BMJ

Application Of Thermography To The Problem Of Placental Localization: Preliminary

Communication
Author(s): Raymond J. Young
Source: The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 5415 (Oct. 17, 1964), pp. 978-981
Published by: BMJ
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25400624 .
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978

17 October

that the gradual

reduction

occlusion
partial
may
seen
in the proximal
tubules
do
remaining

The

of blood-flow

distribution

of

vascular

associated with

patients
in the

smaller

periods

developed

the

after
those

in

changes

the

interest

the

the

who

fact that six out of seven kidneys

It
in

those

for

longer

by Dempster et al. (1964) they will not be repeated here. Porter

et al. (1963) consider that the immunological basis may be
on

how

stage

has

the
been

passed.

Summary
The

transplanted

seven

of

kidney

who

patients

survived

9,

25, 26, 28, 33, 126, and 544 days has been examined by micro
of

dissection
two

In

the nephron

cases

the proximal
been

convoluted

shed

into

six

cases

In

the

lumen

in the

demonstrated
in the

of

arterial

was

seen

the
of

from

the

disease.

The

be

could
and

occa

artery.

extreme

focal

evidence

here

and

pro
that

suggests

RAYMOND

Most

of

with

all

sound

and

faith which

all of

its attendant
common

the
them

present
involve

soft-tissue

yet

at

con

would

and
is a

foetus.

reflection

of

is little

There

of

localization,
placental
radiations.
ionizing

techniques
the use of

films.

it

in techniques

have

the moment.

arterial

lesion

previously

occurs
probably
been
described.

earlier

REFERENCES

of Placental

Localization:

mob., b.s.

Plate]

This

method

may

be

by the use of
have
results

Donald
elaborate
vascular
are not

This
the

of

placental

function
a

since

augmented

contrast
been

radiological
media
contrast
in routine

site

isotopes
and have

very difficult

Registrar

rectum.

and
to

relation

Good

placenta

praevia.

have
given

to

applied

successfully
a clue
to

use

More

of
cases

special

intra
and

radio-isotope

of

placentae

of Obstetrics,

This content downloaded from 132.248.177.123 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 13:54:10 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

the

demonstrated
problems

1953 ;Hibbard,

of

and uncertain.

to Department

the

involving

use.

(Browne and Veall,

dose
acceptable
localization
of making

in

techniques
are usually

clinical

low,

wall

in the bladder

media
reported

(1964a) reports a 97% accuracy from his unit.

Radioactive
placental

to choose

involve the skilled interpretation

techniques may
x-ray

to mother

risks

practice,

obstetricians

Radiological
of

accurate

for

placenta
contribution

For

available

localization
between

has

et al. (1963).
C. K. (1963). Quoted
Anderson,
by Parsons
L. W., MacGillivray,
J. B., Zilva, J. F., and
Calne, R. Y.3 Loughridge,
Brit. med.
Levi, A. J. (1963).
J., 2, 645.
E. M., Dempster,
W.
F. (1955).
Darmady,
J., and Stranack,
J. Path.
Bact., 70, 225.
21.
and Stranack, F. (1957). Brit. med. Bull.,
13,
Brit. J. Surg., 40, 447.
W.
J. (1953).
- Dempster,
C. V., and Shackman, R. S. (1964).
Brit. med. J., 2, 969.
Harrison,
W. E., Kaufman,
R. D., Glassack,
J. J., Mims, M. M., Turner,
Goodwin,
M. M.
R., Goldman,
R., and Maxwell,
J. Urol., 89, 13.
(1963).
J.
Hamburger,
J., Vaysse,
J., Crosnier,
J., Auvert,
J., and Dormont,
(1963). Bull. Soc. m?d. H?p. Paris, 114, 225.
C.
and
Amer.
J. (1962).
M.,
-Lalanne,
Hopper,
J. Med.,
32, 854.
B. F., and Thorn,
G. W.
Hume, D. M., Merrill,
J. P., Miller,
J.
(1955).
clin. Invest.,
34, 327.
M.
and
G., Nedey,
R., Legrain, M., Math?,
Camey,
R.,
K?ss,
(1962).
Rev.
clin, biol., 7, 1048.
franc. ?tud.
Presse m?d.,
71, 445.
-(1963).
G. J., Dealy,
J. E., Merrill,
J. P., Dammin,
J. B., Alexandre,
Murray,
and Harrison,
Ann. Surg.,
G. W.,
J. H.
(1962).
156, 337.
R. E., and Dammin,
G. J. (1963).
J. H., Wilson,
-Harrison,
New Engl. J. Med.,
268, 1315.
F. M., Markland,
Brit.
Parsons,
C, R?per, F. P., and Fox, M.
(1963).
med. J., 1, 930.
W. B., Owen, K., Kenyon,
J. R., Mowbray,
Porter, K. A., Thomson,
J. F., and Peart, W. S. (1963).
Ibid., 2, 639.

