APANESE _ ADJECTIVES a 4OMOOSGNVH 3HL # 3a Zz 4 & a 29 a : 6INTENTS Prefice 9 ‘ADJECTIVES _ 4 Inredacion 11 Typeset Ades Aviary Adjectives 14 Tensesof Adjectives 15 Levels of Speech 16 More Modifiers 16 PARTI —EONJUGATION 2 adjectives 20 ease 2 Naadectives 2 AusiiaryAdsetives 30PART 1l—-USAGE OF ADJECTIVES s S.Onomatopocic Words 214 si 6. Adverbs Uied with Negatives 258 7. Adverbs with Diflerent Meanings in Positive and Negative Expres- 4 Inerrogative Adverbs and Adverbs Used with Conitionals 274 5. Adverbs Expressing Desire, Conjecture or Resemblance 240 1. Noun Modifiers 2 Adjctival Predicates 38 3: Expressions Following Adjectival Predicates 45 4. Auxliary Adjectives 71 5. The Conjunstiveand TeForms 6 6.The Adverbial Form 97 7. The Conditional and Tara Forms 102 ee rcapecnreaenaaiaaa iene The TariForm 108 Appecries 9. Noun Forms 111 Answers to Practices 10, Polite Forms 11s Parl 209 Parl 29 ADVERES 1 Sentence Pater 294 asic Japanese Adjectives L.Fadjectives 296 2. Nevadectives 299 English-Japanese Adjective List 303 Inteoduction 121 Kind of Adverbs 121 Word Modifies 122 Onomatopocic Words 128 Special Expressions 124 Avvenes Adverbs Used as Verbs 25 Answersto Practices 310 Adverbial Position 125, Listof Adverts 312 Other Words Usedas Adverbs Common Japanese Adverbs 318 English-Japanese Adverb List 322 USAGE OF ADVERBS bs 1. Adverbs Expressing Time 2. Adverbs Expressing Quantity 136 3. Adverbs Expressing Degree 173 4. Adverbs Expressing Circumstance 185he Japanese language is said to be rich in modiiers—adjectives and adverbs. Ifyou pick up a book or magazine and read a page ‘or two, you wil see how adjectives go with nouns, and adverbs with verbs, to convey accurate, vivid descriptions. In fact, these modifiers dd indispensable nuance and favor tothe language. The purpose of this book is to help students obtain a basic knovl- edge of Japanese adjectives and adverbs so that they may use them flectvey in sentences, Adjectives are presented in two parts. Part Ideals with the conju- tations ofthe two types of adjectives —-adjectves and na-adjectves and of some of the basi auiary adjectives. A conjugation practice follows the description ofeach adjective or group of adjectives. Part, I deals withthe usage of various adjectival forms Each usage sills trated with example sentences, and practices ae provided every few lessons to allow you to test your understanding. Adverbs are presented by grouping them according to what they express—time, quantity, Aegres, circumstance and so forth, Each advert i illustrated with ‘examples sentences, and practices ate provided every few lessons Tes my wish that this book will prove useful, that you will come to better understand the meanings of Japanese adjectives and adverbs and beable to express yourself in “tue Japanese.” {thank my editors, Shigeyoshi Suzuki and Michael Staley at Kodan- sha Internationa, for making the publication ofthis book possibleINTRODUCTION his section deals with some of the main features of Japanese adjectives as well a their similarities to and dliferences from English adjectives. You are advised to read i atefily before moving, ‘on tothe main text. TYPES OF ADJECTIVES Japanese adjectives may be divided into two types (a) adjectives, hich end wit and (b) na-adjectives, which end with na. Fade tives are Japanese in origin while na-adjectivs are mostly Chinese origin words atarashii LU new shizukana AP quiet Isogashil #£LU busy sukina 3% favorite Comoshirot iiEILY intresting bentina {AIRE convenient NOUN MODIFIERS When used as noun modifiers, Japanese adjectives like their English counterpart, precede the nouns they modify. Foreign words used as adjectives in Japanese become na-aectives, (a) Oki ie ACU kuruma stg bes tdicar() kireinahana——-modanna bir enuisse ERE apretyower —amodern building genkina hito —_yunikuna sia FEED, 3=-9B74 Aelthy person a unique ides ADJECTIVAL PREDICATES adjectives, when used as predicates, behave lke verbs For example, hen aki 8 1 (big) or kuroi #8.» (black) is used asa predicate, it means “is big” or “isblack,” not just "big" ot ‘Tanaks-san no ie wa ki Bibs AoRUAeU. Mr. Tanaka's houses big. Watashi no kuruma wa Kuro Home. My cars black [Navadjectves, when used as predicates, behave like nouns. That is, the sem form (the form without na) mist be followed by the copula (be-ver) da, as mast an ordinary noun, For this reason, na-adjc tives are sometimes called “nominal (noualike) adjectives” of “adjectival nouns.” Kono hana wa cominenure, This lower i prey Yamade-san wa genki da TS AEE, Miss Yama is healthy Some na-adjectives can be wsed as nouns whe functioning asthe su ject or object ofa sentence. anzenna asobiba -* Kodomo nitote anzen ga tasetsu do. semko% FORCE 9 CREAKU RE. sale playground Safety is important fr children zeitakuna kurashi -+ Sonne zetaku wa dokina HEURES L SARC RIEU, haus living ean afford such luxury xcarnions The iadjectives Ski 8 > (big) his (ema) and oka 28+» (funny) may be used as na-adjectives when mod: ifyng certain nouns such as thos given in the examples below. kina koon eeets2EIAl a bigpark chilgane ko ists asmall pond okashina hanashi BA\L185 a funay sory‘AUXILIARY ADJECTIVES, ‘Auriliary adjectives are adjectives that are attached to other adjec tives or verbs. Some are adjectives (Examples 1, 23,4), while others are na-adjctves (Examples 8, 6) 1. Ano resutoran wa takai rashi BOUAN 7EBVBLU, That restaurant seems to be expensive 2. Kono mondai wa jdai kamoshirenai COMES TEKS LL, “This problem might be serious 5. Fuji-san ni noborita EINE DRL, 1 want to climb Mt Ful 4. Kono kigu wa tsukaiyasul, SOBRE, This utensil is cay to we 5. Kono pai wa oishise da SONA BOLE. This pe looks delicious. 6 Sumisu-san wa sumo ga sukina yo da ALABALT EI ANESLETT, Mr, Smith appears to ik sumo, In addition to auiary adjectives, there ate also airy verbs, These, {0 cam attach to adjectives. (@) Kono heya wa semasugiru. COmmERT ES. ‘Thisroom istoo small. (0) Kare wa majime sugiru hat cores, Hes too serious, TENSES OF ADJECTIVES Japanese adjectives conjugate and have two tenses: present and past “The same adjectival form is used to expeess both present and future (@) Shiken wa yasashit, BRER LU. The exam isle easy. Shikon wa yasashikatta RMERLDOR. ‘Theexam wis en. © Tetsuzuki wa kantan da, Fae ANTE, ‘The procedure iil be simple. Totsuzuki wa kantan data, FRA IMMER, ‘The procedure was simpleLEVELS OF SPEECH Japanese adjectives have pain, polite and superpolite forms or levels ‘of speech. The plain form is used among family and friends, as well as {in publication. The polite form is used among adults who are not close fiiends. The super-polite form is seldom used by younger speakers except in such greetings as o-hay gozaimasu BILE} SEW ET (Go0d morning) or o-medeto gozaimasu 209°C} EEE (Con- atulations), (@) “eisinteresting” —_(b) “Iessimple nas Omoshira Kantan da ER. rams, rout Omoshiroi desu Kantan desu. aOUTE, mane, surewoure Omoshiro gozaimasu, Kanan de gozaimasu HEI cevRs, mT AUR, (MORE MODIFIERS Japanese has various other kinds of modifiers besides the & and na adjectives explained above. ‘There are two sets of demonstratives ("this sed lke adjectives before nouns at." etc) that are Bt By 3a eo Be oat Bie eee When items are in sight, ono and kana indicate items near the speaker, eg, homo zashi CD ¥AE (ths magazine); sono and sonna indicate items near the listener eg, sonna role! A250 i (that kind ‘of watch); ano and ana indicate items away fom but sen by both, ‘©, ano tatemono BOBS (that building over there). Dn and donna ate used in interrogate sentences Sore wa donna tokaro desuka E1USEAMBA-C AY? (What kind of place iit), When items are not in sight, sono and sonna eer to items know the speaker or pre viously referred tin the course of conversation, eg. sono ito ZDA. (that person (I metijt mentioned). Ano and anna refer to items known by both the speaker and the listener «arma uruma BAe AE (that kind of er (we sa) 2. Special Adjectives Some adjectives do not conjugate an are only used as noun moxlifers aru hi Bat tondassinan EATER taishita gakusha ALI & suguretahon— (her, karera no & 0 (their). However, pronoun forms ae often avoided in Japaneie unless there ia special need fr them, 4 book onfn Japanese a schoolteacher myname Nihongo ne hon BARD gakkonosonsoi SIDI watashino namae HO % ii “This wo can also be added toa noun phrase that already has a particle attached, ‘tomodachi kara no tegami REDSOTK ‘eter from my friend ‘Shikago de no shigoto yaseotti ‘job in Chicago “4 Relative Claueas Relative clauses (noun-modifying clauses) precede the nouns they ‘modify. In Japanese, there are no relative pronouns equivalent tothe English wards “which,” “that” or “who.” Japanese adjectives may appear in any tense inthe predicate ofa relative clause as may aps nese verbs Samukunai hi wa niwa de hatarakimasu, RCRUBRECH EET, (On the days that ae not cod, workin the yard Tanoshikatta natsuyasumi ga owatt. RUDDEW AAD 9 / ‘The summer vacation that wis enjoyable ended Genki datta koinu ga kyd ni shinde, FSET FABRICA, The puppy that had been healthy died suddenlyEXAM oF ct om CONJUGATION As we have seen ealier, there are two types of Japanese adjectives — Prenominal form sam adjectives and na-adjctves—as well 8a variety of auilary adjec tives Tey all conjugate The follwing chats show how @ adjectives adjectives ae similar ta verbs and conjugate like verbs, samul U1 “cold scold winter Present fon Shikago no fuyu wa samut LIADE| (Chicago winters ate cold. Negative form Kyo wa samukunsi, cy SATION eaueceny Siew Ea Today snot cod Prevominat [gee Past frm Kino wo samukatta Tieng woud He RMT senuknal : Yesterday was cod Newve soul ire y [rox ‘puta wld Negative Past form Kyonen no fuyu wa semukunakatta, Neve ran |e Dkamakata were E@OLERC BOT pa __|sc 5538 Winter ast year was not od onjncverTe | ue lent neta imal Conjunstive/Teform Soto wa samuku vchi wa atataksi = —— SRK, HERR, —= = Ws cold utside and warm inside TinCanHeya ga samukute benky® dekinai iomnem< TMU The room iscoldand I can't study yo SUVEUA “good” FORMS, ‘CONTUGATION Siem Be; were ‘Adverbial form Kino kara ky@ ni samuku neta == het Bhan sot eyes es suddenly became ool 8 of esterday. — Wau eet Newave vege Petpet Conditional form Samukereba hits o tsukete kudasai one mune 7- fou 28, ae ro vena! Negatherox | Yoruneate ovoatood| IF its col, please turn on the eater ConjunciveTe | ehuate nt Tara for Samnukattara dokskemosen. EEE Bponsumnrtes ‘iver ee = Tet col wont go out Ceadion ERB a 8 snot eat ca) Toe (Conaoay | Yatra Tarform Soikn, samukattaratsukattar suru SSSES __ i, RoR RD oT Te ‘eke Sai aa RI, RRO MRT re rien These days, i's somtimes cold and sometimes hot een ee — Noun form Hidoi samusa o kanji. DeUmeEBL, el a bitter cold [Extras oF act rom Prenominal form yeitenki bug eK, 00d weather ‘Thealoctive iis an regular one, Its usually only used inthe prenom inal and present forms. In all other conjugation forms, yo is sed Preset form Koko wa itsumo tenki ga iyo. EERO RALLY, ‘The weather her i aways god.Negative form Past form Negative Past form njunctive/Teform Adverbial form Conditional form kyo wa tenki ge yokunai FH ERAME CEU, “The weather snot god toy. kino wa tenki ga yokatta, MERA RB OR, The weather was god yesterday Bosuton no tenki wa yokunakatta, RA RY ORAUR CED ORE, “The wether in Boston was not good. “Tonki go yoku pikunikku wa tanoshikatt, RABE EI = 72M Liat The weather was god and the picnic wa enjoy: able Keshiki ga yokute takusan shashin 0 tota, WEMRCTI SABIE E of ‘The scenery was god and IYooka lot of pictures. Gogo we tenki ga yoku natta, PRE RAMES of “The weather became buterin the aflernoon. ‘Tenki ga yokereba gorutu 0 shimasu. KRAEOMUEIVT LET. the weathers good wil ply ott Tara form Ashita kibun ga yokattara shigoto ni ik UID RAD O REIL WHS F, Ie feel better tomorrow. goto work Trforen ‘Ano resutoran no sabisu wa yokattari warukattae suru, BOUANT 7OF- UALR ORDM momnra: The service t that restaurants sometimes god and sometimes bad Noun form Wotashi wa kono no yosa ga wakaransl MR OROSEAMA EO, Teannot appreciate what is good sbout this picture PRACTICE 1 |A.Give the negative form ofthe following words |.atsui 44s hot 2, mushiatsui ELA» humid S-atatakai i294 warm 4, suzushit ik L¥» cool B.Give the past and negative past forms ofthe following words Jnagsi long 2. milkal fll short, 8.01 SU many/mach 4. sukunai zu fewC.Give the reform ofthe following words I. hayai > early 2.hayai 84 speedy 3, 080i #8. latelsow takai HW highiespensive 5. yasui 22> inexpensive 6: hk BEE lve _. Give the adverbial form ofthe following words Lyot EU» good 2.waruilfv»bad 3. ieogashil Lv: busy 4 yakamashil 4% Lu» noisy E. Give the conditional forms (butara) of the following words. | muzukashi # L¥* dificult 2, yasashil$} LU> easy omoshitoi i interesting 4.tsumaranai-> 5 4 boring F. Give the tar form ofthe following words. |. atarashil FLY newitresh 2 furui old Seomoi EL hetvy 4. karui F¥> light . Give the noun form ofthe following words, 1. AOU far 2, chika E09 near S.wakai #t young 4. tanos! ELV enjoyable © ve-adjectives [Na-adictives are similar to nouns in that they conjugate with the copula shizukans B25 “qui” roms ‘CONTUGATION ae aie be I Pa wn oi nee Preset ee ise is ire if shzutade wal mal guar eave invetssaut Nepine Pan) SREUMR aT RAE ca ge ‘omerot | peetel eDoe ‘vei ra (one get sheukanare Ba) [ga Conon aulanars i ‘shitukedatars Tora(Coaiona | hada gue 7 sizukadattr anne ea i SeeoeS im shizukaae Bee Prcmominal form shizukan hoters Bee quiet hotaPreset form Kono hoteru we shizuka da ana fore Shizuka dattara yoku nemurareru SOP AROME. OES EMSS, Wits quiet, team sleep wel Negative form ‘Ano resutoran wa shizuka dewa nai Tai form Kono resutoran wa shizuka dattari OU ANS yUMDTRBU, aka dattari suru That restaurant isnot quit DUAN VRIES EDIE PETES nora Past form ‘Toshokan wa shizuka datta, This restaurant i sometimes quiet and some romance ote times ley “The lbrary was quit, Noun form Tori no nakigoe ga mori no shizukasa © Negative Past form Hito ga 62el te, Kben wo shizuke dewa ne vyabutta atta Hom Mamompe eet t RAAB. AMM TRIED DT ‘Thebind’s cy broke the calm ofthe wood, “There were many people, so the park wasn't ie PRACTICE 2 Teform Koko wa shizuka de yoku benkyo dokiru (2M RHR, [A Give the negative form of the flleng words ‘This places quiet and I can tody well ere | kantanna M9 simple 2.fukuzatsuna A complicated Adverbial form Nika no heya ga shizuka ni atta 1. Give the past and negative past forms ofthe following words PED AENEID 2 im ae 8 “The oom upstairs became que. | jozuna 7% skilful 2, hetana FF: unskilful \bonrina fEFI% convenient 4. fubenna #482 inconvenient Conditional form Narn ga shizuka nara oyogimasu, SME SIR EET Give the te fem ofthe flowing words, the waves are quiet, swim |. anzenna te safe 2 kikenna fie dangerous Ss hitsuyona 23D. Give the adverbial form ofthe folowing words ikea Iohimana 2 rent) 2 taihenna AE dif FOR CONTTGATION 3.mend6na HBV troublesome = a oc bl (8) AU _ E. Give the conditional forms (nara(ba)/tara) ofthe following words. Negative (revere oan) Isukina 8 % favorite 2. kiraina Mev hateful i (raion seed 2 jadaine CX important ee ConjuncieyTe | ataixabgte Toc gan .Givethe tarform ofthe lloming words eee ‘eb ee xe ore) 1. shiawasana #2% happy 2 fukOna 4 unhappy sel _| Sentono Ht: healthy Condos RISMER mat Towa (Conditional) [MOREE 5 S| i want) 6. Give the noun form ofthe following words = tee — sewer Lerppana irik exslent 2. seikakuna ERE accrate - aati coe Ne we wig © wrtiary adjectives Auxiliary adjectives attach to other adjectives or verbs. Some ae i adjectives, ai 2249 (want to), rash L4* (seem), asi PF" (casy to), while others are n-adjectives, eg, yO da £3 7 (seem) and $9 da © 9 45 (look, appear to). They conjugate in the same way as other or na-adjectives. The flowing chats show the conjugations PRACTICE 3 ‘A.Attach the present form of tito thefllowing words. bet slt |.kaimasu Rust buy 2, urimasu J.mimasu LE see of ta and #5 daas examples of each category. 