Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
College of engineering
Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture
Senior Project
CENG490
By
Salman Salah Almajid
Ali Hassan AlNasser
Hesham Mohamed Abdulrahim
20094818
20092446
20092299
Supervised by
Dr. Esmat Kameshki
January 2014
Abstract
Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) columns were used in construction in the early 1900s.
However, the research into CFSTs did not begin until the 1960s. From that time onwards, several
studies were conducted on the CFSTs to fully understand their behavior with the aim of improving
their performance.
The proposed research presents two studies to investigate the effect of the main influencing factor
on the compressive behavior of circular CFST columns. The first study is conducted using finite
element analysis applying readymade software, ANSYS. The geometry of the columns were
developed using a supplementary software called SolidWorks to facilitate the modelling in
ANSYS. The second study is design of CFST columns according to the most commonly used
codes worldwide. The codes are the Euro code version is "BS EN1994-1-1", the American code
version is "American Institute for Steel Construction (LRFD) AISC 360-05" and the two
Australian codes which are "Australian Standard of concrete structures AS 3600-2001 and
Australian Standard of steel structures AS 4100-1998".
The main parameter of interest is the diameter-to-thickness ratio(). The samples used in this
research are all concentrically loaded stub columns to avoid moment failure.
In the design study, spreadsheets using Microsoft Excel were created to design CFST columns
according to the three codes. Detailed flow charts were prepared to show step by step design
procedures using all the codes.
The results of the numerical investigation and the design study were verified by comparing them
with those in the published literature. In addition, a comparative study was performed using the
three codes, as well as, with the numerical analysis results, ANSYS. The comparison was based
on the compressive capacity of the CFST columns. The variation in the results and their causes
were discussed.
Acknowledgement
First of all, we would like to thank Allah the almighty for his blessings that enabled us to submit
this project.
Then, our special gratitude goes to our advisor Dr. Esmat Kamashki for her tremendous support,
kindness and patience through the whole course of this senior project. Her background in steel
structural design was our guide before, through and hopefully after concluding our project.
Special thanks goes to our colleagues who are graduated now, engineer Ahmed and engineer
Hamza. They spent big efforts with us helping in modeling finite element samples for analysis.
Finally, our best thanks goes to our families. The biggest emotional supporters for us during this
project. Their emotional support helped us a lot to struggle throughout this project and finish it
with a highly motivational moods.
ii
Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... ii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vi
List of tables ............................................................................................................................. viii
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. ix
List of Symbols ........................................................................................................................... x
Euro Code (EC4) ..................................................................................................................... x
AISC Code (LRFD) ................................................................................................................ xi
Australian Code (AS) ............................................................................................................. xi
Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of CFST column .......................................................... 4
1.2 Objective of the study ........................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 : Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 8
Chapter 3: Design using Euro code .............................................................................................. 12
3.1 Design steps using EC4 ....................................................................................................... 12
3.1.1 Design of composite columns (clause 6.7): .................................................................. 12
3.1.2 Design methods: ........................................................................................................... 12
3.1.3 Local buckling: ............................................................................................................. 12
3.1.4 Simplified method of design (clause 6.7.3): ................................................................. 13
3.2 Design Flow Chart using EC4 ............................................................................................. 19
3.3 Design Example using EC4................................................................................................. 20
3.3.1 Design strength: ............................................................................................................ 20
3.3.2 Limits of applicability of the simplified method: ......................................................... 21
3.3.3 Local buckling: ............................................................................................................. 21
3.3.4 Design checks at ultimate limits state: ......................................................................... 21
3.3.5 Check on limits of simplified method: ......................................................................... 22
3.3.6 Buckling resistance of the composite column in axial compression: ........................... 22
3.4 Spread Sheet Solver using EC4 ........................................................................................... 24
3.4.1 Keywords: ..................................................................................................................... 24
iii
List of Figures
Figure 1: Steel sections encased with concrete ............................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Steel Sections in-filled with concrete .............................................................................. 2
Figure 3: Cross-section of CFST column with rebars .................................................................... 3
Figure 4: Installation of CFST column during construction ........................................................... 4
Figure 5: Column buckling curves (based on figure 6.4, EC3) [18]............................................. 18
Figure 6: Excel keyword ............................................................................................................... 24
Figure 7:Material properties for concrete and steel ...................................................................... 24
Figure 8: Loads and geometric properties .................................................................................... 25
Figure 9: Cross-section properties ................................................................................................ 25
Figure 10: Material Limitation...................................................................................................... 26
Figure 11: Local buckling check................................................................................................... 26
Figure 12: Plastic resistance and effective flexural stiffness calculation ..................................... 26
Figure 13: Buckling resistance check ........................................................................................... 27
Figure 14: Excel keyword ............................................................................................................. 36
Figure 15: Material properties for concrete and steel ................................................................... 36
Figure 16: Loads and geometric properties .................................................................................. 37
Figure 17: Cross-section properties .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 18: Material limitation ....................................................................................................... 37
Figure 19: Compressive strength calculation ................................................................................ 38
Figure 20: Excel key word ............................................................................................................ 53
Figure 21: Material properties for concrete and steel ................................................................... 53
Figure 22: Loads and geometric properties .................................................................................. 54
Figure 23: Cross-section properties .............................................................................................. 54
Figure 24: Concrete calculation .................................................................................................... 55
Figure 25: Steel tube calculation................................................................................................... 55
Figure 26:Steel tube calculation.................................................................................................... 56
Figure 27: Total capacity and final check ..................................................................................... 56
Figure 28: Meshed CFST column in ANSYS .............................................................................. 59
Figure 29: CFST column with loading and base plate; force applied on the loading plate .......... 60