Special

and manage
a small
women
have
who
many
instance,
are confined
to hospital
for many
haemorrhage
anaes
come
to examination
under
may
eventually

ante-partum
and
weeks
is

the

a significant
labour.

of

thesia

a method
that
agree
in a pregnant
uterus
care
to antenatal

would

obstetricians

stitute

the

than

1964, 2, 978-981

localization
ment

that

syndrome

J. YOUNG,*

[With

med. J.,

the more

transplantation

Communication

Preliminary

Brit,

is suggested

the

to the Problem

of Thermography

Application

and

intima

arteries

interlobar

of

part

cells had

tubule.
the

arcuate

the

first

dilatation

aneurysmal
and

the

desquamated

hypertrophy

with

tree.
in

down

passed

of

interlobular

the

renal

The

demonstrates

nature

gressive

and

branches

Microdissection

the

tubule.

evidence

of media

degeneration
sionally

and

necrosis

epithelial

after

Grant
No.
HE-05254
supported
by Research
of Public
Institute
Health
U.S.A.
Service,
are indebted
We
to Mr. W.
and Professor
C. V.
J. Dempster
Harrison
for submitting
for microdissection
from Cases
kidneys
1,
of which
and the suppressive
2, 3, 4, and 6, the case histories
agents
used are detailed
in the previous
et al., 1964) ; to
paper
(Dempster
Dr.
C. K. Anderson
for Case
5, previously
reported
by Parsons
et al. (1963)
R. K?ss
and Dr. M.
for
; and to Professor
Legrain
Case
et al. (1963).
7, previously
reported
by K?ss

vascular
that this is commoner
developed
than
suggests
changes
was
It would
seem
that
the variety
of
previously
thought.
to prevent
used
the rejection
are
agents
suppressive
syndrome
not
themselves
the vascular
for
responsible
lesion,
although
radiation
cannot
be entirely
excluded.
It is not
clear what
factor
is responsible
for these changes,
but as these are discussed

and
are
further
responsible,
thoughts
required
can be overcome
vascular
lesion
once
the initial

time

This
was
work
from the National

to us had

submitted

of

period

affected.

changes

survived

the

likely will the more peripheral vessels be affected, and the longer
the period of time the more likely are the larger vessels to be

vessels.

larger

shorter

med-?a??SS^

when

for

transplantation,
time
more
showed

shortest

while

vessels,

some

is of

lesions

order

chronological
who
survived

et al.

Transplantation?Darmady

be

in

The

Kidney

for the atrophie

responsible
changes
convoluted
tubules.
The
fact
the
that
not
develop
compensatory
hypertrophie
the fact
that
the blood
to the cortex
supply
a period
of time.

confirms
change
is reduced
over

taken

1964

The
Bedford

placental

1962). However,

has
on

of

the

the

disadvantage
uterine

posterior

techniques
General

involving

Hospital.