1, Attach the negative form of tito the following words, | yamemasu 80 quit 2. okurimasu if) £-F send \arukimosu 28 + wall Tal Ria Talis attached to the stem ofthe masu form of verb tocxpressa first-person (I, we) desire to do somethingAttach the past and negative past forms of tato the fallowing words I naraimasu 212-7 kar 2. benkya shimasu Qi L 2 study D. Attach the form of tito the following words. L.kakimasu if 8 £4 write 2 yomimasu it read Attach the conditional forms (u/ar) of tito the following word Itabemasu ft cat 2.nomimasu fk% £4 drink 3.kimasu 2 ¥ come F, Attach the nun focm of tato the following words J.asobimacu it02 4 play 2 aimasu 2200 £4 meet Soda 23% Si d's attached to the stem of an - or a noadjectve to express con- jectue based on what the speaker ses or fets, Thee iso noun form. vreshil i Lv gh SS FORMS ‘CONTUGATION Preent Tash eae Tk {gt Nemtive "yeah af J outok ot i eee that (it) 257 r Tegan Pat” WN de kha ee (qe esetsamor, Tyr 0 evibeks ConjunctiverTe oo a ad ~ ‘verbal Tyee ae ‘eatty Conon {west senaratia) Yi a = weeesesia | at) Tea \Condions [uma etaarn, Tat gest sodattad | os aT RESET [Bosom ‘genkina 7% healthy FORMS ‘CONTUGATION ‘Perey eee raha | anemic Nee ee eA 5 Ca a nr) ‘incr AIA ea r ast Te yd soa [SEUSS [See Conon ek sSeeeBeL_| token at) Tora(Condona_|'SEDE) S4aR ka at) PRACTICE 4 ‘A. Attach the present form of 8 dato the following words | ish Bv* Lvs delicous 2. mazul #-¥4> unsavory 8 daijina 3462 importantB. Attach the negative form of sd dato the folowing wor. I.amai HU sweet 2. kara salty/hot 3. kikonna fEBe dangerous . Attach the past and negative past forms of 8 dato the flowing words 1 teuyol 3. hitsuyona WB fe necessary » strong 2.bonrina ALI convenient D. Attach the form of s dato the following words 1. yawaraksi Za soft 2. mezurashii 9 rare 5. kakana fli expensive E. Attach the adverbial form of dato the following words I kanashii ELV sad 2. omoshiroi F3¥* interesting 3.melwakuna i8:6% annoying F. Attach the conditional forms (naraltara) of 0 dato the fellowing words L.yowsi Ju» weak 2.hiro Ut» spacious 3 fukuzatsuna M84 complicated USAGE OF ADJECTIVES In Part wesaw how Japanese adjectives conjugate and make numer ‘0s forms. Par It deals with how each of these forms is used in con nection with sentence structures, Let us begin with the simples case -adjectves used to modify nouns—and then move on to adjectival predicates, expression following adjectival predicates auxiliary adc tives and so forth on to more complex forms. The boxed sentence pat ‘ern ised under each form are numbered and arranged from easiest tw most difficul. Non-conjugating adjectives are not covered here. @ Noun Mositiers va [aa (@) akai hana (red Dower) HT () nigiyakana machi ee (busting cy) An - ora na-adjective modifies the noun that folowsit. Note that two ‘or more adjectives may be used to modify a single noun (Example 3), justas in Englishaun 1. aot sora PIL (blue sky), shirot kumo EALI2% (whit cloud), Kirt citon EBL") 7 (yellow ribbon) 2 ina o SAUAeEAS (pretty picture), azayakana iro HEP DEL, (bright color), daljina koto ABR = & (important matter) 5, Obit shirotie-ABL, LYE (big, white hous), Kreina, ak kutou @PUALE, 9L14 > (pretty, red shoes), sunaona, kashikol kodomo RMS, MLTLVF i (obedient, smart child) 12 [Rajane@] “one” (@) chiisai no (small one) S00 (0) jobuna no Eke oD (durable one) The particle noattached to an ora mz-adjective Functions asa pro: noun: it replaces a noun when the noun i understood from context 1, Ano chiisai no o misete kudasai HONEUOE DET CE Please show me tat small one ovr there 2, Jabuna no o erabimashite. FRUOE ROE Li chose althe durable one. BOE FAM) “er:"-more’ (a) motto tsuyoi (stronger) bok ate (b) motto fukuzatsuna (more complicated) Bok Wee "he word motto placed before ani ofa naadjectve creates the com: porative form ofthat adstive rus |. Motto tsuyoi himo o kudesai BreMUO ee HEL, Give me stronger cord, pease Kore we (sore yori| motto fukuzatsuna mondat desu, CHEERED) Boe MBUMULCT, Thisisa more complicated prablem (than that), 14 [ichiban Bs Adj] “est,” “most (a) ichiban wakai 8 youngest) ichiban taisetsuna (mos important) BAU‘The word ichiban placed before an i: oF a naadjective creates the superlative Form ofthat adjective anes 1. Kaisha de ichiban wakai hito wa Minami-san desu. RUC BBUARIE ATT, ‘The youngest person inthe company s Me. Minami 2. Kono naka de kore ga ichiban taisetsuna jisho desu OWT LA MAOEHM CT, ‘Among thes, this isthe most important dictionary. © Asiectiva Predicates When used as predicates, Japanese adjectives have two tenses: present and past, The fllowing charts show these tenses and their negative forms in both the plain and polite styles of speech. takal > expensive TAFFIRNATIVE NEGRINE jee fc Pree eet . CERNE ot [taka takahunstanta Rroe |Rtzmor esr Pale se ofa kiroina 840% prety -AFFRMIATVE NIGRTIVE Present | Kis da, Bere etd rast | eed ro da wap Shao [SRS ee iro doshas |e do wa SROCLE [SRO OPEL. ine eof speech Fae sll han dew "he following boned entries (21-23) represent the three basi co: ‘auctions in which adjectival predicates ae used in the present, past and negative forms, au [Nwa/gas/O%+ Adjalf]) “soowis anecrve® (4) takaitakakatta Titian. (ivwas expensive) () Kiri dakire datta Shetesstet (isnas prety) The affirmative adjective wed as a predicate provides information bout a noun, which may be either the topic or the subject of the sen fence. When the noun i the topic, itis marked by the particle wa, tnd when iis the subject, itis marked by ga. The topic soften the same asthe subject.xan 1, Hoteru no resutoran wo takaitakat desu, EP LOLA LS ViERURUET, ‘The restauranisin hotels ae expensive 2. Umino iro ga krel data/kirel deshita OBAENUSE/ANUELE. “The color ofthe ocean was prety. 22. [Nwalgals/Bt+Adjneg) “Nous isnot annecnve 2) takekunaitekekunakette (ras not expensive) RCE thot: (b) kiret de wa naifkirei de wa nakatta_(istwas not prety) SRUTERWARU TED OR ‘The negative form of an or a na-adjectve sed as 3 predicate pro vides information about a noun, which may be either the topic or the subject ofthe sentence 1. Konsato no kippu wo takakunekatta/takaku arimasen de- shite 2 LOWERED IMEC BD BUNT, The concert ticket was nt expensive Mada koon no sakura no hana wa krel de wa naikirel de wa TAB OKORZENUTRRWENLTRED EA, The chery blosioms in the park re not pet et 23. [NiwalgN2 ga i+ Adj “AS for NOUN 1, NOUN? ADIECTN (a) nagaimagakatta RRO Cigwastong) (b) jozu dajozu data (iswas sil EPIL BR Inthe wn marked by gaappear in one sentence _s8constructon, the topic marked by wand the subject |. Watashi no inu wa mimi ga nagai/nagai desu. ORE ARURUTT, My dog hat lng ears (li. Asfor my dog his ars are long) 2. Haruko-san wa piano ga jOzu dattajozu deshita HP SAI EER ORIEETUR Haruko was goad at plano. (it As for Haruko, plan was be forte) \. Tomu wa sakana ga suki de wa nailsuki de wa Ms Sie TIRRBL NES TID Rh, Tom doesnot ike ish (it. As foe Tom, sh snot his avert.)4. Watashi wa atarashii kuruma ga hoshivhoshii desu, ARAL OMELET want anew ca. (it As for me, anew cris desirable) 5. Watashi wa kare no shinsetsu ga ureshikatta/ureshikatte desu. BIRO RDALD MLD RTT, wa pleased by his kindness it, A for mi hskindnes was pleasing) PRACTICE 1 (2-23) ‘A. Change the following sentences into the negative form, 1. Koen no ike wa fukai. ARO IBIAIRE. The pond inthe park is deep. 2. Kono kaban wa benri desu COMER T, This bags convenient, Watashi-tachi no kyoshitsu wa akarui desu. BRO RRAMZ UCT, Our casroom is bright 4. Kono heya wa tenjo ga takai SIR NHL Thi room has high cling ‘Change the fellowing sentences into the past form. ‘Ano resutoran wa yomei da, OVARY EAE: That estzurant i famous, Kare no heya wa semi desu OwRIKOTT, His rooms small. Depato no ten‘in wa shinsetsu desu, R= ORALRD CT. The salespeople at the department ore are kind simu wa tenisu ga hete da, P= ANF Pte Jim poor a tenis, = Change te following sentences into the negative past form Watashi no kaisha wa eki kara tata, KO RAEN Siro te “My company was fi fom the tin station Kind no shikon wa muzukashikatte desu. MAORI Lo ter. Yesterdays exam was dial, Sono machi no chikatesu wa kite datt, LOM OM FIRE RL fe That ciy’ssubway was ean,4, Buraun-san wa sashimi ga krai deshita, TI 9 YEAS LAMBS LI Mr. Been ied sai Dill in the blanks with the appropriate forms ofthe adjectives given in parentheses. 1. Kanji no kuiau wa RPO? AE The kanji quiz was eas. 1a. (yasashii) Le) Koko no kiko wa desu. (ondannad Som Th. Game) “Theclimate here mild 3. Kone saji wa osu ka, (tashikana) Lome Chas, (ki) Is this numberaccarate? 4 Ano mise no keki we _arimasen. foishii) bowor—Fid BISA, USOLY) The cakesat that store are not good 5. Kono shiroi kato wa: cones Bit This white oat was not cheap ta. (yasui (ey) 5. Gakusei wail kyokasho ga a. (itsuyona) SPI URED Fe (DB) Students need god textbooks 7. Watashi wa haha no shi ga ta desu. (kanashii) MOND Ret BLY) Iwas aden by my mother’s death, Expressions Following Adjectival Predicates © ines Ajectval predicates inthe present, pastor negative forms are com: bined with other elements sich as auxiliaries, particles or phrases to create various expressions probably” nsumetakatta dard Weis ot BA (isiwas probably cold) (0) tokisotsut7totisoteu datta dar® (iwas probably appropriate) MUNA t EA + PE drops. ‘Darth presumptive form ofthe copula (be-rerb) da, is used as an sulary to indicate the speaker's conjecture, Deshi the polite form oda |. Umi no mizu wa tsumetat dara, HOKLBRES 3. Thecean water is probably cold2. Shiga Kogen wa suzushikatta desho, EAUGMUARLD RCL EF ‘The Shigs Highlands were probaby coo 3, Isha no shochi wa tekisetsu datta desho, ReOMMBMMR RTL 25. ‘Thedoctr’steatment was probably appropri, (2) oishivoishikata ka (istwas.. delicious?) BOLUIBOLD OE d (b) gonkaku*igenkaku data ka (iswas.. src?) RIB RN Po a> *Da PE drops, “The particle kat the end ofa sentence turns the sentence nto a ques Bauru 1. Furansu ryri wa eishikatta desu ka? 79 ARALLBULIDIECT War the French meal dalicious? 2. Kono kawa wa fukakunai desu ka. OMAR TT A, Isnt thisriver deep? 4. Anata no gakk® no kisoku wa genkaku desu ke, Be LOP ROMER CT A ‘Are the regulations of your shoal str? 35 [Rajpre-rn63] 2) amaijamakatta ne Huiitbont sie?” "isthe (b) gonki dajgenki datta ne TST ta (iwas healthy, sas he) The particle neat the end ofa sentence indicates the speakers request {or confirmation. ras Kono orenji wa amal ne. Lory viru. These oranges are sweet arent they? ‘Ano resutoran no hanbaga wa cishikunakatta desu ne. AOU ARIZONA BULK EMDR TTH, The harsburger at that restaurant wasn’t god wait ‘Akira wa itsuo genki da ne. mito beer, Alka always in good spirits, isthe?(by jOzu darjozu datta ga (was good at (something, but EBLIEE Roi 34 [Adjpred yo] “Itllyou" (2) omoshirovomoshirokatta yo (is/wasinteresting, tell ou) HEIWHEL AY 7 & he particle gis used a. conjunction to combine rwo sentences that expres contratve ideas (0) bent davbenr datta yo (iswas convenient, tell you) MALPIREAM ET: & 1. Kono koto wa yasui ga shitsu ga warul FOa~ KERUATTEBL, This cout is inexpensive, butts quality ished. “The particle yo at the end ofa sentence indicates trong conviction ‘onthe part ofthe speak. 