A

TRAINING REPORT
ON

THERMAL POWER PLANT

STUDENTS NAME:

PRATIK GUPTA

COURSE:

B.E.

BRANCH:

ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

YEAR/ SEM:
COLLEGE:

2ND/4TH
DR. C.V. RAMAN INSTITUTE OF
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, KOTA

INDUSTRIAL NAME:

SIPAT SUPER THERMAL POWER

CORP. (NTPC SIPAT)

SUBMITTED BY:

SUBMITTED TO:

PRATIK GUPTA

MR. PRAVIN PATEL

(EEE 4 TH SEM)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled as

NATIONAL THERMAL POWER PLANT has been
done by PRATIK GUPTA during his vocational
training period from 20-06-13 to 20-07-13 at
SIPAT SUPER THERMAL POWER PROJECT is
a record of studies, site experience and keen
interest to the subject and analysis carried out by
him under my supervision and guidance. This is a
part of partial fulfilment of their vocational
training programme.

Guided by:1. MR.

2. MR.
3. MR.
4. MR.

SHALABH SAHRMA
J.P.Patel
Dilip Khalatkar
P.K. DAS

DECLARATION
The training work has been carried out and the
report prepared by me during 20th June to 20th
July 2013 under the guidance of faculties ntpc
ltd/sipat thermal power plant and organised by
employ development centre, human resource
development.
This is the original work carried out by me and
not has been taken from any other sources nor
been submitted to any institute or organisation
as a fulfilment of any other curriculum.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I hereby convey my deep and sincere gratitude in all
humbleness to respected
5. MR. SHALABH SAHRMA
6. MR. J.P.Patel
7. MR. Dilip Khalatkar
8. MR. P.K. DAS
Who provided me with an opportunity to learn under their
gracious guidance, meticulous care and throughout the
training. Their personal supervision and guidance has
enabled me to complete this Project. I also thankfully
acknowledgement the assistance received from MR PRAVIN
PATEL and others for their co-operation during the
preparation of this project report. The project report would
not have been shaped in this form without their
encouragement and guidance.

Contents
1.

Introduction of NTPC

2.

Introduction about Project

3.

Production of Electricity

4.

Principal of Steam Power Plant

5.

Coal Handling Plant

6.

Coal Handling Plant Power Distribution

7.

Demineral Plant(DM Plant)

8.

Coal ,Water and Steam Cycle

9.

H.T. Switch gear

10.

L.T. Switch gear

11.

Generators and Transformers

12.

D.C. System

13.

Switch Yard

14.

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION OF NTPC
Indias largest power company, NTPC was set up in 1975 to accelerate power
development in India. NTPC is emerging as a diversified power major with
presence in the entire value chain of the power generation business. Apart from
power generation, which is the mainstay of the company, NTPC has already
ventured into consultancy, power trading, ash utilization and coal mining. NTPC
ranked 337th in the 2012, Forbes Global 2000 ranking of the Worlds biggest
companies. NTPC became a Maharatna company in May, 2010, one of the only
four
companies
to
be
awarded
this
status.
The total installed capacity of the company is 41,184 MW (including JVs) with 16
coal based and 7 gas based stations, located across the country. In addition
under JVs, 7 stations are coal based & another station uses naptha/LNG as fuel
and 2 renewable energy projects. The company has set a target to have an
installed power generating capacity of 1,28,000 MW by the year 2032. The
capacity will have a diversified fuel mix comprising 56% coal, 16% Gas, 11%
Nuclear and 17% Renewable Energy Sources(RES) including hydro. By 2032,
non fossil fuel based generation capacity shall make up nearly 28% of NTPCs
portfolio.
NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels. Although the
company has 17.75% of the total national capacity, it contributes 27.40% of
total power generation due to its focus on high efficiency.

