Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TRANSPORT
Learning Outcomes:
- Describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and
locomotion
- Explains how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and
animals
Overcomed by
Needs for
support
Problems of
Animals
Humans
Skeletal
system
Muscular
system
Joints
Consists of
4
Axial
eg.
5
Appendicular
Earthworm
Grasshopper
Fish
Muscles
6
Tendon
Muscles
action
Bring about
Movement
Ligament
Learning Outcomes:
- Name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of
the human body
- Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in diagram of the arm
- Explain how movement is brought about in a limb
5__________________
3_________________
6________________
4___________________
___________________________________
Special Characteristics:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
3. Name: ______________________
___________________________________
Special Characteristics:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
coccyx
___________________________________
___________________________________
4. Name: ______________________
5
9
6
10
11
12
17
13
14
18
19
15
20
21
16
22
23
Appendicular Skeleton
6. Name all of the appendicular parts.
10
2
11
3
4
13
12
5
6
14
7
15
16
9
The Lower Limb
C) _________
D)____________
C
E)____________
__
____________
F) _______________
C
H)_______________
5
1
11.
Complete
A.
The
all
articles
mechanism
downwards
strong
low
pressure
using
of
the
locomotion
aerofoil
upper
coracoid
bottom
words
in
an
given:
earthworm
sternum
force
lifts
gliding
The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and
__________. When flapping the wings _________ , the ________ and large
pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings
downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings.
This force is sent from the wings to the ________ until the _________ and ______ the
whole
body
of
the
bird
upwards.
When gliding, the wing acts as an ___________. Air moves faster on the _________
surface of the aerofoil. An area of ______ pressure exists on the upper surface and area
of
high
pressure
on
the
________
surface.
A lifting _______ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.
B.
The
mechanism
shorter
hydrostatic
longitudinal
of
locomotion
cavity
coelom
circular
in
an
earthworm
muscles
chaetae
peristaltic
The
antagonistic
jumping
pulled
mechanism
of
extensor
flexor
propelling
locomotion
in
contracts
upwards
extensor
grasshopper
10
A grasshopper has ___________ muscles called the flexor and ________ muscles
which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are
adapted for ___________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a
grasshoppers leg ___________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When
the ___________ muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, ____________ the
grasshopper forward and __________ into the air.
C.
The
reduce
myotomes
sweep
mechanism
of
Streamlined
contract
pushing
locomotion
in
fish
resistance
waves
backwards
A fish has a ____________ and slimy body to ________ water _____________ while
swimming. Each side of the fishs body has __________ which are W-shaped muscle
segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side
___________, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating ________ of
contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to
the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body __________ from side to side,
____________
the
water
____________
and
the
fish
forwards.
11
12
13
(a) (i) Name two other groups of animal that can fly.
________________________________________________________________
_
(2 m)
(ii) State two differences between the musculoskeletal system of one group
named
in (a) (i) and the musculoskeletal system of birds.
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(2 m)
(b)
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(3 m)
(c)
How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?
________________________________________________________________
_
14
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(2 m)
(d)
Describe the characteristics of birds bones that allow the bird to gain
elevation in
the air.
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(3 m)
(e)
State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air.
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(1 m)
2.
15
16
________________________________________________________________
___
(1 m)
(b) What is the function of the structure labelled V?
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
___
(2 m)
(c) The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
___
(2 m)
(d) What is W?
________________________________________________________________
___
17
________________________________________________________________
___
(1 mark)
(e) What is the importance of W?
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(1 mark)
(f) (i) Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(1 mark)
(ii) Name a different type of joint from the one in the figure.
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(1 mark)
18
19
3. Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine
Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions
20
21
________________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________________
___
(1m)
(b) What is meant by a correct posture?
________________________________________________________________
____
________________________________________________________________
____
(2m)
(c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B?
__________________
(1m)
(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?
________________________________________________________________
____
________________________________________________________________
____
(2m)
22
23
(e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in
terms of:
(i) Energy
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(2m)
(ii) Breathing mechanism
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(2m)
(f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?
________________________________________________________________
____
________________________________________________________________
____
________________________________________________________________
____
(2m)
4. Figure 4(a) shows a series of movement of a worm on a surface. Figure 4(b)
hows
the muscle, bone and joint that are involved in the movement of the arm.