2, Watashi no apato wa hirokunakatta ga kaiteki deshito. KOT N= bE ASPENS Lr My partment wasn't spacious, but ims somfortable Barus 1. Yobe no eiga wa omoshit 5 - asus 1. Kono hon wa yomiyasui LORLBBE TS This book seas ora Wada-san wa issho ni shigoto ga # HS ANA ISAE MALS Ft Pen Mis Wada waseasyto work with ‘Arukiyasui kutsu ge hoshil desu. BET CoML eT [want shoes that areas to walkin, hard to ~” 7. Sara wa atta. Shiken no kekke ga 47 [Wmase) + nikal ESD) (kanashii (ward) 51k te, RRR oboe nikui/nikukatta Lv) EO) Surah looked sad. The result ofthe exam must hve been bad, yori yasuilyasukatta RA CTUIET IO (stwaseasy to read) “The auxiliary adjective psu attaches tothe stem of the mas form (iswas hard to memorize) HERI ot The auiiary badjective niu ataches to the stem ofthe masu form ‘ofa verb. It indicates that someone or something (usualy the topic of the sentence) is hard to ~ asses 1. Kono kanji wa oboeriku LOMPUMAIE CO ‘his Kant is hard to memorize2, Kida-sensei wa hanashinikutatta desu, AMIAERIBLEE CoC, Professor Kida was hard to tlk to 3. Hashi de tabenikul ryori wa kira desu. LOMA ORME, ib foo that is hard to et with chopstihs, 48 [Vicmasu) rai ED) atl (want to buy) Bete “The auxiliary -adjctive taf attaches tothe stem ofthe mast form of ‘ve. It indicates someone's dese todo something, usually the speaker's ifthe sentences declarative and someone els iit is intereogative aur 1. Ano akai jaketto ga/o kaitakata BOR 45 7 HAVERID 2 te "wanted to uy that rd jacket 2. Kenban donna olga galo mia desu ka, DREAM IERIE TTD ‘What kindof movie do you want t see tonight 3. Ky0 wa nani mo shitaku arimasen, SHRM LIC BD EA, [dont want todo saything today Tu can also indicate someone else's desire to do something when itis wea with the auxiliary Fajective rasi or the auxiliary na-adjective Frees |. Haruko-san wa Peri eiktai rash HP SAMO ABEL SUL. le acems that Haruko wants ogo to Pai, 2, Yamada-san wa tenisu o shita $6 da, MS AF 22% LBS, It ooks ike Me, Yamada wants to ply tennis 49 [djstem + garu BB] “show signs of ~” (0) kowa garu bee (show signs of being scared) () meiwaku gatu HBS (show signs of being annoyed) The auxiliary verb garu attaches tothe stems of adjectives expressing human emotion or sensation. I indicates tata person other than the speaker shows signs of being happy, dor lonely, or that he els pain ‘ol bot, et. Gar conjugates lke a regular group verb: howagara i, kowagarimasy, kowagara,kowagatt, kowagatta1. Kono ko wa oki inu © kowagarimasu, LOFLASURET BAY 24, This cil fears big dogs lit. This child shows signs ofbeing scared of big dogs.) 2. Akira wa ashi o agate ir. MERE. THE, Aira fel pain in is eg it. Akira shows signs of having pain in isle) | Hara-san wa sono shotal o meiwakugate ita, MEAL OMAPE MRA Tite. Me Hara felt annoyed by that invitation. (it Mr. Hara showed sign of being annoyed by that invitation) Garuis also used with the -aective hoshior the aulary Fade: tive 1a to indiate another person's desire todo something, 1, Ototo wa atarashii kuruma o hoshigatt iru PUL LOMEML AS TOS. My younger brother wants anew car (it. My younger bether show signs of wanting new ea.) 2, Hiroshi wa inu to asobitagatta, BREMEN ty Hiroshi wanted to play with the dog. (it Hiroshi showed signs wanting to play with the dog) 410 [Adjstem-+sugieu FES] “too ~ (0) kata sugiru BETES (00 tough/hard) (0) zeitaku sugira HOC TES (too extevagant) he verb sugir (pass, go beyond a limit) is used as an auxiliary verb With the stem ofan adjective to indicate that somecone or something is Insome state to an excessive degree. The adjective i (good) changes to before syne (Example 2). Sugiuconjugates a a regular group Vere signa, sugimasy, sir, suite suit. sures |. Kono niku wa katasusitetaberarensi COWBMRT SE THoR, This bee isto tough to eat 2 Kono sotsu wa gakusei ni wa yosugimasu. DA= IBMT EET, hissuit is too good fora student }. Ano apsto wa wakai fofy ni wa zeitaku sugimasu re. HOTA~ MER UAMIZLUURCT SETA, "hat apartments too extravagant for young couple st ittPRACTICE 7 (as-410) Flin the Blanks with the appropriate forms ofthe adjectives or verbs sven in parentheses, with proper auxiliaries if necessary kono hon wa kanji ga rai. (Gi (tektona) LORUREH wb, Gy ue) Because this book has too many kaj it might not be appropriate for kara, gakuesi ni wa ae. students 2. Mizu ga 1, desu. (asai)(oyogu) et : THe (RU) GRO) Ifthe waters ate 00 shallow, ishard to sim, 3 Karui baggu wa kara, ryoko ni __ desu {motsu) (benrina) Mure 78 Bo, RIE th. (HO) (M402) Light bags are easy to carry, so they are convenient for tavel 4. Kare wa chishiki wa __ aga, kono shoku ni wa. —____ aro. (fukai) waka) erp teas aay His knowledge seems vat but he too young for this job ns HBA. (RW) 5. Kore wa, da keredomo, Uhitsuyona) (takai) kara ima kaemason, ctut (eas) Be) ‘Although this is necessary, ts to expensive, oI can’t buy tno, BRES SOMA EAS Soto ga ta node, kegi ga 1a, (sawagashii) ‘hiku)| 98 OC, RRA (Sa LU) OQ) ecause i was noisy outside, twas ard stent the lecture Watashi wa inu ga te iru. hoshid ie * aLU) "want a dog, but Masako want 193, Masako-san wa neko 0 ERSAbASe Hs, ‘Watashi wa tenrankai ni al rashil. (ku) MASMOERI * HO) | want to go tothe exhibition, but i seems that Miss Toda doss't want too, 92, Toda-san wa PRIS Att BheLe Kono ryoriwa__node, dare mo ru) nal yo desu, (karat (ta SOF Gey (fx) Because this fod is too spy it seems that noone wants to eat ow Hhe _eegact.© Mee conienctive (A con) and Te age Forms The conjunctive form (ku form) of an -adjective andthe te form of an fora na-adjctve are used in various ways a follows. 51 [Adjconj~<] “ana 20 ku (isblueand) #S The conjunctive form (ku form) of an tative fused tink ajc tives or clauses, Burs 1, Sora wa aoku, kumo wa shiroi. AMC, BEI, The skys Bue and dads ae white 2. Kesa wa netsu ga takaku, nodo ga itakatta, PORARAMEK. DEAR This morning Thad high fever and 3 sore throat. 5. Kono mise wa yasuku, shinsenna yasai o ute iru. DWERL, HARE ITS, This store sells inexpensive, fesh vegtables, 52 [Agjte=T] “and” (0) atsuku te shot and) aoe (0) sunao de (is obedient and) xT The te form of an or + ne-adjctive is used to link adjectives or ‘clauses. The state expressed by the fist adjective is often the reason {or the state or action that follows (Example 3). Fusnnus 1. Kino wa atsukute, iyana tenki dats, SPHERE T, MERI t Yesterday was aot, nasty dy. 2, Koko wa natsu wa suzushikute, fuyu wa atataka SS UMARLCT, Sibi, Hee ts cool in uramer and waem in winter 3. Yasuko wa sunao de, kawaikute, mina ni aisareta. GERRI, DDUCT, FEBSRA, ‘Yesuko was obedient and cut and loved by everybody(@) toku nakute RE RCT (isrtarand~) () suki de (wa) nakute 88 CR) BCC (doesn't ike and ~ [alte the form ofthe negative na attaches tothe conjunctive ku form of an adjective or the reform of a ni-adjestive It indicates a reason or ese for tate or an ation 1. Sapa ga ie kara tokunakute totemo bent desu. AN BED ERECT, ETL ICT, ‘The supermarket ist fr fom my house. itis very convenient Eiga ga omoshirokunakute tocho de demashita em THB THN E LZ The move was’ interesting, Heft inthe mile 5. Nikuryori ga suki de nakute Yoroppa no ryokOchd komari mashite WARE TRC T, Bau 9 KOREN EL. Because | don't lke meat dishes, I had teouble daring my trip to arope. ‘Scan esa The ks forms oft 584 (ar), chia iE.» (near) andi 41> (many/much) may be used a6 nouns. A noun plus no modifies the noun tha follows it toku no mori MSOF — distant woods chikaku no hon’ya YC aneabybookstore fokuno gakusel §— SCOR: manystudents 54 [Adjconj/Adj te + naku nora ~ Youth and heath are his strengths. Fe HH) (aR) Forms @» [Adjectives have polite forms. These include not only simple, polite ‘apression, but honorific and humble expressions aswell 101 [o790" FAGj] to makea polite expresion () ofsogashit (ousy) BLY oyoroshil oot) BEAL (6) go-shinsotsuna (kind) aR "he prefix o- or go added to an adjective expresses politenes. Bas cally, - i used for Japanese-orgin words an go- for Chinese words. All -adjectives are Japanese in origin, while most na-adjec- tives are Chines i origin, Some Chinese-origin na-adjctves may take o instead of go 1 jajectives oratsul 8B. (hot), o-tsuyo! BAL (strong) 2 Chineseorigin na-adjectives: gorteineina ZC ls ialez (polite), go-shinsetsuna ZW (bind)3. Japancse-oigin na-adjectivs: o-shlzukana B75 (quiet), o-sukina BKFS % (favor) 4, naadjgctives tha take o-jozuna BE-F% (shill), o-genkina B75 (heathy) 10.2 [Adit THSsUes to makean honorific expression (a) kashikokute irassharu PLECT Sole’ (isimatigenvbeght) (0) o-ozu de irassharu (iss) BEPC OGL OS “The te form of an é ora na-adjctve followed bythe verb irasharu ‘onstitutesan honorific expression that shows respect tothe person itis ircted at—asully the speaker's superior (one who is older or of| higher socal status thn the speaker, The respect conveyed hy iashara extends tothe listeners family members as well Irashaimas isthe polit fom of rasharu, Buarss 1, Yano-san no okosan wa kashikokute irassharu. RUPE AOBEZAUDLE CTS 2 LS, Me. Yano's child sri. 2. Shacho wa gorufu ga 0 ozude irasshaimasu HEIN TUBLETOD > Leet Our company president is good a gol 5. O-késama wa o-genki de irasshaimasu ka. BERUBRRTOS 9 LOVE TA Isyour mother well 10.3 [Aaj stemiad to make a superpoiteyhumble expression (a) 1. 1-*0 chisal_ + chiiso Ihaw = Ae gozaimasu (issmall at io tsuyoi — tsuyo me ‘gozaimasu (issrong) ci 2.11-+0 ureshii + uresho —gozolmesu (is happy) BRLO + 3RLes CebET oki okyo KA + kEOS gozsimasu (isbig) Er 3.ul*0 atsui + ats ——_gozaimasu (ishot) Be A} Sher (b) zannen de gozaimasu (i segretable) Rae revatThe stem of an Fadjectve or the reform of 2 na-adjective followed by _g0zaimasuy isa superpolite form, Itean also bea humble form ifthe subject of the sentence isthe speaker or someone lose to him. The stems of adjectives make the above changes before goasimasu vrs 1. Kochira wa ehilso gozaimasu ge, sochira yor! tsuyo goze- CEORNEST EET, SHHEDMBI EET, Thisone is smaller but suonger than that one 2, Haha ga genki de uresha gozsimasu, BARKTSNLE SE SOET. [My mothers healthy and fam happy. 3. Waga chimu ga makete zannen de gozaimashits. ROP LAGU CRBC SE Lise was epretable that our team ot (the game) (Gazer: The superpolite forms of some adjectives are used as gretings arigat® ——gozaimasu (Thank you) anaes Seer ‘omedet® —gozaimasu (Congratulations) BeTED CevET ehayo —_gozaimasu (Good morning) BRR DEORE ue oats gozaimasu_{Itishor) ont osama gozaimasu BES cevEt scold) PRACTICE 13.000 ‘A. Change the following sentences into honorific expression. |. Mor-san no okosan wa kawaii desu REAOBESALDDUUTT, Mrs Mort hls lovly ‘Ano kata wa borantia no shigoto ni nesshin desu, DOKI YF TORMERE TT, He fsenthusistic abou his volunteer work Shacho wa san-ji made isoaashi ARLE E THLE CT, The company president i busy unt three o'lck Sumisu-san wa Nihon ryéri ga suki dosu, REREAD ARMSUES CT, Me Smith ks Japanese meals 5. Ogawa-sensei wa gakusei katsudd ni kyoryokuteki desu: AINA ELISE T Profesor gia i conperstive in students activities,B. Change the following sentence into paltefhumble expressions 1 Rainen wa Itaiae kitai desu REEL FU TAFE 1 want to goto aly next yar Chichi no byoki wa karukatta desu. LOWRIE o CF My father's ilness wa slight. Kono hen de jagatsu ni yuki ge furu no wa mezureshii dest AMAR ORB Lect, early (lit Is rar that it) snows in this rain October Tetsuzuki wa omotta yori mends deshita, PREM RE DBL A, The procedure wis more troublesome than expected ‘Ano resutoran wa takai desu ne, BOURNI TRB T TA, That restaurant expensive, n't DUCTION his section deals with some of the main features of Japanese verbs. Youare advise to read it careflly before moving on. Aaverbs are non- conjugating words that modity other words Japa nse adverbs may be divided into two types according to usage: (a) those that modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and certain nouns, tnx (0) those used for special expressions involving negatives, inter rogatives, conditional, ee (4) Modify vers, adjectives, ther adverbs and certain nouns Yukkurl arukimashita (ver) BOCDES ELI alle slow. Eiga wa toteme omoshirokatta. (adjective MUMLET BME fe The movie was very interesting, ‘Motto yukkuri hanashite kudasal (adverb Boke (VBL TC HEE Please speak more slowlyMotto mae ni susunde kudasai (oun) (oun) ZCEMOMEDETT. ‘That place fury north ofthe ty. (0) Used for special expressions ‘Ano hito wa kesshite sonns koto wa shimasen. BOMERUTERBEEIEL ERA, —_ (negative) Helse would never do such thing Yamada-san wa tabun konai dard. HS AURA 3 ‘Mr. Yamada probably won't come, (conjecture) WORD MODIFIERS ‘As mentioned abore, Japanese adverbs are used as word modifiers “These modifiers may be grouped aconding tothe concepts they expres. 1. Kare wa itsumo rokujini okiru (time) HRIRUIDBAMFIZEER 3. He aways gets up atscoclock. 2. Takusan tabemashita (quant) RE BASE LE Tatea lot 5. Kono kabin wa totemo taka. (degree) SORFARET ERIE. ‘This lower vase very expensive. 4. Hakkir kotsenasal (icumstance) BoeDereey, Answer dest, liken ga zokuzoku okotta (Grcumstance) WIAMRRE ot. Incidents occurred one after another. ONOMATOPOEIC WORDS ‘Onomatoposic words are words that imitate natural sounds giego) or describe actions, manners or stats (giao). In Japanese, they are used as adverbs to describe circumstances 1. Gisego(sound-mitating words) ‘Ame ga 2878 futte iru (soundof in) Hadaeemo cos. Therainis pouring down Gitaigo (words that describe actions, manners o states) Kodomo ga nikoniko warate iru FUMETET Ro TVS, ‘The chilis smiling cheerful (manner of eniting)SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS As mentioned eal ome Japanese adverbs are used or special x= pressions. These expressions vary considerably but can be roughl grouped scording to thee functions or the notions they expres. 1. Kono mondai wa sappari wakeranai (ocgtive) LOMMIE SDD h tu Td’ understand this problem atl, 2. Naze tabensi no desu ka, BEREVOTHD. Why don't you ext? Cincerrogative) 3. Moshi ame ga futaraikimasen, SLE ETFS EEA, Fit ens, won'tgo. (coneonal) 4. Zehi ano kuruma o kait ‘desre) EOHOMEMO ZO. | definitely want to boy that. 5. Densha wa tabun okureru desho, wHSHMNS TL 29 The ean wl probably be delayed (conjecture) 6 Marude haru no v6 ni atatakai desu ne. FETHO LIMP CTA, 1s warm, it ike pring, (resemblance) ‘ADVERBS USED AS VERBS Some adverbs, particularly those that express manner of action or u- ‘nn emotion, combine with the vet suru to form verbs Onsen de ni-sannichi yukkurl shimashita MAT, SHW9CDLELE. ‘Wespent fev daysIeisurely at a hot spring. Densha ga okurete irra shita AWAN-TUSUBSUR, The tran wa ate, 30 got itate, ADVERBIAL POSITION The positon ofan adverb in a sentence relatively Free a8 long. 38 Isplaced before the word it mols. Ksigi wa mo sugu hajimarimasu, BD CO DEF [Mb sugu kaigh wo hojimorimasu BSTC MEE DET, “The meeting will begin soon However, it is better placed nea the word it madifes when the sen tence is at all comple. 4Jigy® ni shippai shite mo, kare wa kesshite kujkensi WRISAMEL Tb, HILT CEE. (correct) Even ithe fs in his work, he wll never lose hear,Kesshitejigy0 ni shippai shite mo, kare wa kujikensi RUTHRIERML TH, MLC LIPO. incorrect) OTHER WORDS USED AS ADVERBS ‘There are a numberof other kinds of words, besides those outline above, which can be used as adverbs in Japanese. These include ad jectves in the adverbial form, certain nouns that express time of ‘nurnber and vert in thet form. esa hayaku okita, (cadective) FURCER te {got up cary this morning Shizuka ni shite Kudasai (naadctive) BREL TCHS, Please be quiet kKimura-san wa ashita Amerika kara kaerimasu, AHS AULT 1) HD GHD 29. (nous) Mr. Kimura wil eturn from America tomorow Fingo o mittsu kudasai (noun) DATEE ED Plas give me three apples Gakusei ga goni PS BART. Five tudents came, kita (oun) Isolde hirugohan o tabeta BUTHOME Kis {ate lunch in shure. Sofa ni nete hon o yorimasu, YI TRTRERAET. Lying ona sofa, read book. (verb)"en indicates a habitual action or a constant sate. Is primarily USAGE OF ADVERBS sod in writing. ‘As mentioned eal, Japanese adverbs modify verbs, adjectives other ‘edvrbs and certain nouns, and some adverbs are used to reat spec expressions. This section presents the most commonly used adverbs, ‘They ae grouped according to what they express and placed under such headings as ime, quantity, degre, cicumstance and so forth. Therefore, you can go straight to any heading that interests you. The adverbial usage of nouns, adjectives and verbs isnot covered here rts |. Tode-san wa tsune ni tabemono ni chai shite iru PMS AMER L TOS, Miss Toda always paysattention to what she eas Hara-san no taido wa tsune ni sekkyokuteki da, MS KOEI RE A Mr. Hara’s attitude aha postive, @ Areverbs Expressing Time 11 ume) atvays>“abialy” 13 [faezu AF] -constamly“incesanty.