WORKBOOK

natural science

Plants

Let's spea t
What living things can yOJ see

in the pidtre?
What season 1s it?
What happens to many plants
during thiS season'

r
Do an experiment. You need:
Two empty yoghurt containers
Wet cotton wool discs
4 dried beans
Fill the cont1n41rs wot h wet cotton
wool discs

Put two beans into eKh container.

Place them between the c.otton
woold1scs.
At the end of the un1t, you will find
out what germinl!tion is

Characteristics of plants

fD ()

A plant Is a livong tting with limited mobility. There lll'e

many dofTerent types of plants All plants have one thong on
common. they are loving ttings that make their own toOd

sool: meterool1n whch plllntsarow

nutnenh: substllnces the! hvlna

lhin85 need in ordor to grow

vesSC!I: a tube which tr&nsports

hqUidS

Plants need four substances to make theor own food water,

mineral~. sunliahl and arbon dioxide, Plants get these
substances using three main organs: roots, stems and leaves.

. ................. Fun f d l .
leaves copture sunl'8hl and c"'bon

doxode from the air. Then, they use

the sunatrt. Clrbon doa.lde. wat..lllld mner&ls to rmke nulroelts.

' Sequo1e tre.-s ore the oldest and

largest pl~~nts on Elrlh They cen
grow over 75 metn>S toiiMd liVe
for thousands of years. How IS th1s
possoble> CM gllllll se quo< as evon
resast fi,_.?

r Stems ~ eep th
pi MI upnght ond
support rt. The
trunl< of o tre IS o
very thiCk stem. 1t

elso cernts wet.r,

mln..-olsend
nutnents to other
ports of the plent
through veuel.

FI NAL TASK Check your

experiment.
Put one yoghurt
container in the frie4le
andtheotheroneln a
warm room.
E~~ery two days,lfft up
the cotton wool disc:; on
the top and take photos

Roots enable plants to

hlk111 wMfr end mene~ls
from the SO< I.
Some plants
store nutr1ents

In lh e" roots.

Wn t e down the changes

you observe, induding
the temperature ot
the fridge and room.
Remember to keep the
cotton wool wet'

.
:
:

Classification of plants ~
r Non-flowering plants

Flowering plants

Non-flowering plants do not have seeds. They

reproduce through spores. Spores are tiny cells that
g ermrnate l!lnd grow rnto a new plant.

Flowering plants have organs like flowers. fruits

and seeds that help them to reproduce.

,..

Anglo~perm~

Frn~

Ftui1

Angiosper ms,likeapplet rees. areplantstl>atgrow

fruit wrth seeds. The seeds .,.e located rnsidethe fruil

Ferns hi)ve roots. leaves and stems. f1rn spores are

formed on the underside of the leaves..

Gymno~pe rm~

Mosses
Seed

Gymnosperms. lik" prne trees, oro plonts that hove

Mosses do not havP roots. leaves or st ttms. Moss

seeds but do not hav" fruit. Pine nuts are seeds

Insid e pine cones. A ~ne cone from a ptnt tree rs

spores are produced in capsules which are M-t he

end af the filement.

note fru1t. 1t IS ,e flowttr.

Listen to Anna and Wil l talk about the

different k fnd of trees t hey have in their
gardens. Copythetablein your notebook
and complet e it .

apple tree

I rems I

pear tree

r pine trees

cherT)' tree

Frl'ar.nrol~flF
AlgQI~II!>

G)'mlllrellll

--

* smSaviadigitol cam
I ,, ~l Play and dedde if

a T .... I

vi

the plants are flowering or non-flowering

plants.
Q

Plant nutrition

ee

Photosynthesis

GittUMJf

Plants make their own nut rients through photosynthe:J~

During this process, plants ab>vrb caroondioxide and water
WJth minerals and r->lo>a~p oxygen into the air This process
takes place In green leaves during the day. Leaves absorb
energy from sunlight through a green pigment called
chlorophyll and use it to produce glucose and oxygen
T

.....

,.r

rr

abse<b: I eke 1n
rclca.'i<l: b reathe out

+
gluco.e

........................ . Funiad!
:

TrPP40.givPu~<-NlrlPthM

kP,.,.,<

us cool 1n the summer. But dul

Ca!bon dtOI.Ide

you know that one large tree con

produce over 100 kilos of oxygen
Path yPar? If a forest has 100 large
trees. how many kilos of oxygen
do thoy produce ~tach yoar? What
1S the lergest forest'" the world?

"a ~ ~

Respiration
Respiration is related to how plants get enei'JIY During
resptratlon, plants absorb oxygen from the a~r. Then, the
oxygen and nutrients are transformed into energy Finally,
the plant releases carbon dioxide and water steam into the air.
Plants need energy 24 hours a day. That is why resporation
occurs during the day and at night.

"'Y&n

Listen and identify the

processdescribed Then,
copy the table below and
tick if the process you hear
occurs during the day or at
nig ht.

- - -

~(l'Di;
----'----'--~

Cooy and complete the

table in yOI.JT notebook

-10

Day

Niaht

PltoTO.SVHTHESI.S

Produces nr.rtritJtts.

#'

R~ee~s~~~~n~-~~~~~~=:~~ii~~

'i,., 'i :Jo tan s m

n rt

ItS

1 Plants absorb water and dissolved minerals

through their roofs.

This mixture of water and minera ls is called
raw sap.
Xylem vessel~ are t ubes that help the raw sap
to travel from the roots to the leaves.
Leaves absorb carbon dioxide through ~ores
called st omas.

Photosynthesis occurs inside the leaves.

Sunllahf tra~fonms raw sap and carbon dioxide
into nutrienis inside the leaves.
!> The nutrients formed inside the leaves are called
elabon~tad sap.
6 Phloem vessels are small tubes t hat transport
elaborated sap all over the plant.

11

Sexual reproduction in plants

Rep

o~

..

01

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S.xual reproduction takes place inside t l1e flow..- whentwo

reproductive cells from t wo different plants come together.
This generates a new plant that is similar to them.
Flowers are the reproductive organs in m ost plants and have
male and female reproductive organs.

Reproductive organs
Corolla

)
Mal~ oraan~

Female oraan~

The stamen is th~

The pistil is the fomelc

mall' reproductv<'
organ:

reproductov<' organ:
The stigma has a sticky top
to trap pollen.
The style I se connect1on

lh earother
po-oduces and holds
pollen. Poll engr~~i ns
uwally appear as
fine yellow dust.

tube.

""'-1'------

lh<' fil<lmenl gtv<'S

support to the

Theovory os the cen1rel port

of th e pistol ond contaons
ovules onside.
Once an owle IS fertilised ot
becomes a fru ot.

anth er.

Cllly><

Classification of flowers

(
Male I lower

Female flower

Th e mole flower
produces pollen.

Pollination of flowers

The fmele flower produces

ules.

H..-maphrodite llower

In mony flowers. the m<1kl

end female ports ere lns1de
the same flower

Wlnd, lnsects and other agents can acd dentally transport

pollen from one flower to anot her.
Pollination occurs when pollen reaches the pistBand travels
tiTough lt until it fertilises the ovule. This is called fertlll~tlon.
Then the ovary beccmesa frtit andtheo~A.Jie becomes a ~eed .
When seeds fall t o t he ground and gerrnmate, a new plant g rows.

ooll: the funtlonal bas1c unot of hfe

gern11n11te: to sp<out or grow

Cro~polllnatlon

Sel1polllna1lon

1emole flo.vfu

Poden IS transferred from

astam~n of a

Pollen is transferred from the stamen

flow... into tlle p1.tll

of one flower to ih~ p~'ti l of the flower

of anotner flower oftne same plant.

.:1 ~~ n I non-fl v ~nnr

of another pla->t of the same type.

p an s

Non fl ow rina planh don't have flowers or seeds. So, they

use spores to reproduce. Fems reproduce this way.
1. Sari (singular, so rus) are

sacks that contain thousands

ofspores. They ere located
u nder the tern leiJVes.

3. After fertilisation.

a new fem begins

t o grow.

Listen to Eri ea talk about the different

plant s in her garden. Match each
description t o the right definition.
Oescnptlon 1

pollination

Oescnptlon 2

sexual reproduchon

Oescnptlon 3

flowe r

FINAL TASK Check your e periment and

t a ke pictures. Discuss the visible changes
you can see wit h a partner
e sm Savla d lgllol corn
1 '' 1
Putthepictures of
j 1tle reproduction of a pine tree in order.

A I

A j

I'T' I

V Ltree grow?

l'~

Howdoesanalmond

Asexual reproduction in plants

fi)

Many plants that grow flowers and seeds can also reproduce

through fragmentation In fragmen1ation, a new plant grows

fro m a fragment oft he parent plant.

Fun fact! .

: only requl,._s orv porent tor

: reproductoon to occur Do you thnk

there
any erom!Ofs that can
reproduce Without o mat'

..-e

First, a small fragment breaks off the plant

Then, the fragment falls to the ground and germinates.
j

.......... ......_..........

Asexuel reproducton n plants

Rnally, a new plant begins to grow. This new plant is an

identical replica ot the parent plant .

There are different types of fragments in asexual

reproduction:

.. .....

._

Stolons ar abovt>

ground Jlem1 that

"' Cu!ti<ltS are stems

thllt produce new

growhOtuontally
As thy ifCW, they
dove lop roah that
prod uto a new

roots when thy

ar separated from
the p..-ent pi ant.
Geranoums and

plant. Straw~rris
"''e !\OIOIU .

grapevo nes grow

from cuf:tongs

Tubeu ..-e
underaround

rums. T~
stormeny
nulnents thllt
they get from th
so1l. Polbtoos art>
tu~rs .

Bulbs are at the

bottom of th
stem.. Thy graw
underground. BlAbs
stor nulnt>ntsfor tht
plent. When plantod

on the ground. each

bulbg1ves riSt> to a
nw plant. Gor1ot ond
onoons are bulbs.

Rhizomes'"'"
underground
sterns that grow
honzontelly. Nt>w

plontsgrow from

tht>u stms.
AsporDgUS and oros
ptonts ar rhiZomes.

I
Will Is helping his father to
prepare dimer They need
some ingredients from
their garden. They <~re all
fragments. Usten, copy the
l<lble below and lick the box

tor each type o1 fraament

---------

ID!ll~:'"'llll''l:"'""" . -. . . . . -. .. . . .
Make your own garden
lt"s easy to grow your own vegetables in the
countryside because there is so much land But if
you live in the dty, you can grow vegetables in an
'urban garden'.

'Hanging garden'
M~te rl~ls

.r Three 1.51it res plastic

bottles. Preferably green
or blue.

Read how to ma~e your own urban garden.

I:\

.r Pott ing soil

.r Strawberry stol ons
.r Small stones
.r String

Always !ISk your

i...!..) teltcher or an cdul t to

help you cut plasnc.
1. Ask your t eacher to cutthe bottom
of the bot Ues and cut 2 or 3 bia holes
and 4 smell holes on the sod e.

5. u,e the stnng o_nd hang the gorde-n jn a worm

sunny place. WaterthetopoHhe bottl e.

2. Put" smolt stone in t he

mouth of the boHi e.

3. Fill the bottle

woth soiL
Insert the
strawberry
stolonsln
the holes.

4 . Insert the bottles into other

bottles. Ask the teacher t o
help you.

,........ Work in small groups and discuss the

~ ques t
oons.

0
:

What type of reproduction tak es place in

your hanging g arden?
How is reproduction in yourhanging g arden
d ifferent to reproduction in a seed box?

What other kind of vegetables would you

lik e to g row in your urban garden?

YTl Sa via dogllol.com

r pr

~1 Ma~e yourown

V __:chool garden step b y step.

1

--..........................-
15

How do plants respond to their environment?

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Plants react to their environment by moving There are two

different ways plants move- n astl c and tropic movements.

,..-~ - Fun fact! :

; The Venus Flylr~ IS a cernovorous

plent. Its b@eutrlul colours !ltld

In n~>tic movemenh, the movement of the plant does not

involve growth. For example, a carnivorous plant suddenly

doses its leaves when an insect touches 1!.
Tropic movemenh occur when plants move towards or
away from a stunulus and n~olve growth. For example,
some plants grow towards sunliiht

sweet smel oltn~d onSKts. But

e.

what happens if an onsect touctw.s

the plant?

smSaviadigtlol

COOl . . . . . . ....

Photolro poom os o !rope movtmenl

end oa:urs wtw.n ptonts arow
towerds su nlight.

Anna is showing Will some

interestin& plants she has
Ustento the conversation
and complete the table In
your notebook

Gtiiiflower J
venus fly trap

PIIMI
Pltro-2
PIINl

~""

Hydrotropism IS anothtr
t ropoc movementthat
occurs whl!rt th@ roots of
plonts stnS<! w11te r on lht
ground ..,d always grow
towzrds a souru of water.

UJvibopism occurs whtn

ants react to gravity Th1s
xplt:~~nswhy

rootsolwoys

grow down tnto th so1l.

1G

l;t'llr

-- -- -- - r<.tll!!

Jf;

PI~

'Its resp nd to

SP.

ns

Pia nts also respond to e wironment al changes in Iiaht,

temperature a nd humidity and t his influen ces their life cycle.

de<:oduous t rees: trees t hat Iose

thesr lellves in the cold ~easons ~d
grow new leaves 1n the spnng

Beech t rees are deciduous. They a re typical in t he north

of Spain where the weather changes a re noticeable every
season. Observe how the beech tree responds to weather
cha nges in ea ch sea son.

:!i~A6

'24

8~

.,~

'S..~

d.C

18
16

a 14

..

12

~ 10

ws
<;

~
4

2
0

win1er

spring

s ummer

Look at t he red lin e on the graph <~bove. How d oes

temperature influence the leaves and fruit? How do
the daylight hours influence the leaves and fruit?

autumn

..................... Ftm fad! ~

V
/ Lots oftrees lose their leaves during '
cold season$. But what happens to
:
these leaves when theyfal l off the
:
btenches?

Does the beeCh tree have Ieaves in the winter?

Do you think photosynthesis oCOJrs in winter?
Discuss t his with your partner.

DISCOVER Some trees don't lose their leaves in

winter. These trees na ve adapted to clfmates wltn
little sunshine a nd water. What are these plants
ca lled? And informatio n and e~amples. Make a
poster.

A I
V

smSavlad1gol corn

fl" r r
Look at 1tle leaves and decide what
j__.:.y pe of tree t hey come from.

.r

.
.
.
"....................................

..

l7

are dassi11ed into

I

LEAVES

FLOWERING

NON FLOWER ING

PLANTS

PLANTS

Inside their
cellsthoy

are

have

~G"'~'~m J

l,.---...L..........,C_)

___(__

c;~

per1orm 1tTee tunctlons

NUTR ITION
can be

through

are

a11d lnterac1
With their

e1111lrcnmen1
through

c;;J (
(

lndlflerem
pl..-rts

asti c

[ \

(
Copy and fill in the mind map
in your notebook. Add drawings

or diHt:1 ""t t y pes or asexuol

reproduction.

Copy the f lower and label

the different parts in your
notebook.

)(

life cycles

ments

)
Look at the chart below and fill it in your
notebook with the f ollowing words.

I food
~=-----..
carbon dioxide I oxygen

water with minerals

_!!@I _
~IIHD . JIJS H~

f('IPOOJ.'IS.rt.cimilti

llruiP 11nrns1

Will lolro!uooolrurlto<u:l

--

Match each organ wit h its fundi on.

produce oxygen
Roots
sexual r epr oduct1on
Stems .
absorb wat er and m1nerals
Leaves
Flowers
d1stribute substances

Do 1heyhave organs (roots, st em s, leaves)'

yes

repoduce1hrcugh flowers?

r:-l

What type of plants are the following?

blackber ry

tomato
cypress

o~

yu

rl Dotsfrui1'
i1 hve ... L
r

__

( -___.)

yes ~

no - \ Gymnosperms

A farmer 11as a plum tree that produces many

plums . The farmer wants to grow a new tree
with plums that have the same qualft y as t he
parent plant. Which means of reproduction do
you recommend? Explain your answer.
' cutt1ng (asexual)

Match the words to the sentences.

carbon dioxide

no

Oo1hey hoveflowero>Oo1hey

What is the main difference betweenfems

( ) and mosses? What do they have in common?

spanish fig

A botanist studies plants. Botanists use

dichotomous keys t o classify plants . Complete
the key with t he missing group of plants .

water

[Sliiiitght 11nutrients J , minerals J

Substances that are needed for
photosynthesiS to occur.

seed (sexual)

Substances made during photosynthesis

fl

Substances released through

photosynthesiS .
Energy needed for photosynthesis to occur

Write in your
notebook how selfpollination takes
place.

Order the photographs and explain the

L changes to the tree to a partner.

Two friends are helping each other learn

( \ about plants. List en to their definitions Then
write in yOLJr noteboOk the words being
described for each number. The first one is
already done.
I

flowering plants
fragmentation
non-flowenng plants
resp1ratton

A
V

0
0

pho1osynthem

2
l
!

