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Sensory reductionthe
process in which we filter and
analyze sensory information
before they are sent to the
brain.
Why do we need to reduce
the amount of sensory
information we receive?
So that the brain is not
overwhelmed with unnecessary
information because it needs to
be free to respond to stimuli that
have meaning for survival.
All species have evolved
selective receptors that suppress
or amplify information to allow
survival.
Sensory adaptation
repeated or constant
stimulation decreases
the number of sensory
messages sent to the
brain, which causes
decreased sensation.
Thresholdrefers to a
point above which a
stimulus is perceived
and below which it is
not perceived. It
determines when we
first become aware of
a stimulus.
SENSORY
THRESHOLDS
HOW CLOSE DOES AN
APPROACHING BUMBLE
BEE HAVE TO BE,
BEFORE YOU CAN HEAR
IT BUZZING?
HOW FAR DOES A
BREWING COFFEE POT
HAVE TO BE, FOR YOU
TO DETECT THE AROMA
OF THE COFFEE.
Difference thresholdor
just noticeable difference,
is the smallest change in
stimulus that we can detect.
Example: An artist might
detect the difference
between two very similar
shades of color
Absolute threshold
the smallest amount of
stimulus that can be
detected.
When a stimulus has more
energy than the absolute
threshold, we can detect its
presence.
When a stimulus has less
energy than the absolute
threshold, we cannot detect
its presence.
Absolute threshold
PEOPLE HAVE DIFFERENT THRESHOLDS,
BECAUSE SOME PEOPLE HAVE BETTER HEARING
THAN OTHERS, AND SOME PEOPLE HAVE BETTER
VISIONS THAN OTHERS.
To identify a pattern of
sensory input is to
categorize it, in which
various expectations,
motives, experiences are
brought into play.
Example:
If this is a mouse, it is
afraid of cat.
Attentionis the
direction of
perception toward
certain selected
objects.
Naturewhether visual or
auditory, words or images,
animate or inanimate objects
Realityreal, concrete things
are more attention-getting
than hypothetical, abstract or
mental
Familiaritypeople pay more
attention to things that are
familiar
Location/Proximitywe pay
attention to things that are
near than those that are far
Noveltywe pay attention to
things that are new and
different in contrast to what is
customary
Having selected
incoming
information, we
organize it into
patterns and
principles that will
help us understand
the world.
In organizing stimuli,
elements that appear
similar in color,
lightness, texture,
shape, or any other
quality are grouped
together.
In organizing a
stimuli, we tend to
automatically
distinguish between a
figure or foreground
(object with more
details) and a
ground (has less
detail).
Gestalt psychologists
have devised
ambiguous figureground relationships
that is, drawings in which
the figure and ground
can be reversedto
illustrate their point that
the whole is different
from the sum of its parts.
Interests or motives
Set of expectations
Socio-cultural factors
Past experiences
Situational context
ESP
IT IS A PERCEPTION WITHOUT THE
MEDIATION OF THE SENSES. IT
INCLUDES:
CLAIRVOYANCE IS EXTRA SENSORY
AWARENESS OF OBJECTS.
CONTACT BETWEEN THE MIND OF THE
PERSON AND ON THE OJECT.
TELEPATHY IS A THOUGHT
TRANSMISSION FROM ONE MIND TO
ANOTHER.
PRECOGNITION IS FOREKNOWLEDGE
OF SPECIFIC EVENTS WITHOUT ANY
RATIONAL MEANS.
PSYCHOKINESIS (MIND OVER MATTER)
INCLUDES MENTAL OPERATIONS THAT
INFLUENCES A MATERIAL BODY OR AN
ENERGY SYSTEM.