**consneny” | Lusuro indicates a habitual ation ofa constant sat, I is primarily Taezw indicates a continuous action of a constant sat. used in conversation |. Yabe kara taezu ame ga futteimasu. 3S SMA PHATE COEF Tehas been aininginessamly since st ight. Ears 1. Chichi wa itsumo hachiji mae ni ie o demasu. LAUDS AMT ET My father always leaves the house before eight oslock, Kono biru no mae o taezu kuruma ga toto iru COE POMERAT HN TOS Cars are constantly passing in front ofthis building, 2. Ano mise no pan wa itsumo atarashii desu ne. BOBO DEH LUST, “The bread at that store is always fresh nti3. Jimu wa taezu coryoku shits kara, seiseki ga agatta, YIMMOR PSL Rib, RMU Lf Jim made consistent effort, sa his graces went up. 14 [shikirini DED] ‘onstantly” “strongly.” “eagerly” ‘Shik niindicates a continuous action or a constant state (Examples 1,2). Itcan also express eagerness (Example 3). Bears 1. Tonari no denwa ga shikiri ni nett iu, RORMHLEDE MTHS. The phone next door ringing constant 2. Tomadachi ni kaigairyokb o shikir ni susumerareta HRI WIGT LEDER SZ. 1 was strongly advise by my rend to travel abroad 3. Kare wa shikit ni supotsuks o kaitagate iru WRLEDE RH AE Mustedin TOS eis eager to buy a sports car 15 [tabitabi BE) “often,” “requently” Tabitabi indicates repetition ofan action or event. is primarily used in canal conversation xt 1. Bucho wa shigoto de tabitabi Furansu e ikimasu, SBIHEWCM 7 972A ET, Thehead of our department often ges to France on busines. Sara wa byOki de tabitabi gakko 0 yasunda OURO ERENT Sarah wes fequenty absent fiom schol de elles, 1.6. [shibashi CEELIE] “often.” “frequenty” Shibashiba indicates repetition of an aston oF event tis essentially Interchangeable with titi tres |. Ano horu de shibashiba konsato ga okonawareru, OK CULES Yt ASHE DNS. (Concerts areheldfequently in that hall 2 Kono atari wa shibashiba yuki ga furimasu, iD LISLISH HEED EF Ieoften snows inthis ars, 1.7 [fokidoi 2] “sometimes” “once in awhile” Tokidoki indicates that an action of state occurs or exists from timexan 1, Tokidoki kodomo o kOen e tsurete ikimasu Be PRE RWIAKNCHE ET. Sometimes I ake my children tothe pak. 2, Ano depato no gyarart de tokidok! shashinten ga aru, DOT bO¥ YD) — CRT B, Photo exhibitions are sometimes held inthe gallery ofthat depart 1s “occasionally,” “once ina great while ‘Tama ni inicates that an action or state accuts or exist any osc sionally cannes 1. Shokuba no doryo to tama nt shokuj o shimasu. RUD MIME RRIELNE LET. occasionally have meals wth my colleagues. 2, Tama ni asa hayaku kite sanpo ni iku koto ga av ROE CHS CHRIST C SENDS, nce great while I ge up ery inthe morning and go fora walle ba PRACTICE 1 (1, Citcle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses |, Ano hito wa (tokidokijtsumostama ni) goll mae ni Kaisha © dru. HOA (AMO bite BIS) KUFATIS RAE HS He lees the office before fie o'clock once in while 2. Kacho wa kaig de (shikirinftsune nitams ni jibun no iken | ‘oshuche suru, mee LE DEMPCIREL) APDEMERETS. The section chief always ast his opinions at meetings. Yabe tonarino inu ga ttokidokishikr niftsumo) nate yoku emurenakkata DIARORD (MAIL Ot Las night the constant barking the dog next door kept me awake Dob) BUTE CMRI Kotoshi wa sekai kakuchi de (shibashibafaezuftsune ni) fishin ga atta 2rREAEURRE ASS (LUE LUA FE) WRB of This year there were often earthquakes in varios parts ofthe word Mainichi isogashii ga, (tabitabiitsumoitama ni) shacho to ‘gorufu o suru FREIELUS, (AOE) HEEL THI ETS, 1m busy everyday, but once in a reat while I play golf with the ‘company president.6. Kind wa asa kara (taezultsune nifshibashiba) tsuyoi kaze gal fuite HERES MATAMIILIELE) RBM Unk Yesterday, strong winds blew constantly from morning on 9 [shibaraku LIES] “fora while" “fora tong time ‘Shibarak indicates that an action or event occurs for a short of long. petiod, depending on context (Examples 1,2), It is also used as a ‘greeting (Example 3), 1. Koko de shibaraku o-machi kudasai USCIS CASI, Please wait here fora wil 2. Shibaraku Nihongo o hanasanakatta node, heta ni natta UBSCHAMEM Smo hoe, FRoh Because | did't speak Japanese for long time, I became bad ait 4 Shibaraku desu ne. O-genki desu ka, LEEK CH. BEMCTO Tesbeen quite some time since Ist saw you, How have you ben? [ShOShi #838] “from beginning to end” “throughout” ‘Shishi indicates that an action ora state continues to occur or exis with itl variance throughout a period asus 1. Kogi no aida Biru wa shashinoto o tote it, ROME NUE — be Lo CUR, Bill was taking notes throughout the lect. 2. Kind no kaigi de Ono-san no kotoba wa shushi odayaka date. HEH ORINC MES LO RRMA R EO. At yesterday’ meeting, Mr. Ono's words were amicable from begin- ning to end 11 [fatto PSE] “throughout, *all the time,” “all the way” Zutto indicates that an action oF a state continues to occur or exist fora lang period or is constant throughout limited period. 1. Kyakacha zutto ryBshin no ie nl imashita KEEP SEMRORIVE LP, | stayed at my parens' house throughout the holidays. Sumisu-san wa Ninon e kite kara, zutto kono ie ni sunde iru. AR ABAEDRERTHD, BOELOREEA TOS. Mr. Senith has ved his house ever since he came to Japan, Kare wa Shinkansen no naka de Osaka kara Tokyo made auto nets it. HLA ROD CAM SHORE CRIM. He was sleeping inthe lle rain all the way from Osska to Tokyo12 [sug ini FECE)] “right aay ‘Sut (ni) nicats someone's doing something without delay 1. Sugu kite kudasa FORCE Please come right wy. 2. Hotere ni tsuite sugu ni shawa o abita, AF AHOTECEY 9 — BIOT Tarrved atthe hot and took a shower right away immediatly ‘Sasso indicates someone's doing something without delay. Ii formal than sugu (ni) |. Bonasu 0 moratta node, sassoku atarashii konpyata o kai- mashita toe BLA EbbokOe, BBM LOI Ua— 7b EARL, ‘Thetwo were able to get marred las, 2 SOkai no shippai no ato, kare wa teu jigy@ ni PAID RMR, (ELE DUNE TORCHED Le Aller several lures, he Fialy suceeded in his enterprise 1.39 [yatto POE] “atlost” “nally, “barely” Vato indicates that a desirable result has been achieved at lst and ike shite, |. Kanojo no pianisuto ninaru yume wa yatto jtsugen shit, AOU AX Heo PS EIML tS Hee dream of becoming a pianist came tue t lst 2. Biru wa yatto shiken ni gokau shimashita Enis PoERMC AHL 2 Lis Dil fnally managed to pas the exam,fyovaku 5 P<) Yk indicates that a desirable result hasbeen achieved at last and with great dfcuty. Its more formal than yt, Banus 1. Yayaku rainendo no yosan ga kettelshita. ESP OREIED FMR LT ‘Thebuaget forthe next fc yer as finaly been sete. ‘Sono kaisha wa yoyaku tosan o manukereta rashi ZORELESPCMEE RIED LU Ie sem that company has finaly managed to escape bankrupt PRACTICE 4 (1.28-1.40) Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses 1 Watashi wa mada shigoto ga aru kara, chid/maemottesaki nip ite kudasa BME ERAN 28, (UV 9 TRIE) HOTT {stl have work odo, so please go ahead 2. Yobe no enksi de (gOzer/nochinodontsut ni) mukashi no dosbsei no tonari ni suwatta WINORAS (MRE L/OUI2) HORLORCAE "Unappened to sit next to my od classmate at lst night's banquet. Toate no kai naku koinu wa kesa (yattohstolyoyaku) shinde shimatta, FHTOMME CARE (> LILI EIILINL) HE ARLE ot, ‘The treatment ha no eft, and my puppy ended up dying this morn: ing. (Saki niitanvato de) hoteru ni modote,kikaete kara yashoku ni demasu, (FIN PANE) AFM, ANE CS fle Wat. Miretur to the hotel fra bi change my clothes, and go ou fr dinner, Jikan no henks ni teite wa (a atta HMO OWT (SALA Evo tA) ilnae bore "had advance notice of the change ofthe ine, jimetyattofittan) tsachi ge Nando mo hanashiatte (gUzer/tts/yayaku) kare no kimochi 9a wakatta. MEOH LOC (IED 29/230) ORIEL A Dots ‘Aer talking with n many tes, finally understood his feelings Kono deta wa kaigi no mae ni Tods-san ni (yatofchitsui ni) shirabete moraimasu, COF—FRRROWIFM EA (PEI Ate BET, have Miss Toda check thie dats once before the mecting,8. Rokyjimade mata noni, kare wa (itar/yattotsui ni araware- kata, RHE CHO ROIS (RK (ORAM B/W) SUE pots ‘Although {wait fo him unt sx olock, he did't show up ara 2) ‘Adverbs Expressing Quantity Most of the adverbs below express quantity. However, some may, depending on context, alo expres time or degre. 21 [minna/mina a+hts/@9te) ll Minna or mina indicates a total number or an entire amount. Ming is primarily used in writing, whereas mina is colloquia |, Kono ka no kanji we minna oboets. LOROR TIAA 1 ean ll the kann this chapter. 2. Kono bees no uriage wa mina kyokai ni kfu shimasu, DI DIY ETBAEBRC EL ET. ‘We wl donate ll the proceds from this bazsarto the church Subete indicates a total number or an entire amount. It's often used ‘in writing and is usualy interchangeable with rina 1. Kare wa sono hikokijiko de kazoku o subete ushinatta, HEE ORATOR TTI Helos is entre fail in that plane cash, yok®ch0 ni genkin o subete nusumareta, HAR EON RIA {had all my ash stolen during the rip. many,” “muh, Tokusin indicates number or an amount thats age or excessive gure: |. Kono t0r ni wa gifuto shoppu ga takusan arimasu, OBIT Yay THELEN EF. There are many gift shops on histret. 2. Kotoshi wa ame ga takusan futta, 2 HELSIDTER ENR Wehad much an this year \. Sono taido wa mo takusan da SOMME IRENE ough ofthat atte!24 [jabun (ai) FH(E)] “enough,” uly” Jb (ni) indicates. quantity or degree tats plentiful or suficient, anne 1. O-cha o md ipa ika mashita BRE GI —MOPATTM. OA, bITREMEE Ly How about another cup of tat No, thank, 'vehadl enough desu ka, lie, mo jobun ni itadaki 2, Eiga ga hajimaru made ni, mada jabun jkan ga aru NAT SETI, ETRE 2, Theres I plenty oftime before the movie tars Hawai de Kurisumasu kyaka o jabun tanoshinds. POAC YAS RIESE A ‘We thoroughly enjoyed our Christmas vacation in Hava 25 fappuri 205] “ful” ‘Tappuri indicates an ample number or amount. snus 1, Asoko made aruite tappurinijuppun kakarimasu LEE CRU CROBD TAI ET. Ie takes fl ety minutes to get thereon Foot 2. Kodomo wa pankski ni shiroppu o tappurl kakete tabeta PORES 7-107 TER OBO CHAT Te child poured plenty of syrup over the pancakes and ate them. 26 [ippai Sig) “full” ‘pai indicates that somethings fl, ears 1. Kin no ame de ike no mizu ga inpai ni nat. WROR OKABE ote eto yesterdays ai, the pond fled up. 2. Ano kissaten wa itsumo wakoihito ga ippal ir. DOWIE EO ASL. ‘That coe shop is always fll of young people 27 [hotonde BEAZ] “almost: Hotondo indicates a quantity that i tightly less than all or degree thats very near complete. neatly |. Haha ga okutte kureta kuket wa hotonde tabete shimatta. BAST CNET 7 A UBEKERAT LE 9: {ate up almost all the cookies my mother had sent me. 2. Watashi no hakase ronbun wa hotonde kansei shite HOW EMBER LIN L tes “My doctoral thesis was nearly complet28 [mitehiri 55D] “thoroughly” Michi indicates exhaustive quantity or degree. Exar 1, Pari de mitehiri e no benky6 o shit 21) CHD EDOM E LIV 1 want to ssady paintings in aris (and laen everything there i 10 know about them), Yemat-sensei ni mitchiti kanji o narawaserareta, UREA BOM ESM DAS NZ, ‘We were mide o ean kanji (so thoroughly that we would not forge then) by Profesor Yamada 29 [Bukunakarazu DEDSB] “nota fow,**not aie Sukunakorazs 3 kind of double negative. It indicates a quantity oF degree that the speaker doesnot consider 0 be smal 1, Kankyaku no naka ni wa sukunakarazu wakai josel ge ita, BREED IRMSD A tha ‘There were more than few young women inthe audience. 2, Shachd no totsuzen no iatai oi shain wa sukunal odorcita ALOMROAN MAN EDEDS ORL, The company employees were not a litle surprised atthe sudden retirement of thelr president PRACTICE 5 (21. 9) Circle the corect adverb among the choices given in parentheses Pt! no junbi wa (subete/hotondovsukunakarazu) kenryo shimashita, BFA ORME (FEE ALY ED) TLE Ute Allthe preparations forthe party have been made ‘kare no jimanbanashi wa mo (juburVsubete/takusan) da. BOWED RTT CEA) He Tvehad enough of hi baging ‘Ano mibojin wa shita BORCALMME (AIRED. Ute That widow donated her estate entiely to her alm mater, 3.0 (minnaltappurifippai) bokD ri Kf Divot) BR tt ‘Sono ken wa (takusanyippavjabun) chosa suru tsumori da oft EAM OROIES) RAF SO6D th Weintend to investigate that mater fly. [Nihon ni iru aida ni, Nihongo bakari de naku Nihon bunka ‘mo (sukunakarazu/mitchrihotondo) benkya shital HAAR, HAMEED CC HAIL (WED ET AaB OIE LY) RYBL IV. While in Japan, 1 wish to study not only the Japanese language but also Japanese culture thoroughly6, Tomu wa daigaku 0 sotsugy6 suru noni (takusan/sukuna- karazunappuri doryoku shita. PARKER RRP SOE (EC BAIDEMEN I OED) oe "Torn made mor than alte effert to graduate from elle 7, Fumiko-san ni Karta shasetsu wa (ippai/jobunihotonco) Yonde shimata. SE SALIND PDB (Ho LUE SHEE AL) BAT for. have almost finished reading the novel borrowed from Funk. 210 [sukoshi 5U] “atl” “abit” Sukoshindicates small quantity or degree 1, Sono posuté wa mo sukoshi migini hatte kudasal ZORAI 1G IDLE TCHS V. Please put that poster alte bit tothe right. 2. Saikin sukoshi samuku na REDURC 6 OE Lika. Tehas become bit cold ately, sn it? washita ne, 21 [ehotte BEDE] “ali, wie" (Chota indicates a small quantity or degre. Is more olloguial haa sukoshi ans |. Ghotto ue © goran. Base hecohy Lookup bi 2. Achira e chotto iku to, hoi michi ni demasu, HeoNBRDENCE, CRE T, ‘you goa litle that way you'l come out on a wide street. 212 [wazuka BIH] ile” “only ‘acuta indicates a quantity or degree that i so smal that the speaker ‘considers it insignificant. In certain eases it may be interchangeable with sukoshi or chotto (Example 1, not 2), uti any case it slightly more emphasis tha either. as: |. Kion ga wazuke agerimashita AULA BD LAD ELI, “Thetemperature went up itl 2. Kare wa kega ga karukatta node, wazuka itsuka de taiin deka EERIE ho, DIME -CAPEtH RA. Because his injury was’ serious, he was abl o get out of the hosp tain only five days213 [feud DU] “jus: onl™ Tawi emphasizes closeness in time or space. |. Hayashi-san wa tsul sakki kaerimashita, HEADS BHD ELE Mis Hayashi went home only a moment ago 2, Wadle-sensei no ie wa gatko no tsul saki desu. AUN OR LEROWETT Professor Wad's house ist down the set from the schoo: 2.4 [bei CEL] “at most” Seize indicates an estimate unlikely to be exceeded, 1. Kyaka o totte mo seize ieshokan dos HIRE oC HELE CT, Even fl take vacation it wil be one week at mos. 2. Kono shina wa seizei goman-en gurai desho. COMBI CWE LEI. “The item would cost about 5,000 yen at most, 215 [sukunakutomo SBCES] “at east” Suunakatomo indicates conservative estimate, |. Ronbun no shiry6 0 atsumeru noni sukunskutomo sokagetst wa kakaru, ROWE Mb BOCDRE LBM LEIS, Te tas at east several months to collet materia fra thesis oko kara machi no choshinbu made sukunakutomo niid- REO GMO LIE PBCEB TY MRSS Ieisat least twenty miles fom the aeport to the city center. 