Figure 30: Seperation of Steel and concrete after the application of load .................................... 61
Figure 31: Steps of ANSYS design .............................................................................................. 62
Figure 32: Types of analysis systems in ANSYS Workbench ..................................................... 62
Figure 33: Engineering data source in ANSYS Workbench ........................................................ 63
Figure 34: Properties for concrete material in ANSYS Workbench............................................. 63
Figure 35: Solidworks new files interface .................................................................................... 64
Figure 36: Input parameters for cirles ........................................................................................... 64
Figure 37: Plan view of a steel tube .............................................................................................. 65
Figure 38: Extruded steel tube ...................................................................................................... 65
Figure 39: Extruded concrete core ................................................................................................ 66
Figure 40: Extruded steel plate ..................................................................................................... 66
Figure 41: parts of a column inserted in assemly file ................................................................... 67
vi
vii
List of tables
Table 1: Comparison of Column Costs [4] ..................................................................................... 5
Table 2:Maximum values (d/t), (h/t) and (b/t) with fy N/mm2 (based on Table 6.3, EC4) [16] .. 13
Table 3: Buckling curves and member imperfections for composite columns(based on table 6.5,
EC4)[16] ....................................................................................................................................... 17
Table 4: Values of plate element yield slenderness limit (based on table 6.2.4, AS4100) [21] ... 43
Table 5 values of member section for kf = 1.0 (based on table 6.3.3(1), AS4100) [21] ............... 45
Table 6 values of member section constant (b) for kf < 1.0 (based on table 6.3.3(2),AS4100)[21]
....................................................................................................................................................... 46
Table 7: Verification of FE results................................................................................................ 77
Table 8: Verification of Euro code results .................................................................................... 78
Table 9: Verification of American code results ............................................................................ 79
Table 10: Verification of Australian code results ......................................................................... 79
Table 11: Comparison of the results with different codes ............................................................ 80
Table 12: Comparison of FE with the codes ................................................................................. 81
viii
List of Abbreviations
AISC
ANSI
ASCE
ACI
AS
Australian Standard
CFT
CFST
EC4
Euro Code
FE
Finite Element
FEM
HSS
LRFD
ix
List of Symbols
Euro Code (EC4)
Aa
Ac
As
Ea
Ecm
Es
(EI)eff
Ia
Ic
Is
Ke ,Ke,II
L
MEd
Ncr
NEd
Npl,Rd
Npl,Rk
b
d
e
fcd
fck
fsd
fsk
fy
h
t
tf
C
S
a, ao
c, co,
LT
Q
b
be
do
f'c
fy
kf
kb
kbo
le
Le/r
r
t
a
b
c
e
ey
n
xii
CHAPTER 1
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Composite construction as we know it today was first used in the construction of a building and a
bridge in the U.S. over a century ago. The first forms of composite structures incorporated the use
of steel and concrete for flexural members, and the issue of longitudinal slip between these
elements was soon identified. Composite steelconcrete beams are the earliest form of the
composite construction method. In the U.S. a patent by an American engineer was developed for
the shear connectors at the top flange of a universal steel section to prevent longitudinal slip. This
was the beginning of the development of fully composite systems in steel and concrete.
Concrete-encased steel sections was used at the beginning to overcome the problem of fire
resistance and to ensure that the stability of the steel section was maintained throughout loading.
The steel section and concrete act compositely to resist axial force and bending moments.
Composite tubular columns were developed much later during the last century. They were used
because they provided permanent and integral formwork for a compression member and were
instrumental in reducing construction times and consequently costs. [1]
Thus, 2 types of steel-concrete columns were developed:
1. Steel section in-filled with concrete
2. Steel section encased with concrete
Nowadays, the composite structural elements are increasingly used in tall buildings, bridges and
other types of structures. It is still based on the fundamental principle that steel is most effective
2
in tension and concrete is most effective in compression. Thus, the disadvantage of two materials
can be compensated for and the advantages can be combined, providing efficient structural system.
The steel-concrete composites are considered as an advantageous system for carrying large axial
load benefitting from the interaction between the concrete and the steel section. The steel section
reinforces the concrete to resist any bending moments, tensile and shear forces. The concrete in a
composite column reduces the potential for buckling of the steel section in addition to resisting
compressive loading.
The use of composite columns, encased or in-filled, results in significant reduction of the column
size when compared to regular reinforced concrete columns needed to carry the same load. Hence,
considerable economic savings can be obtained. Also, the column size reduction is advantageous
where floor space is at a premium, such as in office blocks and car parkings. In addition, closely
spaced composite columns connected with spandrel beams can be used around the outsides of the
high rise buildings for lateral loads resistance by the tabular concept [2].
Concrete encased steel composite sections are favored for many seismic resistant structures. When
the concrete encasement cracks under severe flexural overloading, the stiffness of the section
reduces but the steel core provides shear capacity and ductile resistance to subsequent cycles of
overload. Additionally, the surface area of the enclosed steel sections is intact by the concrete
cover, thus required no painting and fireproofing costs.
Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns are favored for many earthquake resistant structures,
columns in high rise buildings, bridge piers subject to high strain rate from traffic and railways
decks. Concrete filled steel tubes necessitate supplementary fire resistant insulation if fire
protection of the structure is crucial. The CFST structures have better constructability because the
steel tubes can be used as the formwork and the shoring system for casting concrete in construction.
Moreover, CFSTs provide high compressive and torsional resistance about all axes when
compared with concrete encased steel composite sections [3].
decreases because of the buckling failure domination. In the composite columns the
concrete delays the buckling when compressively loaded which enhances the capacity of
the element. Also, thinner steel section would be required in the presence of concrete thus
the cost is reduced.
3. Fireproofing Costs:
The steel sections has high load carrying capacity at normal range temperatures, but its
strength reduces immensely when exposed to high temperatures, thus fireproofing is
essential. This issue occurs in the case of CFST structures but not in the encased concrete
composite element because the steel section is protected by the surrounding concrete.
4. Construction:
The structural steel tube in the CFST acts as in-place framework. Fixing the steel tube for
casting concrete is much easier and less time consuming than fixing and removing frame
work. Also, the presence of steel tube minimizes the need for rebar fixing, which is one of
the most tedious works in the RC construction.
5. Ecology:
The reduction in wood consumption needed for the formwork is environmentally
advantageous. Also, it is much easier to reuse the concrete and the steel of CFST elements
compared to regular RC members.
6. Cost:
A comparison of typical costs of column construction has been compiled by Australian
consulting engineers, Webb and Peyton [4], and this is summarized in Table 1. This reveals
the competitive nature of the concrete- filled steel column when compared with
conventional reinforced concrete columns for buildings over 30 levels. This statistic will
be more favorable for concrete-filled steel columns in buildings of over 50 stories, which
are becoming common in many densely populated cities throughout the world.
Table 1: Comparison of Column Costs [4]
Type of
column
Relative
cost, 10
levels
Relative
cost, 30
levels
Concrete
Reinforced with steel
Concrete
erection
column
ConcreteEncased
Steel Strut
Tube
Steel Tube
Filled with
Full Steel
Filled with
Reinforced
Column
Concrete
Concrete
1.0
1.22
1.53
1.14
1.10
2.27
1.0
1.13
1.85
1.11
1.02
2.61
American code "American Institute for Steel Construction (LRFD) AISC 360-05".
2- Develop a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel for each one of the design codes to compute
the compressive capacity of CFST columns.
3- Prepare the geometry of CFST columns using SolidWorks and then linking them to
ANSYS to perform the rest of the finite element analysis process.
