Energy storage:

Part 1

Linear system

P=e i

d
dt

e= N

dW = e i dt

di
dt

or L

di
dt

dW = L

. I dt

=L i di
W=

1
2

N .
i

.L. i

Joule

1
2

. L i. i

1
2

,F=Ni

1 N .
.
.i
2 i

W=

= 2

N i

= 2

Joule

W in terms of (R, )
W=

W in terms of (F, )

L=

dW = 2 Li

W in terms of ( ,i )
W=

1
2

R .

1
2

1
2

(H

W in terms of (B,H)
W=

1
2

1
2

1
2

A
A

l )
A

.A

H . B . A l Joule

H .B

Relation between B, H:

Joule/m 3

F=R

=N

= H.

l
.
A

i = H.

l
= H.

=H

H=

W=

1
2

. H2 = 2

J/m3

Fundamental relations

F= m.m.f. = N.I = H. L = R

R=

N
L= I

( H. l

= H
Flux linkage =L I = N

l
, L=
A

N
I

NI
R

, = A

,N=LI

N2
l
=
A

N2
R

H. l

=R.. A

N2A
l

l
. .A
A A

Energy storage :

Part (1) Linear systems

di

d Wm = e.i dt = L dt

Wm =

Wm =

L idi= 2
1
2

Sub. L =

Wm =

1
2

L i2 =

. i dt = L i di

L i2

1
2

1
2

L i. i =

N2
R
N2
R

F= * R
Wm =

1
2
2 R

Wm =

1
2

R. .

i2 =

1
2

NI =

1
2 F

H. = )

1
2

1
2

.H

1
2

l .A =

. H .Volume Joule

dv

H =

1
2

Wm =

. A .H.

1
2

H . l. A
.
R A

R. .

1
2

. Volume =

. H dv

=0 . r

Volume

Wm =

1
2

1
2

2
o

In case of air

r=1

Part (2)

Energy storage in nonlinear systems

dWm = e.i dt

e= dt

Wm

dWm =

dt .i . dt
i

. d

==================

Wm

= i d

=============
d Wm =

id , = N

Volume Joule

= id N )
=N

i d

===========
d Wm = F d
==============
d Wm =H. l

.d

=H .d .

.A

===================
= H .d. Volume
===================
Area with y- axis (B axis) is energy
And can be expressed as follows in terms of and F
d Wm= F d
=============
Wm =

F d
H

Wm`=

dH .Volume
0

(i) di
0

dF
0

In linear system
Wm= Wm`
Wm`+ Wm = Volume * H = I = F

Magnetic lifting : ( cranes)

d Wm = stored energy in an incremental volume of space dv

1
2 . H.dV ,

d Wm =

d Wm=

1
2

& H are independent of V

( . H) d V

d V = A dg

1
2

d Wm=

H=

1
2

( . H) A dg

A dg

Work done to lift the weight "force " a distance dg

d W = Force * dg
But d W = d Wm

1
2

2
o

A dg =

2
Force = o

Force
2

dg

Comparison between stored energy in electric

& magnetic fields
Welec = stored energy in elec. Field /m3 =
E=elec. Field intensity = 3 * 106

109
o = 36
40

J/m3

Welec=

1
2

1
2

o E2 Joule

V/m3 for air

109
36

* (3*106)2 =

1000
8

Wm stored energy in magnetic field/m3

Wm=

1
2

2
o

in air , = 1.6 T , o= 4 * 10-7

Subs in Wm
Wm =

1 ( 1.6 ) 2
2 4 107

Wm 106

Wm
=25000
We

=1019108.2

Forces and torques in magnetic fields &

systems:
Energy equation:
(E

elec. i/p

= (E

mech. o/p

) + (E

increase in stored energy

) + (E

loss converted to heat

In a lossless system e=v , losses = 0

v . i .d t = Fe .d x + d Wm + Zero
but v e =

d
dt

d
dt

. i . d t = F e d x + d Wm

Fe d x = i . d d Wm

----------------------------------------

We have 2 cases :

Either (i) is function of i & x (i.e. i & x are independent

variables)
Or (ii) i is a function of & x (i.e. & x are independent
variables )

Case (1)

is a function of i & x :

i.e. = ( i , x ) & Wm = Wm (i,x)

find d = ( i , x ) & d Wm then Subs in (a)
d=

d i + x

dx

&

d Wm =

Wm
i

di +

Wm
x

Substitute in (a) gives (after arrangement )

Fe = -

Wm
x

( i,x)+

(i,x)

----------------------------------------- b
(no relation bet. ( i , x ) i.e. i is constant mathematically)