216 tatta ESF] “only Tata emphasizes the smaliness ofa number or an amount. |. Kare wa jogingu © hajimeta ga tatta mikka de yamete shi WEY a ¥ 77 Eli OR ORAWCROTL BOK He started jogging but quit in only hace days 2. Kanojo wa tatta hitori de tabi ni deta. ibibo ACHR she went on atrial alone217 [fada FEE] “only,” “merely” Like ttt, tada emphasizes the smallness ofa number or an amount (Example 1). Unlike tata, howerer it often appears together with dake or bakrito indicate that someone o somethings imite to some’ ation or tate (Examples 2,3), wns 1. Suzuki gin wa tada hitori sono hon ni sansei shit SPARE AZ OWI LT Representative Suzuki was the only person (inthe Diet) to approve the bil. Ono-san wa tada hatareku bake IMS ARE CD CHLES EMG EV, “Mr. Ono does nothing but work and doesnt know how tohave fun. de tanashimu koto 0 shi- 5. Ano kocho wa tada gakko no hyoban o kin shite ir dake da. BOKER FROMMER LTO SLL. ‘That principal concerned sbout nating bt the schools epson. 218 [tan ni BIE] “only.” *merely’ ike tad, tan often appears together with date or bakarito indicate that someone or something i limited to some action or state, When it is used ina negative expression, it means “not only” or "not merely.” Tan nis also more formal than tada sans Kono e wa tan ni Mone no @0 mond shita dake da SOMERTON UML PRET ZE “Tis panting isa mere imitation of Mone’ Kore wa tan ni kono kun no mondai dake de naku sekal zen tai no mondai da, URIS OMORIMA Ch ¢ HR AIKOREMY. ‘Thisis not only this country’s problem, but a problem shared by the whole word PRACTICE 6 (210-218) Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses. yk de ikeba, soko made (sukunakutomolwazukaleukoshi Tchikan do ikoru MCHNE, SEES HELE LIDTASL) —mRIS fi. you take an express rain, you can get there in only one hou. Kare wa (tan niseizeitata)isshtkan de sono shigoto o shi- ageta, craet AME OWE ELTA. He completed that work in only one week. ‘Shojo wa (tadatatansuid naku bakari de shitsumon ni kotae nakata, PRIS (totEIteo IOV) 6 EDD CRBS BER tet fe The gel did nothing but cry and she dia’ answer the questions4. Pat wa roku kara desu ga (tsui/chotto/sukunakutomo) ha- yaku ku yO ni shimas RF 4 HURAM NS CTM (OYE 2 BIDE EEL) HY CHC ESELET. Even though the prt starts at sc oeloc, try to go. litle ear 5, Keno biru no shozen wa (soize/sukunatutomortan ni) rokka- (getsu wa kakaru dar. TOU MONEE (ELA te 6 EWAN) Ame kb BKBI. “The renovation ofthis building would take atleast six months. 6 Kimura-san to wa (tsulchotioftada) sensu denvve de ha shimashita AH EAE (D0 22 bit) FABRE "athe with Mrs, Kimura over the phove ony the other da. Jon wa (wazukatan niseizel s kai hoshi mo shite iu. Pa VE (DF AIMICHE VALU) MUSOU TEL Ce CHE MELLTOS, John nt only gets good grades, but also dos soil servics. ki ga i dake de naku shan 21s [yaku Yaka indicates that what follows is an approximation. Busrus |, Bungakubu no gakusel no yaku rokuja pasento wa joshi ‘gakusel desu, LEBOPEOWA LNW AY MEKEEETT, [About sixty percent of the students inthe itrature department are female Kuruma no shazen ni yaku isshokan kakatta, HORI -MMoaho tee took about a week for my ca tobe repaired 220 [ayoso/Byoro BEZ/BBEZ] “shout” “roughly” (Oy0s0 0 sysoindlcates that what follows isan approximation. In cer tain cases (Example 1 not 2) itmay be interchangeable with yak 1. Kono machi na jink® wa eyase gomannin dest MOMMABEERT ATT» The population of thisity is about 50,00. 2. Kono kozutsumi no omosa wa 6yose dono gurai desu ka. LOMLORSEBBEELO CHUTE. What isthe approximate weight of this package?221 fzatto ©5E] “about,” roughly” Zartondicates that what follows isan approximation. In certain cases itmay beinterchangeable with yalu, eyosor By Buss 1, Hara-san no okusan wa zatto yonjussai gurai desu. MSAOMEABEIENTRCEWTT Me. Haas wifes smenere around fry 2. NyOjdsha we zatto sanjanin no mikomi desu. KBEREDE=TADEBATT, The audience is estimated tobe roughly thirty (people). 2.22 [hobo HE] “almost,” “neary ‘Hobo indicates that, all details considered, something is close to com Pletion or perfection Burs 1. Shi no d6ro koji wa hobo kansei shia. 1 APRA REEFEAR LZ “Thecity's road construction was nearly completed 2. Gakucho no konin wa hobo ketteishita £8 desu PRO RMERBERELLES CH. "hear thatthe university president's replacement has almost been desided 223 [daitai <4] “almost” “roughly” Dita indicates that something s close to completion or perfection Jina general way, iru: |. Ashita no shiken no junbi wa daital dekita, BLL RRO RAAB. “The preparations for tomorrows exam ae jus about done 2, Gaido no setsumei de kono shirono rekshi ga daital wakata, HA KOBACE ORDERIRIET 9 fee Thanks tothe guide's explanation, oughly understood the history ofthis cast 224 [taitel ET] “usally,” “most” Tait indicates that an action of sate occus or exists in most cases, but not inal. 1, Kare wa taitel asagohan o tabemason, HARUTUMEME HELA, He sully does'teat breast 2, Furebs taitel doshaburi da FUERTE L eH it usualy pous. When tai“PRACTICE 7 219-228) Circle the corret adverb among the choices given in parentheses 1. Kongetsu no uriage wa thoboiyeku) mokuhy® ni tasshit HORDE (IED) HIREHE LZ ‘Thesales fr thismonth almost reached our geal Hako no naka ni ringo ga (aiteizatto) jukko nokotte imasu, MOWEY ATH (TUTE oE) HHS CHET. “There are about ten spe If in the box, 3. Sara wa (hobotatei) hachiji mae ni gakko e kimasu POUL (EIEIO TU) AEMICERARET, Sarah usually comes to schol before eight clack. 4. la no soji wa (titi/dsitai) owatta ROMMEL (Oo TVIKI) bok ‘Thehousework wa lm finshed slikken no kekka wa sono deta kara (oyaso/yeku) hanmel suru dara, KROWMELOF— IHS (BBL) WTSKS Ig ‘The results ofthe experiment may be roughly determined from tl dat, © reverbs Expressing Degree The following adverbs express degre or extent. See also ADVERES rmussnvc QUENTTTY, a the two categories overlap. 3A [taihen ABB] very," “extremely” Taihen emphasizes degree |. Eiga wa tathen omoshirokatte mL ARE The movie was very interesting 2 Subarachiishitase ni kanojo wa taihen yorokonda, BANS LMS Ab RRA TS She was extremely delighted at the wonderful news, 32 [Raibun PUA] “very “awialy” Zusnuncmphaszes degree Its primarily used in casual conversation. outs |. Zuibun samui desu ne, PUTA CT, es anflly cold, inti2. Kyo wa zuibun shigoto ga hakadotta, FHIEPUBIME NDEI fe “My work went very well today 2. Kongakii wa ini benky® suru tsumor da PIMA DIRT 37 69 2 intend to study very hard this term 33 [fotemo ETE] “very,"tersibly” Totemo emphasives degree In certain caesit may be interchangeable with ebun 35 [jtsuni “truly.” “indeed” Tito expresses the speaker's surprise oF ae. exaurus 1. Masako ‘san wa jitsu ni yori ga jozu dos EPS ARCANE TT, Masaka is indeed good at cooking. wins 1. Kaigan zo} no keshiki wa totemo utsukushikatta, WII ORERETERL A tee “The view along the coast was very beatifal 2. Kare wa jitsu ni rippana seiika data. RUARIC LAR HK He was tly 2 fine statesman. 2 Saikn, kono hen no apato no yachin ga toteme takaku mata, MEE, LOOT hORMHE TER 9 to “Lately, rents fo the apartments inthis area have rien alot 3.6 [kiwamete wT 3.4 [Bin ARLVE] “very much,” "greatly," largely” 's (ini emphasizes degree, particularly of someone's involvement in something Kiwamete expresses degree that is exceedingly great Its primarily | sd in writing |. Kore wa kokubojo kiwamete jddsina mondai da. AURIS ENO T ACA TLS, Thisisan extremely important problem for national defense, 1. Watashi wa kare no iken ni ini sansei desu. ERO RRCAVE RATT. argely agree with his opinion.—__— 2. Kono kikai wa kiwamete seikaku ni deta o kiroku suru koto) 190 dekiru LORRI TEMIET— 7 LATS S ANAS “This machine can record data extremely accurately 37 [kanari BED) “rly,” “considerably Kamar expresses a degree that i greater than normal but not exceed ingly erst wns 1, Ky® no shiken wa kanari muzukashikatta, FHORRDTEDE LI “Todays exam was fil dificult, 2, Ano kuni wa kanari sangy® ga hattatsu shite ir. BONDED RARIEL TOS Industry is considerably developed i that country. 3 “ty cosy” “Soto expresses a degre that is grater than normal, Dut not exceed ingly great is interchangeable with kana, ns 1. Yasuko-san wa saka de koronde s6to hidoi kega 0 shita EPS ARICA CHRO EOTERE Le ‘Yasuko fel onthe slope and suffered fay severe ines, 176 2. Neruson-san wa s6t0 Nihongo ge jozu ni atta RUT Y BARN ATE EFS oP Mr. Nelson became fay competent in Japanese 39 [daibu 23) Suite” abu expresses a degre that i greater than norma, but not exceed: ingly great Iie more colloquial than kanaror 3a 1. Ky0 wa daibu kibun ga i desu FEUABRIIW CF. eo quite wall today. iutsukan wa oki kara daibu 1 desu. SMR OARS T. ‘Theart museum is fay far from the train station, 4.10 [nakanake SEED] “quite” “arly,” “considerably [Naan expresses a degree that i considerable, notable or exceeds the speaker's expectation asus |. Kono sakubun wa ichinensei ni shite wa nakanaka yoku kakete iu. Stes AI: L Tike E CMI COB. ‘This composition is quite well writen for a freshman student2. Kono shigoto o hikiuketa ga nakanaka mendo da. LOR NEI |S LA TEDMEMNMIBITS. "took this task upon myself but I fin it quite complicated. (-510) RACTICE 8 Citcle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses 1. Kono chih de yuki ga furu no wa (soto/daiburkiwamete) mezurashi OMB CRATES OL (MAKI LV. Itivextremely rate fort to snow in these pars 2, Kare wa kabu de (totemofjtsurifs6ta) moketa rash. HHS CEC EPRATY) O35 026 LO. teers he made considerable amount of money in stocks, 3, Byoin de (daibufitsu nifkiwamete) matasaremashita, ARES OCRTEIINDC) BENE LE, 1 was made to wait or quite a tong time atthe host 4. Pati de nondati, wattar, odottar shite, (nakanaka/daib6ini tanoshinda 4 CMTE AROS, Mot: DLT. Ueto ASK) BLARS ‘We greatly enjoyed drinking, singing, dancing and doing other things atthe party: 5, Musume ga yoru osoku made kaerenakut,(taneninakanka kena) shinpai shimastita IMM EEE CT, (XRD) OL 2Lt. ‘My daughter did't tur home until ae at ight 01 was very worried 6, Wakai baiorinisuto no debya konsato wa (kanarijitsu ni! daibu) daiseike data, BO FIER POF Ea BD) Kishtso ‘The young violinists debat concert was agent success indeed DAP HE vt OS 7. Kono sojki wa tsukatte miru to (Bini/nakanaka'soto) benri desu. COMRMIRIS CASE (Keim aTKIN) ALCS. ‘When tried this vacuum cleaner I ound it quite convenient 3.11 fls88U3E5] “more” "all the more” Isdinicates an intensification of degree I implies a contrast between too states or conditions annus |. Hachigatsu ni wa atsusa ga iso kibishiku naru, AAIEB SAUDE SIL (2 Bo Im August the heat becomes even more severe 2 Sone jiken ga ryokoku no kankei oiss6 aka saseta LOW AMMOM AL UDESE (CE 2 That incident worsened the relations between the two countries even3.12 [masumasu EFET] “moreand mor increasingly” Masurmas indicates an intensification of degre. It implies contrast between a present and past state or condition, and thus its usage is more restricted than that of is, Baars |. Chichi wa jogingu o hajimete kara, masumasu wakagactta. WI a¥Y 7 CMO CHS, BIRT EO. Since he tarts jogging. my father has become more and more younglooking 2, Damu kensetsu ni taisuru hantal no koe ga masumasu taka mata. YIM BLMOMET RTE of Opposition tothe construction ofa dam ecime increasingly wea “ever more,” “further Sara niindicates an intensification of degree or an increase in quan- tty or lve. It is more formal than seb or masumase Exar |, Fukeiki no tame kaisha no un‘ei wa sara ni muzukashiku RRO Rd AAOMAEBIBL 6 ok Due tothe recesion, managing the company became even more dic. 2, Rainen kara sara ni gakusel no kazu ga fuer kamoshicenal AM SWIC FLO UIMA 54 Litvierr [Neat yea, the number ef students may increase even mor. 314 mattoB9Z] “nore Mots expresies the comparative form ofan adjective |. Motto yoku rensha shinakereba jotatsu shimasen, SOSA MN LENNIE EELECAS Unless you practice harder, you won't improve 2 Motto kantanna hoho o oshiete kudasal BLM TREAT CE. Please tell me simpler wa. 315 [mottome MB] “most *est” Mottomo expresses the superlative form ofan adjective. |. Keikikaifoku no tame ni mottamo taisetsuna koto wa nan desu ka, RCE AMADIS ERAT CTD ‘Whats most important forthe recovery ofthe evonomy?2, Kanojo wa kaimono o shite iru toki ga mottome tanoshil, HAN OME LCOARABBELY, ‘She enjoys herselfthe most when she shopping 3.16 [Ichiban =H] “most,” "es" Ichiban expresses the superlative form ofan adjective. is more Joguial than maxtomo. Burs 1. Sono naka de iehiban okli no 0 moratta, ZOWCBRELDEL D9: 1 gotthe biggest one among them. 2. Anata no BERO= ‘Who s your favorite composer? 3.17 [zutto FE] by ar,**farmore™ Zutto indicates a great degree of diference between two sates OF ‘conditions Bune 1, Atarashi shach wa buch® yori zutto waksi HLM LD PIER. ‘Our new company president is much younger than the divison manager. 1 2. Kono mise wa sapa yori zutto sabisu gai, SOWA NEY B DEP LA HOLD, Thi store provides far better services than supermatkets, 3.8 [Roku ATE] “specially” “especialy Tok ni expresses degree tht surpasses what is common, |. Nihon ryari no naks de toku ni tenpura ga suki desu. HARMONIC TARAS CHS ofall apanesedises, he especialy kes tempura. Nonaka-sensei wa toku ni Tomasu Hadi no kenky0 de shi rerete iru. SPREE KA N74 OME CME RTOS. Profesor Nonaka is espcily known for his tudes of Thomas Har PRACTICE 9 (G.ll-3.18) Cirle the corret adverb among the choices given in parentheses |. Kore yori (sara ni/mottoisso) yasui no 0 misete kudesai ERED GSS 9EMDEI) BVORMET (HAL, Plaseshow me a cheaper one than this. 2. Kono kyakasho wa mse no kyOkasho yori (toku nizutto/ ‘masumasu) muzukashiCORP MM OMAR ED GE LETS) LOS This textbook i far more difcl than the previous one © reverbs Expressing circumstance The following aves express manners of action, human emotions, Kare wa sdkakokugo ga hanaseru ga (motto/toku ni/iss6) states or situations, Some of the adverbs that express manners or Kankokugo ga tokui da. De she leale ‘motion optional take the particles te yu () (eae), ROP HIMIAESH (b o EAB 9) SULA ‘or ie tugs (i) (one after anther), and maybe combined om withthe ver sre to form verbs ets ableto peak several anguages bute specially ent in Koren, 4.1 [yukkuriB3ZD] “sow.” "eisurely Yo ga fukeru to, (sara ni/mottomoichiban) kaze ga tsuyoku atta NITE L, (BERGA) BUDA Co ‘When it gre ats, the wind became ven song Yudkurindicates a leisurely manner. ous Fuje-san we Nihon de (mottofissdjmottomo) utsukushil ama |, Motto yukkur to) hanashite kudass. Con BoE@DCD(L)RBLTC HEU WHUAAKT (Hobo z 5b) RLU, Pease peak more stony Mt jis the most eau mountain n Japan. Shomatsu wa tatel uchi de yukkuri shimasu. Biru wa sensei ni homerarete (toku rimasumasu/zutte) MRARUTHS BCwICDL EN, benky6 shia, usualy lax at home on weekends EVAR MAD GALT GRITET ETS E) MHL. Having been commended ty his teacher, Bil worked harder than eve. 42 [Raseato ZOE] “quickly” huriedy” Sensei no naka de Ono-sensei ga (rutoichibanisara il gakusoi ni ink’ ga aru. Fete CED (Fo EI BIB) PIRI ARDD De mies Of al he teachers, Profesor Ono isthe most popula withthe ts 1. Kanblaswa ship ga owira fo, eaneato fo lEsora ens MALIMIMRD SE, SSEREMS, "When she Mises work, she aries home. Sasa indicates a hasty or expeditious manner.Sono shigato wa sassato katazukete kochira o tetsudatt kudasai EOLPRTSTEN VTS BOE Fo TE SY Please finish up that work quickly and hep me with 43 (DED) “clearly” Habkirindicates a cleat or unambiguous manner or state ns 1 Kare ga kangaete iru koto wa hair (to) wakarimasu. HBR TOS EIEDED (LSD ET understand clearly what hes thinking . Kanojo wa kotobe 0 hakkiri (to) hatsuon shinai kara, rinikui desu. WAAREBDED (LEE LE VME, HDIEC WETS Because she doesn’t pronounce her words clay its éifclt to understand he. lsu ka n0 ka, hakkir shir. AEA) =i, BIEDLS. Yesor not Be deat! 44 [Kippari 3125 “once and forall” Kippariindicatesresohution oars 1. Kanajo wa kate no puropozu o kippat (to) kotowatta HALLO T OE XERDIED (2) Mio te She fay declined his proposal of marrage. Kono ken wa tsugi no kaigi de kippati (to) kimetal LOFRERDRIATR OED (L) dewbz0%, {want to decide on this mater once and frallat the net meeting. 