In October 2004, NTPC launched its Initial Public Offering (IPO) consisting of
5.25% as fresh issue and 5.25% as offer for sale by Government of India. NTPC
thus became a listed company in November 2004 with the Government holding
89.5% of the equity share capital. In February 2010, the Shareholding of
Government of India was reduced from 89.5% to 84.5% through Further Public
Offer. The rest is held by Institutional Investors and the Public.

At NTPC, People before Plant Load Factor is the mantra that guides all HR related
policies. NTPC has been awarded No.1, Best Workplace in India among large
organizations and the best PSU for the year 2010, by the Great Places to Work
Institute, India Chapter in collaboration with The Economic Times.
The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility is deeply ingrained in NTPC's
culture. Through its expansive CSR initiatives, NTPC strives to develop mutual
trust with the communities that surround its power stations.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT PROJECT

Sipat Super Thermal Power Station is located at Sipat in Bilaspur district in state of Chhattisgarh.
The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of NTPC. The coal for the power plant is
sourced from Dipika Mines of South Eastern Coalfields Limited.
The project has an installed capacity of 2980 MW consisting of two stages, stage one which got
commissioned late was of 3 units of 660 MW each involving super-critical boilers technology and
stage two consisted of 2 units of 500 MW each.
Stage Unit Number Installed Capacity (MW) Date of Commissioning Status

1st

660

2011 June

Running

1st

660

2011 December

Running

1st

660

2012 June [1]

Running

2nd

500

2007 May

Running

2nd

500

2008 August

Running

Total Five

2980

Sipat
Sipat' is a small developing town, approximately 22 kilometers away from Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, the
second largest city in Chhattisgarh. It has been in news due to setup of new power plant by NTPC
Limited in that area. The project was started on 2001 by Indian former Prime Minister Mr. Atal Bihari
Vajpayee.NTPC Sipat has total installed capacity of 2980 MW.NTPC Sipat has two stages: Stage-I
comprises 3 units of 660MW each and Stage-II comprises 2 units of 500MW each. The thermal power
generation in NTPC sipat Stage-II is based on "Super Critical Boiler Technology" which is the
advanced technology in thermal power generation. NTPC Limited has helped this town in developing
by providing business prospective in that area and by providing education, healthcare facilities.

PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY

The means and steps involved in the production of electricity in a coal-fired

power station are described below.
The coal, brought to the station by train or other means, travels from the coal
handling plant by conveyer belt to the coal bunkers, from where it is fed to the
pulverizing mills which grinds it as fine as face powder. The finely powdered
coal mixed with pre-heated air is then blown into the boiler by fan called
Primary Air Fan where it burns, more like a gas than as a solid in convectional
domestic or industrial grate, with additional amount of air called secondary air
supplied by Forced Draft Fan. As the coal has been grounded so finely the
resultant ash is also a fine powder. Some of this ash binds together to form
lumps which fall into the ash pits at the bottom of the furnace. The water
quenched ash from the bottom of the furnace is conveyed to pits for subsequent
disposal or sale. Most of ash, still in fine particles form is carried out of the boiler
to the precipitators as dust, where it is trapped by electrodes charged with high
voltage electricity. The dust is then conveyed by water to disposal areas or to
bunkers for sale while the cleaned flue gases pass on through ID Fan to be
discharged up the chimney.
Meanwhile the heat released from the coal has been absorbed by the many
kilometres of tubing which line the boiler walls. Inside the tubes is the boiler

