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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept.

of ECE, KL University

KL University, Vaddeswaram,
Dept. of ECE,
Signal Processing (B. Tech all branches) 13-ES205
Lesson-1: Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
Topics to be covered:
Introduction to Signals, Systems and Signal Processing.
Basic elements of Digital Signal Processing System,
Advantages and disadvantages of DSP systems.

Applications of DSP.

Study objectives:
After studying this lesson you should be able to:
Understand the concept of Signals, Systems and their Relationship.
Explain the meaning of Digital Signal Processing.
Recognize the differences between analog and digital signal processing and explain the
key advantages of digital over analog processing.
Description of each element in the DSP system
Explore the applications of DSP.
Introduction:
For the past few decades the field of digital signal processing (DSP) has grown to be
important, both theoretically and technologically. A major reason for its success in industry is the
development and use of low-cost software and hardware. New technologies and applications in
various fields are now taking advantage of DSP algorithms. This will lead to a greater demand
for mechanical, civil, bio-technology, electrical and computer engineers with background in
DSP. Therefore, it is necessary to make DSP an integral part of any engineering curriculum.
Signal processing is a discipline concerned with the acquisition, representation, manipulation,
and transformation of signals required in a wide range of practical applications. In this chapter,
we introduce the concepts of signals, systems, and their relationship. Further we explore the
basic elements of digital signal processing (DSP) system and briefly outline the advantages and
dis-advantages of DSP system over analog processing system. Finally the applications of DSP
are discussed.
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

1.1 Signals, Systems and Signal Processing:


Signals: A signal may be defined as a physical quantity that varies with respect to time, space
or any other independent variable or variables. Mathematically, a signal may be described as a
function of one or more independent variables. For example, the functions

s1 (t ) 5 t
s2 (t ) 12 t 2

(1.1)

Describe two signals, one that varies linearly with the independent variable t (time) and a
second that varies quadratically with t. Another example, consider the function

s( x, y) 3x 2 xy 10 y 2

(1.2)

Describes a signal of two independence variables x and y that could represent the two spatial
co-ordinates in a plane.
These signals described by eq (1.10 and (1.2) belongs to a class of signals that are
precisely defined by specifying the functional dependence on the independent variable.
However, there are cases where such functional relationship is unknown or too highly
complicated to be of any practical use. For example, a speech signal (Fig 1.1) cannot be
described functionally by expressions such as eq(1.1). In general, a segment of speech may be
represented to a high degree of accuracy as a sum of several sinusoids of different amplitudes,
frequencies and phases respectively.

Figure 1.1 Example of a recording of speech. The time waveform shows the variation of acoustic
pressure as a function s(t) of time for the word signal.

Another example of a natural signal is an electrocardiogram (ECG) as shown in Fig 1.2. Such
a signal provides a doctor with information about the condition of the patients heart. Similarly,
an electroencephalogram (EEG) signal provides information about the activity of the brain.
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Speech, ECG and EEG signals are examples of information bearing signals that evolve as
functions of a single independent variable namely, time. An example of a signal that is a
function of two independent variables is an image as shown in Fig 1.3. The independent
variables in this case are the spatial coordinates. These are but a few examples of the countless
number of natural signals encountered in practice.

Fig 1.2 Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Fig 1.3 An image (2D signal)

Systems: A system may be defined as a physical device that performs an operation on a


signal. Fig 1.4(a) shows a system as a black-box model with input signal x(t ) produces an
output signal y (t ) . As shown in Fig 1.4(a), when the input signal is applied to a system, the
signal is modified according to the characteristics of the system and gives some output.

(a)

(b)

Fig 1.4 (a) System represented as a black-box (b) Example of physical system: A Public Address
System as an amplifier.

An example of a physical system is a voltage amplifier such as that used in public-address


(PA) systems as shown in Fig 1.4(b). The PA system input signal is a voltage that represents
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

speech, music and so on. The output of the PA system is an amplified version of the input signal
(For example 10 times of the input signal as shown in figure).
Another example of a physical system is a mobile phone used daily. The mobile phone is a
Trans-receiving system, which is capable of transmitting as well as receiving signals
simultaneously. At the transmitting mode the mobile phone (system) is acting as a transmitting
system as shown in Fig 1.5(a). The input to the transmitter is a speech signal and
corresponding output of the transmitter is a modulated RF signal which is radiated to the air
through antenna. On the other hand, in the receiving mode, the mobile system is acting as a
receiver. That is the input to the receiver is an RF signal received through antenna (built in the
mobile phone), where the receiver produces audio signal through speaker in the mobile system.

