LIPIDS

Phospholipids
o PC
o PI 2nd messenger, poly-alcohol, sugar where the aldehyde has been
reduced to an alcohol, sole function is for cell function
o There are 4 types of lipids
Triglycerides 3FAs + 3-C backbone
Cholesterol LDL = bad (takes cholesterol to tissue), HDL = good
Membranes important to development and functionality of a cell
Cholesterol is the #1 cause of atherosclerosis

Genetic material = nucleic acids

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Bases interact via H bonding
Histones are the most negative protein we have (many amino groups)
Can you read DNA in multiple directions? NO. Just 1.
o DNA polymerase
o DNA polymerase
We cannot have uncontrolled expression of DNA bc we can end up with cancer
Promoters and transcription regulate RNA expression
Induced Fit model = within the protein there is an active site with which reactants interact
because of the shape, polarity, or other characteristics of the site. The interaction of the
reactants and enzymes causes th enzyme to change shape. The new position places the
substrate molecules into a position favorable to their reaction.
Competitive: a substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the
active site. The mimic displaces the substrate and revents the enzyme from catalyzing the
sutbrate
Noncomp = a substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a
location other than the active site (i.e. allosteric site). The inhiiot changes the shape of the
enzyme which disables its activity.

RNA vs. DNA

ribose vs. deoxyribose
uracil vs. thymine
single stranged vs. double stranded
What is a Gene? What is DNA?
A gene occupies a specific position on DNA.
Controls cell activity by providing instructions to make proteins.
Several different version of a gene may exist.
Genotype: the specific genetic information contained in DNA.
Phenotype: the observable characteristics of a specific gene.
DNA is composed of a helix with 2 antiparallel chains (weak H bonds)

Chains are made of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base and P group.
o DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, each of which consists of an nitrogen base,
5-C deoxyribose sugar, and one phosphate group
Nitrogen bases: A-T, G-C pairings hold the two chains together.
How is DNA made? Semi-conservative replication.
To make a new DNA chromosome, the two chains separate and each (old)
nucleotide on one chain pairs with a new nucleotide to make a new strand. Results
in 2 strands, each with 1 new and 1 old chain.
Ensures that theres a good copy in case theres a mistake.
How is RNA made? Transcription.
An mRNA strand is made alongside a DNA chain, except U replaces T.
Only transcribing the region of DNA that codes for the desired protein, not the
whole chromosome (quicker than replicating DNA).
How are PROTEINS made? Translation.
mRNA attaches to a ribosome, which translates every 3 nucleotides into an amino
acid. tRNA then brings the appropriate amino acid to the codon, and peptide bonds
form to make the amino acid chain.
Some amino acids have multiple codons, so the last nucleotide in a series can be
incorrect yet still translate into the right amino acid.
At the end of translation, the amino acid chain must be folded in a specific way so
that the protein will fit into its substrate and function properly.
How can a protein control cell activity?
As an enzyme, it may control chemical reactions.
As a hormone, it may control activities of other cells.
Where does everything take place?
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled. Translation can begin
while the mRNA is still being synthesized because there is no nucleus to separate
the two processes. Everything happens in cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes, replication and transcription happen in the nucleus, while
translation occurs in the cytoplasm.
Protein Structure
Tertiary
o H bonds between R groups of AAs
o Ionic bonds between R groups of AAs
o Disulfide bonds to maintain the folds of the AA chain
Quaternary protein assembled from 2+ peptide chains
o Ex. Hemoglobin (4 peptide chains + Fe)