feed water which is transformed by the heat into the steam at high pressure
and temperature. The steam super-heated in further tubes (Super Heater) passes
to the turbine where it is discharged through the nozzles on the turbine blades.
Just the energy of the wind turns the sail of the wind-mill, so the energy of the
steam, striking the blades, makes the turbine rotate.
Coupled to the end of the turbine is the rotor of the generator a large
cylindrical magnet, so that when the turbine rotates the rotor turns with it. The
rotor is housed inside the stator having heavy coils of copper bars in which
electricity is produced through the movement of the magnetic field created by
the rotor. The electricity passes from the stator winding to the step-up
transformer which increases its voltage so that it can be transmitted efficiently
over the power lines of the grid.
The steam which has given up its heat energy is changed back into water in the
condenser so that it is ready for re-use. The condenser contains many
kilometres of tubing through which the colder is constantly pumped. The steam
passing around the tubes looses the heat and is rapidly changed back to water.
But the two lots of water (i.e. boiler feed water & cooling water) must NEVER
MIX. The cooling water is drawn from the river, but the boiler feed water must be
absolutely pure, far purer than the water we drink, if it is not to damage the
boiler tubes. Chemistry at the power station is largely the chemistry of water.
To condense the large quantities of steam, huge and continuous volume of
cooling water is essential. In most of the power stations the same water is to be
used over and over again. So the heat which the water extracts from the steam
in the condenser is removed by pumping the water out to the cooling towers.
The cooling towers are simply concrete shells acting as huge chimneys
creating a draught (natural/mechanically assisted by fans) of air. The water is
sprayed out at the top of towers and as it falls into the pond beneath it is cooled
by the upward draught of air. The cold water in the pond is then circulated by
pumps to the condensers. Inevitably, however, some of the water is drawn
upwards as vapours by the draught and it is this which forms the familiar white
clouds which emerge from the towers seen sometimes.
Why bother to change steam from the turbine back into water if it has to be
heated up again immediately? The answer lies in the law of physics which states
that the boiling point of water is related to pressure. The lower the pressure, the
lower the temperature at which water boils. The turbine designer want as low
boiling point of water as possible because he can only utilize the energy of the
steam when the steam changes back into water he can get NO more work out
of it. So a condenser is built, which by rapidly changing the steam back into
water creates a vacuum. This vacuum results in a much lower boiling point
which, in turns, means he can continue getting work out of the steam well below
100 degree Celsius at which it would normally change into water.

Principle of the Steam Power Plant

The working principle of a steam plant is based upon the
Rankine cycle. Generally steam is taken as the working medium
due to its ability to be stable and that its readily stable. The
flow of steam in the plant can be very easily be understood by
the flow diagram of the plant. A graph plotted between the
temperature and the entropy would indicate the technical
details of the working by the rankine cycle. The entropy of a
system can be understood as an index of degradation of

energy.

PLANT FLOW DIAGRAM

COAL HANDLING PLANT

Introduction: NTPC SIPAT gets its coal supply mainly from dipka mines. The coal being filled in
the wagons of the rail reaches plant. The purpose of this plant is to convey the
coal to the bunker in the size not larger than 20mm.It handles and transports the
coal to the bunker from the wagons by passing through various conveyors,
transfer points, crusher houses, etc.
Type of unloading the coal: 1.

2.

Manual Unloading: -Previously, manpower was used for unloading the

wagons. But it was very time consuming and more workers were required for
the job to be done.
Box in (using wagon tippler for unloading): -For this method, Indian
Railway grants 10 hours for unloading the 58 wagons. In this method, Wagons
are separated and tippled by using wagon tippler. The Beetle Feeder is used
to move the wagon on wagon tippler. The coal from the wagons gets
accumulated in The Track Hopper. At this time; the size of the coal is
approximately 300mm.

3. BOBR: - Indian Railway grants only 2.5 hours for Unloading 58 BOBR wagons.
This is an advanced technology in which we use the compressor system.
In Bottom Open Bottom Release (BOBR) technology the wagons are opened
from side. Pressure is applied by the compressor to open the bottom gates of
the wagon so that the coal gets released over the track hopper and wagon
get unloaded quickly.

