The following equation will calculate the temperature on one side of an isothermal constant

temperature multilayered plate or wall. The heat load (q) conducted through the layers as well as
the temperature on one side of the plate (T1) are required as well . For each layer the layer
thickness (ti) as well as the layer conductivity ki must be defined.

The temperature Tn is calculated as:

or

Where:
Tn
T1
q
ti

= Temperature oC
= Known surface temperature oC
= Heat flow (positive heat flow is from T1 to Tn)
= Thickness of each layer i (M)

ki = Thermal conductivity of layer i (W/m-oC)

HD = Surface area (H x D) the plate being considered M2
End surfaces of the plate are assumed adiabatic.
Positive values of heat (q) result in Tn being hotter than T1. Negative values of heat (q) result in
Tn being cooler than T1.
The following equation will calculate the temperature on one side of an isothermal constant
temperature multilayer cylinder. The heat load (q) conducted from the interior to the exterior
layers as well as the temperature of the interior wall (T0 or Tn) are required as well. For each
layer you must define the layer thickness (ti) as well as the layer conductivity ki.

or

Where:
Tn = Outer surface temperature oC
T0 = Inner surface temperature oC

q
ri
ri-1
ki
L

= Heat flow (positive heat flow is from T0 to Tn)

= Outer radius of the layer i , (Meters)
= Inner radius of the layer i, (Meters)
= Thermal conductivity of layer i, (W/m-oC)
= Length of the cylinder (Meters)

The end walls of the cylinder are assumed adiabatic. That is, only radial heat flow is accounted
for.
Positive values of heat (q) result in T0 being hotter than Tn. Negative values of heat (q) result in
T0 being cooler than Tn.
Conversions Factors for Thermal Conductivity Unit
MULTIPLY
by appropriate
Factor to
BtuIT h-1 ft- BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2
1
OBTAIN
F-1
F-1
1
12
BtuIT h-1 ft-1 F-1
-2
-1 -2
8.3333310
BtuIT in. h ft
1
F-1
0.999331
11.9920
BtuIT h-1 ft-1 F-1
BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 8.3277610-2
0.999331
F-1
calIT s-1 cm-1 C-1 2.4190910-2 2.90291 103
2.4174710-2 2.90096103
calth s-1 cm-1 C-1

BtuIT h-1 ft-1 BtuIT in. h-1 ft-2 calIT s-1 cm-1 calth s-1 cm-1
F-1
F-1
C-1
C-1
1.00067
12.0080
4.1337910-3 4.1365610-3
-2
8.3389110
3.4448210-4 3.4471310-4
1.00067
1
8.3333310-2

12

2.4207110-2
2.4190910-2

2.90485103
2.90291103

4.1310210-3 4.1337910-3
3.4425210-4 3.4448210-4
1

1.00067

0.999331

W m-1 K-1
1.16222
1102
1102
1
0.1

mW cm-1 K-1
11.6222
1103
1103
10
1

MULTIPLY
by appropriate
factor to OBTAIN
kcalth h-1 m-1 C-1
J s-1 cm-1 K-1
W cm-1 K-1
W m-1 K-1
mW cm-1 K-1

kcalth h-1 m-1 C-1

1
86.0421
86.0421
0.860421
8.6042110-2

J s-1 cm-1 K-1

1.1622210-2
1
1
110-2
110-3

W cm-1 K-1
1.1622210-2
1
1
110-2
110-3

This chart gives the thermal conductivity of gases as a function of temperature.

Unless otherwise noted, the values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) or to the saturation
vapor pressure if that is less than 100 kPa.

