MorphologicalAssimilationof

BorrowingsinTagalog
EkaterinaBaklanova
MoscowStateUniversity
langit7@yandex.ru
Integration, or assimilation, of foreign words implies their adaptation to the rules of the
recipient language. The present paper is an analysis of the Tagalog main strategies in
morphologicalassimilation ofitsnumerousborrowingsfromSanskrit,Malay,Chinese,Spanish,
English,etc.Thefollowingaspectswillbeexamined:
Useof phonologicalcitations astheleastadoptedborrowings:
phonological citations are unassimilated borrowings used in the recipient language in their
originalform.However,Tagalogtendstopartiallybringthemintoaccordwithitsmorphological
rules
Simplification of borrowings andtheir use asroots: Borrowings are usually simplified in
Tagalog,i.e.becomemorphologicallyindivisible,andareusedasrootwords,withthefollowing
derivationaccordingtotheTagalogrules
Annulmentof borrowings grammaticalcharacteristics.GenderandNumber: SpecialCase:
Borrowings are adopted as indivisible root words, with all their grammatical characteristics
annulled. However, with more and more borrowings adopted, Tagalog speakers began to
distinguishsuchgrammaticalcategoriesasgenderandnumberintheirloanwords
Wronginterpretationofborrowingsmorphemicstructure:
Due to differences between the donors and recipients morphological systems the borrowings
may undergo a hypercorrection (wrong interpretation) of their morphemic structure: word
combinationsbecomemergedsomeelementsareregardedasnativeandomitted
Hybridization ofborrowingsduringtheirassimilation:
WhileadoptingaborrowingTagalogmayreplacesomepartofitwiththenativelexicalmaterial,
thusmakinga hybridloanword.Heretheproblemof earlyhybridloanswillbediscussed.

Abbreviations
Ar
Hok
Eng
Jav
Mal
MexSp
Skt
Sp
Tag

Arab
HokkienChinese
English
Javanese
Malay
MexicanSpanish
Sanskrit
Spanish
Tagalog

cf.
coll
e.g.
fem.

compare(with)
colloquial(word)
forexample
feminine(gender)

2
Ibid
thesame(asabove)
i.e.
thatis
intern
international
lit.
literally
masc.
masculine(gender)
old
oldoroutdatedword
smb
somebody
smth
something
suf.
suffix:
act.suf.actorsuffix,diminut.sufdiminutivesuf,internat.
suf. international suf,gerund.suf.gerundial suf.
Vs
versus

AsUrielWeinreichrightlypointedoutinhisfundamentalwork
LanguagesinContact,aninterestingpointaboutalanguageisthe
phonetic,grammatical,semanticandstylisticintegrationofforeign
elements into it (Weinreich 1966: 12). Integration, orassimilation
of foreign elements is their adaptation to the norms and needs of
the recipient language. Following the general patterns of this
integration,manyborrowingsfromChinese,Sanskrit,Malay,Arab,
Spanish, English and other languages undergo phonetic, semantic
andmorphologicalassimilationintheTagaloglanguage.
InthepresentpaperIshallattempttoanalyzethemainstrategies
of the morphological assimilation of different borrowings in
Tagalog, i.e. their adaptation to the grammar rules and word
buildingpatternsoftherecipient.
I.UNASSIMILATEDBORROWINGS
1.1. Use of unassimilated borrowings (phonological
citations).
UNASSIMILATED LOANWORDS, or socalled phonological

citations (Weinreichs term) keep intact their original phonetic,

semanticandevengraphicappearanceintherecipientlanguage.In
Tagalog this group is mostly represented with recent borrowings
fromSpanishandEnglish.Nowadaysunassimilatedloanwordsare
widespread in Tagalog, due to the domination of Spanish in the
past and the mass EnglishTagalog bilingualism at present.
Noteworthy, the use of a Spanish or English unassimilated
borrowing does not necessarily imply the lack of the native
equivalent,e.g.:
bigyn ng oportunidad [< Sp oportunidad opportunity] to
give smb opportunity instead of Tag pagkakatan chance
opportunity,