45 [Kichinto SAE] rogulary.” “neatly” Kickin indicates ordedines itt 7 28BAERLo CHET. He pays the loans regula 2. Kodomo ge asobi ni deta ato de, heya o Kichinto katazuketa. FRORTIMC, MELE SENT After my shldren went ot to play I ied up the room.46 [kossori © 5%] “quietly.” “sealthily” “secretly” Kossoriindicatesa secretive or sly manner. 1, Jimuwa kogi no tocha de kossort (to) Kodo 0 deta. YALE BCL IED (E) RE. Jim sipped out ofthe auditorium inthe middle of he lecture RUTOED (2) EO kt so CO ELE [My husband was meeting withthe woman in secret. 47 [sotto Z5E] “quiety.*sotty” Sono indicates a quiet, gentle manner. Buus 1, Kanojo wa wain gurasu 0 sotto tebury no ve ni cite, WMILIA 279 RREDEF— TWO ELMUOT She placed a wine glass sof on the table 2, Watashi-tachi ga hanashite iru tok, dareks sotto doa o atete hate kita BAN L TEM, ADEE RT MUTA Tee -Aswe were talking, someone quietly opened the dooe and walked in. 48 [Shikari U5] “steady,” “erly” ‘Shikkariindcates firm or steady manne or state |, Daigaku ni hairtakeroba shikkari (to) bonky® shinasal KEPEAD 20, LOND () ABB L A BU, Ir you want to get into college, study hard 2. Ropu ni shikkar (to) tsukamatta U=TicLoMD(E) OPE ozs. eld on fs to the rope 19 [sesseto SBE] “diligently, “laborious” Sesst indicates a diligent manne. |, Kide-san wa sesseto hataraiterippana feo katt, AME ALE OREM CIIRERE HL Mr Kida worked bard and bovght a fine house. 2. Kon'yaku shita Nobuko-san wa sesseto ry6ri kyoshitsu ni sayotteimasu. SLATS KR RERRMRI MS CORT. Nobsko, who s engaged is diligently attending cooking clases4.10 [rarubeku @BX<] “as... as posible” “ifpossible” _Narubekasexpresses the speakers desire to do something or see some- thing done if circumstances nies 1. Kono shina wa narubeku yasuku uru tsumori desu. COBEN RCS’ TH ‘Weintend to sell this item a cheaply as possible 2 Doyobi no pikunikku ni wa narubeku sanka suru v6 ri shi TMHOUD 27 7CRBBRCBMFSEICLET. Tey my best to come othe pln on Saturday 4. SJ “at any rate™“anyray’ ‘Tonikaku introduces a decision or suggestion made without regard to, orin spite of, other considerations. Exwirus: 1. Kimeru mae ni tonikaku m0 ichide hanashiaimasho. PUSHED 63 —MBLGOEL2 I. Atany rate, lt'stal about it once more before we make a decision 2. Saiknkaradano gua ga warui node aahitatnikakubyoin@ REKDRGABOOS, WALMART OTALT. hove been eting wel erty think jut go the ow 2 [sekkaku BHC) “withetfort"-kindly.” “especially” ‘Seba expreses the speaker's regret over what he views asa wasted ‘opportunity (Examples 1,2). 1 also expresses is appreciation for trouble taken on his aecount (Example 3) tras Takashi we sekkaku i kaisha ni shoshoku shita noni ichinen do yamete shimatta FROME URAC RRLEOI, —PCHOT LE OK Although Takashi succeeded in finding work with a good company, he quit ater only year. Sekkaku Ginza ni iru'n dakara, yuku shite ikimasho. POMEL SARIS, oC MLTOSEL ED. Aslongas wee ia Ginza le'erela and enjoy curves Kono doresu wa ane ga sekkaku kureta kara, konséto ni kite ku tsumori desu, DEV ARMA IE (HISD, 374 MORTHS abner, "intend to wear this dresto the concert since my older sister went to the trouble of giving it to me. 4113 [wazawaza DEE] “expres, Wazawza indicates someone's taking time or trouble to da some: ‘hing on someone else's account. specially”Baws PRACTICE 10 (41-414) 1, Tomodachi ga kuru node, wazawaza Koki o kai ni it KRURLOC, DEDET— FEM, ecaue my rendsare coming, I went out special to buy some cakes, : Circe the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses ‘Minna ga wekaru yo ni (hakkikippari/sesseto} henashinass AAEM PHB IFC (LOREM AEE) BLE, Speak deat otha everybody understands you Yukiko-san wa wazawaze watashi no ie made hana 0 motte kite kureta BP SAM DeDELOKE CEH THT Mite Kanojo wa daigaku 0 deru to {kichintojsassatohakkir) bot ‘Yakiko took the touble of ringing lowers to my house {urendo to kekkon shita BEAREWZE (REALIS> 8 EME BD) vy RERMLT. Assoon as she got et of calles, she hurd o marry her boyfriend. 17 4.14 [Rsuide ni UTE] “while (Tamiyou ae ati)” “at the same ime kare wa (narubeku/sekkaku/kippari) joshi no iken ni hanta ‘oui wi indicates someone’ taking advantage of situation to do shinai yO ni shite iru something additional and wsually of secondary importance. WE (REC Meo CIR IED) be EIEL TB. eal He tries as much as possble not a oppose the opinions of his bos. |. Shigoto de Kyéto e kita tsuide ni kenbutsu mo shimashita. AERC RI DUT BANG LB LP Kyonen wa totemo isogashikatta node, kotoshi wa (kich ‘While was in Kyoto on business, I dd some sightseeing intolyukkuri/hakir) shita. BRBETHEL HOOT, SHU (REALMS DAL 2, Kono heya ga sundara, tsuide ni tonari no heya mo soit DBD) Liv. shite kudasa. 1 was very busy last yea, so I want to rela this year. COWMAITA LEE, DUCED GIRL CK ESV. ‘When tis room is done, please clean the room next tit as well, a Yabinkyoku @iku no nara, (wazowazansuide nikossori) kono longa you're at it MEHL TCHS, Ifyou are goingto the post fice, plese mai his eter at these tim we wes6. Kuwashii koto wa wakaranai ga, (narubeku/tsuide ni toni- aku) genba e ite miy. BLUSE Usa G Bos (BE THDED LE Ips offal my debts, and fe great. 2, Ssikin Sachiko-san wa konpyat# no mae de yoku bonyatl shite iru MERE SAI Y E29 -OWTE EMPDL TVS. Lately Sachiko has been doing lot of daydreaming infront of the ‘computer. 4.18 [shonbori Ue hIED) “dejectedy” ‘Shonbor indicates lonely or depressed manner, 2: ital kote 0 ite kimochi ga sukkir shit, AVCUS bo TAN AT SEDL A. "sid what | wanted to say and got off my chest. 420 [sappari F51ED] “fel reteshed,” “el eleved” Sappariindicates a reeeshing feeling or elie in general. tis usually Interchangeable with subir. 1. Ishidan ni otoko no ko ga shonbori suwatte iru BRIBOFHL ENED 9 TUS boy isting dejctedly onthe stone stairway, |. Unde no ato de shaw® o abite sappari shimashita, HORT ¥9-FHUCE IDLE LE. Ttooka shower after exercising and fl refreshed, 2, Ano rajin wa inu ga inaku natte kara itsumo shonbor! shi BORARAU tho THHV2 6 LEMED LTV By ver since his dog disappeared, that od man as been depressed. Kare to no kon’yaku © kaisho shite sapparishita, RE OMeM ce SHED L "have broken of my engagement with hi, s fee lieved.421 [gakkari BSB] “be disappointed "ye discouraged” Galkar‘ indicates feling of unhappiness due tothe flure of hope. Exons 1. Kare wa kanojo ga dete o kotowatta node gakkar shite iru MRIEHEKA— BEBE ROTH OMD LTS. He isdsappointed because she turned down a date with im. 2. Biru wa yoku benky6 shita noni shikon ni shippai shi ‘oakkar shite VEE ¢ RL 2200S BORIC LC BTOBND LPs Bill was discouraged because he filed the exam in spit of having) studied hard fort 422 [mutto GSE] “get angry," "be offended” Mua indicates feting of anger or hostility 1, Watashi wa Kihara-san no shitsureina kotoba ni mutto shits. QUA SADA TREBIELL, [was offended by Me. Kiara’ rude remark 2, Tomu wa kese karo 2utto mutt shite imasu, BALI MGI > EGIELTHET. ‘Tom hasbeen scowling all moming 423 fhatto DE] “be startled,” *be taken aback” Hatt indicates a eling of surprise or alaem, 1, Surudoi tori no nakigoe ni hattoshita BOOM AMELIE, I wasstred by the sharp ery ofa bird 2. Kuruma no mae ni kojika ga tobidashite to hatto shite bureki o kakera, HOMIE MATRON LENE RURBDEL TTF Nee When a fawn rushed out in font of the car, 1 got stared and slammed on the brakes, oteshi wa) PRACTICE 41 (415423) Circe the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses |. Ame de pikunikku ga chashi sareta node, (sappari/sukiri! ‘gakkari)shimashita. BCE 24 Fab en #b) LELR ‘We were disappointed because the picnic was called off de to hen C. (SOUEDIT > DMO 2. O-furo ni haitte kami o arate ki sapparijutor) shite. tara, jitsu ni (bonyard BIBI > THER TAMAS, Kl IDEM) Lite UrAe n/tnce I tok a bath, washed my hair and changed my clothes, 1 fl truly refreshed ‘Akira wa tomodachi ga Nagoya @ iten shita node (shon- borituttori/subkiri) shite iru MIRA GRAB EOS (La ao) Lema, Since his er moved to Nago IED) 22 0Io Akira has ben lonely Purojekuto ga kigenmae ni kansei shite minna (suki S&B bE ak) LTT: ‘Our project was completed on ime, 20 weal el eoved Hayeshi-san wa watashi ga deta no machigal o shiteki suru to (shonbori/gakkari/mutto) shimashita WEAMEAT— 7 ORMOEMIAT SE (LE MED IN, HIE) LELT Miss Hayashi cof when I pointed oh the mistakes inthe data Haha ga nyaincho, watashi wa denwa ga naru to (hatto/ hotto/muto) shits BARR, BURMA SE (bo ENE Bite E) Ltee During the period ny mther was in the hospital, the sound ofthe hone ringing never fled to startle me 4.24 [kitchiri €555] “exactly.” “perfectly” itchiriindicatesan exact or perfect state oF manner of evens 1. Kono jaketto wa watashi ni kitchiti to} imasu, LOT sry BEBIEEOBD(E) OUET, ‘Thin jacket its me pert 2. Kaigi wa kitehie (to) sani ni hojimarimashita, ibe oBD (E) SOME DS LP ‘The meeting began exactly a three o'lck. 425 [pitard FOTED) “exact,” “perfectly Pittari indicates an exact or perc tate or manner of events. In cer- tain cases (Example 2, not 1) it may be interchangeable with hitch 1. Kono kei¢an wa pttari to) atte imasu. | COWMRVORD (L) Fo CHET, This calculation is perfectly core. 2. Hikoki wa pitta’ (to) tetkoku ni tochaku shita, RAFRULD RD (L) AMIEL ‘The airplane arived eight on schedule426 [ehodo 5 £52) “jus: “vight? “exactly” (Chado indicates that atime, size, number or amount conforms to a ‘certain standard or expectation. Buwrus 1, Soko made densha de chado ichilikan kakaru AC ECMHT ERIE HMB, le takes exactly an hour to get thereby tran 2. Reisha no kayObi nara chodo tsug0 ga ii desu. FHOKMH ESS ASEBEAOU TT. Nest Tuesday would suit my schedule very ney 427 [yuttari BS7ED] “be spacious."“be loose” Yuttri indicates amplenes in terms ofize oF space. Bn |. Watashi no atarashii apato wa mae no apato yor kanari yu- ‘tar ite ir HORBLUT AK PUBOT NAb LYE DBORDL-TH 3B My ne apartments quite bit more spacious than my previo one. Kono gaun wa yuttarl shite kigokochi ga ii desu. LOND VRBIRDL THAI TT, “This gown is loose and comfortable to wear. ws “sey, issn indicates sillnes, tranquility ora quiet state ofisolation. ti” Gago hachifisugiru to kono machi wa hissori suru FRABDBSSECOMLDDEDTS. This town becomes quiet after cght o'clock pam, Mori no naka ni marutagoya ga hissor (to tate iru BOWE LANESVDED (2) tho TOS Alog cabin stands quietly isolate in the woods smother"“in succession” ‘Tugs indicates the continual currence ofan action or event Baawrus 1th kangae ga tsugitsugi (ni) mune ni ukande. WU 2 tee (I) MISHRA Good ideas came to mind one afer anther Kono shina wa hyOban ga yoku tsugitsugi (ni) chamon ga kuru. SONI aP ALAR Bee (5) HESAOKS. This products popula and orders keep coming in =—4.30 [zokuzoku #2] “one after another,” “in sucesion” Zokucoku indicates the perpetual occurence of a ation or event In ‘certain cass it may be interchangeable with tsigitug. However, the frequency expressed by zokuzoki i usualy greater than that of tru tsi and it often implies accumulation vrs 1. Sono jiken no ato de fushigina dekigoto ga zokuzoku (to) katt, ZOOM CAMA USER (ABS. After tat incident, strange events occueed one after anther 2, Hanami no jiki nl wa kane koen ni kankokyaku ga zokuzoku {to) otezureru. HERLOOAYIN=L2= 0 RIANA AE (aL During cherry Blossom season tourists come flocking to this park “steal,” “step by step” Chakuchaku indicates steady progresion Bears 1, Idenshi no kenkya wa chakuchaku (t) susunde iru. AM FOR RAMS (2) ACH, Genetic esearch has Been making teady progress. 2. Kare wa ikoku de chakuchaku (to) Kirisutoky6 o hirometa EURO (2) 2 MARE UEDA. re teal spread Christianity in foreign countries. gradual” “slowly” Jojo niindicates slow, gentle change. Its emphasis ison the quality of| change rather than the direction, Beans 1. Terk wa Joo ni kafuku suru desho. RRC ACSMMT SCL I. The wether wil gradually cles wp, ion wa joo ni jOsho shi, sesshi yonjado 0 koeta, AMIE ERIC LIL, BUR ME RRR te, “Thetemperature went up gradually, exceeding forty degrees Celis. 433 [dandan EATER] “gradually."“slowly anda indicates gradual change. ls emphassis on the direction of the change rather than the quality Bases |, Hikoki no oto ga dandan kikoonaku nat, RRO HOMME RC Bote, ‘The sound ofthe airplane gradually di vayKono chiki no kankyO ga dandan yokunatta. EDI ROMVUATENTEN ELS 15 foo The environment inthis ares has shown gradual improvement “PRACTICE 12 (a2Ea3)— Circe the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses 1, Ima ga hanami ni wa (kitchiriyuttar/chdo) ijkl des. FAERIE (BE YM 20/5 29 EY UMMC T. [Now is ju the right tie for cherry-blosom viewing 2. Kore kara (dandan/tsugitsugi/hissor) semuku nate Kimasu yo. Chm (RARADKAIOSED) RE OTRET LS iil gradual start to get colder, el you 5. Ressha wa jkan dori (chOdovkitchiriiyutari hassha shsita, AMLNMAD (25 L/S 2b VMK) BALI “The tran departed exactly on time 4, Kono mise ni wa watashi ni (ittari/yuttarhissori) au saizu 9 na Low WBS (FoR DM ot VID>ED) BIA XH ‘Thisstore does not cary any size hat is me precy 5. Kare no jiay® wa {jojo nchakuchaku to/zokuzoku to) yor jisseki o age ROW (La CLITA ERE) RUE LIC His busines iste shoving postive resus ‘Ano resutoran wa kyaku ga sukunsku itsumo (kitchiriyuttari hissor) shite iru. DOU ANF ERIE (VOb (225 DNbo 29) Lea. ‘That restaurant has few customers and is almays quiet Kuruma ga (zokuzoku/ojo ni/dandan) kit michi ga watarenai Was ATE EE RIIEATEA) THAME Cars are coming on afer another, so Ica ros the tet, 434 (litte FOE] “surely” “certainly,” “without ll ‘Kitt expreses the speaker’s confidence or strongbeit. Exar 1. Kono hon wa ktto yaku nitatsu to omoimasu. LORERDEREVOE BURT, Tam sre this book willbe help Weteshi ga kuruma o arau to, kitto ame ga furu BONHERIE. ROLHATES. When Lash my cr itrais without il 4435 [ka zu DF] “surely, “certainly “without fail” Kanarazu expresses the speaker's conviction. It is more formal than ita, wwaru 1. Kono shigoto wa kanarazu getsumatsu made ni kansel shi Leth Nisa HAE CIEL EF. This work wil surely be completed by theendof the month. 