(a)

(b)

Fig 1.5 Mobile Phone System (a) as a Transmitter, (b) as a Receiver.

A two wheeler is a automobile vehicle system, which depressing pedal is an input to the
automobile system and output of the automobile system is motion of vehicle. Various kinds of
systems and their characteristics are studied in further chapters.
Relation between Signals and Systems: A Signal may be defined as a physical quantity,
where as a system is defined as a physical device. As shown in Fig 1.5(a), when the input
signal is applied to a system, the signal is modified according to the characteristics of the
system and gives some output.

Signal Processing:
In this modern world we are surrounded by all kinds of signals in various forms. Some of
the signals are natural, but most of the signals are manmade. Some signals are necessary
(speech), some are pleasant (music), while many are unwanted or unnecessary in a given
situation. In an engineering context, signals carry information, both useful and unwanted.
Therefore extracting or enhancing the useful information from a mix of conflicting information is
the simplest form of signal processing. More generally, signal processing is an operation
designed for extracting, enhancing, storing, and transmitting useful information. The distinction
between useful and unwanted information is often subjective as well as objective. Hence signal
processing tends to be application dependent.
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

For example a filter (called system) used to reduce the noise and interference corrupting a
desired information-bearing signal as shown in Fig 1.6. Left side of the Fig 1.6 shows the noisy
image corrupted by a unwanted signal or interference called noise. Here the system acting as a
filter to reduce the noise and produced noise-free image as shown in the right side of the
Fig.1.6. When the noisy image signal is passed through a system as filtering operation, it is said
to be the image signal is processed.
Finally the Digital Signal Processing is referred to as processing of signals by means of a
Digital Computer.

Fig 1.6 Illustration of the processing a system. The noisy image is filtered and produced noise free
image.

1.2 Basic elements of Digital Signal Processing System:


Analog Signal Processing: Most of the signals encountered in science and engineering are
analog in nature. That is, the signals are functions of a continuous variable, such as time or
space and usually take on values in a continuous range. Such signals may be processing
directly by appropriate analog systems (such as filters, frequency analyzers etc) for the purpose
of changing their characteristics or extracting some desired information. In such a case we say
that the signal has been processing directly in its analog form as illustrated in Fig 1.7. Both the
input signal and the output signal are in analog form.

Fig 1.7 Illustration of Analog Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing: Digital signal processing provides an alternative method for
processing the analog signal as illustrated in Fig 1.8. To perform the processing digitally, there
is need for an interface between the analog signal and the digital processor. This interface is
called an analog-to-digital (ADC or A/D) converter. The output of a digital signal that is
appropriate as an input to the digital processor.
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

The digital signal processor may be a large programmable digital computer or a small
microprocessor programmed to perform the desired operations on the input signal. It may also
be a hardwired digital processor configured to perform a specified set of operations on the input
signal. Programmable machines provide the flexibility to change the signal processing
operations through a change in the software, whereas hardwired machines are difficult to
reconfigure.

Consequently, programmable signal processors are very common to use. On the

other hand, the signal processing operations are well defined, a hardwired implementation of
the operations can be optimized, and resulting in a cheaper signal processor and usually one
that runs faster than its programmable counterpart.
In applications where the digital output from the digital signal processor is to be given to the
user in analog form, such as in speech communications, it must provide another interface from
the digital domain to the analog domain. Such an interface is called digital-to-analog converter.
Thus the signal is provided to the user in analog form as illustrated in Fig 1.8.