--

sm Savlad1g1ta l corn
'! IT 1~ or t r Plants release oxygen
through photosynthesis but they also
release water. Watch this video. Where
does the water ccme from?

sm Saviad1gltol.ccrn
l-.-~.!-1---~-~e~ what yo~ have le.arnt in th=~l1-ev~~~~~

Vanilla is 1hefn.Jil: of an orchid called

Vonillo p lonifolio. The name vanilla
comes from the $parish word 'vaina'
because the (l)
ofthefruft is sim~ar
toapod,likeagreen beanthat hangs
fromthe,owerandcan (2)
12or25
centimeters long. The vanilla flov.'Ers
have 1/efY attractive colours fmm wtite,
g1-een, greenish yellow to cream colours.
Tl1e vanilla orchid originated 1n Central
America where the (3)
is hot and
humi d. lt was known to the Aztecs for
its flavouring quality. In t he 18"' century,
people (4)
to grow it in other parts
ofthe wortd with similar dimates. The
plant grew and produced flowers. But
mysteriously, it didn't producethefnit.
A slave named Edmond Albius (5)

a way to poiHnate the vanilla orchd

Hema"lipulatedtheflowerwith a thin
stick a!ld manually pollinatedtheorchid
flower.

Read the text again and in your notebook

choose the best word (A, B o r C) for eadl
space.
1 A shape

B form

C figure

' A grow up to

B mature

C expand

3 A cbmate

B season

4- A tned

B tended

o; A discovered

B thought

c t1 me
c prepared
c recognised

t Vanillaca nfonmvery long thin stems .

A right

B wrong

c doesn't say

..: Most vanilla beans eventually turn black

and release a strong aroma.
A right

B wrong

c doesn't say

your clol~:>m~to~.

3 Vanilla fnuit is used to create chocolat e

flavouring.
A right
B wrong
C doesn't say

; Describe t he shape of vamlla .

..t. The vanilla ordlid usually grows in t ropical

Read the text and answer these questions in

your notebook. Then, discuss them with

What are the speoal climate condtoons

vamlla requires?
_ What charactensi:Jcs do orchids have that
help them wllh the Important funct1on of
pollination?

20

Are the following sentences 'Right' (A)

or ' Wrong ( B)? If ther e is not enough
information, choose 'Doesn't say' (C).
Don't forget to write down the answers
in your notebook.

and subtropical regions.

A right
B wrong
c doesn't say
s The vanilla plant f irst g rew in Penu.
A right

B wrong

c doesn't say

Growing plants
Andy works in a garden centre. He wants to grow plants. Andy did an
experiment todiscoverthe best conditions for growing plants.
First, he took f our pots with soil. He planted 10 seeds fn each one. Then, he
pl!l each pot in places with different temperatures. He watered the pots
everyday.
Here are tl1e results of Andy's experiment look at the pictures and answer
the quesii ons.

'.

3 1da)'S

j
3 1days

ttdoes11'1 germ1nate

Which weatherconditiQn did Andyt esi for in his

experiment?
light
temperature
humKhty
look at the pots. The gladiolus seeds did not grow in
two pots. Identify them. Describe the weather
conditions for each one.
What is the best t emperature to grow plants f asi?
What is t he best temperatur e to g erminate more
seeds?

Explain your a ns wers.

smSaviadlg11ol corn
~, N n~"
'J How does temperature
affect plants uowth?

...\
31 da)'S
lt doesn't germna1e

Let's work together: Germination

fi)

You have lea m! all about plants. You have also collected
information from your experiment on the aermln atfon
of plants.
Now, let's look at our results!
Gather the photos and data from the experiment. Put t he
photos in order. Then, fill in this chart to organise the
dat a. Desaibe the sequence of photos to define
the process.
''fllf'll

1"11

Jllrt<>r!A N

f'lTin,...;
OKI!!l<ntlm """'(OJJISl

..

---

---

Compare your results with a da ss mate. Are they t he

same or different ? Why? Explain your condusions to the
d a ss.
lliliT:~U'il']irul

... scientific research! - - - - - - - - -....

Thanks to sdentists, we know the

beneficial properties of plants and how
to use them in medidne. For e.ample,
the poppy flower is used to make
code ine, a very powerful paink~ ler.
Now, do some of your own research.
Do a presenta lion on other plants
that scientists use t o make medicine.
Include photos or your own drawings .

smSavladigotol corn

]-~~----~~

Check the wayyo~ve lea~nt._

'J

-~

Let's speak!
Scientists believe that there are
mOl ions of living things we haven't
discovered yet. But, is it true? Answer
these questions for each picture.
What living things are there?
What non-living things are there?
What is t he t emperat ure like?
Where is it located?

rt 11 il

"'

Make a map of your neighbourhood

and investigate. How dean is it? In
this unit, you will t hink of different
ways to make your environme nt
better and what the 3 R's rule means.

What do we need to live?

ee

Earth is the only planet on the solar system that can support
lffe thanks t o the living and non-lfvingthfngs that we can find
on our planet .

GI066tl/Uf
offspri na: young of en entmel

decompos.: brellk ep!lrt orrto smell

pieces

t:~ JSI

V 'h t .. 1111

m1

remain~

An ecosys tem is a group of living and nonlivir"!g things that

live in the same area. All elements of an ecosystem interad

deod plonts ''"d oni mal s

sea l: fasten or close tightly

ECOSYSTEM
.... _ _ _ _1

""'''

S~

:_
-z

""

l:

Wolcr
lt:Jn~nlhn

Weelt..r

"f
"''"'""'
,
Or~nt
vn

PWnh

Soil/ Ru.h

_
Uvln~

Sun

listen to the description of

two ecosystems. Then, copy

the table below and write

each element you hear in
the right column. Finally,
compare your answers .....;th
you- dassmates. As a groL4),
decide what ecosystem they
are describing .

Jnp In iln ecosystem

Each element of an ecosystem has an important rol@. Here

we can see how livir"!g thin~ are organised in an ecosystem.

Species

Agroupof

organisms th;:rt
can reproduce
wrth other

lndiVIduels ltlat
makeupltle
species end
produce fertile

Po pul<ltion
A populetion os
m<Jde up of <JII

Community

the ondlvtduals
t hat belong to the
sam@ species.

popu lobons thet

hv together
mllkeup
cMnmunlty.

Agroup of
different

offsprong.

ECOSYSlEM

----

f fHI 'W
tltl:"f;

-- --... --

IVflll ~ l llc

lVI,. lW(.';

~CJ:l,r;

((

le>

-- -~

o ""llv'nr tt-ln!'S Inter c In an eoc. syst m

Depending on how they get t heir food, living thi11gs in
an ecosys tem can be classified into three main groups:
producers, consumers and decompose~.

@
Consumers ere ensmols end
organrsms t hat eat ot her hvrng
thmgs.

1. Prim:uy consumers th~t eat

producers are celled herb1vore s.

Producers are
plents. Frrst.
plonts teke
nutnents from the

For example. rabbt s eat Ill' ass.

2. Secondary <.on sumer s t hat
eet o1her co nsumers lire c~lled

car ni110res. For exmpl.,, eegles

e..t rabbits.

soil and energy

from thP su n~
Then. t h ey use

] .Te rtiary consumer s th..t

eo! both p ro ducers nd
other consumers are arlled
omniwr e s. For OX<lmple. birds
e..t f i'Uit end worms.

photosyntheSis
to prod uce food.
Ani mals and oth er

orgerusms use
plonts for food.

Decomposers Gre bacteria and fungi (9ngul ar, fungus} t hat

feed oft t h e remarns of dead anim als and plants. first. they
break down the nutrients into small pieces. Then, they retum
these nutrient s to the soi l so t hat plants can use t hem.

Analyse an ecosys1em
Did you know tha t in 1960, an English man named David lat imer made
a garden in a bottle and sealed it closed? Today, this incredible miniecosystem is still alive thanks to water, air, algae (sing ular, alga), bacteria
and shrimp inside the bottle. This miniature ecosystem is an independent
miniature wor1 d.
How is t his possible?
Sunlight provides energy so the algae can carry
out photosynthesis.
The a lgu grow and release oxygen.
The shrimp eat th e algae and produce carbon
dioxide that t he algae need to grow.
The remolns of the algae and shrimp provide
nutrients for the bacteria. These bacteria
transform the nutrients into the minerals that
algae use to grow.

Qtygen and nu1rien1s

Stw-imp

r~

.r' ,...

0 ll)lpn lfl~ organtt)

reNtns
---......_
'"'\
C...bon
d1oKJdend

Orpnrc
r ttnains

All these processes create a perfect cycle.

Name the producers, consumers and decomposers in this mini ecosystem.
Dis~:uss with your partn er what will happen if we put David l atimer's mini-e<:osystem in a dark
place. What's happened? How will it affect the shrimp?

- ...-- ...---

15

Food chains and food webs

f

fi)

ee

r! chilllns

Gttma/Uf

(web:

Living things in an ecosys'lem eat each other. This is how

energy passes from one living thing to another. If we draw a
line between them, we have a food ch ain.
eaten by

inttrconnected "things

eaten bj

l nanby

Each of these organisms is a link in the food chain.

Fo
In an ecosys'lem, most living things are part of several food
chains. When we connect the different chains, we have a
f ood web.

For example, many species live in forests. Foxes eat birds and
mice. Frogs eat insects and so do mice. Owls and cats eat
mice

..---

Funfact!

: Did you know that before the 1850s.

-th~re wertJ no rabbits in Australia?
Then, '" 1859, humens sent 24
mbblts to Austmli end se !them
free. By 1900. there were more thon
600 m llton r;~bbits liVIng there. Do :
you know why?

.4~ .

In an ecos~tem, if the population of one(lroup changes, this

affects the poi)Uation of other groups. And as a resul t, this
modifies the ecological balance.
Ecosystems can experience changes CNer time. So me of
them d o not affect the ecological balance, for example,
transformations due t o the seasons. When a big change
affects thebalanc eof living t hings, it can lead to the
extlndlon of a ~ecles.

A l~k of food 1mphes o

dec.reaS@' ofhetbvore s.

Producs er
redl.lcfCI bye fire

ECOLOGICA L
BA LANCE

As er ..ult of lh
decreose In preytho!
Cl!rnPII'Ote popullltlon

1srfelucd

Look at the parts of a food

dlain Make a table in your
notebook and write the
names of each of the parts
Then, number each one to
show its place in the food
chain. Finally, listen and
<:heck your answ ers.

All components In en
cosystom hlp to keep
the ecolog,col bill once.

Think of the anima I

spedes you lfke the most.
Investigate what would
happen if 11 became

extinct'
ANAL TASK Draw a map of
your neighbourhood and
show where the recyding
bins are located Why is
each bin a different colour?
lnvestg ate and find out
w'rrJ tl'is is important

'i7

Terrestrial ecosystems

fi)

Animals need plant s to live, and plants need light and heat
from the sun to live. However, some parts of the planet
receive little sunlight and rain . That's why there are different
types of terrestrial ecosystems.

, , -.

28

Cold deserts
Antarct1co end Greenlond rn cold d ..erts.
Tomperrrtures ore free.t1na ond there 1s hth
precipl\<111on.
The lond 1scovered wrth snow and 1ce and there Is
vory httle vogetrrtlon .
Animals have o thiCk layer of 1111 to bop worm.

Gt.

u IIUJ-

~~"''lClutte:

wl:lfm and m~d

Karc.e: rore, elmost lnexlste11t

ohrubs: btJshes

Taiga
Taaa 15 o RusSian word that means dense evergreen
forest 1t covers the very north of Europe, Asro end
North Amenca.
Tf'mperertur~s twf! very

cold ond it !nows1n wcnteor.

The doys are long and rainy 1n su mm.. Thrfe ere many eVPrgrHn trees such M pi ne ~nd fir
troes.
Herbivores fike rabbits ond r~>~ndeer hve there

Carn1VO<es like wolves live the<o too.

Temperate forests
Many t,.,.P"'t forests orelocoted 1n Conodo,
oostom United Stot es, Europo end China.
Temperrrtureore cold In wlnl er ond mid In summor.
Ro1n Is moderrrte.
Trees ore m ostly deciduous.
Thoro1S1> wrde vanoty of onlmols, which often
marolesdunng the cold Winters.

Warm deserts
The Sohoro !llld Atocamo deserts oro hot and dry.
Tomperrrtures tee very high dunng the dey ond cool
et nrght Precrpltatron os
c
There os very lrttle vegel!ll1on
Anomds can I ive with little wot .r. For eX<mpe, camels.

Sovannahs
Sovonnohs covor hotf the surfoco ol Alnco Tnerr ore

Work in groups of IOtX. lmagtne you

are travelling from the North Pole to
the Equator. Dunng this long journey,

what types of ecosystems you wmfind?

Listen to four desaiptions. What
ecosystem are they describing?
Number the pictures in your notebook.

.,.S<> savonnohs., Austn>loo. South .-,.nco ~nd lndoo.

Tomperolures orel'ogh oil yoor lorw There os o 'dry
season' and a 'wet season' Thereos;~lmost no r.-n
d unng th dry se.,. on. Ourong the wot seoson, rt
rans o lot ondplontsgrow
The land is covered mostly 1n grass M d "few t rees

.
~-

. ..---

~lddu'"n

ond :,.htub s.

Th1re rs a wode vanety of an1mols

Rai nforests and jungles

The Amazon ..nd Congo raonforests are the largest on
the world .
Tomperrrturuorehogh ond rt flllnsoll yOISI'Iona.
Vogotatoon os obundonl
There are many different typts of loving tttngs.

S.V.nnah

warm destr1

sm Saviad ogotol oom

If we travel frcm the
1 North Pole to the EquatClf', does the

t_:emperatt.re go 1.4) or dowr'V

17

Aquatic ecosystems

G)

Uving things that live underwater also live in ecosystems. These can
be in freshmter eco sy!iiem~ or marine e<o~ystem~

Mllrine ecosystems ere the ocel!lns ~rtd SellS.

Freshwftte r ecosystems &re ll>kes, ponds,

riers andstte.llms.

Living things in marine eCO$ystems can be produ<:e.-3,

consumers and decomposers.

Producers
Phytoplankton are primary
producers in marine
ecosystems. They carry out
photosynthesis for energy
just like land plants do. Algae
is a type of phytoplankton.
Phytopfankto11 are mtCfoscop;c They 'float

on th~ surlact ot the w!liet.

Algae. flOW'" shellow W8'1er, M'h ched to

the ocun floo1.

- - Consumers
Fish, marine mammals,
st arfish, coral, and
zooplankton are consumers.
Zooplankton are microscopic
se.J animals that livenearthe
surface of the water.
Coral end llt'lemones .Dre consumtrs1hlrt
live attached1o1he ocean floor

0fgantsmstha1 sw;m. such as shaw ks,

move 1hrough 1h e~crlooking for f ood,

Decomposers - - - - - - ----.

Aquattefungi ate 1mpor1an1 decompostrs

fDr plant matter 1n aqua'b( ecosystems.

JO

Decornposers dr'e fungi,

bacteria and o ther
ml<roorganisms. They obtain
energy from dead organisms.
Then, they transform t he
final remains of t hese dead
organisms into nutrients for
producers.

-~

Bactena &-f s.ome oilhe smallest and

oldeft otgam.srns on Earth They are
abundo:r11 ill evesy aquatic ecosystem

. Fun fad! .

: ScentJsts Mv dtcoved
!
: ho.rn dreds ofthou501'1d s oflovt'1&
:
thongs ., the oceans. But t hey
beheve there could be mtlhons rror
, life forms thlll we still don't know
: ebout l
A, ,:

Depending on how deep t he waterisandhow m.Jch light ther-e

IS, we can clasSify marine ecosysteTlS into three maon zones
Coostnl zone Is ooor t he su rface .
So.rnloght t.hot Mters the wilier
t~>n only travel !>bout 200 meires.
Most pr-oducers 11 ve here bec~>use
they nted ~ght to c~ry oo.rl
photosynth e sos. Most fish and
manntt mommo.l5 hve h ere..

\ . smSaviad ig1tol com

-w

'----

The middle t.one os

betwen 200 M d 1,000
metres. There IS very
httle &ht on thtszon e.
o photosynthesos Is n ot
possoblo Plants do n ~ hve
tn tlnzon.. but many

!Ish do.
~--

The deepest zone b.low 1.000 metru .

lh..-e rs no !Unbghl h l'fe, .a ol os tot oily dorl<.
Squod live on t his zone Fosh Ill ttus lev.. ell! the
remains oforganosms that fal l from obove

Usten to a description of two zones In

manne ecosystems and complete the chart.
11011' 0!!11 IS I!Ul! r?

ISII'elt U llllllitiH?