1. Yaharl watashi no suisoku wa tadashikatta PRD LOMMLE Lo 2, [was right in my conjecture afterall, 2. Ano keisha wa yapparitasan shita 80 da SORILAPISOHR LAE 7h Thor tht company went bankrupt 2, Kotso kisoku wa kanarazu mamoranakerebs naranal ZB RUMABOGS BURT BU, ‘You must obey tafe reultions no mater what. 436 [mochiron 85h] “ofcourse.” “no dub _Mochrom expresses the speaker's certainty about something. 3s predited, 438 [Kekkyoku #23] “ater all” “finaly,” “in the end” Kekkyoku emphasizes the fat that concasion has becn reached 1 tarde of whatever decisions o eircumstances led tit. ours Baars |. Aliko-san ga ikanai no nara, mochiron watashi mo ikimasen, |. Yoku kangaets ue de, kekkyoku sono ginko ni tsutomera KE SAMIDE, BBBMETE TTA. koto ni shite, TF Akiko doesnt go 1 won't go either, ofcourse. ACBAEET, BRE ORAFIANSS = LILA {Upon careful consideration, finally decided to work forthe bank, 2, Taifa ga kureba, mochiron fune wa demasen, AMLAVEALUE, BBBAMBLRM TA As Wa typioon comes, the ships certain| 2 Nando mo hanashiatta gs Kekkyoku ketsuron wa denakatte, MR GI Ltr LAS, RIRNRRSIN EI 7 Although we discussed the sue many times, inthe end we neve reached a contusion. 437 jappari PED/ PIED] “as expected 3. Karera wa sanzan kenka o shite ita kedo kekkyoku kekkon sit WOU EAEAD ADE LORIE, RIBREL They bckered at but inthe end, they got mari Yahari or yapparindicats that something has turned out the way it vas expected to, Yapparis more colloquial than yahari and, in some’ ‘eases, moce emphatic439 fisumari DED] “in brie nother words” “that sto say" ‘Toumariis used to summarize or rephrase what has ben said 1, Kore wa imato no musuko,tsumari, watashi no oi no shashin desu. THILO BE, DRDLOBOBIWCT, Thisis a picture of my younger sister's sn, thats, my nephew. 2, Ano soteu wa takakute kaon: koto desu, BOAT THR LM, DEDBSMBVENI CET t “That suits too expensive In ater words havent got the money frit Teums jo-kane ga nai to iu 4.40 [tatoeba PIRI] “forinstance Tatocbais used to give an example. snes 1. Nihon no shosetsu, tatoeba Kawabata ya Mishima no. ‘sakuhin 0 yonda koto ga arimasu ke. WROD, MRM BOR ERAS & Fh. Have you ever read any lpanese novels—works by Kawabata or Mi shims, for example? wabne 2 Natsuyasumi ni iroiona koto 0 shita, Tatoaba umi de oyoi- dari, sakana o tsuttar, kyenpu ni tar shita WAG EELS Lt BAI, ACIKOLED, MEK RD, Fx 77H) L We i aot of things over summer vacation —svam nthe ocean, went fishing wen carping 4a (aikawarazu TEED 5 3 “as always? LIVED ABE) ACK Ea, Please be sure to come tothe clas euion aext month ‘Yosan ga nai kara kono purojekuto wa tsumarlyshari/siniku) dokinai so des PMMA IOTOY@F bis (OF O/TIE DU BRE O23 CF, ‘heard that this projet cannot be carted out as expected for lack of budget > Watashi wa yakusoku shita koto wa (salwai/keett/machiron) kk shimasu. BAORLEC ER GRAS TIOBAA) MALE TS [will ofcourse carry out what promised todo, 4. Sofu wa (kanarazutatoeba/aikawarazu) choshokumae ni sanpo ni dekakeru. LE CELA LEIA SF) OAR HLCM 2 [My grandather goes out fra walk before breakist as wal5. Jimu va (tsumarikekkyoku/iniku) gakko o yamete shimata YAS (OE VRID) PRES TLE Ke Fim quit school after alo my reget. 6, Yamada-san wa (sinikulsaiwai/mochiron) sono ochita hikOki ni note inakatta, UES At (HU athkhor. Fortunately, Me. Yanna wasn't on the aeplane that had gone down, CIEE SA) TOM ETAT. 7. Kenoje wa kokana mono bakari kau s® desu ga, (tsumeri/ tatoeba/yahari) donna mono desu ka. ICME MT DH LI CHAS (OE DIMA b) EAR rIs {hea she buys nothing but expensive things, but what things does she buy for example? 8. Tenchi shitara (yaharvkittoykaete) taicho ga waruku rata, IMLS (PRD/S EMR oO) KM Bote. went for change of ai, but became more il © onomatopoeic Words ‘Onomatopocic words ate adverbs that imitate sounds (giseigo) or describe actions, manners or states (giaig)- Some onomatopoeic words may optionally be followed by the particles to orn, and can combine with the verb suru to form verbs English has onomatopocic words too, bu they tend tobe verbs tather than adverbs, eg, “murmur,” “eutle,”“sreeh,” ee This ten dency is evident in the entries below, where some words are trans- lated as verbs, Such translations ae intended to be conceptual 5.1 [Rikonike “witha smile,” “happily [ikonio describes a smile that conveys happiness pleasure, rendl- ness o kindnes. 1. Akachan ga watashi o mite nikoniko waraimashita Rb AME MTRERE ROE Lite “The baby smiled happily at me 2, Ot6te wa tanjabi ni kamara o moratte nikoniko shite iu EWEN £944 So TRERELTOS. [My ite Brother got camera for his birthday and isal smiles 52 [niyani PIP] “with a grin,” “witha smirk” [Niyaniya describes a grin, smirk or knowing smile. 1, Shiranai otoko no hito ga nivaniya warainagara watashi ni chikezuit. HS E0HO MEPEPROLHS RIES ‘A strange man approached me with sty grin2. Kare ga niyaniya shite iru toki ni wa kanarazu nanika taku ands ic. HAEPEPLTOERLT MATOS, ‘When he grins you know he upto something. (kusukusu FCF] “giggle” “chuckle” zulu describes giggle ora chuckle, Bauru |, Shojo-tachi wa rojin no okashina kakko o mite kusukust warata PALEAOSDL EMMETT TR. The ils giggled atthe old man’s odd appearance 2 Mito ga majime ni hanashite iru toki kusukusu warau no wa) shiteurei da RAE LDICAL COSMET CERI OLN es rade to giggle when someones speaking serious. 54 [geragera F575] “augh) loudly” Genagera describes the sound of someone exploding wit laughter. anus 1. Kansha wa shikaisha no jodan ni geragera waratts BRIE RR OI SSI fs “The audience roared with laughter athe MCs kes 2, Nan de mo nai koto ni geragera warau hito wa krai desu MCL EUS EC BYSES MaMUeT, 1dr ke psople who lavgh loudly at nothing 55 [shikushiku UCU] “sob,” “weep” ‘Shikuchiku describes the sound of someone quietly sobbing (Examples 1,2) Italso describes light pain, a inthe stomach (Example 3) |. Shoppingu moru de maigo ni natta onna no ko ga shiku- hike nate ie Ya EY TEM RFI EKOFBUEUEIOTO Bo “The gil who ‘slo inthe shopping mall is weeping sadly 2. Haha wa chichi no soshiki no aida shikushiku nate it. BULOMLOMLE LCL TU? Mother sobbed throughout Father's funeral 3. Kesa kara hara ga shikushiku suru Sri BALE LET. ve had a stomachache since this morning, 56 [wawa b&DB| (weep) loudly,” "wail “cheer” ‘Wawa describes the sound of someone wailing or chering loudlyawrues 1, Subette horonde kodomo wa waws nakidashita, Aho CRRA PRE DBDBIL AML t. ‘The child who had slipped and fallen started to cry lol. Kanojo wa sono kanashil shirase ni hitomae de waw nai, HEA TOBLOMS2IZ AM COBB? Hering the ad news, she started bawling infront of everyone 5. Saka fan ga wawa sawaide ita. FOIA T 7 PDBDBMUTIT, The soccer fans were cheering loudly. 5.7 [poroporo BIE] “(shed tears) in arg drops” Poroporo describes the manne in which tars trickle down the fae. ene 1. Kanojo wa yazai no hanketsu ni poroporo namida o kobo- shite HALA MOMRIESESIE SEL Te She shed tears atthe verdict of “gil.” 2. Watashi wa namida ga poroporo kanojo no hoho o koborery no o mita. AAESEDMKOMEIEHEDEBT, ae tous trickle down her cheeks 5.8 [kankan (all DAB ( (fume) with anger” *(shine) hot” Kanan describes boiling anger or intense het. |, Watashi ga mudan de kaigi ni kesseki shita node, kacho wa keankan (ni okotte iu. LAO, MRD ADA (IE) Bo Tes ‘The section chief was furious because I minted the mecting without permission 2. Musume wa hahaoys ni boifurendo no tegami o yomarete ankan ni nate cite ATLL NOTMERER CONDI Ts ‘The daughter wa furious because the letter fom her boyfriend was read by her mother, 3. Higa kankan (i) fete iru kara, Boshi o kabute ikinasai DRDADAI Eo COS, MEMO THRE SH, The sun ishining hot, s gout with your hat on 59 [punpun BAA] “in anger,““in abut Pupun describes indiscriminate anger.Busrus ‘Jokyaku wa kake de nanijikan mo mataserete punpun okotte RELLEIE CMON 6 fc SAU COIAIA Mo Cte. ‘The passengers were very angry because they were made to wait for ‘many hous atthe airport. 2. Watashi dake pat ni sasowareta no o shitte Michiko-san wa ppunpun shite ima. REF chet, [Michiko knows that ony Iwas invited tothe party, an she sina huff because oft PROMS THES ALTATAL 5.10 [gamigami B&He (sapat someone) angrily” Garigarideseribes the manner hich someone who i angry lsh ‘esoutat mother. Bows TTonari no okusan wa asa kara ban made Kodomo © gam ‘gam shikatte iru ROME ALO ORE CHM EDD CHS, “The woman nextdoor scolds her childeen harshly from morning til ih 2. Noda-san wa joshi ni gamigami iwarete repoto © kaki naoshite iru. x0 MS ALS Alcan DNC LA b EM EL COS. Mis Noda was yelled aby ber boss, so she i rewriting the report. PRACTICE 14 GI 10) Circe the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses CChikagoro Ishida-san wa (gamigamifniyaniya/punpun shite chikazukinikui. AMT AIL AADAC ERIRASA) LESS kee Lately, Ms sida as been in such an angry mood that tis ifcale roapproach her. ‘Yeno-san wa atarashiljtensha o nusumarete (wawalgami- gamifkankan ni) okote iru MAAR LUEMEM EEE RT (DADAM AMANDA BAL) Mo THB. “Mr. Yano i furious that his new bcyle has ben len. 3. Kuraleigekan no ushiro no seki de dareka (geragerakusu- usu/nivaniya) waratt ita MU BMD RADMEC HID UPB ICT CFI) Rocks Someone was giggling in rar ss inthe dark movie theater 4. Erebéts 0 oriru to, Wada-san ga (nikoniko/kusukusulgs ‘eral shite tate ita, ELAS — ERED RE bi) Leotut AS AE ( LITA‘When I got of the eletator, Mr Wada was standing thee (in from of sme) witha broad smile 5, Densha no naka de osanai kodomo ga (shikushiku/boro- boro(wawa) naite hahaoya o komaraseta HOW CHOFRN (LC LEMS baba) HOT BREWS EH. A young child cred loudly the tan, embarrassing is mother. 66. Watashi ga heya ni haittatoki, Ono-san wa (niyaniyakusu- kusulpunpun) shinagara zasshi o mite ita, BASILE Ao Toh, IEE ANE (IRIS FC TISA SAD) LER SME R COR. ‘When Fentered the room, Mr. Ono was looking ata magazine and sinning. 7. Ano ko wa ikankan nilgamigemi/punpun} ite mo terebi 0. ‘mite bakart imasu, ROFL CAPALMABAEKSA) Bo THF LU! BCD OFT. Even fl cold him harshly, that child does nothing but watch TV. 5.11 [gateugateu BOBO | "nangrly,”“gttonously,”*(est) lke a pig” GGatsugatsu describes the manner in which a very hungry person eas, Ie carries negative connotations. Bxourus Mika mo tabenakatta node, dasareta tabemono 0 gatsug- ‘teu tabeto, SHORREDOLOT, WANEREDOBORESEBUTR HW TOF, ‘Someone was snoring louly in the hotel room next door. “PRACTICE 16 (Gaz) | Circle the corret adverb among the choices given in parentheses 1. Kankokyaku ga gaido no ato kara (buraburalyoroyoroyzoro- 20r0)tsuiteikimasu, REIT KORG (REREIREEIZEED) at. “The sighscers are closely fllowing the uide in tow. cKoko 0 [utoutolurourolyoroyoro) shinai de sassato shigoto katazukenasai Ile GEE AISIEALA) LAUTS Ente EO, Don't hang around hers. Finish up your work quick tem enki ga yo! kara koen demo (burabura/tobotobo/zoroz0r0) arukimasho ka, RAMOS, AMTH (RE RS/EEBIZSLS) I BELI9%. Since the weather ood, shall wetakea stolin the park? Densha no naka de (suyasuys/utouto/yoroyoro} shite eki o norikoshita, WKOWS (FETA ED LIED LA) LORE DBL Re | doze offon the etn and rode pst the station, Eki no hams o (tobotobolyoroyore/2oro20ro} arite ita oroko ga watashi ni butsukatta, Lie (EEWEA LAZARD) BUCH A oe The man staggering long the station platform bumped into me. Kare wa tomodachi ni sake 0 nomasarete sofa no ue de {urourolutouto/gaga) nete shimatta, ABNER E STITT OLS 6969) MCL EOK. He was made to drink she by his frends and fell ast asleep on the sof 530 [furafura SBS) “fel dizy,” “be uns Furafara describes a dizey or lightheaded feling, It also describes someone whois shakey or unsteady. 1. Kesa oki to atama ga furafurashita. FURR SLRNBSBSL fee ‘When I got up this morning elt zy 2. Haha wa taiin shimeshita ga mada ashi ga furafura shite REPEL £ LANE EADBHBSL CET, Although my mothers out ofthe hospital her legs are tl unsteady. 531 [gangan DADA “havea spliting headache, Thar ringing in one's eas” Ganga describes a spliting headache ora ringing inthe eas Brawn 1. Kaze ohiite atama ga gangan shite imasu, BAERS TRADABLES T have acold and my headache. 2. Hikoki ga chakuriku suru tokl mimi ga gangan natta, AIRSET BUTEA "hada evil ingingin my earsas the aieplane landed,5.32 [fof BSS] “puting and panting.” “gasping fr breath” ‘Ff descrbes the sound of hard breathing or blowing. aur 1. Kare wa hashitte kita node fafa it iu, IEE THO TSESV9 THB, Because he came running, he is panting 2. Kanojo wa fafa iinagara shiken benkyo 0 shit iru HAEBIRS OU AS RRMIAE LCOS. Seis wearing herself ut studying forthe exam, 5.33 [okuzoku BCBS] “oo excited," “shiver” Zokuzoku describes tingling joy or excitement, ora chill du to fear, {fever or cold weather. 1. Iehir0 no fainpur8 ni zokuzoku suru hodo kofun shite AFU—DI TA YTV RCRT REE RELI Ichiro’ fine play sent shivers down my spine. 