Star

Altair (Aquila)

Apparent
Mgn(s).

Spectral Class

0.77

A7 V (White, Main
Sequence

Absolu
te
Mgn(s)
.
2.20

Light Yrs.

Right
Ascension

Declination

Surface
Temperatur
e

16.73 0.05

19h 50m 46.998

55s

+08 52 05.95
63

6,900 8,500 K

Solar/Stellar
Masses
1.79

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Capella
(Auriga)

0.91

G1 III (Yellow, Normal

Giant)

0.40

42.2 0.5

05h 16m 41.359

1s

+45 59 52.76
8

4,940 50 K,
5,700 100 K

Arcturus
(Botes)

0.04

K1.5 III (Orange,

Normal Giant)

0.29

36.7 0.3

14h 15m 39.7s

+19 10' 56"

4,290 43 K

Sirius (Canis
Major)

1.46

A1 V (White, Main
Sequence)

1. 33

2.69 0.06A/2.
56 0.04B
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1.10 0.06

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8.60 0.04

06h 45m 08.917

3s

16 42 58.01
7

9,940 K

2.02A/.978B

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Procyon (Canis
Minor)

0.74

F5 IVV (Yellow-White,
Subgiant)

2.8

11.46 0.05

07h 39m 18.119

50s

+05 13 29.95
52

6,530 50 K

1.42
0.04A/0.602
0.015B

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Proxima
Centauri
(Centaurus)

1.33

G2 V (Yellow, Main
Sequence)

4.38
5.71

4.366
0.007

14h 29m 42.948

7s

62 40 46.14
1

3,042 117 K

Mira (Cetus)

3.04

M7 IIIe (Red, Normal

Giant)

2.5
+4.7

Approx.
300

02h 19m 20.792

10s

02 58 39.495
6

2,918 3,192 K

Deneb
(Cygnus)

1.25

A2 Ia (White, Luminous
Supergiant)

7.00

Approx.
1400

20h 41m 25.9s

+45 16 49

8,525 K

0.123 0.006

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1.18

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~20

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Castor, Pollux
(Gemini)

1.58, 1.14

A1 V (White, Mn. Sq.),

K0 III (Orange,
Normal Giant)

0.58,
1.08

49.8 0.8,
33.78 0.09

07h 34m 36s,

07h 45m 18.949
87s

+31 53' 18",

+28 01 34.31
60

10,286 K

2.76A/2.98B

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; 2.04 0.3

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Gliese 581
(Libra)

Regulus (Leo)

10.5610.58

M3 V (Red, Main
Sequence)

11.6

20.3 0.3

15h 19m 26.825

0s

07 43 20.20
9

4,666 95 K

1.38

B7 V (Blue-White, Main

0.52

77 1

A: 10h 08m 22.3s

+11 58 02

12,460 200 K

0.31

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3.8

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Sequence)

Vega (Lyra)

Betelgeuse,
Rigel (Orion)

0.03

A0 V (White, Main
Sequence)

0.58

25.04 0.07

18h 36m 56.336

35s

+38 47 01.28
02

9602 180 K

0.42, 0.12

M2 Ia (Red, Luminous
Supergiant), B8 Iae
(Blue-White, Luminous
Supergiant)

6.05,
7.84
0.2

643 146,
860 80

05h 55m 10.305

3s,
05h 14m 32.272
10s

+07 24 25.42
6,
08 12 05.89
81

3,500 K; 12,130
K

2.135 0.074

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~1819

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Algol (Perseus)

2.12

B8 V (Blue-White, Main
Sequence)

0.15

93 2

03h 08m 10.131

5s

+40 57 20.33
2

9,200/4,500/8,500
K

Antares
(Scorpius)

0.96

M1.5 Ib (Red, Less

Luminous Supergiant)

5.28

Approx.
550

16h 29m 24s

26 25 55

3400 200 K

Aldebaran
(Taurus)

0.750.95

K5 III (Orange,
Normal Giant)

0.63

65 1

04h 35m 55.239s

+16 30 33.49

3,910 K

1.97

F7 Ib (Yellow-White,
Less Luminous
Supergiant)

3.63
0.14

433 6

02h 31m 49.09

+89 15 50.8

7,200 K

Polaris (Ursa
Minor)

3.59/0.79/1.67

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12.4A/10B

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1.7

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7.54 0.6

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Mizar, Alcor
(Ursa Major)

2.23, 2.23

A2 V (White, Main
Sequence), A2 V
(White, Main
Sequence)

0.33,
0.33

82.8 0.6,
82.8 0.6

13h 23m 55.5s

+54 55 31

9,600 K; 8,000
K

7.7

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Spica (Virgo)

1.04

Cepheid Variables K-F

supergiants, few tenths of mag.
2 mag., 70 days, important:
length of pulsation related to
absolute magnitude, longer
period of variation, brighter star
is. Divided into Classical, Type II,
Anomalous, and Dwarf Cepheids.
(Red)

B1 III-IV (Blue-White,
Normal Giant)

3.55

Standard CandleBy comparing

the known luminosity of latter to
its observed brightness, the
distance to the object can be
computed using the inverse
square law. Two problems:
principal ones calibration, how

260 20

Spectroscopic
ParallaxUsed for
determining distance
to stars. To apply
method, one must
measure apparent
magnitude and know
spectral type of star.
Method limited to
10000 parsecs. d =