The notation P = 0 indicates the low pressure limiting value is given. In general, the P = 0 and P
= 100 kPa values differ by less than 1%.
Units: mW/m K ( milliwatts per meter kelvin).
MF
-

Name
Air

100 K 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K

9.4
18.4
26.2
33.3
39.7

600 K
45.7

Ar

Argon

6.2

12.4

17.9

22.6

26.8

30.6

BF3

Boron trifluoride

19.0

24.6

H2

Hydrogen (P = 0)

68.6

131.7

186.9

230.4

F6S

Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0)

13.0

20.6

27.5

33.8

H2O

Water

18.7

27.1

35.7

47.1

H2S

Hydrogen sulfide

14.6

20.5

26.4

32.4

NH3

Ammonia

24.4

37.4

51.6

66.8

He

Helium (P = 0)

75.5

119.3

156.7

190.6

222.3

252.4 8

Kr

Krypton (P = 0)

3.3

6.4

9.5

12.3

14.8

17.1

NO

Nitric oxide

17.8

25.9

33.1

39.6

46.2

N2

Nitrogen

9.8

18.7

26.0

32.3

38.3

44.0

N2O

Nitrous oxide

9.8

17.4

26.0

34.1

41.8

Ne

Neon (P = 0)

22.3

37.6

49.8

60.3

69.9

78.7

O2

Oxygen

9.3

18.4

26.3

33.7

41.0

48.1

O2S

Sulfur dioxide

9.6

14.3

20.0

25.6

Xe

Xenon (P = 0)

2.0

3.6

5.5

7.3

8.9

10.4

CCl2F2

Dichlorodifluoromethane

9.9

15.0

20.1

25.2

CF4

Tetrafluoromethane (P = 0)

16.0

24.1

32.2

39.9

CO

Carbon monoxide (P = 0)

25.0

32.3

39.2

45.7

CO2

Carbon dioxide

9.6

16.8

25.1

33.5

41.6

CHCl3

Trichloromethane

7.5

11.1

15.1

CH4

Methane

22.5

34.1

49.1

66.5

84.1

CH4O

Methanol

26.2

38.6

53.0

C2H2

Acetylene

21.4

33.3

45.4

56.8

C2H4

Ethylene

11.1

20.5

34.6

49.9

68.6

C2H6

Ethane

11.0

21.3

35.4

52.2

70.5

C2H6O

Ethanol

14.4

25.8

38.4

53.2

C3H6O

Acetone

11.5

20.2

30.6

42.7

C3H8

Propane

18.0

30.6

45.5

61.9

C4H10

Butane

16.4

28.4

43.0

59.1

C5H12

Pentane

14.4

24.9

37.8

52.7

C6H14

Hexane

23.4

35.4

48.7

This Table gives typical values of thermal several common commercial metals and alloys.
Values refer to ambient temperature (0 to 25C).
All values should be regarded as typical, since these properties are dependent on the particular
type of alloy, heat treatment, and other factors. Values for specific allots can vary widely.
Thermal Conductivity of Common Metals
Name
Ingot iron

Thermal Conductivity
W/cm K
0.7

AISI-SAE 1020

0.52

Stainless steel type 304

0.15

Cast gray iron

0.47

Hastelloy C

0.12

Inconel

0.15

Aluminum Pure

237

Aluminum alloy 3003, Rolled

1.9

Aluminum alloy 2014, Annealed

1.9

Aluminum alloy 360

9.8

Copper, electrolytic (ETP)

3.9

Yellow brass (high brass)

22.3

Aluminum bronze

0.7

Beryllium
Beryllium Copper 25

Thermal Conductivity
W/m K

218
1.20.8

Cupronickel 30%

0.3

Red brass, 85%

1.6

Brass

109

Antimonial lead (hard lead)

0.35

Solder 50-50

0.5

Magnesium alloy AZ31B

1.0

Lead

35.3

Silver

429

Monel

0.3

Gold

318

Nickel (commercial)

0.9

Cupronickel 55-45 (constantan)

0.2

Titanium (commercial)

1.8

Zinc (commercial)

1.1

Zirconium (commercial)

0.2

Cement

0.29

Epoxy (Silica-Filled)

0.30

Rubber

0.16

Epoxt (unfilled)

0.59

Thermal Grease

0.8 - 3

Thermal Epoxy

1-7

Glass

1.1

Soil

1.5

Sandstone

2.4

Diamond

900-2320

Asphalt

0.75

Balsa

0.048

Nickel Chrome Steel

16.4

Corian

1.06

Fiberglass

0.04

Granite

1.65 - 3.9

Styrofoam

0.032

Urethane foam

0.02

Iridium

147

Hardwoods (oak, maple..)