24
4(A)
4(B)
25
26
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(2m)
(ii) Arm
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(2m)
(c) Explain the function of the liquid found in the worms body that allow it to
move
forward
27
___________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___
(2m)
(d) (i) Compare the skeletal strength of the worm and the vertebrate animal
________________________________________________________________
_
(1m)
(ii) Give reasons to your answers in (d)(i)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(1m)
(e) If bone X of a person breaks,
(i) State two nutrients that the person should take
________________________________________________________________
(2m)
(ii) Explain why these nutrients are needed
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
(2m)
28
5. Figure 5 shows three types of plants P, Q and R. Each type of plants have special
adaptations to gain more support.
29
30
(a) Classify all this plants to two categories according to its habitat
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(2m)
(b) (i) Explain how plant P gains support which enable it to survive in its habitat.
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
________________________________________________________________
__
(1m)
(ii) Draw the special tissue involve in support in (b)(i) above
(2m)
31
(c) Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main
purpose.
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(1m)
(d) (i) Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem
condition.
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(1m)
(ii) How plant Q obtain support?
________________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________________
_
(2m)
32
(e) Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Qs
stem.
(3m)
2.2
1
Appendicular skeleton consists of limbs of the body
(a)
[ 6 marks]
State the characteristic of a good posture when standing and lifting heavy object
from the floor.
[4 marks]
33
(b)
2.3
[10 marks]
2.
(a)
Plants do not have skeletons but some plants can grow to more than 10 metres
in height .Explain how support is achieved in woody plants.
(b)
Aquatic plants such as water hyacinths are able to float in water. Explain the
adaptation found in aquatic plants.
(c)
[4 marks]
[10 marks]
Creepers cannot support their own weight. Explain briefly, with examples, how
creepers obtain support .
[ 6 marks]
ANSWERS:
PART A: Activities Section
No
1
2
3
Suggested Answers
Locomotion refers to the ability of a whole organism to move from one place to
another
Movement refers to a change in the position of any part of an organisms body but
it does not necessarily involve locomotion
Exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton
1: Skeletal system
2: Joints
3: Muscular system
4: Appendicular
5: Tendon
6: Ligament
1. Name: Cervical Vertebrae
Have transverse foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass
2. Name: Thoracic Vertebrae
Have spinous processes that are long and serve as points of attachment for
muscles and ligaments
3. Name: Lumbar Vertebrae
Have large centrums which bear the weight of the lower back
4. Name: Sacrum
- Formed through fusion of 5 bones
8
9
10
11
34
35
circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes
thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles
relax. The earthworm becomes shorter and thicker. An earthworm has chaetae
which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled
towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contracon and relaxation of
both muscles produce a peristaltic wave which begins at the front and moves
towards the end of the body.
The locomotion of earthworm
A grasshopper has antagonistic muscles called the flexor and extensor muscles
which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a
grasshopper are adapted for jumping. When the flexor muscle in the upper part
of a grasshoppers leg contracts, the lower leg is pulled towards the body. When
the extensor muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, propelling the
grasshopper forward and upwards into the air.
The locomotion of fish
A fish has a streamlined and slimy body to reduce water resistance while
swimming. Each side of the fishs body has myotomes which are W-shaped
muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one
side contract, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating waves of
contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the
body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body sweep from side to
side, pushing the water backwards and the fish forwards.
PART B: Structured Item Section
1
36
37
Suggested Answers
scapula
tendon
triceps
biceps
humerus
ligament
radius
b
ulna
--When standing, the head, body and limbs should be in a vertical lines, with the vertebral
column nearly parallel to the vertical axis.
--When lifting heavy objects, squat with the arms extended out straight to the object but
with the head and body straight .
38
--As the objects is being lifted up ,the thorax and abdomen should be straight and upright .
- Birds fly either by flapping their wings or gliding.
- When the bird is moving its wing downwards, the pectoralis major which is large and
strong contracts.
- The air resistance produce as a result of moving the wings down provide on upthrust on
the wings.
- The thrust is transmitted from the wings to the coracoid until the sternum.
- As a result the whole body is lifted up.
- When gliding the wings act as an aerofoil.
- The flow of air above the wings is faster compare with the flow of air below the wing.
- This results in a low pressure on the upper surface and a higher pressure on lower
surface,
- hence an upward thrust is produced below the wings to lift the bird up into the air.
2a
- Schlerenchyma tissues has thick , lignified cellulose walls to give strength to the plant.
- Absence of wood tissues, so that aquatic plants are lighter.
- Lot of air sacs in leaves, stems and roots to keep plant afloat.
- Few vascular bundles concentrated in the middle of stem and root to prevent it from
breaking.
- It has aerenchyma tissue to keep the plant afloat.
- Leaves of submerged plants are fine and thin to enable the plant to bend and wave with
water currents.