4- Verification and comparison of the results achieved in this study with those in the published
literature.
CHAPTER 2
stiffness of the concrete loaded only columns were about half that of the other CFTs tested, the
concrete loaded only columns obtained a greater yield and ultimate axial load capacity. [9]
Ellobody, et al. (2006) investigated the behavior and design of axially loaded circular CFST stub
columns through extensive computational studies performed using a Nonlinear Finite Element
code ABAQUS. The main goal of this research is to perform a parametric studies on the circular
CFST stub columns using the output data of the develop FE model. The data of the existing
experimental studies used in this paper covered a wide range of concrete cube strengths ranging
from 30MPa to 110MPa. Also, the column diameter to steel thickness ratio (Dt) ranged from 15
to 80. The CFST column strengths predicted by the computational analysis were compared to the
design strengths calculated using the European, Australian and American codes specifications. It
was found out that for the axially loaded CFST circular columns, the Australian and the American
Specifications are able to produce reliable limit state design when calibrated with the resistance
factor = 0.85. Also, the parametric study showed that the design strengths given by the European
Code are generally unconservative, while those of the Australian Standards and American
Specifications are conservative. [10]
Gupta, et al. (2007) performed experimental and computational studies on the behavior of axially
loaded circular concrete filled steel tubes columns. The experimental campaign consisted of eighty
one specimens which were concentrically loaded till failure. Also, the computational analysis was
performed using a Finite Element code ANSYS. The main objective of the developed nonlinear
finite element model was to investigate the load carrying mechanism of CFSTs. The four main
parameters investigated in this research are the diameter to thickness ratio (Dt), the grade of
concrete, the volume of fly ash in concrete mix and the length to tube diameter ratio (LD). The Dt
ratio ranged from 25 to 39 where different outer diameter and steel thickness were used. In
addition, design strength of 30MPa and 40MPa were used for the concrete infill of CFST
specimens It was observed that as the concrete strength increases the confinement effect of the
concrete infill decreases. Also, the energy absorbing capacity at a given deformation decreases
with the increase of fly ash up to 20%, but at 25% fly ash it increases again. Moreover, the slope
of the load verses deformation curves of the experimental data is found to be less than that of the
analytical model. [11]
Lama and Gardner (2008) investigated the compressive behavior of concrete filled stainless steel
columns with varying concrete infill strengths. They compared the compressive resistances of
these elements with the ones obtained from stainless steel hollow sections. Moreover, comparisons
were made with existing design rules based on Eurocode 4 and ACI-318. It was concluded that the
current design guidance in the codes can be safely used for concrete filled stainless steel tubes
despite being overly conservative especially for CHS. [12]
Kuranovas, et al (2009) presented a detailed analysis of existing experimental data of more than
1300 specimens of CFST. This huge number of specimens covered varies types of CFSTs such as
solid and hollow concrete core with rectangular and circular cross sectional areas with concentric
and eccentric axial loads applied with preloading and sustained load. The capacity of the tested
CFST samples were calculated using the approach suggested by EC4 in order to find the accuracy
of the predicted values compared with the actual ones. It was concluded that the design requirement
9
of CFST suggested in EC4 is a safe approach for determining the strength for all types of circular
CFST column studs given that the concrete infill strength is less than 100MPa. [13]
Roeder, et al (2010) presented a study which addresses combined axial and flexural loading and
determines the best models for predicting the stiffness and resistance of circular CFT. A database
of 122 test specimens was compiled and evaluated. The results indicate that the plastic stress
method is a simple yet effective method to predict the resistance of circular CFT components under
combined loading. These data show that current specifications provide inaccurate predictions of
the flexural stiffness, and a new stiffness expression is proposed. The proposed models permit
simple yet accurate predictions of stiffness and resistance and allow engineers to use CFT
components routinely in structural design. [14]
Liew, et al (2012) carried a test programme to investigate the performance of 27 axially loaded
column specimens, including 18 steel tubes infilled with ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) of
compressive strength close to 200 MPa, 4 steel tubes infilled with normal strength concrete (NSC)
and 5 hollow steel tubes. Steel fibres were added into the UHSC to study their effect in enhancing
the ductility and strength. Concrete filled double-tube columns were also investigated for potential
application in multi-storey and high-rise constructions. Test results showed that UHSC filled
tubular columns achieved ultra-high load-carrying capacities, but they could become brittle after
the maximum load was attained. In addition, the ductility and strength of composite columns
infilled with UHSC was improved by applying load only on the concrete core, adding steel fibres
into the concrete core or increasing the steel contribution ratio. Comparison of test results with
Eurocode 4s predictions indicates that the Eurocode 4 method could be safely extended to predict
the compressive resistance of UHSC filled composite stub columns. On average, Eurocode 4
approach underestimated the resistance by 14.6% if the confinement effect was not considered and
by 3.5% if the confinement effect was considered for all the specimens involving UHSC. However,
to ensure sufficient ductility, it is recommended that a minimum steel contribution ratio of 0.30 or
1% steel fibres should be used. Furthermore, strength enhancement due to confinement effect
should be ignored in estimating the ultimate strength of concrete filled composite columns with
Class 3 steel sections. [15]
Abdalla (2012) presented an experimental study to investigate the effect of some the main
influencing factors on the compressive behavior of circular CFST columns. The parameters of
interest are mainly the concretes compressive strength, the diameter-to-thickness ratio (Dt) and
the loading rates. The testing program includes two concretes compressive strengths of 44MPa
and 60MPa, three (Dt) ratios of 54, 32, and 20, and two relatively low loading rates of 0.6 and 60
kN/sec. A nonlinear finite element (FE) numerical model using the commercial finite element
software ABAQUS was also developed and verified using the proposed experimental results. It
was found that the effect of (Dt) ratio on the compressive behavior of the CFST column was
greater than the effect of the other factors. In addition, the CFST specimens stiffness was greatly
influenced by the (Dt) ratio as compared to the influence of the concrete infill compressive
strength or the loading rate.
10
Chapter 3
11
Geometric limits of various elements of the steel sections against local buckling under
compression.
Resistances of cross-sections and members to internal forces and moments.
Buckling resistance of the members, depending on their effective slenderness.
Local resistances to interfacial shear forces between the steel sections and the concrete.
Local resistances of the cross-sections at load introduction points.
12
Table 2:Maximum values (d/t), (h/t) and (b/t) with fy N/mm2 (based on Table 6.3, EC4) [16]
(1)
The composite column is doubly symmetrical and prismatic along its length.
The steel contribution ratio of the composite column is between 0.2 and 0.9.