17 October

1964
RAYMOND

J. YOUNG:

MBD1CAL
APPLICATION

OF THERMOGRAPHY

IN PLACENTAL

journal

LOCALIZATION

a non-pregnant
Fig.
1.?A
of
thermograph
female
abdomen
with
reference
added.
The
increased
lighter areas represent
radiation, which
is particularly
noticeable
in the inguinal region,
the medial
aspects of the thighs, the flanks, and
at the umbilicus.

Fig.

2.?A

of a pregnant
abdomen
thermograph
at term, with reference
added.

of a pregnant
Fig. 3.?A
thermograph
site shown
abdomen with the placental
on the posterior wall of the uterus.

the
Fig. 4.?A
showing
thermograph
that
almost
quality
photograph-like
after some experi
be achieved
may
ence in the use of the Pyroscan.
The
seen.
is
Such
site
clearly
placental
as
these
could
be
used
thermographs
for studies of placental
function.

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

17 October

1964

both

contrast
x-ray
vascular
of
supply

in Placental

Thermography

media

and
the rich
upon
isotopes
depend
and
it seems
that thermo
placenta,
likely
also
this.
graphie
techniques
upon
depend
Thermographie
have
the advantage
of being
techniques
and
quick,
simple,
to mother
harmless
and
The
foetus.
has
completely
Pyroscan
a truly
detection
passive
system.

ment

ances

and Handley,

as

such

beautifully

block

1960, 1961). Vascular

a

in

by thermography

are

blood-vessel

actual
the

measurement
temperature
as an index of activity
in a joint
in thermography
Experiments

ficance
arthritis.
shown

in

promise
in the

damage
It was

skin

the

between

differentiating
and
less vitally

above

work

that

arise
might
contours
of the
to the placental

is an

when

matter

easy

areas.

of

this study

labour
of

it would

site.
placental
anaesthesia

immediately
in this case

the

the

the

For

of

was

con
prove
the purposes

of

partially

normal

prediction
extraction
under
was
introduced

forceps
hand
the

foetus,
and
separated

only

vague impression of its site obtained (Case 14). For the

purposes of this investigation the predicted placental site could
be

confirmed

introduce
were

Cases
their

to be

the

In

this

are

sectioned

for

delivered
13 of

and

it

the

to

communication

and

section
only

the

to

is possible

upon
cases

cases

predictions
that came

discussed.

was

set

Pyroscan
Precise

to produce
the mode
are outside

used

at

centre

the

of

details

of

of

focus

this

(Lloyd Williams

was

to

The

upon

to minimize

examination

with

At

section

uterus

the

retracts

uterus

mirror.

is achieved by a multistage

where

paper,

feeble

signal,
the
by

Experimental

controlled

strictly
draughts
of
the

and

human

and

other

subject.

between
The

should

thermographs
is constant

Ideally,
environment

in

where

sources

The

ideal

15? and 20? C.

subject

that

both

upon
to

electrosensitive
temperature.

therefore

during

Pyroscan
foetus was

the

hand

the

once,
moment.

Speed

was

a note

taken

into

introduced
being
since
is essential,

first
The
the placenta.
accurate.
this
Even
simple

rapidly
the most

by
handed

and

delivered

around

seems

adherent

placentae

operator

is left-handed

be

aware

it.

Three

of
of

to

vary

to

according

or right-handed.

the

impression
manoeuvre

the

had no foreknowledge

the

whether

that to

It is hoped

to avoid

source
is sufficient
of error
subjective
were
sections
by experienced
performed

this

obstet

of the predicted

placental

be made

in a room

humidity
there
is

and

the
are

temperature

complete
of heat-emission
other
room
is
temperature
reflects

where
absence,
than
said

and Cade,
infra-red

of
that

to

lie

1964).

radiation.

of Thermographs

Interpretation

is considerably

Interpretation
poor
photo

and the image contrast may

duced

controls

the

simplified,

by closed-circuit
camera.
A much

thermographs,
the
lens on
on

This

the monitor.

use

of

to be

the Pyroscan's
achieved.