Ulll>llllltiHl
W!Rilll~

trlt'

---

--

--

ldentofy the consumer, the producer

and the decomposer in a food chan that
ind udes tuna, algae and sardines

Discuss with your partner:

Why do marine producer organisms
only live between the surface and 200
metres underwater?
There are no producers in the deepest
zones of the ocean. Elcplain how living
things can live there.

smSaviadogotol com
Playandos~more

about ecosystems ;md theordharactetistocs.

31

How human beings change the environment @

Scientist s believe t hat life on Earth started at least t hree
billion years ago. But our species, Homo sopi~ns, originat ed
only 200,000 years ago. Let's look back in time and see how
human activity has changed the planet .

10,000 yea rs ago, the human population was very small,

with only ar ound two or three million people. Human activity
didn't change the environment much. Humans hunted
animals and collected fruits and seeds forsurvival.

2, 000 years ago, humans had big farms for plants and
animals. The human population grew to 300 million because
there was more food. Therefore, agriculture and fanning
changed the ecosystem.
Nowadays ...

200 year ago, the Industrial Revolution began and the

human population started to explode. Waste from industry
polluted the air, water and land.

fi)

lut

~to

rr

ed ~ r er rlroll

. -

rtlei lt

At the beginning of the 21" century, the human population

was seven billion inhabitants. If we can't control human
activity, we may destroy our planet. Many spedes of plants
and animals will become extinct. Natural resources will
disappear. Air will be t oo polluted to breathe. Water wm be
too polluted to drink and land will become filled with rubbish.
The solutionis to reduce the neptive effects our actions
have on the environment.

Fun factl .

l Depending on how often people use

: public tre~nsport. ride l::icyde. wolk,
recycle or pl<rlttrees. you can see

1f people b!ke proper c..-e of the

enVIronment. How would you n~te
:
your own neighbourhood?
~:

smSavladig~ol corn

As you can see in the picture, there are many actions we

can take that will have a positive effect eo the planet, for
example, stop polluting the environment

FINAL TASK Look aga in at the map of

yourneighbourhood. Walk around your
neighbourhood. Are there recycling bins?
Take pictures and mark their location on
the map with a b lue@

Listen to a description of human activity.

Match each description to its t ime period in
your notebook.
Descnptlon 1
200 years ago
Oescnptlon 2

2,000 years ago

Descnptlon 3

10,000 years ago

DISCOVER Look at the following

enVIronmental problems. In pairs, disruss
..- their negative consequences on human fife.
For example: If forests disappeared on our
planet, then we .
deforestation
pollution
extmctJQI1 of animal speoes

Which areas or streets need mor e

deaning ? Take pictures and mark these
areas with a red@.
Save your map and your notes. You will
need itfor the final task.

A
V

smSavladigital.com
1 1 11 r.t Find out how human betngs
change the environment.

33

~(Marine)

...

AQUATIC l-----:

can be

have

(
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS

LIVING TH INGS
that make up

Gh
I

that make up

I
( Food

I
I

thai are In

cba~0
I

that are Changed by

) -

that ore Changeo by

11 we take positive a<:1ronwe'll 1ove ln

Comp lete the mind map about

ecosystems in your notebook.
In pairs, copy and complete the following
..,. chart about terrestrial ecosystems in your
notebook. You can ask your partner using
the following questions:
What's the temperoture like in ... 7
Does it roin very often in .. 7
How is li~ in ... 7

~IP'!Tl!IP

!DIGI.lel!'l1

lJ!fylJW

~51

11111' il' I " '>1

ltlt 3nl d!y 07'<'11
~''lalf.dl
Rllrlce>~

--

'Y.jPi

lit>

a1n1a11
II!IY illl!

look at the picture below. tt Illustrates a

typical Mediterranean ecosystem . The lynx
and the eagle are both endangered spedes
that eat rabbit s.

In t he deepest waters of the ocean, there are

) no producers such as algae. But consumers
can live here. Explain how this is possible.
Different parts of the Earth have v ery diff erent
climates. For example, fn the south of Spain,
the climat e is hot and dry. lt doesn't rain very
much and there are deserts. In the north of
Spain, the climate is cool and wet. lt rains a lot
and there are forest s.
Look at the photo.

Name all thehvlngthln(ls markedw1th

a blue dot.
Identify the producers, consumers and
decomposers 1n this ecosystem Say what
the consumers eat Is this a food chain or a
food web?

Identify a place where you spend your summer

holidays.
What tree is most common there?

If the eagle and the lynx became extinct,

what other pcpulations would grow f ast er?
And what would happen to the producers?
Somebmes,lllnesses affect the rabbit
population ofanarea What would happen
here 11 t l1e rabbit population went down?
How would th1s affect eagles and lynxes?
Explam your concluSIOns to your partner.

What 1s the temperature like?

Is the climate hum1d or dry?
Seventy percent of Earth's land animals and
, ) plants live in forests, and many cannot survive
if their habitats are destroyed. In pairs, identify
the nearest f orest to your school. What species
would become extinct if it disappeared?

Mat chthke t wo parts of the sentences in your~

Listen to the descriptions and put the words
noteboo
in the correct boxes . The first one fs already
Livmg things
I akes, poods, n vers
---"il done.
~
and strein1 s.
l
ecosys1em

W "'\

Algae grow and o

Freshwater
ecosystems are
Uvin(lt ling; in marine
ecosystems can be
Human act1vit1es

A
V

are destroying t he
planet
~ need each other
to survwe

producers,
consumers and
decem posers
release oxygen.

consumers

decomposers
m1ni ecosystem
ra1ntorest

'

--

smSavladlg1tol.com
1
! 1111
1 IH Who is who in the

~oodchain?

srn Savladigitol com

01 .,, l Check what you have learnt in t he S.lfevaluatlon.

L 1 I

4
5

35

From deforestation to reforestation

Thousands of yea~ ago, over t he half of Earth was
made up of f crests. Nowadays, fores tscover only
-a nd forest loss,
a quarter of the planet (1)
particularly In the tropics, Is continuing a t an alarming
rate.
Some 2,000 years ago, the Iberian Peninsula was
c011ered with forests. Some ecologists say that a
from Galicia t o Andalucfa by
squirrel could (2l
jumping from tree t o tree! Of cou~. that's probably
an exaggeration. But, t oday trees and shrubs cover
only 35% of Spain's land surface. For centuries people
cut d own trees to clear the land for agriculture and
farming. They also (3)
trees to make coal. As well
as this, because of dimate change, M edlterranean
summers have become hotter, less humid and
windier, which are the ideal (4)
for forests fires.
In the 1940s, Spain started a program to (5)
the
lost t rees. Every year, volunte~ are working hard to
plant thousands of native trees - holm oaks, elms and
even w~d apple.
Today, Spain is one of the world leaders in
reforestation.
Read the text again and in your notebook
choose the best word (A, 8 or C) for each
space.
A earth

B surface

Cground

A travel

B go

Cperegrinate

B bumed

Cdamaged

~. A wound

-l-. Acond11tons B orcumstances

c Situations

<; A restore

Creplace

Bretum

Read the text again and answer these

,..- questions in your notebook. Then, discuss
7
them with your classmates .
) At the current rat e of deforestat ion, is it
possible that some forests w111 have
disappeared In Spain n one humted
year's bme?
Deforestation has many negative effects
on our e nvironment List two of them and
explain them to your partner

36

Are the following sentences 'Right' (A) or

'Wrong (B)? If there is not enough
Information, choose ' Doesn't say' (C). Don't
forg et to write down t he answers in your
notebook.
Deforestation Is a bigger problem In
Andalusia than in Ga licia.
A nght
B wrong
C doesn't say
2. 1n t he forties, many people started to
coop erate in the reforestation of native
trees in Spain.
A right
B wrong
C doesn't say
~

Spain's forest s have lost 90% of t heir land

surface.
A nght
B wrong
c doesn't say

4 Wood from forests is mainly used for

agriculture.
A right
B wrong
C doesn't sa y

" Today, there is less precipitation in the

Mediterranean.
A nght
B wrong
c doesn't say

Thl'l atr quality in my town

Uchen is a symbiosis o f a fungus and an alga that live together. They can grow almost anywhere,
and they cover about eight percent of t he Earth's surface. You can find them growing on almost
any kind of su1iace: on wood, rock, tree bark, glass, metal, plastic and cement .
However, thesespedal orgarisms are very sensitive to air pollution. Therefore, lid1en can give
us important information about t he qJality of our air (good, average or bad). Only the strongest
lichen (1)can live in ar eas that are very poiluted. Hair quality is average, we can find lichens 1, 2 and
3. FU1ally, the most sensit ive lichen ( 4) needs clean air to live.

0
,

look at the lichen near your house, your school and the parks in your area . Then, complete
the table with the type of lichen you can find ( 1, 2, 3 or 4) and the quality of air (good, average
or bad).
lb..,

#~ ~~

b::lttl

Am I(# ' IJJlLtiCll

--

11f Jtl

--

Finally, write a report about what you discovered . If possible, indude pictures of the different
types of lichens in your town. You can use t he foil owing sentences:

The arr quality in my town is .

I found .. types of lichen

Their shapes/colours ore ..

J7

fi) Let's work together:

The3 Rs rule
Make a plan to dean your neighbourhood I
Look at your map that shows the recydl11f!
bin s in your neighbourhood . Are the dirtiest
areas dose to the bin? Are they far from it?
Compare your answers with your classmates
and think about t hree things:
What is the problem?
What is the cause of t he problem?

3 Rs

What are the consequences?

How can we solve this problem?

World ng t ogether, think about different
steps we could all ta ke in order to:
Red~~ the rubbish

we accumulate at

hcrne.
Reu""' the same objects for a second time.
Write a poster that includes the different
ideas you have g athered in order to reduce,
reuse and recyde in your neighbourhood.

... taking care of the environment!

Life on Earth is a delicate balance. If people don't
take care of the environment, we will destroy our
ecosystems. But, the g ood news is, there are many
things we can do.
We can reuse things, for example, plastic bags at
the supermarket.
We can recycle paper, plastic and glass.
We can save energy.
We can reduce pollution by walking and riding
our bikes more often, instead of taking t he car.
Mak e a list of actions you can tak e t o take care of
our planet at home, in the street, at school, etc.,
and t ry to use them in your daily life.

smSaviadiQIIol com

I1
--

1 1

Check the way you have learnt .

.,44.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
8

.. . . .

.......... .

Do you remember everything you hdVeleamt during this term? Check it out in this test.

1. Which of t hese organs is missing in the

gymnosperm plants?

6. Temperature and light:

A. arenonlivingthings on an ecosys tem
B. areliving beings on an ecosystem
C are not part oft he ecosystem

7. What chain is in the right order?

A. Schnmp-alga hake
B. Alga-hake-schtimp
C Alga-schrimp hake

A lmagea

B lmageb
C lmagec

&. The photoi~ an P.t:n<yst.,mthathas :

2. Leaves are the organs of the plants that:

A absorb water and moneral salts.
B carry out photosynthesis.
C pertormfertilisation

1 . For photosynt hesis, plants need ......... ,

........ y . ....... .
A. Oxygen, rawsapandsunllght8 Sunlight, raw sap and air
C Carbon dooxode, raw sap and sunhght
4. In order, the steps of sexual reproduction in
flowering plants are:
A. germination, polltnatlon andfertlllsalJOn
B pollinatoon, gemunato on and fertilisation
C pollination, fertilisation and germrnat1on
5. This plant reproduces by:

A. a lot of light at ground level

B. warm temperature and high humidoty
C low boodiverslty
9. M ark in your notebook the correct sentence.
A. Sunlight penetrates up to 1,000 meters
onto the sea .
B. There are more hvmg beings the deeper
one goes
C. The abundance of living beings diminishes
wtthdepth

10. Do they affect the number and variety of

Iiving things?

..
.

. \'fit}_

~,
~,;.. ..Vli. - 11!:-.

Ow:tfl~j.tuns~,~ ~ _

..... ~ 0.

A. They increase them

B. They d o n ot influence them.
They decrease them

A abulb

c.

8 a tuber
C. a stolon .

srn Sa via digllol corn I

.. ............. ............. - ........... ............... -...

...........

The oldest living ttmg In the world

Ewn ~I\ looks Hke seaweed PWdonra
oceantca rs an aqvat~<: plant that lrves
in the Mednemnean Sea
On the coasts o1the Balearic island ol
Formentera scientists have found
e submerged prttrle whose
One squllft meltr
age r!l'lgesfrom &0.000 to
01 emuaawOf
200.000 years. it wo.J..d be
Paslacnleproouct<
the oldestl111in9 lhing on
14 L 01 ooygon ~r aay
Whl1 " lt. proteu by
wt'Och !)lares produte
OilY&~

Et1111

!:' )(

Wha1 OJ&am~ms
mtl<e 1helr """
tood? Whatll
1htll role In lht

yOU ARE WHAT VOJ EAT

ecosysloms'

The f /ysio chloro tlca is a

mollusk that Inhabits the waters of the
East coas t of North America and has
been the frst animal found capable of
photosynthesis. 11 Is grey when young
but as it eats algae it acquires a green
colour due to the chlorophyll that it is
capable of prodUdng. So there comes a
time when 11 does not need t o eat any
more because rt can produce its own
food.

The city, an ecosystem ?

Mos t of the human popu lahon lives In
cities bur lt to our meas ure. Thus, the city
receives suni~ght and Is surrounded t>y arr,
sometrnes polluted, whrch has oxygen. In
markets and shops there rs no shortaae or
rooa. we open the tap and water comes
out. Nrght falls and the hg hts come on.
And the waste g enerated 1s
collected and in many cases 1s
processed for reuse.
That IS why rt IS sard that the
C1ty rs an urban ecosystem.

Animals with headlights

At deep sea depths there is less sunlight. Interestingly,
many of t he animals that inhabit thi s place w ithout light
are able t o produce it. This phenomenon Is called
bioluminescence.
The light that is produced by theanimals that live
w~y doyou
in these ecosystems does not serve to illuminate
ttirl< that reef
their dark environment; it has ot her fLncti ons
fishdonat need
such as to att ract their mates or their prey.
fo emrt llgtlt?

Attention! Endangered species!

...,.....

Sometimes the actions of the human on

the envlronmert cause the dlsappearan:e
o f species such as the Yano~tza River
dolphin and the Tasmanian wolf. All:hou;jh
there are sometimes surprises and
sp9Cies t:elleved extinct appear having
taken refu;je in ecosyste{TlSthatare
essential to protect. Tlis is the case of a
fish called coelaeanth.

Fortunately.
""
A

...
...

we are leamtng from our

mistakes and steps are being taken

to prevent the extln::tlon of spectes
such as the creation of protected
areas or - In some cases - car:We d~>appearan~ ar
breedlnd.
a species affed

---------------------------- anero~em? ~-------------------------------'

?low long dotu

tJJa4lt, la6t?

Our well-being depends largely

on the production of g oods, but
produdng and consuming implies
generating waste.
Not all waste is property trea ted and much of
it ends up invading our natural environment. We
may think that sunlight and water action breaks
it down very quickly, butthis is not true. For
example, a can of soft drink may take 200
~at
yea rs to disappear, and a nappy .. .450
measurts can
years!
you thnk 01 to
reduce was1e?

WhO Uvea In this pond?

In one of his field trips, Will has observed the inhabitants of a pond and made the following
drawing to represent them.

Copy the drawing in yrur notebook and complete t he gaps. What role does each type
of organism play in the pond: producer, consumer or decomposer?
In your notebook, create the food chain linking the organisms by arrows .
All t he inhabitants of the pond depend on a process that you know well :
photos ynthesf s. Indicate whi eh label corresponds to which letter of the drawng.

Oxygen

Raw sap

SVIligl11

Upstream a factory has been built that discharges untreated waste into the water. This
action is causing a high m ortality of frogs. Answer the following questions:
How does a decrease .n frogs affect the spoonbill?
L, What will happen to the number of grasshoppers?

42

The human body

and interaction

"'

What are the boys in the picture

doing?
Do yOAJ think doing sports is
healthy? Why?
Do yOAJ do any sports? Which ones?

FI

.,,

At the end ofthis unit, you will

discover how the human bocly

works and how we canpradisesporls

even when some parts of our body
don't work normally.

43

The three vital functions

ee

All living things have one thing in convnon: they can carry
out the three vital f unctions of nutrl11on, Interaction and
reproduction.

corry out . to do or complete

something
breaJ< dom1 broek int o small or

po eces

nut1 I
We need nutrition in order to keep our bodies working.
Ther e are tour human body systems that enable us to carry
out the vita I function of nutrition: the digestive syst em , the
respiratory system, the drculatory system and the excretory
system.

Thehumanbodysy.rtems --------------------------The dlaestlve system

,..... The re~plratory system

s1omach

T he digestive system
breal s down the food
we eat Into smeller

molecules th<rt our

body con absorb.
The stomach on d the
inte stines ~rtt or~ns of
t he digestive system.

Listen to Anna, Will and Mary talk about

different activitie~. copy the table below
and tiel< the body system used f or each
activity.

