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Note: 51901
Introduction
Key Words
Carbon
Nanomaterials
Carbon Nanotubes
D Band
Fullerenes
G Band
Graphene
Molecular
Morphology
Multi-wall
Carbon Nanotubes
(MWCNT)
RBM Bands
Single-wall
Carbon Nanotubes
(SWCNT)
Diamond
Graphene
Fullerene (C60)
SWCNT
1332
520
300
Diamond band
G band known
as the graphite or
tangential band
Silicon
1620
Amorphous
C
Graphene
Carbon Nanotubes:
MWCNT
Graphene
SWCNT
Carbon nanotubes are essentially
rolled up graphene sheets that
Figure 8a: Diagram depicting the structure of graphene and a SWCNT
Figure 8b: Diagram depicting
have been sealed to form hollow
the structure of a MWCNT
tubes. Single-wall carbon
The Raman spectrum of a SWCNT bears a lot of
nanotubes (SWCNT) are cylindrical tubes with a single
similarity
to graphene, which is not too surprising as it is
outer wall with diameters that are usually only 1 2 nm.
simply
a
rolled
up sheet of graphene. Figure 9 shows us a
There are also double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNT)
Raman
spectrum
of a SWCNT in which we can see well
which have a second layer of graphene wrapped around
defined
G
and
G'
bands as there were in graphene and
an inner single-wall carbon nanotube. These are a subset
graphite.
We
also
see a prominent band around 1350 cm-1.
of the larger category of multi-wall carbon nanotubes
This
band
is
known
as the D band. The D band originates
(MWCNT) that have many layers of graphene wrapped
from
a
hybridized
vibrational
mode associated with
around the core tube. Refer to Figures 8a and 8b. Due to
graphene
edges
and
it
indicates
the presence of some
their unique mechanical, electrical and thermal properties,
disorder
to
the
graphene
structure.
This band is often
carbon nanotubes are one of the most active areas in the
referred
to
as
the
disorder
band
or
the
defect band and its
field of carbon nanotechnology today.
intensity relative to that of the G
band is often used as a measure of the
quality with nanotubes. There is
another a series of bands appearing at
the low frequency end of the
spectrum known as Radial Breathing
Mode or RBM bands. The RBM
bands are unique to SWCNTs and as
their name suggests, correspond to
the expansion and contraction of the
tubes. The frequency of these bands
can be correlated to the diameter of
SWCNTs and they can provide
important information on their
aggregation state.
MWCNTs have very similar
spectra to those of SWCNTs, as is
apparent from Figure 10. The primary
Figure 9: Raman spectrum of SWCNTs with prominent bands labeled
differences are the lack of RBM modes
in MWCNTs and a much more
prominent D band in MWCNTs. The
RBM modes are not present because
the outer tubes restrict the breathing
mode. The more prominent D band in
MWCNTs is to be expected to a
certain extent given the multilayer
configuration and indicates more
disorder in the structure. Figure 10
compares the spectra of samples of
SWCNTs, DWCNTs, and MWCNTs.
Notice that the RBM mode completely
disappears as we go to a double-wall
tube and that the D bands and G'
bands get proportionately larger as
we add layers to the walls of the tubes.
Figure 10: Comparison of Raman spectra of SWCNTs, DWCNTs, and MWCNTs
In addition to these
Conclusions
Figure 11: View of compressed CNTs on a microscope slide (500 magnification)
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