own

and

gain

magnified

using

image

is pro

be emphasized

tele

by using

was

arrangement
contrast

with

particularly

television

to be of great value early in the series, when

found

in the

facility

was

controls

yet

are often
to inter
difficult
like radiographs,
Thermographs,
some experience
In this study
is gained.
only anterior
pret until
at
are disappointing
were
Lateral
used.
views
thermographs
the moment.
a

non-pregnant

and

same

the

the

labour
frequent
the non-pregnant
surface
chilling.

quite

(1964b) comments
might produce spurious results. Donald
that the localization of the point of adhesion of morbidly

As

Conditions

(Lloyd Williams
emits

In this way

amplifier.

can be written
picture
scale
is proportional
grey

the

at

assistant
at

and enhances

1961)

except

study

discomfort

complained

After

diagrams.
over
to the

between

in this

patient
of

controls

line

advan

is

vasoconstriction

1960,

the

incidental
is produced
proportional
heat-radiation,
indium
?ntimonide
at
which
photoconductive
cell,
operates
the temperature
of liquid
A voltage
of about
nitrogen.
gain
a black-and-white

to

No

chilling
of
duration
to cause
sufficient
The

of the Pyroscan
scanning
speed
of rate of cooling
effects
averaging
The
an
instantaneous
thermograph.
to allow
the
also was
advantageous

technique
to be completed

thermograph
contractions.

surface

by

rapid

approximate
scanning

rapid

was
prepared
tap-water.
by cold
10 minutes
and

et al.,

contrast.

relied

of

to

one million

Pyroscan

its

unclothed

site.

Used

in this
thermographs
of this
infra
operation
red detection
com
the
of
this
apparatus
scope
a surface-silvered
munication.
however,
Very
briefly,
plane
mirror
reflects
infra-red
from
emissions
the subject's
scanning
on to a spheroidal
skin
mirror
and
to a detector
thence
cell
series.

equilibrium
leave the body
time.
for this

to

This

tageous

ricians who
Apparatus

subject
damp
about

was

chilling

is

separates.

placenta

thermographie
study
abdomen.
Forty-seven

per
came

them

when

section,
before

uterus

selected

to be

studied,
assessed.

were

caesarean

into

therefore

liability

were

at

only
a hand

The
made

vasoconstriction.

even

but

C.

a towel

superficial

and

of

the

by

with

thermal
ideal

be

out

two hours are required

ideals

the

study
thermal

23?

thermal
in

changes

to complicate

accuracy

gloved
specially
uterus
after
birth

placenta

to

furthermore,

prove
case
one

female

non-pregnant
these

predictions.

contour

thermal

interpret

be indefensible

In

general

into

these

to

to

effort

any

by

of

in

of

point

(1964). About
reach

and
nothing
of
value

significant
is*well
brought

a
room
a northernk
a small
and
with
aspect
Accordingly
was
chosen
of the apparatus.
for the environment
large window
was
20?
was
between
The
All
turned
off.
temperature
heating

this

changes
a
and

pregnant
another
thing
situation
and,

placental
the accuracy

clusively

show

important

to
subject
it would

mean

temperature
is the

pattern

conditions.

the

of Cases

comparing
but quite

abdomen,
terms
of

to

This

and Cade

constant.

the environ

the organism
by which
Thus
environment.

process
internal

its

skin

flow

this

of

human

this

and

It

constancy
measurements
of

and
surroundings,
in the environment

with

Selection

no means

is by

radiations

the
and
environment
of machine
as
so
were
observed
long
they
equilibrium
subject's
the true worth
were
and convenient.
However,
quick,
simple,
can be really
assessed
in clinical
of thermography
only
practice
in non-ideal
to give
consistent
results
is made
if the apparatus

that
sufficient
hope
in a placenta
to alter
the thermal
significantly
and
skin
that
these
be related
changes
might
site.

heat

these

physiological
of

the

thermograph.

