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I.
Introduction
The GSM standard is a huge success: more than 60
zountries have implemented the system and the number
of subscribers increases quickly. This leads to a demand
for more capacity in the existing GSM networks. There
are several methods to achieve more capacity, but most
of them, like for example cell splitting, are quite
zxpensive, because more base stations have to be used.
By making the reuse distance smaller by changing the
Frequency planning, more capacity is achieved with
relatively low costs. However the quality of the
individual connection decreases, due to the increased
interference. By using random frequency hopping and
Fractional loading this decrease in quality can be
:ompensated, because it gives a quality gain to every
mobile station.
Class l a
150
Class 2
Class l b
132
78
CRC
check
so
132
convolutional code
r=1/2, K=S
378
- .....
-..
78
GSM
11.
723
1234
...........................................
455
123
..........................................
455
Reordering
A0
AI
A2
A3
A4
A5
A7
A6
BO
81
82
83
A0
- AI
A2
- A3 - 80 A4 81 A5
wv--uv
~
Burst
84
85
E2
A0
66
87
83
A7
111.
RX-QUAI,
Counter.
6
3
6
4
6
S
7
6
7
7
6
8
5
6
6
7
6
0
J,
Call Drop
Figure 3: Example of the call drop algorithm with Call Drop
RX-QUAL threshold=5 and Call Drop threshold=9.
1/1
313
414
113
319
4112
Lp= 35 log d
6 dB
l/e at 110 m
100 s (exponential distribution)
50 km/h
1 (due to simulation time)
Reuse
61.4
60.5
28.8
61.4
60.5
86.4
71.0
49.7
49.7
23.7
16.6
Blocking
Soft
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
Hard
2km
34 dBm
4 dBm
90 O sectorized and omnidirectional
random hopping
based on distance
both level and quality
0.5
4/12
16.6
Hard
5
9
IV.
Results
\ 3/9
/'
\4/12
l 00
10
12
14
From the figure also can be seen that the capacity can be
increased quite a lot by getting more bandwidth.
V.
100
h
E0
tii0
Fractional loading
a0
60
S
c
.-d
40
U)
fp.
20
B
0
10
12
Frequency reuse
/ .BACKGROUNDMTERFERU(
+15% load
-A25% load
-C 50% load
0.1
.
. .
- -
..
. . . .
VI.
LL
0.01
0.001
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank Nokia telecommunications
Finland for co-sponsoring the project.
Literature
[ 13 GSM Recommendations