Various equipment used in CHP: 1. WAGON TIPPLER: - The wagon tippler is a most important device in
thermal power project. The Wagon tippler turns back the wagon at 135degree angle and the structure of the wagon tippler is to be very heavy.
Upper side of the wagon is fixed with the many angles for supporting the
wagon. When the wagon is fixed on the Platform then whole platform is
turned back and the coal fall down in the wagon tippler hopper. The unloading
time of the Rack is 6hours
2. PADDLE FEEDER: - They have been installed on conveyors below the
manual
unloading track hopper. There are 6 nos. of paddle feeders, 3 on
each conveyer. 3 Paddle Feeders of each conveyer move to and fro within a
limiting range. The rotating part of the paddle feeder is called as plough
wheel. Plough wheel has 6 blades. By the rotation of the plough wheel, the
coal of the track hopper gets accumulated between the blades and is
discharged on the conveyor below it.
3. VIBRATING FEEDER: They have been installed below the track
hoppers of wagon tippler. The coal is accumulated over the vibrating feeder
so by giving vibrations to the vibrating feeder we discharge the coal from
track hopper to the conveyors. Their main purpose is to provide uniform
feeding on the conveyors. The vibrating feeders consist of a tray to which
vibrator body is fixed on the rear end.
4. TRANSFER POINTS: -Transfer Point is provided with flap gate and Conveyer.
In transfer Point the coal is transferred from one conveyer to other conveyer.
5.

PRIMARY CRUSHER (ROTARY BREAKER): - In Primary Crusher House, the

coal breaks in Rotary Breaker. Here the coal comes from the Transfer point;
breaks here and the stone fall down to a separate place. Coal is converted
from 300mm to 150mm size.
Part of the Primary Crusher House a- Rotary Breaker b- Belt Feeder

6.

SECONDARY CRUSHER (RING GRANULATOR): In Secondary crusher

House first the magnetic part separate from the coal and then feed to the
Secondary Crusher. This Crusher breaks the coal in 20mm size and coal is
sent to the Flap Gate and then feeded to the conveyer. The Secondary
crusher is hammer type. H.T. motor are used for breaking of the coal.
Specifications are 700KW 6.6KVMotor.

7.

CROSS BELT MAGNETIC SEPRATORS: They will remove the ferrous

particles, which passes along with the coal. It consists of electromagnet
around which a belt is moving. It is suspended from top, perpendicular to the
conveyor belt at certain height. Whenever any iron particle passes below the
CBMS, it is attracted by the magnet and stick to the cross belt below it. The
CBMS capacity is of 50kg.

8.

METAL DETECTOR: The purpose of installation is to detect any

metallic piece passing through the conveyor. Whenever the pieces pass below
the search coil of the metal detector, it gives the trip command to the

conveyor. Simultaneously, sand bag marker will fall on the conveyor belt so
that the metal can be searched easily and removed.
9.

STACKER/RECLAIMER: -It is a very important device. The whole Structure

of it is called Super Structure. It stacks the excessive coal and reclaims the
coal on its requirement. It is a two-way device.

10.

TRANSFER TOWER: -Here the coal is send to the Tipper. Transfer Tower is
provided with a coal sampler.

11.

TIPPER: The Tipper is a three-way device to feed the coal in Bunker. It

is moveable device. It is move on its track.

12.

BUNKER: - Here the coal is collected from the tipper and stored. The
capacity of the bunker for Stage-I is 4800MT & Stage-II is 8700MT

DEMINERAL (DM) PLANT

INTRODUCTION: -Water is required in plant for many purposes like for formation of steam, for
removal of ash, for safety during fire, etc. But the water required for the
formation of steam should be perfectly devoid of minerals because if minerals
are present in the steam and the steam strike the blades of the turbine, then due
to being high in pressure it produces scars or holes on the turbine blades.
PURIFICATION OF WATER: Water is purified in DM plant through a chain of processes as under: --

1.
2.

Carbon filter
Water taken from the river is first sent to the carbon
filter for the removal of carbon contents in the water.
Strong acid cation exchanger
After passing through the carbon
filter, water is sent to the strong acid cation exchanger, which is filled with

the concentrated HCL. The acid produces anions, which get combined with
the cations present in the water.

3.

4.