13
(3)
Where:
14
(4)
(5)
3.1.4.5 Effective flexural stiffness, steel contribution ratio and relative slenderness
(clause 6.7.3.3):
1. The steel contribution ratio is defined as:
(6)
Where:
Npl,Rd is the plastic resistance to compression
2. The relative slenderness for the plane of bending being considered is given by:
(7)
Where:
Npl,Rk is the characteristic value of the plastic resistance to compression, instead of the design
strengths, the characteristic values are used.
Ncr is the elastic critical normal force for the relevant buckling mode, calculated with the effective
flexural stiffness (EI)eff.
(8)
Where:
l is the buckling length of the column.
(EI)eff is the characteristic value of the effective flexural stiffness of the composite column, and it
is obtained by combining the flexural stiffness of various components of the cross-section:
15
(9)
Where:
Ke is a correction factor that should be taken as 0.6.
Ia, Ic, and Is are the second moments of area of the structural steel section, the un-cracked concrete
section and the reinforcement for the bending plane being considered.
Ea and Es are the moduli of elasticity of the steel section and the steel reinforcement respectively.
Ecm is the secant modulus of the concrete according to BS EN 1992-1-1.
In general, the buckling length, 1 of an isolated non-sway composite column may conservatively
be taken as its system length, L. Alternatively, the buckling length may be determined using Annex
E of BS EN 1993-1-1.
(11)
Where:
(12)
The factor c used to allow for different levels of both geometrical and mechanical imperfections
in the columns, and the values of c are 0.21, 0.34 and 0.49 for buckling curves a, b and c
respectively [17], as shown:
16
Table 3: Buckling curves and member imperfections for composite columns(based on table 6.5, EC4)
[16]
17
18
19
= 34.52 106 4
64
64
250
=
= 250 2
25
=
= 16.67 2
1.5
2.4.1.2 (BS EN
1994-2:2005)
20
235
235
max ( ) = 90
= 90
= 84.6
250
15.98 < 84.6
6.7.3.2 (1)
6.7.3.3 (3)
= 0.6
= 9500( + 8)
1
3
= 9500(25 + 8)
1
3
= 30471.58 2
6.7.3.3 (2)
, = + 1.0 +
, = (7592.63 250 + 1.0 24772.84 25 + 0) 103
21
6.7.3.2 (1)
, = 2517.48
2 ()
=
2
= = 1.0 0.609 = 0.609
2 8142.14
=
= 216672.47
0.6092
2517.48
=
= 0.11
216672.47
For 0.5 < 0.1:
, = + (1 +
) +
6.7.3.2 (6)
= 0 = , =
= 0.25(3 + 2 ) = 0.25(3 + 2 0.11) = 0.81 1.0
2
12.7 250
) + 0) 103
203 25
, = 2743.62
6.7.1 (4)
6.7.3.1 (1)
1
2
+ 2
1.0
22
1
0.48 + 0.482 0.112
= 1.0
, = 1 2743.62
, = 2743.62
23
3.4.1 Keywords:
The solver is divided into 3 main parts and the cells background is chosen to identify what the
cell represents. The parts are:
1. Input (Green Background)
2. Process (Light Grey background)
3. Output (Light orange background)
3.4.2 Inputs:
1. First, the user inserts the material properties of the concrete which are:
Characteristics value of the cylinder compressive strength at 28 days fck (N/mm2)
24
3. After that, insert the design value of the compressive normal force Ned (KN)
4. Finally, insert geometric properties of the cross-section:
Diameter D (mm).
Thickness of steel t (mm).
Length of column L (mm).
1. First, the excel sheet calculates the cross-section properties of concrete and steel:
Cross-sectional area of the structural steel section Aa (mm2)
Second moment of area of the structural steel section Ia (mm4)
Cross-sectional area of the concrete section Ac (mm2)
Second moment of area of the un-cracked concrete section Ic (mm4)
25
2. Then, the program checks the material limitation, whether they are valid or not, by checking
the following:
The steel contribution ratio falls between 0.2 and 0.9
The relative slenderness is less than or equal 2
26
c. After that, the program determines the reduction factor for flexural buckling
d. At last, the program checks that the buckling resistance of the composite column in axial
compression multiplying by the reduction factor for flexural buckling Npl,Rd (KN) is
greater than or equal to the design value of the compressive normal force Ned (KN)
27
Chapter 4
28
4.1.1General provisions:
4.1.1.1 Nominal Strength of Composite Sections (clause I1.1.):
The code provides two methods for determining the nominal strength of composite sections: the
plastic stress distribution method and the strain compatibility method. The tensile strength of the
concrete shall be neglected in the determination of the nominal strength of composite members.
Plastic Stress Distribution Method is used in this study.
29
2. The maximum D/t ratio for a round HSS filled with concrete shall be 0.15 E/Fy. Higher ratios
are permitted when their use is justified by testing or analysis.
4.1.3.1.2 Compressive Strength (clause I2.2.b.):
The design compressive strength c Pn, and allowable compressive strength, Pn/c, for axially
loaded filled composite columns shall be determined for the limit state of flexural buckling as
follows [21]:
c= 0.75 (LRFD) c = 2.00 (ASD)
(13)
(a) When Pe 0.44Po
(14)
(b) When Pe < 0.44Po
(15)
Where:
(16)
C2 = 0.85 for rectangular sections and 0.95 for circular sections
(17)
And where:
As = area of the steel section, in.2 (mm2)
Ac = area of concrete, in.2 (mm2)
Asr = area of continuous reinforcing bars, in.2 (mm2)
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete = wc1.5, ksi
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = 29,000 ksi (210 MPa)
= specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi (MPa)
Fy = specified minimum yield stress of steel section, ksi (MPa)
Fyr = specified minimum yield stress of reinforcing bars, ksi (MPa)
Ic = moment of inertia of the concrete section, in.4 (mm4)
Is = moment of inertia of steel shape, in.4 (mm4)
Isr = moment of inertia of reinforcing bars, in.4 (mm4)
K = the effective length factor determined in accordance with Chapter C
L = laterally unbraced length of the member, in. (mm)
wc = weight of concrete per unit volume (90 wc 155 lbs/ft3 or 1500 wc 2500 kg/m3)
Where:
EIeff = effective stiffness of composite section, kip-in.2 (N-mm2)
30
(18)
31
= 0.658
0.44
(I2.1b.I2-3)
(I2.1b.I2-2)
= + + 2
(I2.2b.I2-13)
2
2
(I2.1b.I2-5)
2 = 0.95
=1
= + + 3
(I2.2b.I2-14)
3 = 0.6 + 2
0.9 ;
0.01
+
+
(I2.2b.I2-15)
32
(7.99 2 0.5)4
= 117.194
64
= 82.874
64
64
33
Section I 1.2
3- The cross sectional area of the steel HSS shall comprise at least 1% of
the total composite cross section.