3
maglanngtarget[<Engtarget]]tosetasanobjectinsteadof
Taglayuninpurpose,aimorpatamaan target.
There are quite a number of Spanish borrowings, which have
beenadoptedunassimilatedasthey belongtoonomastical lexica
personalandgeographicalnames,forexample:
Jose Rizal personal name, read as /Hose Risal/, according to
therulesfortheSpanishlettersjandz,whichdonotexistinthe
Tagalogalphabet,
Peafrancia geographical name, read as /Penyafransya/, no
,f orcinTagalog,
also Aquino, Lopez, Teofilo Vigan, Davao, Zamboanga, and
manyothers.
TherearealsoplentyofEnglishunassimilatedborrowingsinthe
modern Tagalog. They are abundant in newspapers and printings,
where they are often marked with italics (thus corroborating the
termphonologicalcitations),e.g.:
NilusobangtirahanngmgaillegalworkersIllegalworkers
housewasraided,
Hinihinalang isa na naman itong anyo ng religious clash
Itissupposedtobeanotherformofreligiousclash.
1.2. Morphological adaptation of the unassimilated
borrowings.
The peculiarity of phonological citations in Tagalog is that
regardless of being UNASSIMILATED they still may be embedded
into the Tagalog morphological system, i.e. may act in speech as
rootwordsinaccordancewiththeTagalogsyntaxrulesorasroots
takingovertheTagalogprefixes.Itisnoteworthythateveninsuch
cases Tagalog speakers usually handle them as FOREIGN WORDS,
eitheritalicizingtheminthetext,orputtingahyphenbetweenthe
unassimilatedrootandtheTagalogprefixusedwithit:
Nagwithdrawsiykahapon.He/shewithdrewyesterday,
Nakaattachditoanglitratoko. Myphotoisattachedhere,
NakiposenalangsiyasamgaPinay.Hewasjustposingin
frontofthePhilippinegirls
Lagingrudesiyasaakin. Heisalwaysrudewithme,
Missnamisskita. Immissingyoumuch.
TheMORPHOLOGICAL assimilationoftheloanwords,whichstill
remainunassimilatedgraphically,semanticallyandphonetically,is
perfectly represented by such derived borrowings as verbal nouns
orconjugatedformsoftheTagalogverbs.ThePresentandFuture
Tenses of Tagalog verbs, as well as the verbal nouns are formed
withhelpofthereduplicationoftherootsfirstsyllable,e.g.:lutuin
to be cooked > niluluto is being cooked, lulutuin will be

4
cooked magtanggol to defend > pagtatanggol defending,
defense. The borrowed unassimilated roots are handled
accordingly to this general Tagalog rule. However the
REDUPLICATED part of their first syllable becomes assimilated
(changingitsphoneticandgraphicappearancewhereneeded,tofit
the Tagalog alphabet and phonological system), while the root
itself remains UNASSIMILATED and is often separated from the
assimilatedpartwithahyphen:
Magkoconcert siya sa Cyprus He will give a concert in
Cyprus,
Para kaming natatransform sa ibang mundo We are as if
transformedtoanotherworld
MahirapangpagdodrawupngprojectDrawingupaproject
isdifficult,
Malay pa ang paggagraduate niya sa Unibersidad. His
Universitygraduationisstillfar
Such a largescale incorporation of unassimilated borrowings
into Tagalog is maintained and increased by the widespread
LANGUAGE MIXING, or CODESWITCHING, which has become
commonintheeverydaycolloquiallanguageofeducatedFilipinos
withtheexpansionoftheEnglishlanguageintheArchipelago(see
e.g. Pascasio 2004: 7375). There are plenty of unassimilated
borrowingsandeventheirabbreviationsusedinthesocalledMix
Mix language,whichwassowelldescribed by DavidZorc(Zorc
1990),e.g.:
kilig tothebonesoverjoyed(lit.trembletothebones)
kadiritodeath gross,coarse(lit.loathingtodeath)
b.f.boyfriend,
d.o.m.dirtyoldman,
o.a. overacting,overreaction.
II.ASSIMILATION
2.1.Simplificationofborrowings.
Tagalogpertainstoagglutinativelanguagesandisnotableforits
manifold morphological system, which includes such word
building methods as affixation, reduplication, word compounding,
full duplication, and morphophonemics. Being assimilated by
Tagalog, borrowed words or wordandparticle combinations
usually undergo SIMPLIFICATION, i.e. become INDIVISIBLE mono
morphemic words used by the recipient as roots or root words in
fullaccordancewithitsmorphologicalrules:
Skt dhta to bear to endure > Tag dalit extreme poverty
torment>karlitanextremepovertyormisery,
Mal.daratancontinent land(fromdaratland highland)>
Tagdalatan cultivatedhighland,