Strong base anion exchanger

After that the water is sent to the
strong base anion exchanger, which is filled with the concentrated
NaOH.The base produces cations, which get combined with the anions
present in the water.
Mixed bed exchanger And then water is sent to the chamber of mixed
bed exchanger where the remaining ions are removed. This is the last
stage of purification.

COAL, WATER & STEAM CYCLES

COAL CYCLE
C.H.P Plant
Boiler section

1.

Bunker

R.C Feeder

Pulverization mill

R.C Feeder: It is an induction motor driven device, which determine the

Quantity of coal enter in the pulverize mill.

2.

Pulverization mill: Pulverization means exposing a large surface area to

the action of oxygen .Two Types of mill are used in the plant.

3.

Ball mail: A ball mill operates normally under suction. A large drum partly
filled with steel balls, is used in this mill .The drum is rotated slowly while
coal is fed in to it .The ball pulverize the coal by crushing.

4.

Contact mail: This mill uses impact principle. All the grinding elements
and the primary air fan are mounted on a single shaft. The flow of air
carries coal to the primary stage where it is reduced to a fine granular
state by impact with a series of hammers.

WATER CYCLE
D.M Plant
Hot well
C.E.P Pump
Low Pressure Heater 1, 2, 3
Derater
Boiler Feed Pump
High Pressure Heater 5, 6
Feed
Regulating station
Economizer
Boiler Drum
1. DERATER: Feed strong tank of water. To produce sufficient pressure before
feeding to B.F.D. .Filter the harmful chemicals.
2. FEED REGULATING STATIONS: Control the quantity of water in to boiler
drum.
3. ECONOMISER: Flux gases coming out of the boilers carry lot of heat. An
economizer extracts a part of this heat from the flue gases and uses it for
heating the feed water.
4.DRAFTS SYSTEM: In forced draft system the fan is installed near the base of
the boiler furnace. This fan forces air through the furnace, economizer, air
preheater and chimney. In an induced draft system, the fan is installed near the
base of Chimney.

STEAM CYCLE
Boiler Drum
Heater
condenser

1.

2.

Ring Header
H.P Turbine

Boiler Drum (Steam chamber)

Super
Repeater
I.P Turbine
L.P Turbine

BOILER:
Boiler drum consists two chambers water chamber, steam
chamber. Before Entering in super heater the steam is going in to boiler
drum, where the boiler drum filtered the moisture and stored in to water
chamber.
SUPER HEATER: The function of super heater is to remove the last traces
of moisture from the saturated steam leaving the tube boiler. The
temperature is approx.530 oC.

3.

TURBINE: Steam turbine converts the heat energy in to mechanical

energy and drives the alternator. The velocity attained during expansions
depends on initial and final heat content of the steam. Turbine having
number of stages in which the pressure drops takes place.

H.T.SWITCH GEAR
OPERATIONG VOLTAGE - 6.6KV
For low voltage circuits fuses may be used to isolate the faulty circuit. For
voltage higher than 3.3 kV isolation is achieved by circuit breaker.
Requirement of circuit breaker:

1.
2.

After occurrence of fault the switchgears must isolate the faulty circuit as
quickly as possible i.e. keeping the delay to minimum.
It should not operate when an over current flows under healthy condition.

Basic principal of operation of circuit breaker:

Circuit breaker consists of a fix contact and sliding contact into which moves a
moving contact. The end of moving contact it attached to a handle that can be
manually operated or may operate automatically with the help of mechanism
that has a trip coil energized by secondary of CT. Under normal condition the
secondary of CT is not energized sufficiently to trip the coil but under false
condition the coil is energized fully to operate the trip coil and the circuit breaker
is operated.

1.

MOCB (Minimum oil circuit breaker)

2.

SF6 (Sulphur hexafluoride circuit breaker)

Here oil and SF6 are used to quench the arc.