Section I 2.2 a
Section I 2.2 a
7.99
=
= 15.98
0.5
0.15
29000
= 0.15
= 119.97
36.26
Eq (12-13)
Section I 2.2 b
2
()2
Section I 2.5
Section I 2.4
= + + 3
3 = 0.6 + 2 (
) 0.9
+
Eq (12-15)
11.77
3 = 0.6 + 2 (
) = 1.069 > 0.9
11.77 + 38.4
3 = 0.9
= 29000 82.8 + 0 + 0.9 3326.64 117.19
= 2754094.05. 2
34
2 2754094.05
=
(1.0 23.98)2
= 47269.41
0.44
Section I 2.1
( )
Therefore, = (0.658
Section I 2.1 d
559.2
= 559.2 (0.658(47269.41) )
= 556.44
= 0.75
Section I 2.1
35
4.4.1 Keywords:
The solver is divided into 3 main parts and the cells background is chosen to identify what the
cell represents. The parts are:
1. Input (Green Background)
2. Process (Light Grey background)
3. Output (Light orange background)
4.4.2 Input:
3. After that, insert the design value of the compressive normal force (KN).
4. Finally, insert geometric properties of the cross-section:
Diameter D (mm).
Thickness of steel t (mm).
Length of column L (mm).
1. First, the excel sheet calculates the cross-section properties of concrete and steel:
Area of steel cross-section As (in2)
Moment of inertia of steel shape Is (in4)
Area of concrete cross-section Ac (in2)
Moment of inertia of the concrete section Ic (in4)
2. Then, the program checks the material limitation, whether they are valid or not, by checking
the following:
37
The Specified minimum compressive strength of concrete fc' (ksi) falls between 3 ksi
and 10 ksi
The minimum yield stress should not exceed 75 ksi
The cross-sectional area of the steel shall comprise at least one percent of the total
composite cross section.
The maximum D/t ratio shall be equal to 0.15 E/Fy
3. Now the program will calculate the available compressive strength by calculating:
Nominal axial compressive strength without consideration of length effects Po (kips)
Effective stiffness of composite section (EI)eff (kip.in2)
Euler buckling load, evaluated in the plane of bending Pe kips
Nominal axial strength Pn (kips)
4. At last, the program checks that the nominal axial strength multiplied by the resistance factor
for axially loaded composite columns cPn is greater than or equal to the design value of
the compressive normal force.
38
Chapter 5
39
[1] [24]
(19)
The Australian Standard for concrete structures, AS 3600, will not allow confinement, as it does
not treat the behavior of concrete-filled steel columns directly. The concrete contribution to
strength can be determined by using:
(20)
The steel strength can be determined from Eq:
(21)
If one combines the concrete and steel strengths, Nuc and Nus, respectively, from the AS 3600 and
AS 4100 analysis, the resulting ultimate axial strength can be written as:
(22)
(23)
40
5.1.2.1.2 Short braced column with small bending moments (clause 10.3.30:
The bending moments in a short interior column of a braced rectangular framed building structure
may be disregarded if:
The ratio of the longer to the shorter length of any two adjacent spans does not exceed 1.2
The loads are essentially uniformly distributed
The live load (q) doesnt exceed twice the did load (g)
The cross-section of the column is symmetrically reinforced
If all the condition is applied the design axial strength (Nu) is taken as not greater than (0.75Nu).
5.1.2.2 Slenderness:
5.1.2.2.1 General (clause 10.5.1):
The slenderness ratio (Le/r) of a column shall not exceed 120
5.1.2.2.2 Radius of gyration (clause 10.5.2):
The radius of gyration (r) shall be calculated for the gross concrete cross-section. For a rectangular
section, r may be taken as 0.3D, where D is the overall dimension in the direction in which stability
is being considered and for a circular cross-section, r may be taken as 0.25D
5.1.2.2.3 Calculation of Nuo (clause 10.6.3):
The ultimate strength in compression (Nuo) shall be calculated by assuming:
a) A uniform concrete compressive stress of 0.85 fc
b) A maximum strain in the steel and the concrete of 0.0025
41
(25)
Where:
the capacity factor
Ns the nominal section capacity
Nc the nominal member capacity
(27)
Where:
Ae the effective area
Ag the gross area of the section.
The effective area (Ae) shall be calculated from the gross area by summing the effective areas of
the individual elements, whose effective widths are determined as following:
5.1.3.2.2 Effective width (clause 6.2.4):
The effective width (be) for a flat plate element shall be calculated as follows:
(28)
42
The effective outside diameter (de) for a circular hollow section shall be the lesser of:
(29)
Alternatively, the effective width (be) for a flat plate element may be obtained from the following:
(30)
Where kb is the elastic buckling coefficient for the element. For a flat plate element supported
along both longitudinal edges:
kbo = 4.0
And for a flat plate element supported along one longitudinal edge (outstand):
kbo = 0.425
The elastic buckling coefficient (kb) for the flat plate element shall be determined from a rational
elastic buckling analysis of the whole member as a flat plate assemblage.
Table 4: Values of plate element yield slenderness limit (based on table 6.2.4, AS4100) [23]
43
(31)
Where:
b the clear width of the element outstand from the face of the supporting plate element, or the clear
width of the element between the faces of the supporting plate elements.
t the thickness of the plate.
For circular hollow sections, the element slenderness (e) shall be calculated as follows:
(32)
Where:
do the outside diameter of the section
t the wall thickness of the section.