The respiratory system

obsorbs oxygen ont o the
body and releases carbon
dooxide. T he lungs end the

trachea are organ sof the

respiratory system.

Discuss these lifestyle habits with your

partner. Are they healthy orunheatthy?
El<p lain what system they can affect.
Smokong ogarettes
Eatong too much fast food

.llru

Standing up straoght

l'tll

Watching TV all day

ltl'V

Takong a shower f!'iery mornong

..... . Fun fact!.

We can take care of ourbody"s systems and organs by living a

healthy lifestyle. Ifs important to:
Eat a balanced diet.
- Exerdse.

Th~ lnt~stlnes ar~ pl!ri of th~

d lges!Jve system. How long ere the
intestines? What do you thonk os
lo11ger: your Intestines ora bus?

smSaviadigolol ccm .

..

Keep clean with good hygiene habits.

Have a good posture.

Spend time with our friends and family.

I
Th drrulai ory

s.y:t m

bladder

The circulatory system

The excretory systern

~limi nates the waste

t ransports blood all

over the bod y. The
heart os an organ of t he
circuhrtory system.

our body produces. The

kidneys are ora<~ns otthe
e xcretory

system.

'-

FINALTASK In groups
of five, imagine you
and your partners are
a famoosbasketball
team. Find out what
healthy habits woo id
you need to follow.

A
V

smSaviadigllol corn
"'' I Learn more about healthy
habits.

45

The interaction function

Human beings areableto control and coordnate 1heir activities
th"ough the interaction function. tt enableslivi~ things to
receive information either from the environment or from their
own body t hrough the sense organ s and respond t o it.

Types of stimuli
Exiernal

~imuli ,._

are chenges that happen 1n our

1. StirnJ Ius-sensation

2. Processing information

A s1imulus IS eny

The body sends information

aboutthe sensation t o the
bre1n. The brain processes
this informat;on and
dec1des the order to send.

enwonment outSide the body.

OJr s<lnse org<~ru cepture
t hese sbmull and send a
mes5<8e to the brain. The ears
ere e sense orgen. When thy
hear aloud nose. they send
;o m essagPto the br~n. The
tram t ells us to t o tum Into th<'
une xpected n a i ~e.

Internal stlmull
ere changes that happen.ns1de

our body. Receptor o rgans

inside our body receive these
st1mull . Then. they send a
messeg to the brcn. Th
stomi!ICh is a receptive org;on
because 1ttakes 1n fo od. When
lt ls mpty, lt t..lls the brein we
;ore hungry. The br!ln tells us
t o eat food.

action or change in our

en~Aronm ent that we
can feel.

Listen to t hese people talking. Copy t he

table below in your notebook and tidl it
they are talking about internal or ex1emal
stimulf.

In your notebook, w rit e if ead1 action is a

m otor response or a glandular response.
Sweating after playing football.
Turning on a light when you entM a dark

room.
We start to aoss a street when the light
tums green .

46

 Fun fact!..
...Old
.
you know thet cobra
:

respond to lhreoto,..ng
stimuli w ith rts hood ? This
IS a flop of sk1n they can
spread to scare predetors
ond chose t hem 11way.
Can cobra snakes be

3 . Res pon ~

Types of responses
Motor re:;pon~e:;
happen when the muscles move.
For example, we stretch our arms to catch the ball.

Glandular re spon~es

The order becomes o response to

the stimuli end 11n odion thet tells the
body what to do.

happen when organs c11lled g londs produce

substance. For example. when we we feel to o hot.
oyur body sweats. This is a glandular response
beceus.e our sweet glends pro duc~ sw~ l!lt .

FINAL TASK Go bad< to your basketball

team and make a list of1ive stimuliresponses actions while you play your
sport. For example, one action could be
when you see the ball coming and quickly
hold yourhands to catch ft.

smSavladigitol.com

A I
,, 1 1 tl Playandfindout
V L~hatthe function of interaction consists oi.

The sensory system

....

In order to perform the int eraction function, human beings

receive information from t he environment and from our
own body through five senses: :;mell, ta~t. touch, :.ight and
hearing. Each sense is located in a spedalized organ.

Fun facti

Did you know thet 1f you h old your

; non whle you ere e~:~tlng, you a >n't

; taste your food? Why does this
: happen?

sm Saviadlglto l.com .......

p-~unaJilli'
The an se of :;m ell
Olfectory receptors

ere in the nasal cavity

ne~t to the pituitary

aro. Th sens of

smell needs the sense

of taste i n order to
work properly.
bitter

The

~.., ~

ot tute

Taste receptors are

on the tongue. They

""' smell bumps

called tarte bud.
Taste buds help us

taste the dJfference

between sweet.
sour. bitter and salty

flai.'Ours.

I OUCh

ret:eptors
The ~" ot t ouch

The skn IS t he
main organ of t h e ~--f~~
sense of tout: h.

Touch re<.eptor can

detect temperotur e,

pressure, pain and

texture

1---- dermis

G~tllllf---sour: a sharp taste Slrnllar to lemon

orv1neger

bitter an unpleasant taste s.mlar

to 01'8118! PHIS, OU\11~ Of COffee

The $<~Me of sight

The eyes "'e the org>~n the!
give us the sense of sight . L~ght
entors the eyes t hrough t he
pupil, the lens ond th e relino.
Th<' retJna S<'nds s;limuh to the

The

~nse of

he nna

The eers are the org>~n of the

set~ se of helll'ing. The outer
ear collects sounds. This sound
passes through th<' i nner ear
an> I, th" nlickle ear ond
the three smoll bones. Then,
the sounds reach the axhlea
end the euditory '""""The
audrtorynerve sends Signals to
the brllin .
smell bones

audi1ory
nerve

cochlea

Inner tllf can,l

Anna and Will arein t heir garden. listen

and write in your notebook t he sense
organs they are using .

FINAL TASI<Goback t o t he actions you

listed as a basketball team and select the
main senses involved in each action.

smSaviadig rtol cam

Iears 1'"''"' 1er,-- 'v Jlskrn ) 1--"I:<U-< Jo -~
lll.il
11 Thehurnan eye.
Explain t he difference between the outer
ear and t he middle ear.

The nervous system

The nervous system has an Important role loperlorrn In the
interaction function. tt controls our entfrebody sending,

r eceiving and interpreting information from all parts of our

body. These messages travel t hrough t he body as nerve

impulses. But let's see the sequence ofthis travel:

SENSE ORGANS

SENSORY NERVES

They respond to a
sbmulus !l'ld send
IITf'ulses !!long the

They carry Information

from the sense orgons
ond .ntornol org0ns to the
centr.l newous system.

sensory nerves,

CENTRALNERVOUSSYST8M
lt rece)V@5 and int erprirl:s tnformabon and produces rnponses. lt
1s mod e up of the spinet cord end the bmin.

SPINALCORD

BRAI N

The spnal cord produces fast

ond outom..t>c responst>s.

The brain ISinSlde the cranoum

Md ot mokes decisions ond g ives
orders.

MOTOR NERVES
The cenlrel nervous system coordnetes
the nf<lrrnotion rtttoved !l'ld sonds
impuls<'Selongmotor nerves. These
motor nerves carry stgnels from the
cenlrel nervous system to the muscles
in t he muscu!oskeletel system.

M USCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
lt brof!gs a response. Th1s response can be either a voluntary or an invol untaryresponse.

'

flnvolu nlary tnOYements ~ fVoluntory movements ere

are produced by the sp111al
cord IICbon. Our refle><es ore
1nvoluntery movements.
Reflexes are fast and automatic
responses.

50

produced by br ~>n ec~111ty. The

bra.n nterpretsinformotlon
from the sense org0ns ond
produces a voluntary response.
Volunt.,y r<>spons<>s ore slower
thon lnvoluntery responses.

r
The brain has three parts : the cerebrum , the brain stem
and the cerebellum.

----The cerebrurn produces voluntary

responsl'S.It controls ourthmkng,
memory ond 1"'1guege.

The brain stern control s the

organ functions, Forex~mple, our
he!ll'tbeat.

-----

rThe cerebellum controls balence

and coordination.

f
Complete in your notebook the sentences
with the words in the box. Then, listen and
check your answers.
! heartbeat )

I'11

fl""T

{ retlexes J
Our
system controls our
The
nervous system receives and interprets
.The
pr oduces voluntary
Our
are voluntary. Our
are rnvolunta ry
Imagine t hat you touch ahot wp. What
happens? Draw inyotrnotebook the path of
the stimulus-sensation, tl'1e processing of the
information and tl'1e response .

V l

M atch the words to complete the

sentences in your notebook.
The central
nervous system
Thebrarn

are controlledby
the brain
receives and mterprets
information

Voluntary
movements

are controlled by
the sprnal cord .

Involuntary
movements

has three parts

DISCOVER Find out the name of the

sterUke shepe cells the nervous system is
made up of. They are in charge of receiving
and transmitting nerve impulses along the
nervous system.

smSavladrg~ol.com
1
~~
'
Lea m more aboui
voluntary and involuntary m ovements.

51

The musculoskeletal system

G) C)

- Fun fadl .

! Sometmes the JOonts on your tongers !

~-

The musculoskeletal system consists of tre skeleton,

~cles, tendons and ligaments

0why:=~ogolol

: mel<e o 'poppng' noose. Find out

l ogarnerts
conned bons
to eoch o lhr
L

corn ....... :

Mu scles C!ln stretch

and contract. Thos
holps the bcnes to

The ske leton os

mad up of bones
and awes shope to

the hum on body.

I! protects the
Intern.,. org;w~ s.

cTendons atioch
muscl es to the

bones.

Our bones are conneded to each other at the joints. Some

joints can move, wt-;le otheq01nts can't move at all . There are
different t ypes of jOints dependong on the type of movement
the bones CorYteeted can do.

Aud: can't move. The bones on the cranium Me conneded

by fixed JOints
Hlnae a connectoonof two obtecls that enables one of
them tomoveorswing like a door
Ball and ~ocket a joint that can rotate. One piece
is shaped like a ball This goes on-side another piece whkh is
shaped like a round cup.

Plvo1: a joint between bones th~ rotates around one point.

Glldlna: a movement that Is smooth and easy.

51

.. ---.. - Fun fad!.i

!
!

Did you ~now that the hum1:11 h1:11d

has several bones?

e.,

smSa via digitol corn ..........

Muscles

Bones

abdomineb
St ffl tUJ

Anna is loOking at a
drawng of the hLITian
rrusculosk eletal system.
listen to the P<lrb she
desoibes Then, copy the
table below and complete it

l
~

calf muscle

'
Fl NAL TASK Go back to
the actons y<XJ listed and
think about the parts of the
musculosk eletal system

involved in each act1on

smSavlad1gtol corn
I

Let's leam m04'e about

muscles.

53

) (

Toogue

) (
../

lhrough1he sense organs

Smell

THE FIVE SENSES

are

Touch

S~hl

--,

Senses

nerves
mvotves

Is olrided inlo

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

cord

Brain

( Motor nerves )
(
sy.1em '
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM

Copy and fill in the rpind map in your

notebook. Add d rawlngs of the five sense

(Muscles}
Borws

Name the fives ense organs and their

function .

organs.
What are t he three parts oft h e brain? Add

Matd1 in your notebook the organs lo t11e

them to t11e mind map in your notebook.

senses.
Nasal cavity

S1gtrt

Skin

Heanng

Eyes

Smell

Tonij\Je

Touch

Ears

Taste

Copy this picture

in your notebook
and label the
parts of the
muswl oskeletal
system.
'

54

.,.

Match t he words t o the sentences.

[digestive system ]

~splratory system

[ d rrulatory system

J excretory syst~m

Transports blood all ov1' the body

Absorbs oxygen mto the body and releases
carbon dtoxide.
Breaks down the food we eat so our body
can absorb lt.
Ellmtnat es t he waste our body produces.
Order the photographs according to the

( l interaction function. Explain the sequence.

'

Two friends are helping each other lea m

about interaction. Listen to their definitions.
Then, write the words they des cri be for ead1
number. The first one is already done.
,w,eorgans
musculoskeletal system
cerebrum
extemal stimuli
nervous system

"

label In your notebook the parts of the

nervous system.
cerebellum
spinal cord
cerebrum
nerves
b<"aln stem

In your notebook, match the words to the

sentences.
Weopenan
umbrel la
The bratn sends
out a message
We get wet
tntherain

stimulus
response
process

In pairs, say whid1 picture shows a voluntary

( l movement and whid1 an involuntary

move ment .

Your mother is cooktng your favourite food in

("' the kitd1en. lt smells delidous. Your mouth
begins to salivate. ls t his a motor response or
a glandular response? Explain your answer to
a partner.

sm Saviad igilo l com

IL 1 ill s l
Check what you have learnt in t he Seli'-evaluatlon.

ss

A sprained ankle
Wnle playingfootball yesterday, Oliver
. Now his ankle is n!d
I lipped and (1)
and swoll en. He C<ln't move his al1<le or
stand up because it (2)
a lot.
Oliver wenttothe hospital tor an x-ray.
The d octor said that there are no (3)
bones, but Oliver has a sprained ankle. Tl'is
happenedbecausehetwisted his ankle
when he felL Tns stretched t he
(4)
that support the ankle.
Tile doctor bandaged Will's ankle and told
him that heneedsto (S)
for10days
unt~ the ligaments rehrnto normal. He
also has t o take some (6)
that reduce
lheswellifll. Every hour, he puts an (7)
on his ankle. it's very coldand makes tis
ankle feel a lot better. Unfortunately, it is
still too painful to stand up.
That's why the doctor also gave him
a pair of crutches to help him walk.
Unfortunately, W~lcan't play football now,
but he has lots ot free time tore01d some
books he borrowed from the ibriiry.

Read the text again and complete the text

with the best words.
A tall

B teU

A f eels

3 A break
I

C fallen

C hurts

B broken

A ligaments B nerves

c b<'oke

C sense organs

A r esting

B rested

c rest

A ptlls

B sweets

C1Tuot

. A exercose

B oce pack C blanket

Read the text again and answer these

questions in your notebook. Then, diswss
them with your dassmates.
J

How did Wolf spraon hos ankle?

What causes a sprained ankle?
What can you do to hea I a spra ined ankle?

56

Are the following sent ences 'Right' (A)

or ' Wrong' ( B)? If there is not enough
information, choose 'Doesn't say' (C).
Don't forget to write down the answers
In your notebook.
Sprained ankles don't hurt very much .
A right
B wrong
c doesn't say

A sprainedanklecan make yourskin tum

to a different colour.
A right
B wrong
c doesn't say
A sprained ankle is similar to a broken
bone .
A right
B wrong
C doesn't say
' You should walk a lot to heal a sprained
ankle.

A right

B wrong

C doesn't say

" lt's a g ood idea t o take medicine if you

have a sprained ankle.

A right

B wrong

C doesn't sa y

Our five senses g ive us information <bout the wor1d around us.
But sometimes our sight can g ive us a false impression.
An opt ical illusion is a way of trickingthe brain into thinking it sees
something differently from the way it is In reality.
Look at the three opt ical illusions and answer the questions.
[Qlll)i> C

b'if ll!lle A

>~----)>
Which object looks larger?

IIJt>e<e IS the dot on the line?

wtuchred circletS larger?

Mon!lo the left.

The one on the left

More to the righL

The one on thenght

Exactly in the middle.

Botb drcles ore the same stze.

Th dot Is exaClly In the middle.

Tney are both thP same 51ZPI

The object on the top>

The object on the bottcm'

Can you bel1e11e that both objeCIS

are e-xactly thP samP si~?

Measure the examples above with a ruler t o

demonstrate their sizes.
Look at the picture on the right. What do you see:
a flower vase or the profile of t wo faces?
Why can you see two things in the same p icture?
Choose the best answer.
Bee ause when our bra in receives the r1formatlon, it
processes that mformation based on 1mages rt has seen before
Because some people can see one image when I is close up and a
different image if is farther away.
Optical illusions can occur when ~ur eyes see too much light, colour or

movement. Read the four sentences Whkh situations might cause an

opt ical illusion?
Looking at a computer screen for too long
Driving a car for a longtime at night without rest1ng
Looking mto a bnght light
Taking a p1ece of cake that looks bigger

57

let's work together:

The paralymp1c sports alternative
There's always an altemabve to practise sports when there
is a part of our musculoskelet al system that doesn't work
normally. The wheelchair basketball Is an eKample at it.
If we ca n't use ourlegs, we still can play basketball thanks
to a wheelchair because it substitutes our legs.

Now imagine you belong to a famous wheelchair

basketball team. Then, g o bad< to your basketball
team healthy habits list. Would you follow the same
habits ?
Go back to your basket ball t eam five actions list .
Could these actions be the same for your wheelChair
basketball team? Take notes and compare them .
-----~.
Go bad< to t he senses and partsofthe
musculos keletal system invol ved in your first actions
list. Then, write a new list and compare t he senses
and the parts of your body you need t o use in your
new wheelchair bask etball t eam What new senses
and parts of your body are involved?

t-----

When you finish, compare your result s with the rest

of the dass. What's your conclusion?