L.T SWITCH GEAR

OPERATING VOLTAGE- 415VOLT

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: - Air break circuit breaker

Air brake circuit breaker:

The arc interruption process of air- based circuit breaker is based on the natural
deionization of gases by cooling action. The arc is resilient and can be stretched,
and has a resistance, which can be increased both by length and confinement.
Hence the arc resistance is increased by stretching the arc and as the resistance
increases to higher value, the short circuit current drops to zero and arc is
extinguished.
Reducing the phase difference between the system voltage and the short circuit
current assure that when the are current is interrupt at its zero value, the
recovery voltage has very low value at its not allowed to reach 2-3 times the
value of the system peak voltage, a phenomenon that occurs in most cases,
when arc current is interrupted at low power factor.

GENERATORS AND TRANSFORMERS

INTRODUCTIONThe auxiliaries in a plant can be divided into two

categories-

1.
2.

URGENT AUXILIARIES- the urgent auxiliaries are those, which are

associated with running of unit.
SERVICE AUXILIARIES- the service auxiliaries are those whose loss would
not affect output.

GENERATOR SPECIFICATIONSTURBO GENERATOR (gen1, gen2)

KVA

247000

Pf

0.85

Volts of stator

15750

Amperes of stator

9050

Volts of rotor

310

Amperes of rotor

2600

Rpm

3000

Hz

50

Phase

Connection

YY

Coolant

Water (stator)& hydrogen (rotor)

Gas pressure

3.5kg/cm-sq.

Insulation class

EXCITATION SYSTEM-

1.

2.

STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM-The generators in stage -1(u-1&u-2) have

this excitation system. Static excitation system has slip ring and carbon
brush arrangement. It consists of step down transformer, converter and
AVR (automatic voltage regulator).
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION SYSTEM The generators in stage -2(U-3, U4& &U- 5) have this excitation system. It has two exciters, one is main
exciter and other is pilot exciter.

GENERATOR PROTECTION-

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

STATOR PROTECTIONThe neutral of star connected winding is

connected to primary of neutral grounding transformer, so that earth fault
current is limited by over voltage relay.
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION- In case of phase-to-phase fault generator
is protected by longitudinal differential relay.
ROTOR PROTECTION- Rotor winding may be damaged by earth faults
or open circuits. The field is biased by a dc voltage, which causes current
to flow through the relay for an earth fault anywhere on the field system.
OVER SPEED PROTECTION Mechanically over speed device that is
usually in the form of centrifugally operated rings mounted on the rotor
shaft, which fly out and close the stop valves if the speed of the set
increase more than 10%.
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
It is provided with an over voltage
relay. The relay is usually induction pattern. The relay open the main
circuit break and the field switch if the over voltage persists.
SEAL OIL SYSTEM Hydrogen in the generator is under very high
pressure. There is a possibility of this hydrogen to come out of gaps, which
is very hazardous. So, seal oil is used to seal the gaps so that hydrogen
doesnt come out.
LUBRICATION OIL SYSTEM Turbine lubrication-oil system seeks to
provide proper lubrication of turbo generator bearings and operation of
barring gear. Pumps are used to circulate lubrication-oil inside the
generator. The oil of the lubrication and the governing system is cooled in
the oil coolers. The cooling medium for these coolers is circulating water.

TRANSFORMER
TYPE PF TRANSFORMERS

1.
2.
3.

4.

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMER: --This is a step down transformer. The

primary receives from generator and secondary supplies a 6.6 KV bus. This
is oil cooled. These are 8 in number.
NEUTRAL GROUNDED TRANSFORMER: --This transformer is connected
with supply coming out of UAT in stage-2. This is used to ground the
excess voltage if occurs in the secondary of UAT in spite of rated voltage.
GENRATOR TRANSFORMER: -This is a step up transformer. This
supply gets its primary Supply from generator and its secondary supplies
the switchyard from where it is transmitted to grid. This transformer is oil
cooled. The primary of this transformer is connected in star. The
secondary is connected in delta. These are four in number.
STATION TRANSFORMER: --This transformer has almost the same rating
as the generator transformer. Its primary is connected in delta and
secondary in star. It is a step down transformer. These are 4 in number.