(34)
44
(35)
45
Table 6 values of member section constant (b) for kf < 1.0 (based on table 6.3.3(2),AS4100)
[23]
46
47
25 60 (1 + ) (1
)
2
0.6
10.3.1
10.5
= 609 =
10.5.2
48
= 0.85
= 0.85
= 0.85 24772.84 25 103 = 526.42
6.1
5.3.2.1 Nominal section capacity ( ):The nominal section capacity will be determined according to the formula:
=
6.2.1
6.2.2
(2 ( 2)2 )
=
4
The effective outside diameter ( ) for a circular hollow section shall be
the lesser of:
= ( )
6.2.4
And
2
3
= (
)
49
203 250
= ( ) (
)=(
)(
) = 15.98
250
12.7 250
6.2.3
= 82
Table 6.2.4
= 203
82
= 459.85 > 203
15.98
3 82 2
= 203 (
) = 48107.5 > 203
15.98
= 203
=
= = = 7592.632
=
=1
6.2.1
= = 7592.842
= 1 7592.84 250 103 = 1898.21
5.3.2.2 Nominal member capacity ( ):First, the effective length will be determined according to the formula:
=
6.3.2
= 1
4.6.3
Figure 4.6.3.2
= 1 = 609
Nominal capacity of a member of constant cross-section will be
determined according to the formula:
=
6.3.3
90 2
= [1 [1 ( ) ]]
(90) + 1 +
2
2 (90)
50
= +
= 0.00326( 13.5) 0
= ( ) ( )(
)
250
=
=
(4 ( 2)4 )
64
34523111.73
=
= 67.43
7592.63
= (
=
=
609
250
) 1
= 9.03
67.43
250
2100( 13.5)
2 15.3 + 2050
2100(9.03 13.5)
= 4.71
9.032 15.3 9.03 + 2050
13.74 2
90
) + 1 + 0.0007
2(
13.74 2
90
= 21.97
2
90
= 21.97 [1 [1 (
) ]] = 0.999
21.97 13.74
51
Table 3.4
= 0.80 ( )
= 0.80 1896.645
= 1517.316
6.1
= 0.80 1898.21
= 1518.57
, = 1517.316
Finally, the ultimate capacity of the whole section is the summation of the
ultimate capacity of concrete section and ultimate capacity of steel section.
So:
= +
= 526.42 + 1517.316 = 2043.739
52
5.4.2 Input:
3. After that, insert the design value of the compressive normal force (KN).
4. Finally, insert geometric properties of the cross-section:
Diameter D (mm).
Thickness of steel t (mm).
Length of column Lu (mm).
1. First, the excel sheet calculates the cross-section properties of concrete and steel:
Cross-sectional area of the structural steel section As (mm2)
Second moment of area of the structural steel section Is (mm4)
Cross-sectional area of the concrete section Ac (mm2)
2. Then the calculation will divide into two part: calculation for concrete and calculation for steel
tube as follow:
54
3. In the first part, the program will check whether the column is short or slender by checking
that the effective length Le over the radius of gyration is less than or equal 25 (for short
column).
4. Then the concrete compressive Strength will be calculated Nuc (KN).
5. In the second part, the nominal section capacity Ns (KN) will be calculated by calculating
the following:
a. The section slenderness e
b. Plate element yield slenderness ey using table 6.2.4
c. The effective outside diameter for a circular hollow section de (mm)
d. The effective area of steel section Ae (mm2)
e. The gross area of the section Ag (mm2)
f. The form factor kf
55
6. The nominal member capacity Nc (KN) will be calculated by calculating the following:
a. Effective length Le (mm)
b. The radius of gyration of steel section r (mm)
c. The modified member slenderness n
d. Compression member section constant b using Table 6.3.3(l)
e. Compression member factor a
f. Slenderness ratio
g. Compression member imperfection factor
h. Compression member factor
i. Compression member slenderness reduction factor c
7. After that, the program will determine the steel tube section capacity Nus (KN)
8. The total capacity of the entire section Nu (KN) will be calculated by adding the concrete
compressive Strength Nus (KN) and the steel tube strength Nuc (KN).
9. Finally, the program will check whether the section is safe or not by checking that the applied
force is less than or equal to the section capacity.
56
Chapter 6
57
6.2 Model
The samples are modeled using the commercial software SolidWorks 2013 [26]. The reason
behind using SolidWorks instead of ANSYS to model the sample, is due to the complexity of
ANSYS in modelling and lack of a friendly user interface. Each part is drawn separately and the
combined using mate function.
The model is imported to ANSYS and assigned the material properties to each part of it. The
stiffness behavior of the steel tube and concrete core were assumed to be flexible.
58
59
Figure 29: CFST column with loading and base plate; force applied on the loading plate
The second approach is more realistic and similar to experimental tests conducted by Shneider
[28] as it is seen that the steel tube bulges out at the center under load, thus separating from the
concrete surface, which is not possible in the first approach. Surprisingly, the second approach
gave higher capacity of the section by 105% to 120%. In this report, the second approach is used.
Figure 30: Seperation of Steel and concrete after the application of load
62
63
There are 3 types of parts in each CFST model: steel tube, concrete core and steel plates that
cover the bottom and top of the column. Their procedure of drawing are the same. First of all, the
plane of drawing should be selected to draw the part which is the top plane in the case of the
columns. A circle is drawn on the plane. To draw the circle, the centroid and the radius of the
circle should be specified.
64
For the steel tubes, another circle should be drawn with the same centroid and the same radius
but subtracting the thickness of the steel wall.
The part is then drawn in 3 dimensions. Here, the missed dimension is the depth. So by using the
command "Extrude", the part will be extruded. The command allows to insert the value of
extrude. The value in this case will be the length of the column.
65
The resultant parts are then assembled in an assembly file. After establishing the file, the parts
should be inserted. The parts can be placed randomly.
66
In order to place each part in its appropriate place, the command "Mate" is used. This command
includes some options to relate surfaces of parts with other surfaces of different parts.
67
To make all parts in the same centroid for the vertical axis, the surrounding surface should be
selected and the mate command "Concentric" should be applied to them. For example, to bring
the concrete core inside the steel tube, the wall of the steel tube and the surrounding surface of
concrete core should be selected and the command should be applied to them. Also, to make
each part in its appropriate elevation, the plane surfaces that should be in the same level should
be selected and mate command "Coincident" should be applied to them. For example, to put the
plate on the top of the column, the bottom surface of the plate and the top surface of the column
should be selected and the command should be applied to them. Finally, the assembled model
will be ready to save and import in ANSYS to complete the other procedure.
68
The stiffness behavior is assumed Flexible. The coordinate system is not changed. For the
Concrete Core, Concrete material is assigned to it. Whereas, for the Steel tube, base plate and
loading plate, Structural Steel material is assigned.
The contact between the Steel tube and the Concrete core are assumed to be frictional with a
friction coefficient of 0.25. Whereas, the other parts are assumed to be bonded.
69
Figure 47: Contacts between each part of the model in ANSYS Mechanical
Figure 48: Details of the contact between Concrete Core and Steel tube in ANSYS Mechanical
70
Figure 50: Setting up the model under Static Structural in ANSYS Mechanical
71
For the Loading plate, it is assumed that it is fixed against any degree of freedom except for the
displacement in the Y component. This is achieved by choosing Remote displacement. The
Geometry selected is the upper face of the loading plate. The displacement of Y component is
chosen as free which means that it is free to move. Whereas, the displacement of X and Z
components is chosen as constant which gave the value 0. m. This means that it is fixed against
displacement in the X and Z components. The rotation about X, Y and Z components is similarly
chosen as constant, which gave the value 0. and means that it is fixed against rotation in all
the components.