Another form of Fe :
We have Wm + W'm = i
Wm= i - Wm`

dx

Wm
x

(i, x)
x

(i , x) =i

Wm (i , x)
x

Substitute in b gives

Wm (i , x)
x

Fe =

Case ( 2 )
i= i ( &X)

&

i is a function of & x
& Wm= Wm ( &X)

di=

-----------------------------------------

Wm

d Wm =

i
x

dx

Wm
x

dx

Substitute in (a) gives (after arrangement )

Fe = (

Wm
x

( , x

--------------------------------------- d

is a constant mathematically)

Another form of Fe
Wm= i - Wm`

Wm
x

= x

Wm
x

Subs in d gives
Fe =
(

Wm
( , x)
x

- x

( ,x)

-------------------------------- e

is a constant mathematically)

================================================================

Notes :
1) in linear systems - i relationship is a straight line

1
2
2 L i & L is independent of i

& Wm= Wm`=

Using relation ( C )

Wm
( i, x )
x

Fe =
( i

is a constant mathematically)

Fe =
( i

1
2

L
x

is a constant mathematically)

2) using relation (d)

Wm
( , x)
x

Fe = (

is a constant mathematically)

W=Wm`=

Fe= -

1
2

1
2

L .i2 =

1
2

.i

i
x

3) In rotating Systems

and

Fe Te

Singly Excited magnetic field system :

L = N2/R
L() = L0 + L2 cos(2 )

LdLq
2

L2=

L 0=

Ld + Lq
2

i s = Is sin( s t)
For each revolution there are two cycles of
reluctance . R and L is of double frequency.
Taking i is the independent
variable & the magnetic Circuit is linear (air gaps)

1
2

Wm`= Wm=

Te=

Wm

Te=

1
2
1

Te=- 2

L () is2

( i, )

L()

is2

Is2 * sin2 ( s t) * 2 L2 sin (2 )

Substituting = m t where = - at t=0

Te= - Is2 * Ls sin 2( m t ) sin2 ( s t)
Rearranging

1
Te= - 2

2
s

I * Ls {sin 2( m t ) -

(2(( m- s) t )}
Since m 0

1
2 sin (2( m+ s) t ) -

1
2 sin

The necessary condition for non zero time average torque is

|s|

1
4

(Te) av =-

L2=

max

Is2 * L2 * sin (2)

LdLq
2

1
8

(Te)av. = -

which gives

1
8

(Te)av. = - T

Is2 (L d L q ) Sin(2)

Is2 (L d - L q )

max

Sin(2)

|m|

Notes on Reluctance motors:

1-

The machine develops an average torque at one speed known as the

synchronous speed m = s

2- Since Te is due to

variation

of reluctance, the machine is called as

synchronous Reluctance motor.

3 If
4-

Ld = L

, (T e )

av

=0

gives measure of the torque and is called torque angle

5 ( T e)

1
8

av= -

If < 0 , ( T e )

av

Is2 (L d - L q) Sin(2)

> 0 ( positive) and Torque acts in the same direction

as speed and the machine is motoring .

If > 0 , ( T e )

av

< 0 ( negative ) and Torque acts in the opposite

direction as speed and the machine is generating.

6-T

max

= 8

Is2 ( Ld-L

) and is called pull out torque and occurs at = -

7 If T>T

max

, the motor will be unstable .

8 - Single phase reluctance motor cannot start by itself (not self

starting) , it needs starting arrangement .

9 - Applications :
Electric clocks record players small mechanism that needs constant
speed

Multiply excited magnetic system

L ss , L
L

sr

rr

,L

: self inductance of stator and rotor coils respectively.

rs

: stator rotor mutual inductance. (L

sr

= L

rs

Machine equations:
s , r : flux linkages of the stator and rotor
s = L

ss

is +L

sr

ir

r = L sr is +L rr ir
Vs= Rs is + P s
Vr= Rr ir + P r
Where P is the operator d / d t .
Rs and R r are the stator and rotor resistance respectively.
Vs= Rs is +P L
V r= R

ss

is + P Lsr ir

i r +P L rr i r + P L rs is

Torque:

Neglecting the reluctance of iron and considering the magnetic circuit is in

the air gaps only.

1
2

Wm=Wm` =

Wm(s , r , )

Te= -

1
2

Te=

L ss i

dLss
d

is2

ss

& L

T=i
e

1
2

rr

ir2 +

L sr

is ir

Wm (is , ir , )

Te: due to
variation of L
with
(reluctance

If L

1
+ 2

2
s

ir2

dLrr
d

+ i s ir

dLsr
d

Te: due to
interaction
between fields

are independent of (cylindrical rotors)

rr

dLsr
d