SPECIFICATIONS
Generator transformer (GT-1 & GT-2)
KV

15.75/242

MVA

250

Phase

Hz

50

Connections

Y-D 11

Type of cooling

OFAF/ONAF/ONAN

Rated HV and IV (MVA)

250/150/100

Rated LV (MVA)

250/150/100

No Load Voltage HV (KV)

242

No Load Voltage IV (KV)

No Load Voltage LV (KV)

15.75

Line current HV (Amps)

597.14/358.29/238.86

Line current IV (Amps)

Line current LV (Amps)

9175.15/5505.09/3670.66

Temp rise coil oC

50

Temp rise winding oC

55

Neural grounded transformer (NGT)

KVA

1150

Phase

Hz

50

Type of cooling

ONAF/ONAN

No load voltage HV (volts)

6600

No load voltage LV (volts)

250

Line current HV (Amps)

105.9

Line current LV (Amps)

2655.8

Temp rise oil oC

50

Temp rise winding

55

Potential Transformer
KVA

1000

Phase

Hz

50

Type of Cooling

ONAN

No Load Voltage HV (volts) 6600

No Load Voltage LV (volts)

433

Line Current HV (Amps)

87.53

Line Current LV (Amps)

133.5

Temp rise oil oC

50

Temp rise winding oC

55

D.C SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION:

DC system is generally used for control and protection operation, as AC supply is

not fully dependable. To maintain constant supply in case of power failure we use
DC supply.
DC system consists of a battery charger. These are the mode of energy storage.

CHARGING EQUIPMENTS:
The battery charging equipment comprises of trickle charger, quick charger, battery panel, main
distribution board and switch control and signaling board.

CHARGING EQUATION:
In battery PbO2 used as positive plate and Pb as negative plate.

1.

DISCHARGING PROCESS

2.

CHARGING PROCESS

BATTERY CHARGER:

Battery charger normally operates in two modes.

1.

Float charging: It is constant voltage mode and works as a trickle charger.

2.

Boost charging: It is constant current mode and works as a quick charger.

TRICKLE CHARGER:

This charger is fed from three-phase ac supply and gives a dc-stabilized output at rated full load
current. The variation of the dc output voltage is limited to +/- 1% for 0 to 100% load variation and
simultaneously ac voltage variation of +/- 10% of frequency variation of +/- 5% from 50 Hz.

The rectification is obtained through full bridge controlled silicon rectifier. Stack comprising of these
SCR and three diode with the surge suppression RC network connected across each SCR and diode.

SWITCH YARD
As we know that electrical energy cant be stored like cells, so what we generate
should be consumed instantaneously. But as the load is not constants therefore
we generate electricity according to need i.e. the generation depends upon load.
The yard is the places from where the electricity is send outside. It has both
outdoor and indoor equipments.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220KV SWITCH YARD-

OUTDOOR EQUIPMENTS

INDOOR EQUIPMENTS

1.

BUS BAR

2.

LIGHTENING ARRESTER

3.

WAVE TRAP

4.

BREAKER

5.

CAPACITOR
TRANSFORMER
CORONA RING

7.

EARTHING ROD

8.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

9.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
LIGHTENING MASK

11.

LIGHTENING MOOSE

RELAYS

2.

CONTROL PANELS

VOLTAGE

6.

10.

1.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

The code for circuit breaker is 52. An electric power system needs some form of switchgear
in order to operate it safely & efficiently under both normal and abnormal conditions.
Circuit breaker is an arrangement by which we can break the circuit or flow of
current. A circuit breaker in station serves the same purpose as switch but it has
many added and complex features. The basic construction of any circuit breaker
requires the separation of contact in an insulating fluid that servers two
functions:

1.
2.

It extinguishes the arc drawn between the contacts when circuit breaker
opens.
It provides adequate insulation between the contacts and from each
contact to earth.