In

signi
rheumatoid

to burns
have
relating
areas
of
vascular

damaged

raised

of

of

probably
affected
by

a normal

symmetry

for

disturb

technique

is

of

flow

Lloyd Williams

demonstrated

(Barnes, 1963).

non-contact

of

and

maintains

has an established
value
in the diagnosis
and
Thermography
of breast
carcinoma
1956
prognosis
; Lloyd
(Lawson,
Williams,

Lloyd Williams,

rate

The

This flow of heat is in a dynamic equilibrium with

the

979

medic^j^rnal

Localization?Young

preliminary
abdomen

the
step
should

normal
be

thermal

considered.

contours

of

1 (Special

Fig.

Plate) is a thermograph showing an increase in radiation (lighter

in the picture) in the inguinal region, the medial aspects of the
and at the umbilicus.
the flanks,
thighs,
of cross-radiation
is a manifestation
tion
a deep
a slim woman
was
with
subject

body reference
shows

the

radiator

umbilicus

This

increased

and

is normal.

radia
A

umbilicus.)

(The
black

included on the right of the picture

"
"

to be

about

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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

1? C.

hotter

than

the

rest

980

17 October

1964

in Placental

Thermography

of Results

Analysis
Case
No.

Subject

Duration
of Cyesis
inWeeks

Pyroscan's
Ambient
Temp. ?C.

1
2
16

Elective C/S
Elderly primip. Thin.
Obese diabetic.
Hydramnios
Failed trial labour. Average subject

Term
37
42

21
22
23

17
20
21
26

Elderly primip.
Disproportion.

Thin
Ruptured membranes

39
41
39
Term

23
22
21
20

31

Elderly primip.

Previous C/S.

Average

subject

Breech.

35
37
45

Failed trial labour. Obese

Failed trial labour
Thin
Disproportion.

46

Previous C/S.

Unstable

the abdomen.1

41
41
Term

22
22
22

B.
D.
B.

39

22

lie

contours

thermal

of

infra-red

cepts
For

the

radiation

The

inter

cases

at

term

is

The

increased

in

or

fundus

the

shown

the

if the placenta
in the vicinity
is anywhere
of
to
to be
the Pyroscan
immaterial
or the posterior
is on the anterior
wall
placenta
"
"
a heat
can be seen
Often
flare
from
leading
a more

provides
situation.
In

lower

whether

is

up
improve
cases
in gross
are produced

to

38 weeks

the

of

doxical

of

Too

close

term

and,

properties
pregnant
must
also

be

in

this

the

placental

twin

seems

site

expected,

are

abdomen
be

Pyroscan
area of
be seen on

to an

at

known

thermographs
carcinoma

Cade

This
(1964).
are
contours

since

to

skin

present.

physical
of the

fact

This

from

other

"

in close

the

the

true

the

lateral

sources?for

reproduced
by Lloyd
can
be misleading
source

The

indefinite.

3 (Special Plate)
the
were

labour.
wall

At
of

the

to
at

Williams
in
of

In all

example,
and

cases
this

site

placental
ruptured
caesarean
uterus

in
section

exactly

as

this
the

central
case

and

placenta

as predicted.

"

one-third

of

infarcted

and

presumably

the
lay

"

cases
with

plane

is

21

gation
Plate)

though

in.

(7.5

However,
showed

slight,

the

indicated

to

cm.) medial
examination
to

it

be

of

almost

non-functional.

area.

subject
on the

this

series

sufficient

the

placental
for

accuracy
in depth

site was

predicted

purposes.
with
investigated

practical

More

in

produced

site
be

contours

with

thermograph

the

of

operator

1
The

of

localization

of

problem
the Diasonoscope.
can be made.

where
effect

of Case
hot

about

operation.
the placenta

the

It should

a thermograph

be

error,

Thermographs

is being
comment
before
is required
experience
in the investi
also holds
promise
Thermography
4 (Special
For
function.
of placental
instance,
Fig.
can
be
that
effect
three-dimensional
the almost
shows

The

in heat

depicts

one

This

(Case 34).

