DESIGN OF OFFSHORE PIPELINES

Shore Approach Design

Presentation Reference Number Here

Typical Offshore Field Development

Shore Crossing

Why Are Shore Approaches Challenging?

Environmental Conditions Most Severe
Often Complex Geology

Environmental Value Highest

Greatest Exposure to the Public
Survey, Construction and Inspection Access Difficult
In Most Cases No Reference Available

Common Failure Location

Shore Approach Design

Site Data Collection
Pipeline Shore Approach Routing Selection

Landfall Site Selection

Construction Method Definition
Pipeline Mechanical Design (Installation & Operation)
Pipeline Hydrodynamic Stability Design (Inst. & Op.)

Shoreline Environment Protection Design

Site Data Collection

Topographic and Bathymetric Surveys

Geophysical and Geotechnical Surveys and Studies
Metocean Data Collection Surveys and Studies
Weather Data Collection Surveys and Studies
Seismic Data Collection Surveys and Studies
Environmental Surveys and Studies (Flora & Fauna)
Cultural and Heritage Surveys and Studies
Land and Water Use (Ports, Shipping, Tourism, Etc)

Site Visit

Site Visit

Acquisition of Seabed Data

Bathymetry data
Top 3-5m of Seabed
Composition (Soil/Rock)
Engineering Properties

Acquisition Method
Geophysical Surveys (Seismic)
Geotechnical Surveys

Lead Line

Multi Beam Echo Sounder (MBE)

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

Water Depth Contour Lines

Geophysical Survey Systems

Side Scan Sonar
Shallow Seismic Reflection (Sub Bottom Profiler)
Seismic Refraction
Electric Resistivity

Side Scan Sonar

Side Scan Sonar

Seismic Refraction/Reflection

Geotechnical Techniques
Cone Penetration Tests
Vibro Coring
Drop Core/Piston Core
Rotary Coring
Laboratory Testing

Nearshore Core Sampling

Nearshore Core Sampling

Jack-Up Barge

Scenic Coastline

Populated Area / Coastal Erosion

Coastal Erosion

Severe Wave Climate

Perfect Beach?

Turtle Tracks

High Strength Igneous Rock

EXISTING
PIPELINES

EXISTING
SHIPPING
CHANNELS

EXISTING
DUMPING
GROUND

Pipeline Mechanical Design

Onshore (AS 2885) and Offshore (OS F101)
Standards

Wall Thickness, Corrosion Protection, Abrasion

Protection

Mechanical Protection (Human Activity, Shipping

Traffic, Fishing, Dredging)

Hydrodynamic Stability Design

Shoaling / Breaking Waves
Weight Coating Design (Balance btw Ease of
Installation and Need for Stability)

Design to Account for Scour and Liquefaction

Phenomena

Hydrodynamic Stability Design

Shoreline Environment Protection

Avoid Accelerated Erosion
Flora & Fauna Protection
Heritage Protection
Continuous Dialogue with Stakeholders

Dune Erosion

Shore Approach Construction

Open-Cut and Cover
Horizontal Directional Drilling
Tunnelling

Open-Cut and Cover

Pre-Lay Trenching
Pipeline Installation
Trench Backfill

Open-Cut and Cover

Open-Cut and Cover

Backhoe Dredge

Backhoe Dredge

Cutter Suction Dredge

Cutter Ladder

Cutter Head

Spuds

Cutter Suction Dredge

Trailer Suction Hopper Dredge

Trailer Suction Hopper Dredge

Drag Head (TSHD)

Onshore Excavation

Shore Pull

Tow-Out

Open-Cut and Cover

Conventional Method
All Ground Conditions
Requires Friendly Seastate
Relatively High Environmental and Social
Impact

Horizontal Directional Drilling

(HDD)

HDD

HDD Rig

HDD Spread

HDD
High Risk (if not well designed, prepared
and managed)

Relatively Low Environmental and Social

Impact

Up to 2 - 2.5 km length in Favourable

Site Conditions

Tunnelling
Vertical Shaft or Launching Pit
Construction

Exit Point Preparation

Tunnelling
Pipeline Installation

Tunnelling

Tunnelling

Tunnel Launching Shaft

Tunnelling
High Risk (if not well designed, prepared
and managed)

Relatively Low Environmental and Social

Impact

Up to several kms in Favourable Site

Conditions, however, diameter increases

with tunnel length

Tunnelling Risk