5
Mal barat laut NorthWest NorthWestern wind > Tag
balaklaotNorthWesternwindormonsoon,
Arhikayatpreach,parable,legend>Taghikayatpersuasion
>hikaytpersuaded,hikayatintopersuade,
Ar sharbat drink > Mal srbat ginger tea, Tag salabt
gingertea, magsalabt toprepareordrinkgingertea,
Spenpazinpeace>Tagimpssettled,magimpstosettle
smth,
Eng(to)standby>Tagistambytostandby,toidle.
Noteworthy, a considerable number of the loanwords, mostly
earlyborrowed,whichthenunderwentderivation,arepreservedby
the modern Tagalog only in their FROZEN DERIVED forms. The
following words are examples of the simplification of borrowings
derivedinvariousways:
REDUPLICATION (ofthefirstsyllableofastem)
Sktypasacrificialcolumn/pole>Tagyupapsubmission,
resignationtoprostrateoneself,
Mal alh to move, to replace to change > Tag halili (with
methasesisofthefinal h?)substitutealternative,
Maljarifingeronhand/foot>Tagdalir(withinterchange
of l/r)fingeronhand/foot
DUPLICATION (full stem/wordreduplication)
Ch giet (scorpion) thng (insect), scorpion > Tag atang
atangscorpion,
Ch kut todig,excavate>Tagkutkt todigtoscrape,
Sktgala resinpitch >Mal gala,galagalatopitch,calk,Tag
galagalresin,pitchcalker,
Skt guna quality > Mal guna advantage, benefit > Tag
gungunahntotakeadvantage,opportunity,
Skt muni sage, ascetic > Tag magmunimuni to contemplate,
meditate
AFFIXATION
Ch ui(ontheaccountof)liforsmbssake/benefitstimulated
by interest / profit > Tag archaic wili appreciation, fondness,
enjoyment > kawilihn, pagkwili pleasant interest in smth
enjoyment kawiliwilipleasant,amusing,
Skt agasun >Tagmaagaearly,umagamorning,agahan
breakfast,
Skt rahasya secret > Tag archaic rahuy charm, attraction
persuasion > marahuy to be attracted to be persuaded /
induced,
MexSp ciruelas plums > Tag sinigwelas plum (with r>g
shift).

6
Among such frozen derivations we may find simplified
loanwordswiththenowNONPRODUCTIVEaffixes:
Chchi(money)p(anymonetaryunit)money>Tagsalap
money,
Skt samha collection community > Tag *salamuh >
makisalamuhtomingle/mixwithpeople
Ch i (to move, shake, balance) pi (to limp to stagger) to
shake,balance>Tagbayubayhanging,dangling,
Javangutravings,nightmare?>Tagbangutngt(withelision
oftheinitialaandduplication?)nightmare,
Mal lisahrestlessanxious>Tagbalisaanxietyrestlessness
Ch pai to decay, weaken destroy > Tag lupaypy (with
duplication)prostrateweaklanguid.
2.2.Annulmentofgrammaticalcharacteristics.Genderand
Number:specialcase.
As shown above, even late borrowings (Spanish and English)
are mostly assimilated as simplified rootwords grammatically
close to nouns or adjectives, irrespective of their original
grammatical characteristics and forms. For example, the Spanish
atadotiedintoabundleisclearlyderivedfromtheverbatarto
tie,butTagalogadoptsatado asanounmeaningbundle(ofthings
tobesold)andthenformstheverbataduhintieintoabundleon
thebasisofthisborrowedform.
Sp casar to merry > Tag kasl marriage (cf. Sp boda
marriage),ikasltomerry,
Sp jugar to play > Tag sugl gamble > manunugl
gambler,
SpVale!Thatlldo!Allright!(verbinthe3rd personsingular,
fromvaler to cost, value to fit) > Tag bale worth promissory
note, credit, bumale to buy smth on credit, Hind bale! It
doesntmatterNevermind!(lit.notworthy)
Engtoholdup >Tag holdapin toholdup,torob
Eng recording (gerund) > Tag rekording smth. recorded >
pagrerekordingrecording.
There is no grammatical category of Gender or Number in
Tagalog.Consequently,distinguishingthesecategoriesinborrowed
words was difficult even for those Filipinos who were acquainted
withthedonorlanguage.Duetothisfactborrowingswereusually
adopted in the forms, which were most frequently used by the
donor language speakers in the Philippines. Thus, some of the
Spanishloanwordsmaybefirstassimilatedinthefemininegender:
e.g. guapa beautiful welldressed (fem), nerbyosa nervous
(fem).AccordingtoKeithWhinnomSpaniardsusedsuchkindof