placenta
found

centre

completely

uterus.

the

of

interesting
of

in one

Results

posterior

wall

posterior

placental

showing
clearly
membranes
The

one
of placental
34) the prediction
except
(No.
accurate
be
not
it could
except
completely
on
was
or the
whether
the placenta
the anterior
to

Conclusions

proximity
"
can
effect

circle

to show
are
that the results
required
chance
and are therefore
significant.

cases

all

Pigmentation

investigation.

in

is not
analysis
to be achieved
by

proved
forecast

centre

to
have
not
to be electronic
in origin,
since
subjects
thought
a thermopile
and
with
be checked
temperature
corresponding
further
mechanism
The
found.
evaluations
requires
precise

was

In

is most

non

the

the

stretched

a circle

occasionally
radiation.
increased

of

Fig.

as seen in a coronal
the uterus
at
plane
is added.
reference
is an approximation
This
to simplify
records.

account.
writes

a case

breast

not

into

taken

and

Statistical
unlikely

be

thermographs
37
before

pregnant

speculative,
of the

uterus.

SEGMENT
LOWER

site

pregnancy.
the

either

LEFT

Line
diagram
representing
caesarean
Letter
section.

and para
disappointing
to be no more
obvious

is also

It

No

following
diagram.
in
the placenta
the

is
at

found

the

to deteriorate

Disappointing
post-maturity.
toxaemia
in cases
of pre-eclamptic
pregnancy.

of

that

results

placenta

uterus.

placenta

localizing

as would

between
comparison
to be
is apt
abdomen
in terms
of emissivity

pregnant

thermal

of

the

to have

segment

the umbilicus,

of

that

in cases

also

the

law of Lambert
less
the basic
cosine
in parts
of a thermograph
from
the
away
uterus.
of the pregnant
radia
Increased
convexity
areas
these peripheral
is therefore
significant.
highly
an
to
increased
definition
that
tends
impression

from

There

of

is expected

maximum
tion

means

to

of

in

FUNDUS

with

accordance

radiation

The

accurate

analysis
the
of

found

1 and to the left in this case ; this flare

in Fig.

R.J.Y.
R.J.Y.
J.R.S.

the umbilicus.

appears

as is shown

3. Hurried
recording

RIGHT

in

the
and
is less
inguinal
flanks,
region,
thighs
the exposed
labia are prominent.
It is immediately
obvious,
obvious
that
the area of radiation
from
the umbilicus
is much
in temperature.
C. rise
larger and the site of a 2?-3?
Experience
has
shown
as a radiator
that
the umbilicus
acts
of placental
It

Cell coolant
shortage
2. High humidity
4
5
4

R.J.Y.

an

position
reference

but

heat

2
2
2.

cause of a low score was inexperience

usual

gives

by
were

series

this

R.J.Y.
J.R.H.
R.J.Y.

J.R.S.
The

The

Quality
of
Thermograph!

R.J.Y.
Pyroscan:
central
A B CD
Exact

above

Table

self-explanatory.
is noted
operation

Surgeon

R.J.Y.
R.J.Y.
R.J.Y.
R.J.Y.

1-5, five being a perfect recording,

2).

abdomen

pregnant

(Special Plate, Fig.

hair

Exact

Part D.
Post, wall
Post, wall
Going on to lat. wall.
Anterior
A and B. Post, wall

of

interpretation

abdomen.
Pubic
pregnant
from
the mons
pubis.

the

reference added

in the

F.
E.
A.

at the umbilicus

rise

temperature

significant

radiation

comparison,

with

normal

This

to be highly

is believed

Accuracy
of
Prediction

21

39

membranes.