The insulating fluids commonly used in circuit breakers are:

1.

Compressed air

2.

Oil which produces hydrogen for arc excitation.

3.

Ultra high vacuum

4.

Sulphur hexafluorides

The Specifications of the circuit breaker used are:

MAKE

CROMPTON GREAVES LTD.

TYPE

AIR BLAST CIRCUITREAKER

RATED VOLTAGE

245 KV

RATED LIGHTING IMPULSE

WITHSTAND VOLTAGE
RATED SHORT CIRCUIT BREAKING
CURRENT
RATED FREQUENCY

1050 KV
25 - 40KA
50HZ

RATED NORMAL CURRENT

2000 A TO 4000 A

RATED CLOSING VOLTAGE

220 V DC

RATED OPENING VOLTAGE

220 V DC

LIGHTING ARRESTER:
It saves the transformer and reactor from over voltage and over currents. We
have to use the lightning arrester both in primary and secondary of transformer
and in reactors.
A meter is provided which indicates the surface leakage and internal grading
current of arrester.

1.

Green arrester is healthy

2.

Red arrester is defective.

In case of red we first de-energize the arrester and then do the operation.

AIR BREAK EARTHING SWITCH:

The code of earthling switch is 5, 6, 7.The work of this equipment comes into
picture when we want to shut down the supply for maintenance purpose. This
help to neutralize the system from induced voltage from extra high voltage. This
induced power is up to 2KV in case of 400 KV lines.
The specification of earthling switch is:
MAKE

S & S POWER

TYPE

MADRAS

VOLTAGE

245 KV

CURRENT

10 KA

MOTOR VOLT (AC)

415 VOLTS

CONTROL VOLT (DC)

220 VOLTS

BUS BAR:
Bus bars generally are of high conductive aluminum conforming to IS-5082 or
copper of adequate cross section .Bus bar located in air insulated enclosures
& segregated from all other components .Bus bar is preferably cover with
polyurethane.

1.

Current Transformer (CT):

A current transformer is a type of instrument transformer designed to provide a

current in its secondary winding proportional to the alternating current flowing in
its primary

.
Current Transformer Diagram

Application:

1.

They are commonly used in metering and protective relaying in the electrical power
industry where they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in the
presence of high voltages.

2.

The current transformer safely isolates measurement and control circuitry from the
high voltages typically present on the circuit being measured.

3.

Current transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the
operation of the power grid. The CT is typically described by its current ratio from
primary to secondary. Often, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses
(for example, protection devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs).
Similarly potential transformers are used for measuring voltage and monitoring the
operation of the power grid.

4.

Capacitive Voltage Transformer (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is a transformer used in power systems

to step-down extra high voltage signals and provide low voltage signals either for
measurement or to operate a protective relay. In its most basic form the device
consists of three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an
inductive element used to tune the device to the supply frequency and a
transformer used to isolate and further step-down the voltage for the
instrumentation or protective relay as shown in figure below.

The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection
to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary
terminals for connection to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are
typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one
hundred kilovolts where the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical.
In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of capacitors
connected in series.This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of
capacitors that replaced the first capacitor and a comparatively small voltage
drop across the second capacitor C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

Conclusion
On completion of my vocational training at Feroze Gandhi
Unchahar Thermal Power Project, Unchahar I have come to
know about how the very necessity of our lives nowadays i.e.,
electricity is generated. What all processes are needed to
generate and run the plant on a 24x7 basis.
NTPC Unchahar is one the plants in India to be under
highest load factor for the maximum duration of time and that
to operating at highest plant efficiencies. This plant is an

example in terms of working efficiency and management of

resources to all other thermal plants in our country. The
operating plf of the NTPC as compared to the rest of country is
the highest with 87.54% the highest since its inception.
The training gave me an opportunity to clear my concepts from
practical point of view with the availability of machinery of such
large rating.