7
adjectives morefrequently inrelationtoladies(e.g.Spestamujer
nerviosathisnervouswoman),whichresultedinthepreservation
of the feminine forms in Tagalog [Whinnom 1956: 30]. The
Tagalog tendency to assimilate borrowings in any grammatical
forms (e.g. gasta expense < Sp gastar to spend and gastos
expense<Spgastosexpenses)iswellpresentedintheTagalog
Spanish creolized languages. For instance, the definite article in
these dialects has only one universal form e.g., in the socalled
Ermitao
theSpanishmasculineformelwasusedinsteadofalltheothers
(la,los,las),whilethepossessivepronounsumeantbothhis/her
andtheiroryour(insteadoftheoriginalSpanishpluralformsus)
[Ibid:2829].
Plural inTagalog isusuallydenotedthrough lexical means, i.e.
through the addition of particle mga: tao a person mga tao
people.DuetothelackofNumbergrammaticalcategoryTagalog
could assimilate borrowings either in singular or in plural form,
with their following use as singular. In many cases the choice of
thepluralformofaloanwordwascausedbyitsfrequentuseinthis
form bythe native speakersofthedonorlanguage(e.g.,namesof
PAIRED objects):
Sp bolsicos small bags / purses hanged on the dress > Tag
bolsikos/bolsikotarchaicasmallsackonthedressadeeppocket
ofwomansskirt,
Spbotonesbuttons>Tagbitonesabutton,
Spplieguesfolds,pleats,bends>Tagpileges/plegesafold,
bend,
Spvozesvoices>Tagbosesavoice,
Spzapatosshoes>Tagsapatosashoe/shoes,
Engbuys>Tagbaysabuy,
Engfights>Tagpaitsafight.
At the first stages of borrowing from Spanish a form of a
loanword denoting a creature,once chosen, was used to nominate
bothmasculineandfeminine.However,withadoptionofmoreand
more Spanish loanwords of the type, the patterns of use have
graduallychanged.Atpresentwemayassertthatwithinthesystem
of the modern Tagalog a certain GRAMMATICAL SUBSYSTEM OF
BORROWINGS exists,whichincludesthegrammaticalcategoriesof
genderandnumber.Thussomeoftheborrowings,whichmightbe
originally adopted in either feminine or masculine, are now given
theirpairs,evenifthereisnosuchforminthedonorlanguage:
alumno / alumna graduated from a college (masc/fem) [< Sp
alumnopupil],
burdadr / burdadera embroiderer (masc/fem) [< Sp bordar
toembroider],

8
list/listalertastute,nimble(masc/fem)[<Splistosmart,
astute,sharpwittedalert](cf.Splistastripe,linelist,rollcall),
maestro/maestrateacherinschool(masc/fem)[<Spmaestro/
a],
Manilenyo/Manilenya Manila inhabitant (masc/fem) [< Sp
Manileo/a],
Manong/Manang elder brother/sister [< Sp hermano/a
brother/sister],
peskadr/peskadorafisherman/fisherwoman[<Sppescador],
Pilipino/PilipinaFilipino(masc/fem)(also Piny/Pinay)[<
SpFilipino/a],
seryoso/seryosaserious(masc/fem)[<Spserio].
SuchREVERSE influenceoftheassimilatedborrowingsuponthe
recipient language refers to the phenomenon of INTERFERENCE,1
i.e. to the postassimilation processes. Another result of the
interference is that many Filipinos can often distinguish singular
andpluralformsofborrowings.Forinstance,therealreadyexistin
Tagalog such pairs of loanwords as plor plores a flower
flowers [< Sp flor, flores]. Moreover, some borrowings get re
analyzed as containing s denoting plural form, so their quazy
singularformsarecreatedby omittingthefinal s,e.g.:
Eng age > Tag eids > eid age Eng overalls > Tag oberl
loosetrouserswornoverclothestokeepthemclean.
2.3.Wronginterpretation.
Due to the difference between the grammatical systems of
Tagalog and its donor languages, the assimilation of loanwords
may involve WRONG INTERPRETATION (HYPERCORRECTION) of a
borrowingsmorphemicstructurebytheTagalogspeakers.
As a result of the abovementioned simplification an original
wordcombinationisoftentakenasasingleword:
Mal juru bahasa language specialist, interpreter > Tag
dalubhasspecialist,expert,
Mal lpas tangan free hand > Tag lapastangan irreverent,
disrespectfulsacrilegious,
Mal tengahharimidday,noon>Tagtanghal midday,noon,
SpCmoest?Howareyou >TagKumust?Hello!,How
areyou?,
Eng (to)cut short,a shortcut>Tagsyor(t)katshortcut(ofa
way),magsyorkattocut(way)short.
Part of a loanword may be mistaken as A NATIVE Tagalog
morpheme (on the account of their sound similarity). Thus, while
1

AboutinterferenceinTagalogseee.g. mypaper[Baklanova2004].