0.16

This table gives the thermal conductivity of some common liquids at temperatures between -25
and 100 C. All values are given in units of watts per meter kelvin (W/m K). Values refer to
nominal atmospheric pressure (about 100 kPa); when an entry is given at a temperature above
the normal boiling point of the substance, the pressure is understood to be the saturation vapor
pressure at that temperature.
Substances are arranged by molecular formula in the modified Hill order, with compounds not
containing carbon preceding those that do contain carbon.
The values for water, benzene, toluene, heptane, and dimethyl phthalate are particularly well
determined and can be used for calibration purposes.
Molecular Thermal conductivity in W/m K
MF
Cl 4 Si
H2 O
Hg
CCl 4
CS 2
CHCl 3
CH 2 Br 2
CH 4 O
C 2 Cl 4
C 2 HCl 3
C 2 H 3 Cl 3
C2H3N
C2H4O2
C 2 H 5 Cl
C 2 H 5 NO
C2H6O
C2H6O2
C 2 H 7 NO
C 3 H 5 ClO
C3H6O
C3H6O2
C 3 H 7 NO
C3H8O
C3H8O
C3H8O2
C3H8O3
C3H9N
C4H4O

Name
Silicon tetrachloride
Water
Mercury
Tetrachloromethane
Carbon disulfide
Trichloromethane
Dibromomethane
Methanol
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Acetonitrile
Acetic acid
Chloroethane
N -Methylformamide
Ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Ethanolamine
Epichlorohydrin
Acetone
Methyl acetate
N,N -Dimethylformamide
1-Propanol
2-Propanol
1,2-Propanediol
Glycerol
Trimethylamine
Furan

-25 C
7.25
0.127
0.120
0.214
0.133
0.208
0.145
0.142
0.174
0.162
0.146
0.143
0.142

0C
0.5610
7.77
0.104
0.154
0.122
0.114
0.207
0.117
0.124
0.106
0.198
0.132
0.176
0.256
0.137
0.169
0.164
0.158
0.141
0.202
0.133
0.134

25 C
0.099
0.6071
8.25
0.099
0.149
0.117
0.108
0.200
0.110
0.116
0.101
0.188
0.158
0.119
0.203
0.169
0.256
0.299
0.131
0.161
0.153
0.184
0.154
0.135
0.200
0.292
0.126

50 C
0.096
0.6435
8.68
0.093
0.112
0.103
0.193
0.104
0.108
0.096
0.178
0.153
0.106
0.201
0.162
0.256
0.286
0.125
0.143
0.178
0.149
0.129
0.199
0.295
-

75 C 100 C
0.6668 0.6791
9.07
9.43
0.088
0.107 0.102
0.097
0.097 0.091
0.100
0.168
0.149 0.144
0.093
0.199 0.196
0.256 0.256
0.274 0.261
0.119 0.114
0.133 0.122
0.171 0.165
0.145 0.141
0.124 0.118
0.198 0.197
0.297 0.300
-

C4H4S
C4H6
C4H8O
C 4H 8 O
C4H8O2
C4H8O2
C 4 H 10 O
C 4 H 10 O
C5H5N
C5H8
C 5 H 10
C 5 H 10
C 5 H 12
C 5 H 12 O
C 6 H 5 Cl

Thiophene
2-Butyne
2-Butanone
Tetrahydrofuran
1,4-Dioxane
Ethyl acetate
1-Butanol
Diethyl ether
Pyridine
Cyclopentene
1-Pentene
Cyclopentane
Pentane
1-Pentanol
Chlorobenzene

0.137
0.158
0.132
0.162
0.150
0.143
0.131
0.140
0.132
0.136

0.129
0.151
0.126
0.153
0.158
0.140
0.169
0.136
0.124
0.133
0.122
0.157
0.131

0.199
0.121
0.145
0.120
0.159
0.144
0.154
0.130
0.165
0.129
0.116
0.126
0.113
0.153
0.127

0.195
0.139
0.114
0.147
0.135
0.149
0.120
0.161
0.103
0.149
0.122

0.191
0.133
0.135
0.126
0.110
0.158
0.095
0.145
0.117

0.186
0.123
0.100
0.087
0.112