... taking care of our senses!

Our five senses allow u s to enj oy the wor1d. They also protect
us from danger. That's why lt's importantto protect them.
Do your own research. Do a presentation I make a post er
about how to takecare of eachofthe fivesenses. You can
include photos er drawings.

Step$ to take ca.r e of our eyes

Wear sunglasses in the bright sun __

Eat fresh fruit and vegetables ...

Matter and materials

Let's speak1
What can you see in t he im age?
Where can you find it ?

Why does ice float?

r~..

At t he end of this unit , you will

dlscolfer how materials may become
rubbish that threatens our aquat ic
ecosystems.

59

Matter 08
We can find matter everywhere around us.

oir

rocks

human besng

Matt er is anythingthattakes up space and has mass.

Matter always has two main characteristks: spac and mass.

Volume

MI S$

I Mossosthe quMtrty ofmetterthet

ebodyhas.
We measure mass on kilograms ( kgs)
end grGms (g). We use a bolanoo to
col culate mass.

Volum e os the emountofSPl!Ce e body

occupies.
We measure volume on litres (l) and on mililitres
(ml). We use gr!lded conhoners flke testtubes

or measuring cups to calculate volume.

tf

@
-,.

l
60

>

. . .. ,. . . . . -.. . . . -. ... . .

!DID~:

Compare the volume and the mass of two bodie s

Measure the volume of 1wo ballo
~

Put 200me ofwat erin a test

:
:

tube. Carefully place a metal ball

in the test t ube. You will see that
the level of water has increased
to 250 me. The volume of the ball
is the difference between the two
measurements: SOme.

..

200m

Make a bal l of plasticinethe same

size as the metal ball and measure
its volume. it's also SO

2Some

Volume oi the: meti31 ball =

25ome- 200m:SOm

me.

Volu rn~

oi t11 t. pfasticint: b~l

2some - 20ome :Some

Mnsurethe mess ofthe ~lis

Now place each ball on the balance
and write down the mass of each
one. The metal ball has more mass
than t he plastid ne one..
The two balls have the same
volume, but the m eta l ball has
more mass. Therefore, two bodies
can have the same volume, but
different masses.
Repeat the experiment with two more objeds. Don't forget to write down the mass and the
volume of each one.

--------.. -
I
Usten t o Anna and \'lill , They're doing the
experiment above. Write down their results
in the table. What's the conclusion?

II<IJI"'I
PI 11'1'11111

Decide wrth a partner which of the following

elements are formed by matter:
wood
[

w~l

sound
cardboard

Dol kg of metal and l kg of c.orl< have the

same mass? Which one has more volume?
Airhasmass and
; volume. We can
see this when
we compare en
inflated balloon
and an empty
balloon on a balance. Do you think air is
matter? Explain it to a partner.

ligllt
FINAL TASK Do an experiment, Fill a
transparent plastic bottle with water and
put in some sand, tiny rod<s and a small so-ew.

61

Specific properties of matter

r Hordne~~
I We say matter os hard
when tt's dlfficutt to
scratch. Metal is harder
than chalk because th e
mete! con scratch
the chlllk eetstl y.

Ge

GiDJ.~IJIU~

Brlttlenn~

Matter Is brttlle when tt

breaks eosrly. A wooden
barismore brittle than
a met <I bar because t
breaks more easi ly.

bntt le: having hardness but

breaking ""slly

. ....... .. ....... ... .

We make glass with very hard

matter. tt's dfficult to sa!Itch t But
tt's olso bnttle, because it breaks
very eaSily if we drop it. But what
state of matter IS glass? Solid ,l iquid
or gas?

Elutlcity

L
r

O.n~ty

I M"ttertsehostic If it

Thi s is the relation

between the mass and
the volume of a body. A
metal boil and a p!orttci ne
bell CM have the same
volume. but the metal
ball has more mass and ts
denserthon the plesticine
ball.

returns to its o nglnal

sh~ etter we epply a
force to tt

Fun fad!

Glass is brittle. wt is it also hard?

.
'

$rn Saviadlg tta l com .........:

I...
................................................................

Test the density of different materials

Put 200 m of water in one measuring cup, 200
in a third measuring cup.

me of oil fn another one and 200 meof sand

Put each measuring cup on a balance. Do they each have the same mass?

.:..
'

67

Which substance is at the bottom? Why?

Which substancehasthe least density?

.-

!DID~:~:~

.......................-.......................... -........................................................

Experimen1 with density and buoyancy

Look at these objects. The metal ball and the ball made of corn have as imila r volume,
but one floats and the other doesn't. The metal ball sinks because metal is denser than
water, and the corn ball floats because cork is less dense than water.
How can we make a body float or sink?

Change the shape of t he body.

Change the densl1y of the liquid.

A ball of plastid ne sinks, but if we <flange

the shape and bu ild a boat from the same
plasticine, i1floats. The pi asti dne boat f loats
bee ause it's got air inside and it's less dense
than water.

An ~g sinks in water. tf we add salt to the

water, t he density of the water increases,
and the egg floats.

.
.
.. ... . ... .. ........ ..

Experim ent with other objects. Predi et if each will sink or f loat, t hen t est you r ideas.

Listen t o the descriptions and number

t he photographs. Then, write the name
of the specific property described.

smSaviadlgitol com
f

~ 1 ~

11 Orag different

A virtual objects to your swimming

V I pooL Which have most densityJ

LWhy? Put the objects in order.

When a ship sinks and spills oil in the sea,

the oil floats. Explain v.tly to a partner.

FJ NAL TASK Carry on with your experiment.

Pour two spoons of oil and one spoon of
yellow ink into the water.

,-

)
61

Forces everywhere

fi)

Many objects move around us, like leaves1tlat fall from the
trees or the cars wedrfve. And o ther objects can deform, Uke
plasticine when we work with it. But how do these changes
h appen? Look at the picture and observe the interactions
between bodies. They're called forces.

poerce: to make o hole

l. The sinng l!rld the bow def onn

vvhen the l'l"cher uses the

strength of his arms to stretch it

2. The arrow moves when the

III'Cher lets the string:go
:__

Forces produce different effects. They can move, deform or even break objects.

change velocity

Forces cm mllk.e em
obJect 1!11 rest start
I110Y i1'111

If "n object is moving.

forces C51 increase or
decrease its velocity

Forces can also cht:tnge

the d redionof mowment

of an object.

deform

Plastic matenols are

ml!llenals tnl!ll do not
recovN tnoi roriginal shape
when tile force stops.

I
Elasti<. matenals are
materials t11 et recover their
original shope v.tlen the
force stops.