9
assimilating Skt nirgund plant Vitex negundo Tagalog omitted
the initial ni and adopted the word as lagundi plant
Vitextrifoliata/Vitexrepens.In myopinion, it may beaccounted
forthewronginterpretationbytheTagalogspeakersofniastheir
nativeaffixin,whichchangesintotheprefixnibeforetheinitial
l or y (lipatin nilipat, yar niyar). Thus: Skt nirgund > Tag
*nilagundi > lagundi. Other possible examples of the wrong
interpretation(hypercorrection)ofborrowingsinTagalogare:
Sktparktoexamine,toinvestigate,tocheck>*ligs2 test,
quiz,paligsahancompetitionconcurrence(pamisinterpretedas
theTagalogcausativeprefix),
Mal pontianak spirit of a dead pregnant woman > Tag
patiank/tiank evilspirit
Skt paribhoga application, use, consumption > Tag alibugh
old irresponsible wasteful, prodigal (the initial pari might be
mistaken as the Tagalog old prefix ali, as in Tag aliwalas
spacious,alitaptpmoth),
Skt paripa investigation, interrogation, examination > Tag
alipust despised and maltreated taunt, insult low [Verstraelen
1962:828].Thesamepatternofhypercorrectionmayalsoaccount
for the changes in some Sanskrit borrowings to Malay: Skt
prpat dove ?> Mal *perpati or merpati (could the Sanskrit
par be misinterpreted as the Malay prefixes per or me?) tame
pigeoncf.TagkalapatiSktdrohakainjusticeharmtreachery
>Maldrhaka (wasthechangecausedbythesoundanalogywith
theMalayprefixester,ber,per?)treacheroustreason cf.Tag
dulhakoldtomisinterprettreacherous.
Chk(watery)loklok(verywaterysofteneddoughy)>Tag
luglg kind ofpansit the noodles are cooked by plunging into
water to rinse with clear water (ka might be mistaken as the
Tagalogprefix)
Sp limosna alms, charity >Tag lims alms, charity
allowances grant (na might be misinterpreted as the Tagalog
ligaturena/ng)
MexSp zaquisam loft, upper floor > Tag * sakisame >
kisam ceiling (sa might be taken as the Tagalog preposition sa
in,on).
Two similar morphemes of a loanword may be misinterpreted
by Tagalog as REDUPLICATION, and one of the similar elements
maybeomitted:
Sktlalsawish>Tag*lasa>naswish,desire
Malagaragaredibleseaweedsjelly>Tagagr/agaragr
jellysubstancegotfromseaweeds,
2

Therightformis paligsa,buttheauthorsofsome Dictionariesmisinterpretedthewordasderivationfromtheroot

ligs[see: English19862002Rubino2000].