*The
placental sites are shown in the Diagram.
t For practical purposes the quality of thermographs was graded by numbers
the operation of the Pyroscan.
Other causes are noted.
of

Placental Site
at
L.S.C.S.*
Part D. Post, wall
Post, wall
PartB. Going on to Rt.
lat. wall. Anterior wall
F. Part D. Ant. wall
Central post, wall
Post, wall
Central CD.
D.
Going on to lat. wall.
Anterior
Lt. cornua, going on to ant.
wall
B. Part D. Post, wall

Thin

Disproportion.
Ruptured
Frequent contractions

British
Journal
Medical

Localization?Young

Pyroscan
clear.
is very
emphasized

in

this

that

corresponding

experience.
case was
its

cause
the precise
to the site of

In

fact,

of
the

the

the
The

designer.

changes

placenta

is

to here shows
itself on a
referred
radiator
black body reference
shades of grey that
as a series of spots in varying
thermograph
This
of
known
emissions
heat
calibrating
temperature.
represent
1 and 2.
It is of interest
scale is to be seen to the right of Figs.
to design
and
difficult
radiator is surprisingly
that such a reference
develop.

This content downloaded from 132.248.177.123 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 13:54:10 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

1964

17 October
not

known.

on

the

It

abdominal

radiator

The
this

remains

question
It
gation.
is

is difficult

it

from

heat

soak
might
to understand

the

placenta
a thin

through
how

thermal

is
to

involved

and

open

is the

that
just possible
a large extent.

the

further

of

subject
vasomotor

The

showed

results

could

be

came

to

the

that

were

selected

for

to

13 came

and

section

nervous

thermographie

the

system

basic

of

accuracy

is assessed

predictions
and

is given,

of Mice

med. J.,

Many

experimental

Interferon

by

B.

N,

Brit,

their

upon

study

From 47 cases studied

of the Pyroscan
description
are described.
and conditions

Protection

workers

140, 870.
Barnes, R. B. (1963). Science,
Brit. Emp.,
and Veall, N.
J. Obstet. Gynaec.
(1953).
J. C. M.,
Browne,
60, 141.
317.
Practical
Obstetric
I.
p.
Problems,
Lloyd-Luke,
Donald,
(1964a).
London.
Ibid., p. 585.
(1964b).
B. M.
55, 640.
Hibbard,
(1962). Proc. roy. Soc. Med.,
R. N. (1956). Canad. med. Ass. J., 75, 309.
Lawson,
biol. III., 2, 105.
M.
Med.
C.
and
Williams,
Cade,
(1964).
K.,
- Lloyd
R. S. (1960). Lancet,
2, 958.
Lloyd Williams,
F., and Handley,
-(1961).
Ibid., 2, 1378.

in which

potent

culture
to

In

there
comparison
interferon
in animals.

cells.
of

effects

infections

peritoneal

mouse

of

preparations
or

subcutaneously

m.r.cp.

effects

vitro

of

these

times

injected
intra

against

quantitative

Control

brains

Materials

of

MB

Viruses.?The

elsewhere

described

for Medical
West

Institute

in

the

brains

infected with West

Nile

was

made

infected

brains
at

fuged

supernatant
at which
personal
material

level

some

products,
tained
about
* Research

40,000

Department,
ceuticals Division,

from

Medical

Dr.

S.

J.

and

Research,

virus.

no
units

saline,
virus

protein

and

particles.

pressure

pH

brains

10% (w/v)

in Hanks's

The
by

the

dialysis

precipitated
was

adjusted

centrifugation.
low-speed
virus
infective
could
be
of

interferon

per

ml.,

of

9 a.m.

of

suspension
twice

centri

The

route

The

detected,
as measured

Industries
Imperial Chemical
Limited,
Cheshire.
Alderley
Park, Macclesfield,

death

M.R.D.D.

final

Pharma

of

doses

and

interferon

mice
of 10 male
Groups
of all mice
the weights
treatment,
a 2-g.
were
Mice
dosed
range.
tested.

each

were

Viruses

titrated

or by the
(0.1 ml.)
inoculated
by the
In each
experiment

route

intramuscular

(0.2 ml.).
(0.2 ml.

at 5i days.
by an increase
a prolongation

shown

4.5,

con

details

elsewhere.

given

within

per mouse).
in parallel,

calculated.

