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I. I NTRODUCTION
Femto cells are short-range low-cost low-power cellular
radio systems which are plugged to residential DSL or cable
broadband connections to provide improved indoor wireless
coverage and increased throughput for mobile data services
directly at home. The concept of femto cell [1] is quite simple:
making a base station cheap enough to be deployed in high
volume for residential use, connected to the core network via
broadband. This would deliver an end-user the same service
and benefit as a converged offering but, crucially, would
use existing standard handsets, with no need to upgrade to
expensive dual-mode devices.
An example of femtocell access via broadband Internet is
shown in Fig.1. With the use of residential IP broadband
connection behind the femtocell, an efficient fixed mobile
convergence (FMC) solution is achieved. Correspondingly, the
business analysis in [2][3] show that the mobile operators
could benefit from lower cost and increased fixed mobile
substitution, leading to higher revenues and more profitable
relationships with their newfound Internet and web partners.
The ABI Research [4] has released a market prediction of 102
million world-wide users on more than 32 million femtocells
by 2012. Toward this end, a collaborative organization called
the Femto-Forum comprising operators and femtocell vendors
was formed in 2007 with the objective of developing open
standards for product interoperability [5]. In April 2009, it is
announced that the worlds first femtocell standard has been
published by 3GPP [6].
The femtocell deployment in LTE is referred to as Home
eNodeB (HeNB). As shown in Fig.1, The LTE architecture
may deploy a Home eNodeB Gateway (HeNB GW) to allow
the S1 interface between the HeNB and the EPC (Evolved
TABLE I
U SE OF PCI IN THE INITIALISATION FOR SCRAMBLING SEQUENCES IN
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
Physical
Channel
PBCH
PCFICH
PHICH
PDCCH
PDSCH
PUCCH
PUSCH
Reinitialisation
Period
Fourth radio frame
Subframe
Subframe
Subframe
Subframe
Subframe
Subframe
Fig. 2.
TABLE II
D IFFERENT ACCESS MODES OF H E NB IN LTE
HeNB
Use case
access mode
non-member
CSG-Identity in SIB1
private
access
prohibited
TRUE
present
hybrid
public/private
access
FALSE
present
open
public
access
access
FALSE
absent
S6a
MME / S-GW
HSS
S1
S1
PCI Assignment
Function
S1
S1
Cooperate scenario
of CSG cells with
identical CSG-ID
S1
eNB
HeNB
HeNB
HeNB Hybrid cell
Hybrid cell
Hybrid cell
HeNB
HeNB
CSG-ID=1
CSG-ID=1
HeNB
CSG-ID=1
HeNB
Open cell
HeNB
CSG-ID=3
Fig. 3.
HeNB
CSG-ID=2
(2)
3) The controller could randomly select one PCI satisfying
the requirement of step 2.1/2.2 and send the decision
back to the requested HeNB. Note that if it is not the first
start up time for this HeNB, it should have also sent its
previous used PCI to the controller. If the previous PCI
still satisfies the requirement of 2.1/2.2, the controller
would assign the HeNB the unchanged PCI.
4) Since the new joined HeNB has changed the network
topology locally, new PCI confusion may be generated due to the new neighbor relations. Therefore, rechecking through the neighbor list of the new HeNB
is necessary. If the access mode of the startup HeNB is
closed/hybrid, the PCI controller needs to check whether
there are CSG/hybrid cells with the identical CSG-ID
that use the same PCI in the neighbor list. Considering
the fact that the previous network topology without the
new HeNB is confusion free, one can conclude that the
new HeNB is the only intersection of their neighbor
lists. Therefore, the detected confusing CSG/hybrid cells
should be ordered according to the length of their
neighbor list which is proportional to the impact degree
of the PCI change. All the detected confusing cells
except the one with the longest length of neighbor list
would be restarted one by one and each restarted one
is treated as a new HeNB which should go through the
step 1 to 3, iteratively. However, because the network
topology is not really changed by the restarted HeNBs,
there is no need for rechecking as step 4. As the result
there is no flooding problem for this proposed iterative
algorithm.
IV. E VALUATION AND A NALYSIS
Actually when we focus on the CSG/hybrid femto cells,
the most challenge of exhausting PCI usage for the proposed
scheme comes from the HeNB autonomous detection for
PCI collision avoidance instead of PCI confusion. This is
because that in CSG/hybrid cells, only the ones with identical
CSG-ID will include the PCI of each other in the Neighbor
Cell List and measurement report. Accordingly, there is no
PCI confusion issue for the CSG/hybrid cells which are not
cooperatively deployed. In this section we will evaluate the
TABLE III
S YSTEM PARAMETERS IN SIMULATION
Parameter
Value
43dBm
15dBm
-174dBm/Hz
Shadow fading
EPA:[0,-1.0,-2.0,-3.0,-8.0,-17.2,
-20.8]
EPA:[0,30,70,90,110,190,410]
10
under a cooperative deployment use the same CSGID as the group identity, the controller needs
to search through the reported neighbor cells to
identify those HeNBs with hybrid access mode
whose CSG-ID is G. In order to resolve the PCI
confusion, all the PCIs of the neighbor cells of
these neighbor hybrid femto cells who have the
same CSG-ID of the new one should be collected.
Denoted by n n hybrid{CSG-ID=G} the corresponding PCI set, the PCI of the new HeNB should be
selected from the set:
(\CSG ) \ n non-CSG n n hybrid{CSG-ID=G}
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Fig. 4.