Fig 1.8 Block diagram of a digital signal processing system

In practice, due to inherent real-world limitations, a typical system for the digital processing of
analog signals includes the following elements:
1. A sensor that converts the physical quantity to an electrical variable signal. The output of the
sensor is subject to some form of conditioning, usually amplification, so that the voltage of the
signal is within the voltage sensitivity range of the converter.
2. An analog filter (known as pre-filter or anti-aliasing filter) used to smooth the input signal
before sampling to avoid a serious sampling artifact known as aliasing distortion.
3. An A/D converter that converts the analog signal to a digital signal. After the samples of a
discrete-time signal have been stored in memory, time-scale information is lost. The sampling
rate and the number of bits used by the ADC determine the accuracy of the system.
4. A digital signal processor (DSP) that executes the signal processing algorithms. The DSP is a
computer chip that is similar in many ways to the microprocessor used in personal
computers. A DSP is, however, designed to perform certain numerical computations
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

extremely fast. Discrete-time systems can be implemented in real-time or off-line, but ADC
and DAC always operate in real-time. Real-time means completing the processing within the
allowable or available time between samples.
5. A DAC that converts the digital signal to an analog signal. The DAC, which reintroduces the
lost time-scale information, is usually followed by a sample-and-hold circuit. Usually the A/D
and D/A converters operate at the same sampling rate.
6. An analog filter (known as reconstruction or anti-imaging filter) used to smooth the staircase
output of the DAC to provide a more faithful analog reproduction of the digital signal.

1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of DSP systems


There are many reasons why digital signal processing of analog signal may be preferable to
processing the signal directly in the analog domain is illustrated below:
1. Flexibility in configuration: A digital programmable system allows flexibility in
reconfiguring the digital signal processing operations simply by changing the program.
Reconfiguration of an analog system usually implies a redesign of the hardware followed
by testing and verification to see that it operates properly.
2. Accuracy: The tolerances of the circuit components used to design the analog filters
affects the accuracy, whereas the DSP provides superior control of accuracy.
3. Implementation of Sophisticated Algorithms: The DSP allows us to implement
sophisticated algorithms when compared to its analog counterpart.
4. Cost: In many applications the digital realization is comparatively cheaper than its analog
counterpart.
5. Easy of Data Storage: Digital signals can be easily stored on magnetic media without
loss of fidelity and can be processed off-line in a remote laboratory.
6. Time sharing: DSP allows the sharing of a given processor among a number of signals
by time sharing thus reducing the cost of processing a signal.
7. Applicability to very low frequency signals: The very low frequency signals such as
those occurring in seismic application can be easily processed using a digital processor
when compared to an analog processing system, where inductors and capacitors
needed would be physically very large in size.

Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

Limitations:
1. System Complexity: System complexity increased in the digital processing of an analog
signal because of the devices such as ADC and DAC and their associated filters.
2. Bandwidth Limited by Sampling Rate: Band limited signals can be sampled without
information loss if the sampling rate is more than twice the bandwidth. Therefore, the
signals having extremely wide bandwidths require fast sampling rate ADC and fast
digital signal processors. But there is a practical limitation in the speed of operation of
ADC and digital signal processors.
3. Power Consumptions: A variety of analog processing algorithms can be implemented
using passive circuit employing inductors, capacitors and resistors that do not need any
power, where as a DSP chip containing over 4 lack resistors dissipates more power.

1.4 Applications of DSP


1. Telecommunication: Echo cancellation in telephone networks, telephone dialing
application, Modems, Line repeaters, channel multiplexing, data encryption, video
conferencing, cellular phone, Fax etc.
2. Consumer Electronics: Digital Audio / TV, electronic music synthesizer, educational
toys, FM stereo, sound recording applications.
3. Instrumentation and Control: Spectrum analysis, digital filter, PLL, function generator,
servo control, Robot control and process control.
4. Image Processing: Image compression, Image enhancement, Image analysis and
recognition.
5. Medicine: Medical diagnostic instrumentation such as CT, X-Ray scanning, MRI,
spectrum analysis of ECG and EEG signals to detect the various disorders in heart and
brain, patient monitoring.
6. Speech Processing: Speech analysis methods are used in automatic speech recognition,
Speaker verification and identification. Speech synthesis techniques include conversion
of written text into speech.
7. Seismology: DSP techniques are employed in the geophysical exploration for oil and
gas, detection of underground nuclear explosion and earthquake monitoring.
8. Military: Radar signal processing, Sonar signal processing, Navigation and secure
communications.
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Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE, KL University

References:
1. John G. Proakis and Dimitris G. Manalakis, Digital Signal Processing, principles,
algorithms and applications, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2011.

2. Dimitris G. Manalakis and Vinay Ingle, Applied Digital Signal Processing, theory and
practice, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2011.

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