2. Stress Ratio
3. Stress Probe
[29]
Equivalent stress (also called von Mises stress) is often used in design work because it allows
any arbitrary three-dimensional stress state to be represented as a single positive stress value. It
shows the stresses in each element of the model irrespective of the material properties.
73
the maximum stress ratio is greater than 1, the stress exceeds the strength of the material making
the model unsafe against the applied force.
74
75
Chapter 7
76
Cross-Sectional Properties
Outer
Length
Wall
Diameter
As
Ac
As/Atotal
(L)
thickness L/D D/t
2
2
(D)
(mm ) (mm )
(%)
(mm)
(t) (mm)
(mm)
600
120
2.18
5
55
808
10502
7.14
1800
360
4.24
5
85 4734
97054
4.65
3600
720
8.47
5
85 18935 388216
4.65
Proposed FEM by
FE
Shneider
Analysis
[28]
PFE1
(kN)
PFE2
(kN)
491.6
3981.1
15904.3
535
3830
15100
PFE1/ PFE2
The results of the FE analysis in this report are very close to the results of the analysis by Shneider.
The ratio of the results of this report to that of Shneider ranges from 0.92 to 1.05. It can be seen
that in small sample sizes, the results of this report are less than that by Shneider, whereas for
larger sections, the results are greater than that by Shneider. Similarly, for higher As/Atotal ratio,
the results are less than that of Shneider.
The differences in the results are due to many reasons. The major reason is the type of mesh used.
In this report, the automatic method of defining the mesh is used. Whereas, in the study by
Shneider, two types of mesh were chosen, which are different for the steel and the concrete. The
steel tube was modeled using an 8-node shell element, with five degrees of freedom at each node.
The concrete core was modeled using 20-node brick elements, with three translational degrees of
freedom at each node.
Another reason is the software used in the analysis. Shneider used ABAQUS software, where as
in this report, ANSYS software was used. The ABAQUS software used was quite old. It was
released in 1994, whereas the ANSYS used was released in 2011. This 17 years difference may
have resulted in a lot changes in the way softwares analyses structures.
77
0.92
1.04
1.05
Lastly, the assumptions on which the analysis is based may be different. In this report, loading
plate and base plate were fixed at the top and bottom respectively. Schneider did not mention that
plates were fixed in the FEM but in his experimental tests, plates were fixed. Also, the value of
Modulus of Elasticity used was not mentioned.
Material
Properties
Cross-Sectional Properties
Length
(L)
(mm)
300
300
300
Euro
Code
Outer Wall
Conc. Steel
Dia. thick.
As
Ac
As/Atotal
PEC1
D/t
fcu
fy
(D)
(t)
(mm2) (mm2)
(%)
(kN)
(MPa) (MPa)
(mm) (mm)
114
2.85 40
995
9212
9.75
30
343 792.12
114
2.07 55
728
9479
7.13
30
343 663.87
114
2.07 55
728
9479
7.13
50
343 780.70
E.
Ellobody
PEC2
(kN)
798.5
654.3
800.4
The results of the Euro code computation in this report were almost similar to that of Ellobody.
The ratio of the results in this report to that of Ellobody ranges from 0.98 to 1.01. This similarity
in the results confirms the results in this report. The reason for the similarities are due to the fact
that the same code is used (EN 1994-1-1:2001). These small differences are most likely due to
rounding errors in calculations.
78
Ratio
PEC1/
PEC2
0.99
1.01
0.98
used in this report is the latest version of the code which have a separate chapter for composite
column and different formulae.
Table 9: Verification of American code (AISC/LRFD) results
American
Shneider
Code
Cross-Sectional Properties
Length
(L)
(mm)
600
1800
3600
Outer
Dia.
(D)
(mm)
120
360
720
Wall
thick.
(t)
(mm)
2.18
4.24
8.47
L/D D/t
5
5
5
55
85
85
As
Ac
As/Atotal
(mm^2) (mm^2)
(%)
808
4734
18935
10502
97054
388216
7.14
4.65
4.65
Pcr1 (kN)
Pcr2 (kN)
520.5
3820.7
15275.5
523
3985
15938
Ratio
Pcr1/
Pcr2
1.00
0.96
0.96
Another reason for the differences is that Shneider did not mention the weight of concrete per unit
volume (wc) assumed in his calculation. The value of wc is required in determining the value of the
Modulus of Elasticity of concrete (Ecm). Thus, Ecm value changes and therefore the results are
effected.
Material
Properties
Cross-Sectional Properties
Outer Wall
Length
As/
Conc. Steel
Dia. thick.
As
Ac
(L)
D/t
Atotal
fcu
fy
(D)
(t)
(mm^2) (mm^2)
(mm)
(%) (MPa) (MPa)
(mm) (mm)
300
114
2.85
40
995
9212
9.75
300
114
2.07
55
728
9479
7.13
300
114
2.07
55
728
9479
7.13
30
343
30
343
50
343
Austral.
E.
Code
Ellobody
Nu1
(kN)
Ratio
Nu1/
Nu2 (kN) Nu2
507.76
529.5
0.96
441.29
443.2
1.00
602.43
572.2
1.05
The results of the Australian code computation in this report were close to those published by
Ellobody. The ratio of the results of this report to that of Ellobody ranges from 0.96 to 1.05.
79
The reason behind these differences are due to the fact that Ellobody uses the American Concrete
Institute standard (ACI) which was used as the Australian standard before the release of a separate
Australian standard. In this report, AS-4100 [23] was used for steel tube and AS-3600 [22] was
used for the concrete core. Thus, the results used in this report are using an updated standard with
different formulae.
Cross-Sectional Properties
Length
(L)
(mm)
600
600
1800
1800
3600
3600
Outer
Dia.
(D)
(mm)
120
120
360
360
720
720
Wall
thick.
(t)
(mm)
2.18
12.00
4.24
36.00
8.47
28.80
Euro
Code
American
Code
Australian
Code
As
(mm2)
Ac
(mm2)
As/Atotal
(%)
Npl,Rd
(kN)
Pcr (kN)
Nu (kN)
807
4072
4739
36644
18933
62538
10503
7238
97049
65144
388217
344612
7.13
36.00
4.66
36.00
4.65
15.36
434.9
1483.3
3028.3
13350
12105.6
27112.8
520.5
1632.2
3820.7
14689.8
15275.5
30179.8
383.2
1155.6
2851.6
10400
11401
21718
It has been found that the American code gave the highest compressive capacity in all the samples.
The Australian code gave the lowest compressive capacity in all the samples. Whereas, the Euro
code gave results between the American and the Australian code.