10
Malmblmbl little additions > Tag ambl nickname, pet
namedifferentinterpretationofwordfromthatintendedrepetition
ofaword/expressionlikedbythespeaker.
3.3.Hybridization.
Whileadoptingaborrowingtherecipientlanguagemayreplace
some part of the borrowing (mostly the root or its part) with the
native lexical material,thus makinga HYBRID LOANWORD.Inthe
case of Tagalog borrowed morphemes may be substituted with
those of PREVIOUSLY ASSIMILATED loanwords, thus some of the
Tagaloghybridloansconsistonlyofborrowedmaterial:
Sp carnero marino seal (lit. ramsea) + Tag dagat sea >
karnerongdagatseal,
MexSp (naran)jita small tangerine or grapefruit + Tag
dalan(dn)orange>dalanghitatangerine
Splargo(mira)binoculars,telescope+Tagbistasightview,
landscape [< Sp vista] > largabista (cf. Sp vista larga long
sight),
Sp(porta)monedaspurse+Tagkwartamoney[<Spcuarto
oldcoppercoinmoney]>kwartamonedapurse.
Such recent hybrid borrowings seem to be relatively scarce.
There are much more HYBRID NEOLOGISMS (CREATIONS) in the
modernTagalog,i.e.newwords inventedby Filipinoswithuseof
some native and already assimilated borrowed material. However,
fargreaternumberofEARLY hybridloansmaybeeventuallyfound
within the Tagalog vocabulary itself. Thus, the following
hypothesisofWilliamMaxwellmaybereferredtotheproblemof
EARLY HYBRID LOANS (Maxwell 1920). This linguist picked up
some considerable amount of Malay words with bu/bung forthe
first syllable, which he considered to be an ancient monosyllabic
prefixconveyinganideaofroundness(Ibid:4)(Iwouldalsoadd
here the ideaof fullness):bulan moon(cf.Tagbuwn),bun
tut buttocks tail (Tag buntt tail), bungkus bundle bunch
(Tag bungks bundle bunch), etc. One can easily find this
elementinsomeTagalogwordsaswell,especiallyinthosecreated
by syllable duplication: e.g. bulak cotton > bulaklk cotton
flower flowerblossom,bunganggullet mouth(cf.ngang
to chew betel), bungisngs giggle (f. ngisngs grinning,
showing the teeth). Another probable prefix Maxwell found in
Malay is ta/tang a hand/an arm: tangan hand, tangkap to
seize, tangkei a stalk. Its also possible to distinguish this
element insuchTagalogwordsas:tangnheld (inhand),tang
gp to get accepted, tangky stalk, stem, tangkl coop>
tangkakl support protection, tangk lighttouch, as with the

11
tip of fingers (f. kuk nail), taguyod united support (cf.
guyodbundleofsticks herdthickrope).
Developing this idea, may we suppose that such prefixes /
lexical elements, being productive in the early periods of the
Tagalog language development, could participate in the word
creation with use of the early borrowings (Chinese, Malay,
Sanskrit)? Such creations should then be regarded as early hybrid
loans.Maywe,forinstance,traceTagtadhanfate,destinytota
+dhan[<Skrtdhnafortune,propertyetc.]?
Arsenio Manuel, studying Chinese borrowings in Tagalog,
claimedthattheelementpakinTagalogwasborrowedfromthe
Chinesepakstrippingoffskinoftrees(Manuel1949:36).Ifthis
probable lexical morpheme is of Chinese origin, the following
wordsmightbeexamplesoftheearlyhybridization:bakbkstrip
offtheskin,bark,gapaktear,strip,paknttoflay,skin,pakns
scald, excoriate, paknt (cf. Tag nutnt worn away
unraveled). If this element in Tagalog is of Chinese origin, the
abovewordsmightbeexamplesoftheearlyhybridization.

12

REFERENCES
1. Baklanova, Ekaterina 2004. Interference in Tagalog as a
ResultofBorrowing.Pilipinas42(March):95116.
2. English, Leo James 1977. TagalogEnglish Dictionary.
Manila:NationalBookStorePubl.
3. Manuel,E.Arsenio1949.OriginsoftheTagalogLanguage
andChineseContributiontoitsGrowth.FookienTimesYearbook
1949:3336.
4. Maxwell, William E. 1920. A Manual of the Malay
Language,11th ed.London.
5. Pascasio, emy M. 2004. The Filipino Bilingual From A
Sociolinguistic Perspective. Philippine Journal of Linguistics 34
(2)and35(1):6979.
6. Rubino, Carl R. G. 2000. TagalogEnglish, English
TagalogDictionary.N.Y.:HippocreneBooks.
7. Verstraelen,M.E.J.G.1962.Soundshiftsinsomedialectsof
thePhilippines.Anthropos(Fribourg)57(fasc.3/6):826856.
8. Weinreich,Uriel1966.LanguagesinContact.Findingsand
Problems,4th print.LondontheHagueParis:Mouton&Co..
9. Whinnom,Keith1956.SpanishContactVernacularsinthe
PhilippineIslands.HongKong.
10. Zorc,R.David1990.TagalogSlang.PhilippineJournalof
Linguistics21(1):7782.

The preceding document was presented at the Tenth International

Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (10ICAL). To properly reference
thiswork,pleaseusethefollowingformat:
<LastName>,<FirstName>.2006.<PaperTitle>. PaperpresentedatTenth
InternationalConferenceonAustronesianLinguistics.1720
January2006.PuertoPrincesaCity,Palawan,Philippines.
http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers.html

For other papers that were presented at 10ICAL, please visit

http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers.html.