Brittle matenels break

when we apply force
onth"m.

~~~utlpjaeC:~!m~a~l~~=o~xW-oI~=~=t)f~~;;~~:l~~:c~~~-~~~~~~:~~~::~~=~~~-!
a piece of st ring.

Put six m arbles in the b ox .

Make a hypothesis
How many marbles do you think we need t o put into the
plast ic cup t o mak e the box move?

pllls1ic

cup

Te,;t your hypothesis

Put the marbles into the plast ic cup one by one. Write down
the number of marbles you need to make the box move.
Was your hypot hesis correct?
Now try these experiments. M ake a hypothesis for each question and test it .

Put some p;1ncils under the box. Do ycu need

more or le ss ma-13PS to make theboxmovto?

Use a poece of plastJCJne onstead of the bo<.

What woll hoppen when we put the morbles
ont o t he ploshc cup? Will the pll!lstoctne move

or deform?Why?

10 4 1 .._. .... o o e 4 4 04 .._. . . . . . . 0 4 4 4 e . . . . . . . o 44 oo 4o " " " ' " o4 4 oo l o 4 4 u

Listen t o Will giving a report on a science

experiment he did and decide if t he
sentences bElow are True or False.
The box didn't move with no marbles In the
plastl eeup

The box moved when they put one marble

In the cup.
When they put sex marbles en t he cup,
the box moved
They put six penc~s under the box

" ' Oo 0 o4 40 40 o

. . . 40 o o e I U.O.O o 0 ooo oOM 4 44o 404 oo ooO 4 04

,.,I

They only needed four marbles to move

t he box when t hey put pendls under rt

smSavladoglto l.com
r r
1 1 ' t Investigate
the effect of forces in your virtual
sdencelab. What conditions d-tal'{le
the velocity of the box most? Why?

j '

. .J

V I

FINAL TASK a.rt a plastic bag into small

pie<es and put them in t he bottle. Seal the
bottle and shake it.Take a picture. Leave it to
rest for one hour andtakeanotherpicture.

65

Properties of materials
look at the picture and think about the materials these
objects are made of Are the materials selected the most
suitable to use in each case?

foundilhons: lht bes. of a buoldong

1t supports the weoght of lhr
structure
beams: l ong ptE'CE'S of metenal

Ahamm~

made crf glass

GW

who eh wt pi ece horl:ontally,

supported by columns

An umbrell
made of net

. Fun facti :

Iron os h..-d but brotUe. Howovro. If

; we add e<~rb<m to tht oron to moke a
sword. rt becomes steol. and stool os
fteltlble. How os ste.,. mad '

..

'

Shod mldt O'f p~pe:r

A material is any matter we use to make objects Before

we make an object we need todeddeon the most suitable
material to use, so we look at their propertlu. Some
properties are

Conductivity of heat1
When a material does not transmit
heat, we call it an in.ulator. When a
material transmrts heat, we call ot a
conductor.

Transparency 1

l
(>-- - - - -

When light cannot pass through a

material, wesayitls opaque. When
light can pass through a material, we
say it is tran~parent.
J

Impermeability'
When liquodcannot pass through a
material, we say
it is impermeabl e.

6G

sm Savla dogolol com

........ 0.

Materials In ardlltedur~

Big windowsmake the

lmerlor light.

We use insulating
materials for the walls,

like the traditional clay

bricks and oth~r more
modern materials.

Inside rooms we use

wood which is an
Insulator, and Cl!ramics
which are easy to clean.

The pipes are made of

Impermeable plastic;
coppl!rand ot.h er

Concre te IS m~ de of

matelials.

cement,

~nd ond

water. We use it on the

rou ndetl 011~ and the
blWmo. covenng ~ metel

structure. lt makes a very

strong structure.

aW (..,

Usten to tne students talK aDOut proD!emS

they
have. Which property are they talking
1
about?

conductivity

I impenmeability I

r transparency

Name tne materfals we use to DUffel a

skyscraper. What properties do they h ave?
Tell a partner.

DISCOVER What does 'insulating material'

mean? What materials are used as insulators

in the picture? Do you know what m aterials
are used as insulators in your clothes'

67

~~

Mass
G4lMra l
properties

llli

{_

has

such as

chang e
movements

changes ---~l
000
11'11'0ugh
-----"

1ha1

c:an

when used

...

In ObjeC'1s ---~~l
11 call ed
-----

-r C

1ha1 haV1!

CQpy 11nd fill in the mind map

in your notebook. Add an exam ple of an
impermeable m aterial, a brittle material,
an elastic material and a derr.;e material .
Also include an example of a material which
conducts heat and an insulator.

..

deform]

prOpertieS )

Do these materials float or sink? Copy the

table in your not ebook and complete it.
lr 1

68

!UCIUS

I )

Lf_

<O<k

.i.-__.)

Look at the drawings and explain to a partner

how to mea.sure the mass and volume of an
object Then, calculate the mass and the
volume of t he stone.

lt dt?forms and returns torts original shape

lt starts m oving

You stretch a spn11g

with force, ~n d then
you reiMs~ it.

Someone throws e. bl!lll

end you hit ot woth a

baseball bat.

Choose the correct definition of 'Density':

Shows the mass of an object
Measures the volume of an ObJect
Expr esses the retatoonshlp between the
mass and the volume of an object

sm Sav icl digltol corn

You put a balloon In a

bowl of water an d hold
ltdown.

1 PI
1 Play and select the
right properties for each material.
L__

Why doesn't a boat m ade of metal sink

in t he sea' Explain it t o a partner.

Simon uses a balance and a t est tube to

measure the mass and the volume of four
objects and gets t hese results:

l.li"'

111111 ,-

15Ji

lrl

ClJi

6d

SOl!IJ1'5

1071

9rl

8'!11

l,:DIS&

154 ~1

--

Ama fils a glass with water up to the t op.

She puts it on a dish. Then she puts a st one in
the glass. When she puts the stone in the glass,
some oi the water comes out. Choose the
correct sel'!tence to explain what happened.
The volume of water whoch comes out os the
same as the volume of the stone
The water which comes out has the same
m ass as t he stone

Copy and complete the tabl e in your

notebook. Calculate the density of each
object. Are they made of the same materia l
or of different mateoi als'
~

.
.
Listen to the conversation and put the words on
1,- the correct boxes. The first one ls already done.

M at ch t he foil owing effects of forces with the

L correct pictures. Tell a dassmate.

1

'1"'
4

it dt?forms and it doesn't return to its

oroglnal shape
it manges vetoaty and direction o1
movement.

a
V

You leave afoot print on

the sand on t he beach.

densrty
volume
lxlttle
insula ting

l
4

'

sm Saviadigltol.com
._,_~_!-1---~-~e~ what yo~ have le.arnt in th=~l1-ev~~~~~

mass

--

The Great Pacific Rubbish Island

Every day, large quantities of objects like plastic bags, cans and oil
appear in the sea . Most of this rubbish is formed by plastic object s that
are not biod egradable and they simply br eak into tin ier and sm aller
pieces.
In 1997, scientist s discovered a large quantity of this plastic floating fn
the Pacific Ocean. This plastic, called the 'Great Pacific Rubbish Island',
is the largest rubbish d.Jmp In the worl d. The movement of tl1e water
concentrates t he rubbish in one large area of the O<ean Nobody knows
exactly h ow big it is, but it 's a serious enloironmental problem, especially
tor aquat ic o rganisms, such as plankton and algae, because mf cropl astlcs
on the surface b lock the sunlight that O<Ranisms need t o live. And if
algae and plankt on communities are threatened, the entire food chain
may change. Butmicroplastics are also an important danger to animals
because many oft hem eat them and die when they can't digest them.
And does anybody care about it? Nowadays there's no country who wants to take r esponsibility
because deaning up microplastics is a very expensive and difficult task.

Are the followrg sentences 'Right' (A) or

'Wrong' (B)? If there is not enough information,
choose 'Doesn't say' (C). Don't forget to write
do'M'i the answers in your notebook.

Choose t he correct opt ion .

~1

A. how to recycle our rubbtsh

B. problems that rubbiSh can cause

' People thr ow plasbc bags into the sea

A r ight
~

B wrong

A r ight

C. how rubbish c an imp rove the

environment

c doesn't say

Therubbosh on the sea affects people as

well as animals and plants

2 What does the text say happens to some

rubbish that we leave?

B wrong C doesn't say

A. lt ts dropped 1n the sea by the

~. Scienti sts

dtscovered the plastiC rubbish

on an island in the Atlantic Ocean

A right

B wrong

~. The r ubbtsh

A right

B wrong

c d oesn't say

Fi nd w ords orphras<Os in th<O t<!XI t hat mean.

A p!ace where we pu t the rubbish which Is

not recycled
~

A ants that five in the sea

Process the food we eat, takong nutrients
from it
To pay for somethmg

70

B. lt ts recycled
C. lt cont1nues IT1 the environment caus1ng
problems.

'island'ts bigger than Spa1n

5 The plastiC affects the d1ges trve system

of marine animals

A right

authorrttes

c doesn't say

B wrong C d oesn't say

Thi s text isa bout

Who discovered the 'Rubbish Island?

A. Scientists

B. Rshermen
C. Sailors
1 Why has the rubbish in the sea formed

tntstloatlng lstano?

A. lt is dropped from Ships in th1s area.

B. The rubbtsh m akes the water
po1sonous

C. The movement of the sea has

concentrated the rubbish there

Th~>

properties of materials

Jim finds objects made of different materials in the kitchen. lt's a r eal lab.
Join him and discover their properties.
Me1ehpoon

Paper maguinu
Cerillmic floor 1ife

Copy t he t able below in your not ebook and complete it .

l.alstlli
l nJmm~l?

U..,:llt!
II!Jlbl~
!nttl~

ItS

lll:>lcbtl

GL>:i> a~

-- 1-

'JI5

\liS

pi.>1Jc lot

IJ.ll& I'!

ves

--

f!J.p Ill!'
ItS

--

Now it's time t o check your hypolheses. You can use diff erent
experiments like t he ones shown in the following examples .

Water doest pass

through rt: it's

Light doesnt pass

t hrough lt: tt'sop11CJue.

1t doesn't bend: tfs

not fleXIble.

1t doesnt breek when

I hot lt it"s not frog, le.

m~rm ~obl~.

71

Let's work together:

Materials and the aquatiC environment
Let's collect the information from your experiment on your aquatfc m ini-ecosystem.

Now, let' s look at our r esul!sl

'!.

"

Take the picture of your bottle before shaking it and make a list of the materials induded in
it . What are their specific properties? Write them down in your notebook .
Now take the picture of yourbottle after shaking it. Make a list ofthe materials t hat floated
and the ones that sank. Does your bottle look like the 'Great Pacific Rubbish Island? In pairs,
explain why .
In groups, make a list of four actions we can take in order to prevent rubbish accumulating
in t he sea. For example, don't throw the oil into the sink. Then, share yrur results with the
whole dass.

... keeping our oceans clean I

Have you ever tho~ht what h appens to the
rubbish we throw away every day? Some
common materials, like plastics, stay where
we leave them long after we have used

them.
Now it's time to do your own reseanch. In
grrups, find rut more about h ow some
international organizat ions like Greenpeace
try to take care of t he ocean and make a![~
ofthe actions they carry out. Organise the
information that you find and make n otes.
Present your work to the class .

smSavladigllol corn

]-~~----~~

Check the wayyo~ve lea~n1._

.......... -.
Do you remember- everything you have learnt during this term? Check lt out in this test ,

V>lhich organs and systems are involved in the

inter-action flrlction?
A The circ:Uatory system and excretory system
B. The sense organs, the nervous system and the
musculoskeletal system
C The digesttve system and the nervous system
~.

6. A matter-:
A can be seen andtouched.
8, has colour
C has mass and volume

Choosetheoptionrelatedtothispicture.

..
.
.i
.
.
.:
.:
l

A.l'l!tlerthan the water.

8 lower lhanthewater
C. thesameasthewater

A When an lnierna s!lmiJus occurs, the receptor

organs are 1nthe nerves.
8 When an erlernal stmulus OCCU'S, the
receptors are the sensory organs.
C Gland !Jar responses are caused by the
product1on of substances by the gands

6. Points out wlich oneof these objects is elastic.

3. V>lhich organ is related to these wa-ds?

.
.

Pupil

l{

Reti na

A Rubber band

) ""(- L-en-s ---,)

8 Plastkine
C. Soap

A. Eye
B. Sk1n
C. Ear

9. Whenaforceactsonabody:
A 1! camot change Its 5peed
8 it can char"'f!e its speed and deform rt
C it camot be deformed

4. The nervous system will transmit orders to t he

wholebody t iTol.(l'h:
A lnformatJonprocesSII'-g.

10. C:hoosetherlghl sentence.

B. Tnecenual nervous system.

C Nerve Impulses.

A Glass is used as a containerandrt can be

recyded
8 Cardboard cannot be reused or recycled
C Plasllc isonlyusedfor making bags

5. ThemusciJoskeletal system is formed by:

A Rxed and movingjoints
B Bones,musdesandJonts
C Bones, muscles and effector organs.

.. .

"

..

if) smSaviadig ltal.com r.t

- -

Plastic skin
Many sdenlists around the worl d are trying t o
imitate different parts of the human b ody. They
want to h elp people who suffer from different
illnesses. One of the most cu rious medical
ad vances is on e which im itavtes skin using a
complex material sim ilar to plastic.
This material can regenerate itself. This
means that it can a xe itself, j ust like
human skin If you cut yourself. tt even
What
allo ws you to feel when you t ouch
ll'tforrnation
do we r'etflve
something

~-------------------------

tiYoughourskln?

fl

EY'ES HAOF ()<' SILK

Sc>entlsts ""' trw8Sbgating how slk can be
used as a materla11o substitute and reQllne<ate
some damaged par1s of lhe eyes. In this way
peoPfe Wf1h badly damaged eyes could se~
bener, <IM il m!t>t ""en be poostlfe to cure

some 1ypes o1 blindness

What part of
the1onguo do
we use to taste
flavours>

.. ,u;a/udhf4Wed-
One African fru lt, the Synsepolum dulcificium,
makes bitter or acid foods taste sweet. How
jsthis possible? 1t contatns a
substance called mtrac.ulln,
and th1s substance stops the
receptors on the tongue
that det ect bott er
and aad tastes
fromworkong
properly. The
effect can
last up t oan
hour.

What

v/

partsof1he
tyo do you

know?

T he lightest mate.riaJ
What specl~c

prqlenttat
m attord oycu
know?

~t /tltlcim<
You already know that the plastu:
contaners we use everyday can be
transformed nto new conta1ners, and
the reason why rt Is so m port ant to
recycle them But dd you know that
they can be transformed 1nto
many otherth1ngs? Some
factones have succeeded
tnusngthese plastcs
As well"' pl,stlt.
to make clothes. The
whblothe motarhh
plastiG from the bottles
con we ecyclll'
can be transformed mto
threads'

P:per

Is I. YtJy llpt rnuuit.J,Js.,\ lt? Butlf

we put ~sheet of pope.r, whlc.h wt.Jg.bs about
S g, on ddtctte .flower, the flower would b '
So
reax.
whtmlwio.l "" we su In tltt phowg--L?
Jt is ~hone aer~ a.ud
"t'"'
to the lud J0
-..- . 1t Is a simllr.t ma.te.rioJ
pencils. I t lS the llglnert ma.terlal
!bar ex.lstr lt presen 1.. It Js lhout 3 700 tJm
li&hter thr.n ptperl

es

~is. Is very l?'portant discovery, becwoeJthu

peci.lJ properties thlt malce it very use!ul 1

lechooloiY
n

~--------~~~~

A 1aboratory in space
'In the 1990's, we launched an
....-------~-=::"!!""-~
artifidal satellite that crbits
Earth at an altitude of 400 km.
This enormous satellite is
called the lntemational Space
Station. The astronauts there
do many experiments on space
and Earth, but also on matter
and matenals. Th1s research
improves the materials we use
nour lives, and is used tomakemedtcallnstruments, for example.
~not proporun
dau g!au have ,

Ano Wl)cd?

The wind chiU factor

lhe tempera!Ure Is 3 c.
btA the ..!nd chil ls

With the same t emperature, some days we feel colder than

others . This is due t o the wind chill factor, which is the feeling
of hot or cold a person f eels.

\ a<%1/alll)' 3 'C

"""'"

The skin captures the temperature, hum idity and speed of the
wind. The wind increases t he feeling of cold.

Fan yourself on one hand. How does it feel different t o

your other hand? What if yo u fan yourself harder? Explain
t he relationship of this with the wind chill factor.
On a trip, the thermometer read at 4 c, wind speed was 24
km per hour and wind chill was 1Cbelow zero. If the wind
blows at 50 km per hour, v.klat would the wind chill be?
A The same because the temperature is the same.
r Hogher because the wind blows harder
C lower because t he wond blows harder

How do we process information when we feel cold due to the wind?

Relate shivering and wrapping up warm with voluntary and involuntary movements.

The paper
Paper is one ofthe most used matErials in school. Look at its composition .

--

Fibers: Ttley come from pl""ts

such as cotton.lmen or wood .

....
......

-...

load: These are mneral elements

[ thalg!Ve consistency t o the poper.

l:

Hlv--' Adciti"Yes: Adhesi~s. dyes or

~ bleoches.

~ .w....,

What is paper made from? Is the paper matter? Explain why.

0
tJ

76

Is its densit y hig hef' or lower than water? How can you test t his?
Each pef'son uses approximately470 g of paper pef' day. How many grams of paper are
used in a year? How many in kil os? Relate this t o the importance of recycting.

l2fQ.J

Energy

-I

What are these?

Where ea n we see them?
What do we use them for?
Does rt alwa ys move?

In this unit you will lea m about

energy and how it affects the ent irely
life in our planet. Finally, you will
discover what e-waste Is and what
should we do with it .

What is energy?ee
Energy has no mass and occupies no space but it makes
things happen. We know it eJ<ists because we see the effects
it produces on other things. Nothing happens without energy.

forms ot energy
Kinet ic enI"JY

Th1s energy Is
produced by mass 1n
movement, Ilk th
wind or;:. t;:tr,

Potem lal enerr;

M .eh m ica! enei"JY

T hts energy 1S
possessed by bodie s
p~ced at a certan
h eoght. like a book on
;, s helf.

ThiS enetgy1s the sum of

kinetic llnd potentilll energy.
For example, a wegon of e roller
coestef IS both In movement
(it has kmebc enetgy) and
e t ~PIIP<llimPtrpo; abn"" lhP
ground (rt h!!S potential eni!fgy):
son has mechanical energy.

--

Hut enei'Jly

Llght nmg and soml'

bodies ltkethe sun
e m1t energy In the
form of light.

We fi nd it 1n na-ture In t he ltgntnlng
bolts of storms.. We can make t his f orm
of ent>rgy ari1f1etally using waterfalls,
or bummg petrol or coe>l. lt Is the most
common energy b ecause it's easy t o
trlln sform 1nto other forms of energy.

Nudnr enerr;

Th1s energy Is stored in

certain substances fike
the food we eat. the o il
or the coel.

78

We g etthi s form
of energy from
cpr~ln mtnerals bke
uran1um.

Some bod1es like the sun,

the fire or the lava of a
volceno emrt energ.y In
the fo rm of heat.

................ Fun iactl

.: . 5,000
years e_go,e person
consumed eround 12,000
kllocalon es (kcal ) each day to
surVIve.

Properties of energy
We an 'lranster ..noerg y
Energy cen p~~ss from one body to
onother. If you ploce D line of dominoes
hke 1n the picture and push the first one,
oil the o thers stert to 11111. Th1s hoppens
because l!llCh d ommo trl!rlsfers energy
to the rest of t he dominoes 1n the 11 ne.

In AD 1,400. a person consumed

26,000 kt<:~ l .

..! 1875,
. 77,000

In
11fter the lndustnol
Revolution, a person consumed
kcal to survive

By 1975. a person co nsumed

230,000 kcal..
W e an trllr>sfor-'1 ..,

One form of en ergy cllrl betrllrlsformed

mto dfferent forms. For exel'fllle, electncel
energy Cllrl be transformed into light energy
1n 11 l111ht b.Jib, mto he!lt energy In a red1alor
or into mechanical en~gy in a fan. For ihis
reason it's very usefuL

Wean .tor

eo~e

Blltten es c~:~n stor e ch emlc!!l energy.

In this Wfl>/,lt's r~:>ady for us to use wh en
we need it. The food w e eat is also a
store of energy for our bod1es.

H ow much has t h e chemiCc:~l

energy a pt>rso1, con sumes
mcreesed? Whet do you thmk th1s
mcrl!llse 1n energy IS due to?

.
..

.
.................................

We u n tron~po-1 llllfi Y
We C<Jn tat<e energy irom on e p lace t o
another. For exl!lmple. we transport
elctn eel en ergy using cobles f rom
where we produ ce the energy to where
we use ll And 01 1ond gas. which con tDin
chemicc:~l energy, e re trllrlsported. f or
t>xarrple,1n sh1ps.

Li$"len and decide which type of energy

