4G

Emerging trends & Market

scenario
In India
Submitted to
INDERDEEP KAUR AULAKH
Submitted by
Pawan Kumar Thakur

INTRODUCTION
4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for FourthGeneration, is a term used to describe the next complete evolution in
wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a
comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia
can be given to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher
data rates than previous generations. The approaching 4G (fourth
generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve stillremaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a
wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition
video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly
to include several types of broadband wireless access communication
systems, not only cellular telephone systems. One of the terms used to
describe 4G is MAGIC-Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere, Global
mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal
service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular
broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much interest in
the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will support
the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed
wireless networks. Researchers and vendors are expressing a growing
interest in 4G wireless networks that support global roaming across
multiple wireless and mobile networksfor example, from a cellular
network to a satellite-based network to a high-bandwidth wireless LAN.
With this feature, users will have access to different services, increased
coverage, the convenience of a single device, one bill with reduced total
access cost, and more reliable wireless access even with the failure or
loss of one or more networks. 4G networks will also feature IP
interoperability for seamless mobile Internet access and bit rates of 50
Mbps or more.

FEATURES OF 4G
Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet,
and other broadband services
IP based mobile system
High speed, high capacity, and low costperbit
Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services
Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Servicedriven services
Better scheduling and calladmissioncontrol techniques
Adhoc and multihop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice
make multihop network service a difficult problem)
Better spectral efficiency
Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G
will be allIP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common
network technologies, including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and
Hyper LAN).
An infrastructure to handle preexisting 3G systems along with other
wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development.

KEY4GTECHNOLOGIES
Someofthekeytechnologiesrequiredfor4Garebrieflydescribed
below:
OFDMA
OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing(OFDM)notonlyprovides
clearadvantagesforphysicallayerperformance,butalsoaframework
forimprovinglayer2performancebyproposinganadditionaldegreeof
freedom.UsingODFM,itispossibletoexploitthetimedomain,the
spacedomain,thefrequencydomainandeventhecodedomainto
optimizeradiochannelusage.Itensuresveryrobusttransmissionin
multipathenvironmentswithreducedreceivercomplexity.OFDMalso
providesafrequencydiversitygain,improvingthephysicallayer
performance.Itisalsocompatiblewithotherenhancement
Technologies,suchassmartantennasandMIMO.OFDMmodulation
canalsobeemployedasamultipleaccesstechnology(Orthogonal
FrequencyDivisionMultipleAccess;OFDMA).Inthiscase,each
OFDMsymbolcantransmitinformationto/fromseveralusersusinga
differentsetofsubcarriers(subchannels).Thisnotonlyprovides
additionalflexibilityforresourceallocation(increasingthecapacity),
butalsoenablescrosslayeroptimizationofradiolinkusage.
SOFTWAREDEFINEDRADIO
SoftwareDefinedRadio(SDR)benefitsfromtodayshighprocessing
powertodevelopmultiband,multistandardbasestationsandterminals.
Althoughinfuturetheterminalswilladapttheairinterfacetothe
availableradioaccesstechnology,atpresentthisisdonebythe
infrastructure.SeveralinfrastructuregainsareexpectedfromSDR.For

example,toincreasenetworkcapacityataspecifictime(e.g.duringa
sportsevent),anoperatorwillreconfigureitsnetworkaddingseveral
modemsatagivenBaseTransceiverStation(BTS).SDRmakesthis
reconfigurationeasy.Inthecontextof4Gsystems,SDRwillbecomean
enablerfortheaggregationofmultistandardpico/microcells.Fora
manufacturer,thiscanbeapowerfulaidtoprovidingmultistandard,
multibandequipmentwithreduceddevelopmenteffortandcosts
throughsimultaneousmultichannelprocessing.
MULTIPLEINPUTMULTIPLEOUTPUT
MIMOusessignalmultiplexingbetweenmultipletransmittingantennas
(spacemultiplex)andtimeorfrequency.ItiswellsuitedtoOFDM,asit
ispossibletoprocessindependenttimesymbolsassoonastheOFDM
waveformiscorrectlydesignedforthechannel.ThisaspectofOFDM
greatlysimplifiesprocessing.Thesignaltransmittedbymantennasis
receivedbynantennas.Processingofthereceivedsignalsmaydeliver
severalperformanceimprovements:range,qualityofreceivedsignaland
spectrumefficiency.Inprinciple,MIMOismoreefficientwhenmany
multiplepathsignalsarereceived.Theperformanceincellular
deploymentsisstillsubjecttoresearchandsimulations.However,itis
generallyadmittedthatthegaininspectrumefficiencyisdirectlyrelated
totheminimumnumberofantennasinthelink.
HANDOVERANDMOBILITY
HandovertechnologiesbasedonmobileIPtechnologyhavebeen
consideredfordataandvoice.MobileIPtechniquesareslowbutcanbe
acceleratedwithclassicalmethods(hierarchical,fastmobileIP).These
methodsareapplicabletodataandprobablyalsovoice.Insingle
frequencynetworks,itisnecessarytoreconsiderthehandovermethods.

Severaltechniquescanbeusedwhenthecarriertointerferenceratiois
negative(e.g.VSFOFDM,bitrepetition),butthedrawbackofthese
techniquesiscapacity.InOFDM,thesamealternativeexistsasin
CDMA,whichistousemacrodiversity.InthecaseofOFDM,MIMO
allowsmacrodiversityprocessingwithperformancegains.However,
theimplementationofmacrodiversityimpliesthatMIMOprocessingis
centralizedandtransmissionsaresynchronous.Thisisnotascomplexas
inCDMA,butsuchatechniqueshouldonlybeusedinsituationswhere
spectrumisveryscarce.