13h 25m 11.579

3s

11 09 40.75
9

18,500 K

10.25 0.68

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RR Lyrae VariablesOld A stars,

vary by 1-2 mag. Last hour to
day. Pulse in manner similar to
Cepheids (blue).
Long-Period VariablesOld M
stars, vary by several mag. over
80-1000 days, a.k.a. Mira stars;
Sun will become this.
Irregular/SemiregularRed
Variation
of variables
supergiants
vary in may
caused by pulsation or eruption
in star. Pulsating variables
actually shrink/swell because of
forces inside star. In Eruptive
variables, there are
flares/ejections from star, cause
changes. Another variable:
cataclysmic variable wherein an
outburst stellar material into
Flare Stars
- Variable
star capable of
space
causing
intense

Winter Triangle Betelgeuse,

Procyon, Sirius
Summer Triangle Deneb, Vega,
White dwarfs no longer produce
Altair
energy, takes a while for them to
cool down. Because of small
surface area, cooling down takes
a long, longI Stars:
time. Metal-rich,
Population
in young stars metallicity is
highest, found in spiral arms.
Population II Stars: Metal-poor,
older stars, found in globular
clusters, center of galaxy

3,600o1 arcsecond
1
/60o1 arcminute

1 parsec3.262 ly31
trillion km, ~19 trillion
mi., 18,319,376,145,600 mi
1 AU
4.85106 pc;149,597,8
70.7 km
Light Year
5,869,713,600,000 mi
Ia Most Luminous
Fuel of Stars (H, He700000y)
Supergiants
[C600y, O6mon, N*, Ne1y, Na*, Mg*,
Ib Less Luminous
*
*
*
*
*
*
Si1day, S , Ar , Ca , Ni , Cr , Cu , Fe] Supergiants
II Luminous Giants
Sun classified as yellow dwarf; G2 V
III Normal Giants
star, main sequence
IV Subgiants
V Main Sq. +Dwarfs
VI Subdwarfs
VII White Dwarfs
0 hotter, 9 cooler
Will become Mira variable after 5
billion years.
Hubble Sequence Ellipticals (E0,
E3, E5, E7, S0), Spirals (Sa, Sb, Sc),
Barred Spirals (SBa, SBb, SBc)
Spiral arms become wider,

unpredictably brightening
dramatically for a few minutes. Flare
stars flare because of magnetic
reconnections* in the atmosphere of
the stars.
W Virginis CepheidsIntrinsically less luminous by 1.5-2 mag. than Type I
Classical Cepheids, W Virginis Cepheids have typical periods of 12-30 days.
As they older stars than Type I spectra characterized by having lower
metallicities. Type II light curves show characteristic bump on decline side,
have amplitude range of 0.3-1.2 mag.

Spectral
Class
O

Intrinsic Color

Temperatu
re (K)

Blue

41000

Blue

31000

Blue-white

9500

White

7240

Yellowwhite

5920

Orange

5300

Red

3850

Cephei Light Curve/Type I

Classical Cepheid

RR Lyrae VariablesOld population II

giant stars mostly found globular
clusters. Characterized by their short
periods, about 1.5 hours a day + have
brightness range of ~0.32 mag.
Spectral classes range from A7 F5.
RR Lyrae stars less massive than
Cepheids, also follow own periodluminosity relationship, with mean
absolute mag. of 0.6. Thus are useful
in determining distances to globular
clusters within which they commonly
found to distance of ~200
kiloparsecs. Sub-types classified
according to shape of light curves. RR

Prominent
Absorption/Spectral Lines
He+, O++, N++, Si++, He,
H/Ionized He
He, H, O+, C+, N+, Si+/He, some
H
H (strongest), Ca+, Mg+,
Fe+/Strong H, some ionized
metals
H(weaker), Ca+, ionized
metals/H, ionized Ca, Fe
H(weaker), Ca+, ionized &
neutral metal/Neutral & ionized
metals, esp. Ca; strong G band
Ca+(strongest), neutral metals
strong,
H(weak)/Neutral
metals,
Mira
Variable
Light Curve
Na
Strong neutral atoms, TiO/Strong
titanium oxide, very strong
sodium

RV Tauri variablesYellow supergiants, mostly

G and K-class stars. Distinctive light curves
show alternating deep-shallow minima with
period equal to time between two successive
deep minima. Typical values 20100 days.
Why Stars Pulsate
1. If pressure outwards exceeds gravitational force inwards, outer
layers of star expand outwards.
2. As star expands, gravitational force inwards diminish but outwards
pressure drops at even greater rate.
3. Eventually star would reach position which hydrostatic equilibrium
occurs: gravity=pressure. However, outward moving layers have
momentum so resist change in motion. Momentum carries layer past
equilibrium position.
4. As gravitational force acts on layer, slows down. Point reached
where stops, now outward gas and radiation pressures weaker than
inward-acting gravitational force.
5. Imbalanced forces causes star's outer layers collapse inwards.
6. As layers collapse gravity increases but pressure increases at
greater rate.

Hydrogen Spectral Lines

Helium Spectral Lines

Science studying wave

oscillations in Sun called
helioseismology.
Temperature,
composition, motions
deep in Sun influence
oscillation periods, yield
insights in conditions in

Core of star is intense. Pressures

are enormous, temperatures
15 million Kelvin. But these
are kind of conditions needed
for nuclear fusion. Once
conditions are reached in core
of a star, nuclear fusion
converts H atoms to He atoms

Hydrostatic equilibriumGravity
compression is balanced by pressure
outward.
Thermal equilibriumIf energy is flowing
outward faster than it is being generated,
then the interior is cooling; this lowers the
gas pressure, and the star will shrink. But
as the star shrinks, the density will
increase and the release of gravitational