is being describ ed. Then, cop y tne t abl e
below and complete it.

energy

A I

Complet e t his diagram in your n ot ebook.

What transfOITTla tions of energy happen
when you tu m on a light bulb?

<.

energy
energy

sm Savladigllol com

1 Find out how energy

L.:an be transformed.

79

Sources of energy

Gto. , ,

lhe energy we use comes from energy sources. Sources of

energy are reserves of energy which we fine! in nature.lhese
sources can be renewable or non- renewa ble

k;flowor remeimngor unused

materials

,
Renewable energy sources are natural resources which do
not run out because they are constantly renewed. lhey a re
the sun, wind , water and biomass.

Solu

ner-:y

The sun Is the source of sol11r r!ldillltlon.

Depending o n how we collect it, thts ccn
produce electnCill energy or hellt t-nergy.

Wtnd turbines lrllnsform the mechMtcel

energy of th e 'Nind into electrical energy.

Hr droeledrlc eneray

Thts is the mechi!nicel energy of water. We Ci!n

produce elect rical energy using water falling from a
reservotr or th e tides of the see.

L
80

The chemical energy of organic waste from plants,ltke

the lef'.ov....-s from the hl!lrvest, orfrom Munels,
like eKcrement, is used to generate heel tonergy or
electrical energy.

................ .... F.., fadr ..

'

: D1d you know thet g eothermal

! energy is the energyfromthe very

Non-renewoble enerlrY sou rce ~ are nat ural resources whictl

can run out , because we consume t hem faster than they can
regenerate. These sources are f ossil fuels ltke oil and coal an d
radioactive substances like uranium.

: high temperatures inside the Earth?

tt is a renew11ble en ergy source, M d
we con use 1t for h ellting. We C!ln
olso use it t o prod uce electricity in
g eotherm al power plants. Find out
where t he mc:un geothermel power
piMts ere located on our planet.

We use col!i, ges end 011 to move

In nuclearpower m t ions,
energyfrom uraniUm ,
celled rlilclettr er1ergy.
is transformed into ht>llt
energ y, and the hPat energy
1S transformed Into electrical

\~hides, <r~d

for heating. In
thermoelectric power plants,
the dlernical energy in the fossil
1uels ts trcnstormed 1nto heat
energy, end the heat energy
is transformed into electrical

energy.

energy.

......
Tak e a cylindrical container. Cut out a piece to m ak e a
window. Ask an adult tor help to cut the container.
Colour the outside of the container bla<X and covert he
window with a piece of clear plastic.

..: .
..
..
.

Put a sausage on a skewer and place it in the ccot ainer.

Put the container fn a sunny place, and wait. Be
pa tient: a sausage can t ake half an hour to cook I
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this t ype of cooker compar ed wit h t he cooker
you use at home?

.
.
....................................................

...........

Listen to thi s conversation about energy

sources. Then, copy t he t able below fn y our
notebook and put the energy sources in the
right place.
gas energy

solar energy

r ~droel ectric energy

petrol
biomass

W smSaviadigitaLcom

l I

Findout whicharethe

1 energy sources we use most

L ._

DISCOVER There rs a renewable source

of energy produced f rom biornass that is

used b y millions of cars as an alternative
t o petrol What do we ca ll this alternative
f orm of energy.? What is it m ainl y m ade
frorn? Why do y ou think ft can be a 'dean'
solution for vehicles?

81

Energy and the environment

fi)

Progress has been possible because of energy use. The

production and use of energy ha ve consequences for t he
environment. We call these consequenc;es envl ronmenial
impads. lhese impacts are damaging the eflllironment and
threatening our pl anet natural resources.

cq

quarrie\: 1!1 pfl!lce where we dig the

stone out

Envtronmenta Impacts on the planet

The et'Tio~ph '

Th ocn

Some of t he gMes whtch vetlld es rei e!ISe cen

re~c:t with the eir and produce clouds of acidic
substances. The rain from these clouds ts call ed aetd

Ace dents with ell tenkers end dumping lea\/!!

dengerous st.bstances in the sea. The waste from
nuclear power pla nts also contammates nvers and
sees with r!ldio!lcttve substences. like unentum.

rein end lt demeges the ground, t he hervests end

the fo restswh en it falls.

Tt la d
We teke rock f rom quemc end mtner llls f rom
mines . By doi ng this, we else cause son erosion .

8:1

Llvna .nln

Aquetlc orgentsms die beceuse of weste from

ondustr ies poured into nvers and sellS. Birds l!llso
die because of wind tu rbines.

..-- - .

LW~

tactr

:' On A~ust lA., 2003, more thl!in

: 50 mdhon people rn New York and

Most oft he energy we use in the developed

world comes from fossil fuels beca use t h ey
are cheap and easy to obtain. However, if we
continue t o increase our consumption of these
fossil f uels, they run out.

electncity tor two

days. Frn d out
whet a b lackout
is and whlrt

For this reason, we need to cont rol our

consumption of fossil fuels, and use other
renewable sources of energy.

:
:

happened to the
people dunng
! thlrttrme.

...................................

... smSaviadigitaLcom ..../

look at the dat a on world energy consumption and energy reserves from 2012:
Renewable
~

Cc>al
30%.

Or I

"'t<

Gas
24%

..
..
..
..
..
..
.

.. "

ln1erpre1ing data

Nuclear
5;1;

.
.

: Ont-cno were
: left without

Ill.,

l >-\1<

''>

!11~, 1~1

lll' a:.ltiL

rn

Oil

Between 60 !!nd 1110 years

G1:1s

Between 200 and 250 years

Cot!l

Between 150 end 300 ye~

What percentag e of the energy we consume comes from fossfl fuels?

.
.
.

What percentage of the energy we consume comes from renewable energies?

..

At t he current rate of consumption. whichiossil fuel will run out first?

Listen to these conversations ab out

environmental impacts. Then, copy the
table below in your notebook and tick the
correct answers.

.
..... ... ...................

What relation exists between energy

consumption and the development o1
humanity? DisOJss it with a classmate.
Make a list of all the t hing s in your house
whi d1 need energy to wori<. Are any of
them unnecessary in your lif e? Explain your
answer,

lt we know that renewable en ergy

resources are going t o nun out, why do
you think we continue to use them? Discuss
this with a dassmate.
FINAL TASK Find out what e-waste is and
where we throw it away. INh y?

83

Sustainable development$ 8
We know t h at excessive consumption of energy
contaminat es the environment and wast es natural resources.
If we contfnue t o use energy in this way, we may put future
generat ions in danger. What can we do? Is there a solution ?

...... ... .......... Fun fad! .

I
We can start sailing energy ai home.

, Did you know t hatthe energy

consumption at home in Spa1n
repri!Sl'nts 20% of all energy
consumption in our <:ountry. Find
out what the n li!W Energy Efficiency
Cerbf1cate for elllsbng buildings Is.

smSaviadigital.com .. .J

We can now b uO d houses which need l ess energy and wh ich

use renewable natural resources. We call these houses
sustainabl e houses.

Hot-ter ard heating

The house has thermo
sol!lf panels to heatthe

Bectricity
Photovoltaic solar
pl!n l'fs tu m the
energy from the
sun mto el ectn cal
Mergy, and the w1nd
turbin e produces
electricity from the
wind .

water.

..
0

rWat~r

treatment

Thl' system coli ects rein

wat er. Wl!Ste Wllter f rom the
house 1sr ecyded and used to
waterth! gerden.

( Ecological
swimtnlngpool

We don't need t o
change the water~tt
Is d e~ned netur11lly.

\.___

R t
Our planet is also our home. We all have to help
reduce the ene-gy we use in orderto keep our
natural resources and to reduce our environmental
impact s and waste production.
Sustainable development means improving our
welfare and t he welfare of developing countries by
protecting our environment and our pi anet tor Mure
gene-ations.

Look at t his house. What change s can you

make to aeate a sustainable house? List
them in pairs.

Sorne~rhing t.rot lasts

for a rong time -maybe

forever
5cmeth;ng that tS
good for ev~yone

Loving and
cartng fo r ou r

planet ond

If we want to help sustainable

l developmE!jlt, it is important to reduce the
energy we use. W hich of these pictures
shows saving energy?
Listen to these children talking and decide
which of these actions is part of sustainable
development . If it is sustainable, write 'Yes'
in your notebook,
if it is not sustainable, writ e ' No',
Read the foll owing definitions from
children about what sustainable
development means for t hem. In pairs,
write two more definit ions of sust ainability
with your own words.

FINALTASK VisitthefoQowingweb p age and

find out where Europecn and USA e-waste
ends up: http://www.e-sm .net /carnpaigns.
M ake a list of the Spossibleendings for
e-waste and keep il You will need it for t he
f inal task.

Energy-saving measures

fi)

lhe authorit ies and the people must work together to save
energy. We ha ve to remember that al l our actions have
consequences f or our planet.

As citizens, we can help save energy in lots of ways.

Use public t ronsport

whenever posible.

Drive responsibly. Tl"llvt'l et the

corrt'ct spet'd and -turn off the

eng me ifthe car has stopped.

Use natumlligtt

when you can.

Turn off lights
when you're not
using t hem.

Use ~gtt bulbs that need

If!SS en f'rgy.

Do not use healing o r air ronclitioning

too much. Keep t he temperatur(> at
home at 21 c 1n winter and 26 c 1n

summer.
86

Choost' tht' most efficient ele<:tricl!l l

applictnc:es. Th is mea1s thattht'y hiiVe the
scme results usmg less energy. Tu m off

8pphances when you art' not using them.

Authorities a ls o have a series of obligati ons that can help to

reduce our e nergy consumption. Lo<i< at some of the m:

Teach sodety

Promote t he use

abOIJt the need

to save energy,
using publicity

of renewable

campaigns.

produce clean

energies t hat
all ows ~to

energy.

Make companies have

Support
investigation into
alternative
energy resources
and effici eot use
of energy.

a responsible attitude
cont rolIi ng the effects
that thetrproduction
proces~ es

have on

nature .

Invent a slogan t o make people t hink about

saving energy. Write yoor slog an on a
poster and lndude some images. Here are

One bus carries

less ener8}' than

some verbs you can use.

The buSe$ don't use petrol, thetr fuelts

made from
, which is a

( take care

share

save

think

Listen to the teacher talking t o his students

about saving energy. Then complete the
notes in yo ur notebook.

renewable energy source

(three cars J I

tv

S[;'l J biomass
f ifty

people, but it uses

Find o ut why the red

light from the ' Stand
bv' button is familiarly
known as 'vampire
power'.

STAND-BY

0
POWEROtl

red light

The energy from one old mcandescent

light bulb Is enougl1 to power
energys<IVIng bulbs

Don't leave yot..r

on standby when you
are not usl~ 1t. lftl has a
on t hen rt is
consuming energy Turn it off p roperly'

FINAL TASK Visltttis web page

http://www.e-sm .ne t/sol ut10ns.
Choose the most suitable solutions provided
f or e-waste. Keepthemfor the finaltask.

}'--------------'
-

because we

can-----,..-----...------.-.-----....,.

( transfer ft )

store lt )

( transport 1t )

(irecurcal ener~

possesses

sucn

DIFFEReNT FORMS

as

Le

appears In

Heat energy

G udear energy)

...
comestrom

NON-RENEWABLE
SOURCES

consumptlon
C3U$0J

ENOOF
RESOURCES

ENVIRONMENTAL

:")

so it's n ecessary to have

Copy and f ill in the mind map in your

not eb ook. Add ot her examples of obje cts
associated with each energy form we have
studied.

Name the d1anges of ene11:y

that happen when a wind
turbine is working.

Energy-saving
measures

Copy and match the two columns in your

notebo ok.
SOURCES

Wind

FORMS

Mechanical

0 11

Ugtrt

sun

Heat

Urarlun
Water

Cherrical
Nuclear

Look at this picture of a pendulum t o explain

Newton's idea of the conservation of energy:
'Energy is not O"eated, and lt is not destroyed.
lt can only be transformed'.

Look at this detail from a home natural gas

bill. In what periods does t hehomeusemost
gas? When does it use less? Why do you think
this is? Propose two measures t o save energy
in the home and discuss them with a
classmate.
Natural Gos
'\ll()Q
~00

l.OOO
1.500
],000
1.500
1.000
500

.
.

-- --------------------------------

000000000000

..0:; a_>-c:;: D'O..t: ~ ~ c:A :0 a_>-c3 cna.t:?;

c
~~<i~~~~Ozo~~~<i~~~~Ozo~

Look f or information about incandescent light

bulb s and low-consumption light bulbs.
If we substrtute five Incandescent bulbs for
f 1ve I ow -ccnsumptlon bulbs, we save about
oOf: each year in the electricrty bill

In yoor not ebook, match each energy form

with the correct definition:
Mechanteal energy

is transrrutted
1n t ne form of heat
iS produced by
bodies in movement

Nuclear energy
Heat energy
Chemteal energy 6

Counthowmany1ncandescentbulbs you have

in your home If you change all of them for
low-consumption bulbs, how much w1ll you
save In one year?

is stored 1n fuels
1s obtained from
substances hke
uraniUm

Describe the images and compare them.

Which bulb seems t o be the most effident?

Why is the sun the principal source of energy?

Worl< with 11 classml!te and h!lme ot her
sources of energy that depend on the sun.

Why?

When we t urn on a heater we produce this

energy tra nsformatlon:
Electrical energy~ Heat energy
In yoor not ebook, write down t he energy
transformation that happens in each case;
Peddhng on a bicycle.
energy ..Y

energy

30%heat
70'J(, light

aW

usten to the conversation and put the words

~in the correct boxes. The f irst one is already
done.

Turning on the rad1o.

energy~

energy

Tuming on a fan
energy ..Y

energy

90%heat
10%hght

sun

f ossil fuels

uran1um

water

wind

A . smSaviadigitol.c001
V j I
Check what you have leamt in the S.lf-evalu~t11on.
~..

- - - - - - - - -

89

The ener~ efficiency sticker

In recent years, developed ccuntnes haveincreasedtheirenergy
const..mption to very hiilh rates and there is a real danQ'er of collapse in the
near M ure duetoa lack of energy. Thus it is veryirrportantto (
the
natural fossil fuel sources we already have at the same time that we I-')
attemativesustainable energy srurces. But energyconservationst arts at
home with incflli duals.

<

'

For exam~e, the fridge Isone of tne electrical appliances that (3

the
most energy intl1ehome. When we buy a fri~e,ifsf~rtant to think
about t hei nformation we get from t he energy efficiency sticker.
Ttis sticker m easLres the energy consumption of electrical appliances ( 'l
t o other appliances of the same class.

Energy efficiency is shown by capital letters. 'A: is the most effi dent (it
consumes thel e<lst) <lnd 'G' is the least efficient (it consumes the m ost).
But obviously, energy efficiency in a fridge also (5l
on how we use it. tfs
Important to (l>)
opening and closing the fridge frequently, or (J
tne
door open for a Iongtime, because t his makes tne motor w ork very hard to
keep the temperature constant, and l)
the energy consumption.
Read the text again and in your notebook
choose t he bestword(A, B or C) f oreach
~ s pa ce .

A save
A searching
A get s
A compared
A describes
A keep
A leav1ng
A Increase

B use
B seek
B uses
B similar
B depends
B pre-1ent
B getl1ng
B mcreases

C keep
Cloaked
C use
contrasted
C depend
C avoid
C maintaining
C Increasing

Read the text and answer these questions in

your not ebook. Then, discuss t hem with
your dassmates.
Accordmg to the text, which c aprtal
letters correspond t o the most efficient
appfi <lnces? Which ones correspond to <ln
average consumption? And which
correspond to the appli ances t hat
consume the most energy?
Does t he f ndge in the picture help t o save
energy? List two more measures to help
save energy at home

'0

Are t he f ollowing set1t ences' Right' (A)

or 'Wronf{ (8)? If there is not enough
~ inform ation, choose 'Doesn't sa y' (C).
Don't forget to write down tl1e answers
in your n otebook.
1 Fridges do not use much energy.

A nght

B wrong

c doesn't say

The energ y effidency st icker show s the

consumption of an electrical appliance
compared to other appli<lnces ofthe same

d ass.
A right

B wrong

c doesn't say

, We show energy effidency using letters.

B wrong
C doesn't say
A right
4 The most efficient appl i <lnces are the
domestic ones.
A nght
B wrong
doesn't say

' We can change the energy eftidency of

our fridge by using it in different w ays.
B wrong
C doesn't say
A nght

Build a turbine
A t urbine is an essential element for generating
electrical energy. A turbine is a wheel with
paddles or blades that tu m. The kinetic energy of
the wind or the watermakesthe turbinetum on
an axis.
To make your turbine, draw a n oct agon on
your card, like the one in the picture. Then
cut along the dotted lines.
Fold the points like we can see in the
photograph. They should look like spoons.
Staple the points so they don't move.

M eke a tube andpushit tiTough the hole in

the centre of the card. Then put a chopstick

through the tube. M ake S~.Jre it is not too tight.

Test your turbine. Carefully turn on a tap and place t he turbine under the water. What
happens?
What t ype of energy does the water's energy turn Int o?
KinetiC energy 4

energy

What sources of energy does the turbine use? Explain what advantages t hese types of
energy offer.

91

fi) Let's work together:

Th~

t.. \1

ast. . . i,:;

Work in groups of five and design an e-wastetrip poster t o

present to t he dass.
Go ba ck to the definition of ewaste you made and
choose an e-waste object. Find or draw a picture of it.
Take the list of e-waste destinies you made. Draw
a wor1 d map and locate three main places where
European and the USA export e-waste to. Use arrows
and points to illustrate where thee- waste comes
from and where it goes t o.
Take the list of relevant solutions you chose f or
e-wasteto end up and t hink about them. Can you
think of other solutions? Don't f orget to write not es
about them.
Make a poster showing a trip for your e-waste object.
Where does it end up?
Present your poster to t he d as s. Dedde which
information each person should ta lk about to explain
your e-waste trip. Write your talk. Every member of
t he group should talk for about one minute, and yru
should try not to read your t ext.

... saving energy In your dally life

Every day we use manymarnines and appliances
t hat work w ith electricity. But almost all of t hat
energy comes from non-renewable sources that will
soon run out. If we want t o protect our environment
and protect the wor1d for M u re generations it is
very important to save eneflly. Make a list of things
you can do to save energy at home, in the street,
at school, etc., and try to use them in your daily life.

What's t he name of this structure?

What is it made of?
What is it used for?
What famous European structure
does it look like?

Atthe end of the unit, you will t hink

of an object, what its st ructure is like,
how it works and how we must use it
safely.

Structures

e ..

A ~rudure ls a grol.P of elements which can support weight

and which can protect the objects or machines they belong to.
There are natural s1rudures- for example, the skeleton- and
a rtlfldal strud ur es - for example, a shelf, a swing Of" a bridge.
Look at the shape and elements of the following structures:
Tube<lrap<d
on a structute

ftruc1ute

girder:

Hupporu
the load

The fesistance of an object depends on t he material it is

made of and its shape.

...... ..... "

................... -............ -..

How t o make a piece o1 paper resistant

'
...
....
...
..

..
.
..
I

..::
...
..
When we fold the piece of paper, we give ita shape and we make it more resistant .
Experiment. Which op1ion is more resistant? And the least resistant? Explain why.
~

..
.
.................

..................... Fun fa,tr .

Bridges are structures that can support very large forces.

They can support:
Their own weight and the weight of t he load.
The m ovemerrls caused by wind and moving vehicles.

- -Types of bridges - - - - - - . .

: There os e type of brodge ell! led