died

have

longer
smaller

(A. Davies,
to 7, and
the

normal

Fuller

method.

and

the

were

Cages

actual

dose
at

inspected

5 p.m.
each day.
For
of calculation,
mice
purposes
at 9 a.m. on the fifth day after virus
found
dead?for
example,
to have
assumed
at 5 days.
infection?were
died
Additional
on
to 5 p.m.
mice
the same day were
to
assumed
up
dying

final

at pH

for

being
by the

technique

of uninfected

and

by
control

mice

will

same

the

by
be

route
intraperitoneal
the challenge
virus was
was
used
for challenge

or
from

prepared

inactive

communication).
was
clarified
in which

been

Encephalomyocarditis
National
E. M. Martin,
in L cell-tissue
passaged

for

to
sediment
g
concentrated
by

79,000
was

has

of mice.
was

Interferon.?This

virus

Forest

and
Research,
was
virus
obtained

Nile

National

Porterfield,

Semliki

of

(Finter,
1964a).
obtained
from Dr.

was

virus

strain

made

used

experiment
interferon

assay

haemadsorption

preparations

Experiments.?Various
were
administration

g.) were

(15-20
in an
with

and Methods

were

preparations

Protection

described

the

1964b).

by

mouse

inoculated

interferon

mice
protected
intramuscularly
with
viruses.
encephalitis

in

(Finter,

subcutaneous

passaged

Infections

Virus

Systemic

b.chir.,

M.B.,

inhibition by interferon of the

have described

have
described
part
prophylactic
a virus
a local
with
infection
subsequently
against
are here
into the same anatomical
site.
Experiments

cultures.

J. R. Saunders,
and the reference
research
engineer
advice
technical
;
for loan of the

and Mr.
to Mr.
I am indebted
J. R. Hassard
for their enthusiastic
consultant
obstetricians,
help
chief
C. Maxwell
to Mr.
of their patients;
Cade,
for his
and Son Ltd.,
for S. Smith
(infra-red)
and Son Ltd.
to the directors
of S. Smith
and

Against

FINTER,*

the most

for

(EMC)
Institute

tissue
placental
that
the cases

1964, 2, 981-985

in tissue
of viruses
growth
a few
are only
references
These

in all

plane

References

discussed.

methods

functional

of

apparatus.

liability to be delivered per abdomen.

and

site

in one

investi

and other
localization
of placental
applications
problems
to indicate
are reviewed
the rationale
briefly
thermography
a trial of the Pyroscan
and
its theoretical
advantages.

Cases

is
abdomen
pregnant
non
contours
of

the

thermal

the

predicted

accurately
section.

The
of

of

of thermographs
to
reference

controls.

pregnant

Summary
of

981

medica??Srnal

Localization?Young
Interpretation
with
discussed

situated
the posterior
upon
by a placenta
as in Case
with
2.
of an obese
patient
hydramnios
but
has been mentioned,
of the umbilicus
effect

wall

uterine

a uterus

of

but
wall,
were
altered

Contours

the

that

is conceivable
wall

anterior

in Placental

Thermography

mice.

(M.R.D.D.)
the average
the

value

in

the

mean

The
for

all mice

of mice

survival

of

time

the

for

of

reciprocals
was
in a group

of survival
period
for the M.R.D.D.

values

was
interferon
by
infection
surviving
as compared
with

conferred

Protection
in the number

different

the

of

days

calculated.

The

in a group
Differences

of mice

the

between

the

were

tested

for

groups

significance.
was

Statistics.?It
was

death
tion

was

survived
the
and

normally
adopted
the virus

found

distributed,
for analysis.
infection

of Gupta
technique
their corresponding

that

the
and

reciprocal
therefore

Because

used
(1952) was
standard
deviations.

This content downloaded from 132.248.177.123 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 13:54:10 PM

All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

the day
transforma

of

some
groups
and
truncated,
to estimate
the means

mice

the distribution

of
this
in

was

The

mean

value