The large differences are due to many reasons. One of the reasons is the differences in the limits
of local buckling checks between the American and the Euro code. The American Standard limits
( 0.15 /) are generally greater than that of the Euro code limits ( 90 235/).
Another reason, is due to the increase in strength of concrete by confinement. The Euro code
mentions clearly how to deal with the confinement effect by providing a formula to check whether
the concrete confines for the sample size while in the American code the confinement effect was
not considered.
The difference in the equations between the codes resulted in the large differences in the capacities.
The calculation of the relative slenderness of the section is different in the three standards and their
limits are different. Similarly, the calculation of the effective stiffness of the composite section is
80
different in the Euro code than that for the others. Also, there is a reduction factor due to column
buckling in the Euro code, which is not found in the American code.
There is a difference in the limitation of the compressive strength of the concrete and the yield
stress of the steel; for the Euro code to that of the American code. For example, the compressive
strength of concrete in the Euro code should not exceed 50 MPa, whereas that of the American
code should range between 21 MPa and 70 MPa. Thus, Euro code cannot be used for high strength
concrete.
The Australian Standard cannot be compared directly with other standards, because as mentioned
previously that it does not have a separate formulas for composite sections, but it follows the same
procedure of ACI standard and uses steel code and concrete code to calculate the capacities of the
steel tube and the concrete core respectively. The Australian steel standard AS-4100 suggest a set
of slenderness limits that do not allow for the beneficial effect of local buckling. Also, the effect
of concrete confinement is ignored in the Australian standard.
From an economical point of view, the American gives the least conservative results (highest
capacity). This will give the cheapest section for the same capacity compared to the other
standards. On the other hand, the Australian standard will be the most expensive. Another
advantage of the American standard is that it provides small sections which provides more space
in the buildings.
Cross-Sectional Properties
American
Code
Australian
Code
PFE/PEC
PFE/Pcr
PFE/Nu
492
1.13
0.94
1.28
1035
0.70
0.63
0.90
3981
1.31
1.04
1.40
10400
9633
0.72
0.66
0.93
15276
11401
15904
1.31
1.04
1.39
30180
21718
23506
0.87
0.78
1.08
600
Outer
Dia.
(D)
(mm)
120
Wall
thick.
(t)
(mm)
2.18
55
7.14
435
521
383
600
120
12.00
10
36.00
1483
1632
1156
1800
360
4.24
85
4.65
3028
3821
2852
1800
360
36.00
10
36.00
13350
14690
3600
720
8.47
85
4.65
12106
3600
720
28.80
25
15.36
27113
Length
(L)
(mm)
D/t
As/Atotal
(%)
PEC
(kN)
Proposed
FE
Analysis
Pcr (kN)
Nu (kN)
PFE (kN)
It has been observed that for a small thickness of the steel tube (small As/Atotal ratio) and large
concrete core diameter, the FEM results are generally greater than those obtained from the codes.
This shows that the codes results are conservative when it comes to small thickness of steel tube.
As the steel thickness increases, the FEM results decreases compared to the ones from the codes.
81
These variation are due to number of reasons. The selection of the mesh elements in FEM analysis
is performed using the automatic meshing in ANSYS. If different elements were chosen for the
steel tube, the results may have changed. Another reason, is due to the fact that the codes gives the
capacities of the section as a whole. It does not separate the capacity of steel from concrete. Thus,
it does not specify whether the failure occurs in concrete or steel. Whereas, in the FEM analysis it
clearly specifies where the failure occurs. In all the samples chosen, the failure occurred in the
concrete core. This is the reason behind the low value of compressive capacity obtained by the
FEM compared with the other codes, for large diameter of concrete and small steel tube thickness.
It has been observed that most of the results of the Australian standard are conservative compared
with those from FEM results. Whereas, the other codes yielded different results depending on the
steel thickness. Some samples results where conservative while the others gave higher values.
82
Chapter 8
83
84
8.2 Recommendations
The following directions could be taken to extend this research, address some of the issues
encountered, and improve the quality of predictions provided by the FEM model:
1. Design of CFST column subjected to both axial compression and bending moment.
2. Use more standards in the design, like British standard, Chinese standard, Canadian standard
etc., for the sake of comparison.
3. Design other types of composite columns such as square hollow section, concrete encased
sections, and partially encased concrete sections.
4. Include shear connectors in the design.
5. Include reinforcement in the design.
6. Design the mesh element separately instead of using the automatic method found in ANSYS.
7. Design of a slender composite columns (high length/diameter ratio)
8. Perform experimental results and compare the results with the codes and FEM analysis.
9. Perform cost study to find the most economical section for a given load by preparing a
spreadsheet software.
10. Perform cost study to find the most economical type of column; composite column, steel
column and reinforced concrete column.
11. Find the effects of different Poissons ratio for the concrete infill in FEM analysis.
12. Design CFST columns with pin connected ends using FEM analysis and compare them with
fixed connections assumed in this study.
13. Compare the results in this study with the results of the load applied to the concrete core only.
85
References
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87
88
Appendix
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
99
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
100
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
101
102
American code:
Sample 1: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=2.18 mm)
103
Australian code:
Sample 1: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=2.18 mm)
104
Finite Element:
Sample 1: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=2.18 mm)
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
105
Euro code:
Sample 2: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=12 mm)
106
American code:
Sample 2: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=12 mm)
107
Australian code:
Sample 2: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=12 mm)
108
Finite Element:
Sample 2: (L=600 mm, D=120 mm, t=12 mm)
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
109
Euro code:
Sample 3: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=4.24 mm)
110
American code:
Sample 3: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=4.24 mm)
111
Australian code:
Sample 3: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=4.24 mm)
112
Finite Element:
Sample 3: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=4.24 mm)
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
113
Euro code:
Sample 4: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=36 mm)
114
American code:
Sample 4: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=36 mm)
115
Australian code:
Sample 4: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=36 mm)
116
Finite Element:
Sample 4: (L=1800 mm, D=360 mm, t=36 mm)
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
117
Euro code:
Sample 5: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=8.47 mm)
118
American code:
Sample 5: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=8.47 mm)
119
Australian code:
Sample 5: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=8.47 mm)
120
Finite Element:
Sample 5: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=8.47 mm)
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
121
Euro code:
Sample 6: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=28.8 mm)
122
American code:
Sample 6: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=28.8 mm)
123
Australian code:
Sample 6: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=28.8 mm)
124
Finite Element:
Sample 6: (L=3600 mm, D=720 mm, t=28.8 mm)
Force Applied
Equivalent Stress
Stress Ratio
125