on their splitting angle, and in this case the
splitting angle of 0.5 results in approximately equal
amounts of light into the two branches.
In summary, we have characterized the refractiveindex changes induced in pure and boron-doped fused
1313
J. Kruger,
S. Sartania, Z. Cheng, Ch. Spielmann, G.
Mourou, W. Kautek, and F. Krausz, Phys. Rev. Lett.
80, 4076 (1998).
5. K. M. Davis, N. Sugimoto, and K. Hirao, Opt. Lett. 21,
1729 (1996).
6. H. Varel, D. Ashkenasi, A. Rosenfeld, R. Herrmann, F.
Noack, and E. E. B. Campbell, Appl. Phys. A 62, 293
(1996).
7. K. Miura, J. Qui, H. Inouye, T. Mitsuyu, and K. Hirao,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 3329 (1997).
8. E. N. Glezer, M. Milosavljevic, L. Huang, R. J. Finlay,
T.-H. Her, J. P. Callan, and E. Mazur, Opt. Lett. 21,
2023 (1996).