2. Yo ga fukoru to, samusa de karade go zokuzoku shi hejimeta, MAIZE, RE CHRCRE LMI As night wore on, [Began to shiver fom theo 3. Kare wa konetsu de karadaja ga zokuzoku shits, REACH SRC ECL: Due to his high fever he fl ei throughout his entire body. 5.34 [gatagata BTEDTE] rattle,” “tremble” Gatageta describes rating sound or the manne in which the body trembles Buus 1. Kaze de doa ga gatagata shi hajimets. Me RT aBHREBI La “Thedoor began toatl inthe wind Kawa kara tasukeagerareta kodomo wa samusa de gata- ‘gata furuete ita Nap BHUF EAT ALTRI S COMANCHE CO too ‘The child rescued fom the rite was trembling fom the coi 3. Yama de kuma ga arawareta toki, osoroshisa de hiza ga gatagata furuets MCRRALIL BY, 85 LBC SAOMEDMEIR toe ‘When a bear appeared inthe mounting, my knees trembled with exe. 5.35 [kirikir’ ©D®D] havea sharp pain” Kinki describes a sharp pai,unus 1. Sobo wa shi no zenjtsu made genki de pinpin shite ite MIOW A CER CUAUAL Tt: My grandmother was well and fll of energy ati the day before her death, ews 1, Atama ga Knit tamu node asupirin o nonda, MEDSDHEDCT ALY Y EIAT ‘havea piercing headache, so have taken some aspirin 2. Tanaka-san wa sutoresu de i ga kiki suru to ite iru WHSARA RL ATHSEDEDT SEO CS. Mr Tanaka sys that tes causes im an acute stomachache 2. Mori-san wa itkagetsu mae ni okega 0 shite noni mo pin: pin shits iru. FEE Ald AN HIEAIERE LOK b SUKUAL TOS, Aldhough Mr. Mor was badly hurt a month ago, he i already fll of lite again 5.36 fzukizuki PEPE] “sing, throb Zukizuk describes a sharp, throbbing pain. “PRACTICE 17 (30-537) Baur PRACTICE T 1, Yobe ha ga zukizuld itande yoku nemurenakatta DIRMAPAIRHATE Mio te lastnight I hada toothache and could’ seep well Circle the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses |. Ha ga (ukizukilgatagatalgangan) itamu node nani mo tabe- FSI RMALIDABA) MEO THD feeoiver, ecause my tooth aches, ean eat anything | 2, Yubi no kirikizu ga zukiaukl sur. ROM) wvADETS, ‘Thecut in my finger throbs with pun, 2. Yabo karada ge (furefura/ukizuki/zokwzolu) shita node, atsui | o-furo ni hatte neta, . . BISA (HOASITEF RACES) LEOT, eds 5.37 [pinpin TAA] “be lively” “befall of ite Roeover, } Last night had the chills so I took shot ath and went to npn describes a healthy state. i took hot bath and went tobe.3, Kino made (krkiipinpin/furafura) shite ita Hayast kya ni rakunata, EHEC (BOR DIOKTAIRORG) LTRS ARE Ke tote ‘Miss Hayashi, eho was ull oie until yesterday, pased away suddenly. 4, Hajimete disuko nt ita tok, soon de mimi ga igangan/zoku- zoku/zuki2uki shita, meTR A: EPR) Lhe “Thefist time I went toa disco, the loud nase caused a ringing in my oth, BEECH AS (AA AAIE CES 5. Kare wa oisogi de kita node,heya ni haitts tok’ (furafural fofa/gatagata ite ita. MEAGRE THOT, MH BHR) WoT OR. Since he came in big hurry, he was puting and panting when be centered the room, ORI (Rb R6IAI ST 6, Joseto kite hiza ga (urafuralgatagatafzokuzoku)furue, ippo ‘mo arukenakatta. SEB COSA (EOI BEB ote, At the report of «gun, my knees rembled and I couldnt move even onestep. IEEE) BR. = a 5.38 {wakuwakuB Cota F IML. tas drzalig inthe moenig, but cleared up inthe afternoon, 2. Shitoshitofuru ame no naka © kodome tachi ga hashitt ku. LEVERS Hote FORA > CHE. ‘Thechildren ae running round inthe drizaling(al lighty” CChirachira describes the way something Hickers or lashes or become ly visible and then disappears again (Example 1). 1 a0 Aescribes the way small light lakes fll (Examples 2,3) or the way im lights appear in clusters faraway (Example 4) bi no gamen ga chirachira suru BaF LE OMMAS SESH A, Sometimes the TV screen fckers. ‘Asa okiru to, yuki ga chirachira futte ita. WES SE, MHESESMo CUT. ‘When | got up the morning, it wis sowing Highly Koen no sakura no hana ga kaze ni chirachirachite iru BROKOE AIS SS Stes TOS, “The cherry blossoms inthe park are scattering in the wind 4. Toku ni machi no hi ga ehirachira miery, RC CDN ASSES RLS, ‘You can se the lights of the cy the dstance, 352 “ovnkl,” “spare” Kiraira describes the way something twinkle or sparkles, 22 aru Yorora ni Noahi ga krakira kagoyaki hajimeto, WRI R BM A ha The stars came out twining nthe evening sky. ‘Mori no naka no mizuumi wa tsuki ne hikari de kirakira bikate ita, KOWOMANONCESES I Ct. ‘Thelakein the woods wa paring inthe moonlight Kanojo no hitomi wa kirakira shite ita. MAOWRSES LOZ Her eyes sparkled beautiful 5.53 [pokapoka DISH] “nice and warm” Pokapoka describes the state of bing comfortably warm annus |. Kono heya wa minamimuki na node asa wa pokapoka atats- ai desu, ORRIENIS OCMC. Recasethis room fice tothe south, ts nce and warm in the morning. 2. Wain © sukoshi nondara karada ga pokapoka shite kta, TAYE DLMRAL SIEAEDED LTS ‘When Thad litle wine, my body warmed554[finrin DADA] “jingle” “tinkle” Rinrin describes the jingling of bel, Rewurs 1. Tonari no heya de denwa ga rinrinnatte ir. ROBRCHEADADAM TOS. “The phones ringing inthe next room. 2. Farin ga rintin nattehirune no jama o shite, HERADND Mio CHO RM Lit, The tnklng of wind chime disturbed my map. 555 [g896 2525] “with aroar” witha rumble” Gage describes the roating of a machine or of owing water 99 9898 ot0 0 tatete torisugite, AMHESES HEC CMI BSE. ‘Atrain came roaring pat ame de mizu ga mashita kawa wa gogo nagarete iru AMCAMH LAMETSESIANTHZ. Sellen with hey ean, the rivers raving by. 5.56 [guruguru €B€3] “around and around’ Guruguru describes the way something turns in circles or revolves around something ese. annus 1. Yaenchi no mert-g6-raundo ga guruguru mawatte iru BRD 4) I-99 7 FNBCBMo CHS. ‘The mery-go-ound inthe amsement pak inground a aound 2. Kodomo ga te ni nigitta kazaguruma ga chilsana oto 0 ta {ete guruguru mavatta, EURSFIER EMMA AR PT TBEBM 9 ee ‘The pinwheel inthe cil’s hand went around and around making site sound 5.57 (guragura €5€5] “shake” ‘Guragura describes the manner in which something shakes. Bauru 1. dishin de ie ge guragura yureta ARCENESE SONI “The house shook asa rsult ofthe earthquake 2. Sono isu wa guragura shite iru kara tsukawanai ho ga ji osu yo. EOVTREBEBL TSH HDL WEI MUWTS Ey ‘That chain shaky, ots beter not oust5.58 [kerokoro ©3=3] “oll” ‘Korokore describes the manner in which a smal, round object, such, ‘sa ball or a marble, roll (Example 1). Is also used figuratively of «motion (Example 2), aus 1, Boru ga korokoro korogatte mizo ni ochita HOME BT BHA CHEM E Teo “Thebull olled and fel intoa dich 2. Kanojo no kimochi wa itsu demo korokoro kewaru. HAOANSAVICETSTSEDS. Her feelings heep changing PRACTICE 19 (549-558) Circe the correct adverb among the choices given in parentheses |. Orenji ga teburu kara ochite yuka no ue o (guragura/koro- korojguruguru) koroge FV THF AT UP DHE TRO LE (Cb CBISBEA! £BCB) Wittor ‘An orange fll ofthe tbl and rolled onthe ler. 2. Hi ga (pokapoka/shitoshitorkankan) tery hi ni wa gaishutsu shitaku arimasen, HA (IEANEAYLE LEAD A) BBE DA, | oa't want to go outon days when the sn shines hot. PAIL a 3. Renjitsu ame ga (shitoshito!zaza\chirachira} futta node, ike no mizu ga ippai ni natta, HORN (LELEISH SH) 555) Rote Bokeh te Because it rained cats and dogs for days, the pond swelled TDA 4. Umie no hoteru de hitobanja nami no oto ga (guragura {g0go/rinrin kikoota, DONT CMO HA C5 CIE Wrar. "could heat the oarng sound of waves al night atthe seaside hotel SHDADA) 5. Saikin kon’yaku shita ane no yubi ni daiya no yubiwa ga (chirachira/tirakirajrinvin) kagayaite ta BUH LEMON OHM (BEE GIS 6/9 ADA) MUTI: ‘A diamond ring glitered on the finger of my alder sister, who recently Became engaged. 6, Tetsudo senro no soba no ie wa densha ga toru tabi ni (ourugurulgogo/auragural shimasu. PRO E TORE RMNMS ROI (C4 OBIT 591 CbC8) LET. The houses nea the railroad tracks shake whenever train pss7. Heya na mado kara (krakia/chirachirashitoshito)furu yuki fo nagemete iru to, kyu ni kokyO ga natsukashiku nett, MODS (SHRSIBSLSILELE) MSREROT WBE, RICMAB AML Otoko | suddenly fet homesick, looking out the window of my room and seeing the snow fling gently. © reverds Used with Negatives ‘The folowing adverbs are used with negatives such as nai or murito ‘express negation or denial DLE] *(n01) 6.1 [sukos "(aot in the least Sukoshi moi the form sukoshi mo... na expreses total negation. Bases 1, Kono kusuri wa takai baka de sukoshi mo kikime ga nai LOR UREA) COLES Hat L, “This medicine ijust expensive it's not effective at al, 2. Kanojo wa konpyats no chishiki ga sukoshi me arimasen, WISI YZ 27 —ONIDLES DELA, ‘She hasnt the slightest knowledge of computes. ot in the least” 62 [chittomo 5SEB) “(oot tal Chittomoin te form chitomo... nai expresses total negation. Is more colloquial than sukoshi mo. anus 1. Konogoro bucho wa chittome gorufu o shinai LOMB IESIVIL LEV. “These aysthe division chief does’ play golfa al. {Ano eiga wa chittomo omoshirokunakatta AORMUBIEBIE (Io ‘That movi wasn't interesting at all, 63 [Sappari @31#D] “(not atall,”*(not) inthe least” Sappariin the form sappar.. na expreses total negation and indi ‘ates an unfavorable situation, It i, ike ehittomo, more colloquial | than ksh me. ewrus i) 1 Stn Rind sappart wana i Rayo 7eeseD aoe. Thayne Lindt a ay 2. Konogoro sappari okyaku ga konai. \ COSAE SMD BERET i “There are no customers thee days.64 [kesshite RUT] “never,” ‘absolutly (not),” “by no means” Kesshite in the form kesshite.. nai expresses total negation. Unlike with sukoshi ms, ckittomo oF sappari sentences with Feshite may involve the speaker's volition (Example 2), antes 1. Kono dota wa kesshite machigatteinai to omou, LOF—FURUTMBS THEOEL I. [think that there no way this dat is wrong "Mo kesshite koi nado shitakunai. GIRUTBEELEC tees, I never want olin love agin 65 [tote ESTO] “(cannot possibly” ‘Tote in the form tote... ma or tates. mur expresses the speaker's belief that somethings impossible awn, 1. Kono shigoto wa mikks de wa totel dekimasen. LOEWEN CHESTUMES EA. ean’ possibly do this work in three days. 2. Kono tonki de wa tbtel pikunikku wa muri desu ne. LORACLES TUL 7 = 7 7 AMC. Tn weather like this, we can't possibly hve apieic can we? 66 [taishite KUT] | *(not) very,” (not) much” ‘Taishitein the fren tsi. nai expresses the speaker's belie that something isnot particularly significant or outstanding. Exaurus 1. Shacho wa taishite gorufu ga jozu ja arimasen, MERALTIVIBE PU CHD EEA y (Our company president snot very god a gol 2. Taino higal wa taishite nakatta PHORERALT DOT. “There was not mach damage from the yphoos. 67 [mettani®>%ie] “any _Metta mi in the form metta ni. nai expresses the speaker's belie that someone or something hardly ever does something or that something arly happens “seldom! xsnus 1, Noda-san we metta ni sake o nomansi PS ADOREIEME LH, Me, Noda seldom drinks alcohol 2, Jimu ga kurasu ni okureru koto wa metta ni arimasen. FLA 9 RIRENBS EDDY HAA. Itrazely happens tht Jim is ate for bss.68 [kanarazu shimo BFLS (not) aay,” *(not) necessarily” ‘Kanarazu shi mo in the form Konarazu shi mo ..naienal agian «qualifies an assumption by negating it in pat, Barus 1. Yasui mono ga kanarazu shi mo shitsu ga warui to wa jena RUMABTLERMEL AL EU, ‘One cannot always say that inexpensive things ae inferior in quality, 2 Yoku benky6 suru gakusei gs kanarazu shi mo yoi seisekio ageru to wa kagiranal, A 2 PHT LB PORN IS ELS A student wo studies hard doesnot necessarily get god grades 69 [rokuni 3 2 ‘The lecture was ongand very boring 2, Koko kara bijutsukan made toteme aruite ikemasen yo. COPE AMME CETHRU THU EEA Le ‘You can’t possibly walk to the museum from her, tl you. 74 [amar BED] “ery,” much” ot) very,” *(not) much Ina posite expression, amari expresses the speaker's ele that some- thing is excessive. Ina negative expression it indicates that a degree ‘orextent is not as grea sits assumed o expected tobe. canes 1. Kodomotachi ga amarl sawagu kara shikatta FOI 5 ABROM DSI h, The children were being so noisy that! scolded them, 2 Ane wa ryOri ga amaritokul de wa nal DATE RD BCI, (My older siteris not very good at cooking. 75 [dome E5%] "somehow," "very," “much” Ina postive or negative expression, domo introduces a guess that i ‘ot based on direct evidence, but is nevertheles ft tobe true (Exam- ple 1). Itcanalso simply emphasize degre (Example 2). Ina negative ‘expression it indicates that something i beyond one’ ability or con- ‘rol Example 3) anes |. Neruson-sensel wa démo kikoku shitai rash BUY 7 RIES BRE LEOS LU. {somehow sense that Profesor Nelson wants to return tis county. 2, Dme arigato gozaimacu. Domo mashiwake gozsimasen EH IRI CSVSET, ESBHLRCZUEEA, “Thank you very much, 1am very sory. 4. Nando yonde mo deme wakaranai REA THESE I tr. [No matterhow many times red i just don't understand it76 [hotondo BEKE| most," “hardly” jon, hotonde means “almos.” In a negative Beans 1. Ashita no shukudal wa mo hotondo dekimashita, MINOW 6 BEALS Lee {ave almost finished tomorrow's homework lea. 2. Fukutsa de hotondo nani mo tabererenskatta WA CHERENG KBR Hof. 1 ould hardly eat anything due to a stomachache. 77 [nakanake tirtsb considerably quite,” "(n0t)eaily (not) realy Ina positive expression, nakanake indicates that someone or some- ‘thing is admirable, impresive or exceptional. In a negative expres sion, indicates that a favorable situation doesnot come about easily. Basra: 1. Abe-san no atarashil ie wa nakanaka rippa desu ne. MBSAORLUREREB RTT, (Mr. Abe's new house is uit impressive, st 2. Kanji wa mainichi rensho shite iru noni, nakenaka oboer- SERA LCOS, BPM SIU. Although I practice Kanji every day, leant earn them easily 78 [zenzen BA] “totlly."“quit,”*(no) st all” Ima positive expression, zenzen emphasizes degre. In a negative ex pression, it indicates strong negation, Note tha the use of senaen in 2 positive expression is extremely colloquia Bours 1. Kono shasetsu wa zenzen omoshiroi kara, yonde mitars. SONAR, BATHS. This novel quite intresting, 50 why ot read it 2, Sonna koto wa zenzen shirimasen. Eh ERMMD BEA 1 know absolutely nothing about the mater 79 [issai WI] “al” “(not) at al” Ina positive expression, isa indicates a total umber or amount. In ‘negative expression it indicates strong denial andi essentially ter changeable wth zenan. Exar 1, Kare wa tosh ni shippal shite zaisan o Issa ushinatta RIE IRRLE Uk LCE OR He filed in his investment and los al his fortune. kanket ga arimasen. ADRES D EA He has nothing whatsoever to do with that ncent,7.10 [betsu ni BIE| “separately,” “(not especially,” (not) particulary” Ina positive expression, bet indicates that an action occurs spa rately or independently, na negative expression, it indiates that, someone or something i not exceptional or unusual xan 1, Kore wa betsu ni tsutsunde kudasi CHUMIEWAC CHEE. Please wrap this separately 2, Ima no tokoro betsu ni mondai wa arimasen, Ok = ARIAL D BAtA There are no problems in particular ight now. “PRACTICE 21 Gara) Circle the corret adverb among the choices given in parentheses 1. Ono-san wa (moyhotondo/mada) ano furui kuruma o unten shite AVES AIS (b INEEK EI Mr-Onojs stil diving that old car. DOwVMEL TOS. 2, Watashi we kare no iken ri (nakanaka/zenzenitotemo) hentai desu, BURTON Cette teV AE TH) ACH Tam oly against his opinion, Kono tegami wa kanji ga okute (totemoimada/amari) yome- SOP RIMENE ST (ETHIE HEY) EW This leer has too many kan s0 can hardly cei Kusuri 0 nonda noni netsu ga famarifmada/nakanaka) sgarimasen. FA TOIM (EDIE etvtet) FAD BAA. Although Ltook some medicine, my fever just won't go down. Yabe wa ha ga itakute (moshotondoviseai) nomurenakatta. WILMA ST (HIMEEA LIU) Mbt deo te Las night hardly spt due to a toothache, Kyo wa (domojamari/hotondo) atsukunakatte nade, ichi richij niwa de hatarata HIE (29 HE VIEE ALY RC tea hoe, 1h Rec Z Since today wasn't very bt, worked inthe yarall day. Mori-san wa (mada/damojnakanaks) watashitachi to issho i kitakunai rash WEAIE (ESE bite) Bike BL [somehow feel that Mise Mori doesn’t want to come with ws, arcane