suspension bndge. ltis en erch
bridgetu m ed upsid e down and it
needs to be very flexible 1n order to
resost w1nd movernents. Wetchthos
video end try to find out why the
Tecoma Narrows Bndge collapsed
on 1940.

.
:

:,
:

.
In e bndge with arches, the
stones form e curved erch.
Thos mekes e v.ry resistent
bndge.

..

In a bndgl' of g1r di.'r9, we

jo10 trienguler pieces. We
cen meke long end regsbmt
crodgesm thos wey.

..........
.... .. ..

Build resistan1 structures

Observe what happens when we apply a force or a weight to a square structure and
a triangula r structure.
I apply aiorn ..

..
...

0L7~

I appiya 1oK ~ ..

The way to avoid the

~nd i1 doesn'1

Sljllare deformrng rs 1hi

We uc:ethe.

1118118111"'

ueform

struc1ute Ul

broclges

..

Buold a triangular shaped bridge and place some books on lt. Why it resists?

di

Listen to these people talking about

famous bridges and complete the table in
your not ebook.
\ BrooKiyn

..
......-............

Alc6ntara

l Ponte vecch~

The bones of the human skeleton form a

1structure. Explain whyto a partner.

Is a table a structure? Identify which
elements form the pillars and the girders.
What load does your table support?
FINAL TASK Choose a machine that helps
you move in your dail y lif e What's the
structure like? Draw it andid entif y the m ain
elements.

95

Simple machines

ee

Simple machines help us to perform

force needed to perform thattask..

Gt

a task or reduce the

tuk rurrr the piZKe where an obJect

belances
T'- e lever

Thewhel

A lever 1s a rig1d bar wh1ch 1s baanced on " pomt.

the rut~ ur- (FJJ). ihe pwot on wh ic:h the lever
moves. We use 1Hotransmit a force. We apply a
force (F) to one end of the lever, end we move the
load (L) which ts at the other end.

A wheel is a circule~r objectthe~t r otelt es around Cl

centrllloxle. Wheels make oqects roll end they
ere some of the most important mach1nes In our
lives.

l
F

force

lul<rum
To bal ence t he I ever the boy must weigtrtwice os
much as t he gt rf es he IS located at half the distance
to the fulcrum.

..................................................................................................
:

Experiment with levers

There are t hree types of lever, depending on where we placet he f orce and the load.
F
L

Fu
Class 11ever

Class 21ever

Class3 lever

Reproduce these three situations and Identity the force, the load and the fulcrum in each case.
Observe how we use these objects and dedde which type of lever each one is. Label the
fulaum, t he load and where we apply the force in each one.

........................................................

~-

96

..................................................

The human body.

,
. -t

There are t hree different dasses of l e~~ers depending on t he

placement of the f orce (F), the load (L) and the fulcrum (Fu).
let's see one example CYf each in our body:

Types of lever

Fir~l-cii!.S

l ever

The fulcrum Is located between t he force

Zll'ld the loll d.

The lo!!d is l oceted between t hri'fulcrum

end the force.

...

Fu

Fu

, l

L
Fu
For ex11mple, the foot Thefulaum IS the b!lll of the
foot, close to the toes.. The ce~tf muscl ~s pull to I1ft
t he we4ght of the body.

For elC!Imple, the head. The fulcrum Is t he unon

between the spo nal column end the Cn:w'li um. The
muscles in t he neck and the b&ck compensate-the
weoght of the h ead.
Third -eo

n I v

f'

The force os located between

the fulcrum and t he load.

Fu

Fu

For example, the elbow, The fulcrum is the elbow. The biceps fift the load at the end of the orm.

Listen t o the conversation and draw

the Iever they are talking about fn your
notebook Then, write the right weight in
each position. Do you ihink t he d istance to
the fulo-um affects to the force we need to
apply to lift a force?
8'

C'

Draw t he following levers in yournotebook

and label the force, the load and the
f ulcrum in each one. Classify them
depending on the d ass of l ever t hey are.

...0

e.

bottle openf!'

scissors

!5mSavladigitoJ

L_ __

T'<

/
tweezers

COOl

Oassifythe mac.tinesbyt ype.

"
97

More simple machines

fi)

I 11
The ramp is a simple machine called an indined plane.

for e~

load

Ana will need ih e le.a st force because her ramp is less

in dined then th e Eve's one.

mcfrnrd plane

We use incl ined pl anes to raise or lower objects wit h less f orce.

I
lhe ramp is very useful to save force. But if it is
very long, we can roll it up to occupy less space.

If wejointwo inclined planes we get a wedge.

If we roll an inclined plane round a cylinder or a xis

we mak e a screw.
The w edge IS made of1woindin ed pla nes.

-+

inclined plane

We use screws t o fix pieces together when we

mak e furniture and other things.

98

We use wedges in many machines or tools to

separate t wo objects when we apply a force.
Wedges form part of many t oots, like axes, nails,
se is sors or kn1ves.

'CJ '

The pulley

"}

'M!!I: 11 hole 'n the ground whtc:h

contains weter
aone~ a structure used to lift
objects on constructi on sites

1orce

load

force

The girl in the picture is using a simple machine called a pUlley A

pulley is a wheel with a channel which guides a rope. When we pull
the rope, t he object rises.
We use pulleys in V< ..lis, cran"5, lifts,

etc.

Listen and i dentify whidl t yPe of simple

machine Is being used.
\

pUlley

_I

fndfned plane

lf weusetwopulleys t ogether, we reduce

the force w e need by hal f . If we Hft 120 kilos
using two pulleys, we need 60 kilos of force.
What force would we need 1f we used
f our pulleys to lift 120 ktlos?

v.oedge

What simple machine is m ost useful to lift

an object from the ground t o t he t hirdfloor
of a building ? Explain why t o a p01rtner.
Lever

Pulley

Inclined plane

60kg
iorce

Observe how your teeth m ove when you

chew. What type of machine is tnis? Disruss
it with a partner.
Look at t he pictures and Ident ify t he name
of eadl object. Whattype of machine is
being u sed? Ho w does it work ?

Why do cranes use this system?

A
V

&nSavladigltol.cOOt

j
1 " Playwiththe
L_'7lachinesand learn what weusethem f or.
Fl NAL TASK How many simple machines
does your madline have?

99

Complex machines

ee

To lift a car we usually use a complex ma chi ne called a jack.

A Jack is a complex machine because it is made of different
simple machines called mechanical components.

Mechanical components transmit movement to reduce t he

effort These components form the mechanism of a complex
machine.

Cnnk

The crank 1s e bent bar thattn~nsmts 1ts movement

to an alUs. We use itln a doorhendle or rn the
mechanism of afi shingrod.

R ck and pinion

The rack and pinion system IS the combo nab on

of a cog (ceUed 11 plmon)end e lll!lrwlth teeth (c!!lled e
red<).
When the pinion turns. the rack moves i n 11 straight
hne. We u se th1s system m corkscre-.o~s, sli d1ng garage
doors, etc.

100

The crenk, the nut end the

screw are t he mechanical
components of the jeck.

Coa ::.

Cogs ere wheels w1th teeth oround the edge. The

teeth fit together with t he teeth on other cogs.
This system transmits the movement of onl' cog to
11nother, ch11ng1ng the di rection ofthE' movement.
We use cogslnsome wetches and mschines

Coa and chain

The cogundchaln system tS mede up of a cheon

wh ich trensmlts the movement from one cog (1) to
enother (2). Both cogs move in the same direction,
thanks t o the chain.
We use this system m b icycles and motorbikes.

The bicycle uses a crank and coa~ as its basic component s.

1t also uses the wheel, the lever and th e pulley.

The b rake hancRe on

~'(,]l'fl>--?'' tht hendl eb!ll's is e

.---...,
lever. When we pull
rt,lt trensmrts t he
force to the brake
pads o n th e wheels.

handlebar

b rake pads

G he wheels tum !ll'ound'

I ~n exis. The front wheel

cont rols t he dlrecbon

.....

usltlg the hendl ebars,

end t he back whpef
recerves the t erce trom
the pedels.

The pedals are cran ks

thet turn 11 cogs

and chain syste m.

These t111nsmit the

movement of the
----'

l
Which are t he complex m achines in this
lis1?

al
[_ ped

indlned plane
pulley

cog

~b~

motor ''""' _
V!ICU""' cl4'ener

"

chain

pedels to the b eck

wheel .

DISm VER The frame is t he main structure

of the bicyde. lt can stand very big forces.
Do you know why? W hat 's it made of?
What's its shap e?

Hthe A wheel moves foil ow ing t he arrow's

J direction, where will B wheel and C move

to? Explain it to a partner.

Listen to the following descriptions
and writ e the name of the mechanical
components described.

cogs

crali<

rack an d p_l!llon

J
101

Construction and use of machines

fi)

Before we build a machine, it is important to plan and

organise the projecl We need to think about what we are
going to use it f or, and choose the necessary materfals.

........... 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Construct a catapult

Catapults were machines used

...
...
.
..

to throw stones aver a Iong

distance. They worked using
alever, and they could throw
stones weighing 135 krtos aver
SOOmetres.

~ Ma1erials
!'.a

_,.

t
::
t

!
.: "t
... ...
::
.....

I.
lie

2 d othes pegs

Glue

2 lollipop sticks

String

1 bottle t op

A marble

lnstrudions

e> &5e;w:

1. FIX one ofthe clothes

pegs to ~:~lollipop stick
using stri ng.

2. Fidht>otht>rlolllpop stlckto
tht> other peg 1n the opposrte
direct on.

3. Glut> the two clotht>s pegs

together. Sbck the bottle top
onto the end ofthto lollipop
stick on t opofthe structure.

Place t he marble on the bottle top of the catapu lt. Press the lever (the lollipop stick) down;,.. ~ :

..
...
.
...
..

....

104'

Wht will h"PP'" whM you """" the I~?

:;::: ~

What w iU happen if you place the catapult on an incfmed plane?

---

!
:

Make these changes and launch the object again. Expla in what happens.
Put a heavier obJect on the bottle top
Stick t he bottle top closer to the clothes pegs (these act as the fulcrum)

.. . .........

~-

..................

Do you think these people should be more careful? Using

machines can involve risks. We should t ake precautions when
we use ma ctli nes.

Machines and electricit y

M achmes nnd comrnunoct~tion

When we ml!lmpullrte electrical appiiMces

we hcwe to avoid contact wi1h water and
make sure they ere unplugged.

The excesSive use of socu1l networks end

messa~wservices can creat e addiction. This
m eMs we ci!ln start to spend too much tome
on thl' computr or the mobill' phone.

ctise!

Listen to these conversations, Which

do you t hink are safe and whi eh are
dangerous? Write in your notebook'S' for
the safe ooes, and 'D' iorthe dangerous
ones.

In pairs, name machines, tools or electrical

J appliances you have at home. W]lat safety
measures do they have?
sm Savladogotol.com
Design and construct the
model of a windmill youseeinthevideo.
Whatsteps did you foll ow to construct it?

1 ''

Discuss with a dassmate what precautions

we should take when we use a pair of
scissors? And a skateboard7

103

COMPLEX
canbe
Mechanical
MACHINES - made af ~ components
1ogether
make

d fsuchas~

need

PROTECT
OBJECTS

Copy and fill in the mind map in your

notebook. Add another mechani cal
component to the mind map and draw it.

What type of lever is the see-saw fn the

picture in the mind map?
look at the bicyde and nam e all t he
mechanical components. What is ead1 one
used f or?

104

Copy this picture into

your notebook and
identify t he pillars,
the g irders and the
load on t he seat.

Draw this picture in your not ebook and label

the load, t hegirder andthepillars.

Look at this lever and answer t he questions:

B or C) can we place
another 100 g weight t o balance the lever?

! In which position (A,

Imag ine you are on the left hand side ofthe

river and you want to cross it. Whattype of
structure would you bufl d? Des fgn it.

' If we w ant to balance the lever plating an

obj ect in position A, wh feh of these weights
should we use?

100 g

50 g

400 g

.. sm Savladig1lol com
~
'
' What are the names of the
mechanical component s of a machine that
J.._!,l'ansmit movement ? Play and find out.
Classify t he foll owing levers according t o their
class. Then, i dentify t h e load, t he fulcrum and
the force in each Me.

Thin k of a complex machine that indudesone6

of t he f oll owing mechanical components.

( Inclined plane

pu lley

cQS5

The length of t he arm of a lever on which you

apply t he f orce is fundamental t o how t he
lever works. As you can see in the picture,
a girl could lift an elephant if she wa s at a
suffident distance from t he f ul crum .

Cog A turns in t he direction m arked in t he

p icture. M ark in which direction cog B will
t urn and explain the movements from A to B.

Listen to the conversation and complete the

t able in your notebook. Theiirst one is alrea dy
done.
load
wedge
pulley
3

4
cog
lever

smSaviadigitol.cCITl
I Ch eck wh at you have learnt in t he Sel1tvaluatlon.

L ..'

10!>

W<lt~rmflls

'------=============-....

A watermtl is a structure that uses a waterwheel to drive a

mechanical process such as flo~tr procl.Jction. There t)
two basic
types ot watermflls, one powered by a vertical wateswheel, and the
other is equipped with a horizontal waterwheel .
Most waterm~ls in Britain and the United States of America had a
vertical waterwheel.llis vertical wheel (2)
rotarymotic:o around
a horizontal allis.ln flourmflls horizomal rotation was converted 3)
vertical rotation using cogs, which01lso madethemmst onestum
faster 4)
the WO!lerwheel. As waterwheel technology fflllroved,
m~ Is <->
more efficient, and by the 19t11 century, "~)
sirwle
waterwheel coUI d drive as many as f our mat stones. Adjusti fll the
flow of t he water past the main wheel allowed the mll erto maintain
the water sup pi y constcr~t.
By the early 20m century, cheap electrical energy made the w01t ermill
obsolete Tn developed coun!nes, although some small er rural
mHis c:ontinuedto operate (T
the 1900's. In some developing
countries, watenmmsare (8)
usedfor makirwflour. Forecafll'le,
there are about 25,000 operating in Nepal, and 200,000 in India.
Read the text again and fn your notebook
choose the best word (A, B or C) f or each
space.
A is

B are

C be

- A has
produced

S have
produced

C produced

, A ln

B lnto

Cfor

A wtth

B by

Cthan

A became

B become

C have
become

A the

Ba

Cthis

A to

B up

C until

A yet

B s.nce

C sbll

Read the text again and ahSwer these

quest1ons in your notebook. Then, disruss
them wit h your dassmates.

Us1ng cogs, how can you make the

millstone rotate faster t han the
waterwheel?
Why is rt important to matntarn the water
supply constant in a watermrft?

106

Why doyouthtnk watermtl ls were

replaced when cheap electncal energy
became available?
Are t he f ollowing sent ences 'Right' (A)
enough
infor mation, choose 'Doesn't sa y' (C).
Don't forget to write down the answers
in your notebook .

or ' Wronv; (B)? tfthere is not

1 Watermills use a wheel as a mechanical

component.
B wrong
A nght

c doesn't say

Watermills were used t o produce flour.

A nght

B wrong

c doesn't say

All waterrnills use a vertical waterwheel.

A right

B wrong

Cdoesn'tsay

Watermills use cog s In t he internal

mechanism.
A nght
B wrong
C doesn't say
The speedofthe millst one is always the
sa me as the speed of the waterwheel.
A right
B wrong
C doesn't say

The crane
tensor

A crane is a machine we use t o lift and distribute

loads very high up. tts structure is a tower m ade from
triangular pieces which makes it very resistant.
The crane also has t ensors. These are rigid cables t l1at
give t he structure stability. The tensors are connected
t o h eavy blocks of stone c alied counterweight s. The
counterweig ht s st op the crane falling down.

The mot or ofthe machine pull s a cable which has t he

load on t he end.l'o make t his easier, this process uses a
pulley.

look at the structure of t he crane. What gives it more stability?

t he pulley

the tensors

the load

What is thepulleyatthe top of t he CTan e used for?

What would happen ifthere was no counterweight in the CTane's structure?
What would happen nthe t ensors broke?

10/

let's work together:

Think and design a poster illustrating how to use machines
safely.
Get into groups of five and choose one of your
machines .
Discuss the main challenges in building the structure of
this machine to make it resista nt. Draw the structure in
your posterlike in the picture below.

axle

What are the mechanical components of your machine?

How does it work?
Ust the key safety elements to make your maChine
safer. Why are they Important?

... developing your imagination!

Throughout history, engineers and inventors have used
t heir imagination to create machines that have helped
l1umanity to progress.
How ha ve machines evolved t hroughout history? In
groups, Choose the best invention ever and make a
poster to present it to 1tle dass. Don't forget to include
phot os and your own drawings.

~
\;::;_}

:>

c )

What structure

In our human
body lets us

move?

Engineers and scientists from all

CNer !he world deSigl'l deviCes !hat
allow us to communicate our
thovghts thrOUgh computers al'ld
other appararus. lllis means !hat
your computer or ~ur televiSIOI'l
can do ta~s for yru, just by lhln
king about them. Apart from SOVn
ding amazing, 11 c~;ld be of wear
use to people with physiCal disabi-

lities.

Whal

tunct10n do
st ructures
have?

ntlng a hand in 30
can you l~g~r~ : a substitute for a
and then us ng . ht have heard abOUt
real hand? You m!Q
m~hlne that
tl'e 3D printer, which Isala made of
can make parts, .gener ~ by software
plastic, from designs ma
.

pr<>;;jrams.
ned the door to
3D printers ha'.e q::e
many ~ss!bll itleS. especlal~ln
medicine, such as prosthes
Whal ktndol
and organs whiCh are
levers are In our
compatible with the bodY.
join1S'

110

PALM TREE ISLANDS

Ad.....,tes ;.,..,~ll'leso~~nd >hue tu~<"""

reo.ch it1<M<I.bl~ 6mits sucn oilS ll1e <0t1Stluctl0o1

of the 9"""t 'p;>!m t, . lslo>t1d' ot1 the '"" ;.,
Dub.,, 0.. it, they~~~ bt..tt kot!!ls, "'.o>Lk"'Olys
.;tbove ll1e WO>ter ..,d go~~rci&os.
To >lq>otftcm. co!IO>p5i ,.,g, O> solid structure
,...., built <Mcle rwtteY So ..,uc/1
wo~~s U5a(
during its <0t1stnKti011 tho>t., 6 ...,ette Coi!II....,Lt
COUld be butt frOt.llt IJ1o~~t COI.ild 9001l'OIJI'Ic( the
E.orth 3 b"'el

'"'"d

Nocturnal vision:
your heat betrays you

Wna1 types ot

What energy

sources do you
Mnow?

Nig ht vis 1on cameras ha ve

a lot to do with energy. These
dev1ces are capable of detecbng heat
energy from our bodies and creating
an Image. The colou rs depend on the
temperature of our bodies. Some snakes
ha ve this type ofv tsion and a re able to
'see the colrur' of the1r prey.

power sources
do you Mnow?

lf geo1hermal energy warms

.
subterranean, or underground wat er, lt
can cause hUge jets of water and vapour
to be rel eased. These phenomenon
are called geyser. Iceland IS home to
the biggest geyser on our planet, the
Strokkur which spurts ou1hot wqt er and
vapour 1SOtmes each day. Each one l asts
10 rrunutes! The jet of water ~an reach as
high as the 8'"floor of a buBdng.

Wha1 dellices
'hDuld llUildlng!

havPtobe
sustainable?

BLOG

Skyscrapers that rotate

W hat a weird shape these b uildings are!
Each floor can rotate and rt can choose a
d lfleren1 view or selup wl1h 1he SLn In mind.
How do you think this is possible? THs
works thanks 1o turbines and solar panels
and these skyscrapers are energetically
se11-su fllclenl.

Energy sources
lsabel has discovered the sources of electrical energy with this poster.

Where does most of the energy we consum e come from?

What is t he name of the en ergy sources that are irtustrated in this
poster? Which are reneo.vables? Which are non- rer~ewable?
Help lsabet: Do you think. it is important to save electricity?

String mechanisms
M any old toys used to move thanks to the string mechanism.

This t o y is a complex machine. W hy?

What are the names of the lettered componer1t s? What Is their role?
Copy the drawing of the two cogs and add one more. What way will ittum?

nz