Dcr-Is 1893

Seismic FORCE
ESTIMATION
IS 1893-2002
1893
1893-2002
The material contained in this lecture handout is a property of

Professors Sudhir K. Jain, C.V.R.Murty and Durgesh C. Rai of IIT Kanpur,
and is for the sole and exclusive use of the participants enrolled in the short
course on Seismic Design of RC Structures conducted at Ahmedabad during
Nov 26-30, 2012. It is not to be sold, reproduced or generally distributed.
Durgesh C. Rai
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur
1
Structure of Revised IS:1893

Since 1984:
More information
More experience
Detailed Provisions
Practical difficulties
IS 1893: From 2002 onwards

Part 1
Part 2
EQ Behaviour
is different!!
Part 3
Part 4
Part 5
:: General Provisions and Buildings

:: Liquid Retaining Tanks
Elevated/Ground Supported
:: Bridges and Retaining Walls
:: Industrial and Stack-like Structures
:: Dams and Embankments
IS:1893-2002

IS:1893 first published in 1962.

Revised in 1966, 1970, 1975, 1984, and now in
2002.
Beginning 2002, this code is being split into
several parts
What does IS:1893 Cover?

Specifies Seismic Design Force

Other seismic requirements for design, detailing
and construction are covered in other codes
So that revisions can take place more frequently!
Only Part 1 and 4 of the code has been

published.
e.g., IS:4326, IS:13920, ...
For an earthquake-resistant structure, one has

to follow IS:1893 together with seismic design
and detailing codes.
Coverage of Part 1
General Provisions

Major Changes
Applicable to all structures
Provisions on Buildings
To address the situation that other parts of the
code are not yet released, Note on page 2 of
the code says in the interim period, provisions of
Part 1 will be read along with the relevant
clauses of IS:1893-1984 for structures other
than buildings

This can be problematic.

For instance, what value of R to use for overhead
water tanks?
Zone Map

Zone Map (contd)
1962 and 1966 maps had seven zones (0 to VI)

In 1967, Koyna earthquake (M6.5, about 200
killed) occurred in zone I of 1966 map
In 1970 zone map revised:

Zones O and VI dropped; only five zones
Latur (1993) earthquake (mag. 6.2, about 8000

deaths) in zone I!
Revision of zone map in 2002 edition
Zone I has been merged upwards into zone II.
No change in map in 1975 and 1984 editions
Now only four zones: II, III, IV and V.
In the peninsular India, some parts of zone I

and zone II are now in zone III.
10
Zone Map (contd)
Zone Map (contd)
Notice the location of Allahabad and Varanasi in

the new zone map.
There is an error and the locations of these two
cities have been interchanged in the map.
Varanasi should be in zone III and Allahabad in
zone II.
11
Since the code has been revised after a very

long time (~18 years), there are many
significant changes.
Some of the philosophical changes are discussed
in Foreword of the code.

Also notice another error in the new zone map

Location of Calcutta has been shown incorrectly
in zone IV
Calcutta is in fact in zone III
Annex E of the code correctly lists Kolkata is in

zone III.
The Annex E of the code gives correct zones for

these two cities
12
Preface
Other Effects
It is clear that the code is meant for normal

structures, and
For special structures, site-specific seismic
design criteria should be evolved by the
specialists.

Read second para, page 3

Earthquakes can cause damage in a number of
ways. For instance:
Vibration of the structure: this induces inertia

force on the structure

13
14
Intensity versus Magnitude
Other Effects (contd)
The code generally addresses only the first

aspect: the inertia force on the structure.
The engineer may need to also address other
effects in certain cases.
It is important that you understand the

difference between Intensity and Magnitude
Magnitude tells

How strong was the vibration at a location

Depends on magnitude, distance, and local soil
and geology
Read more about magnitude and intensity at:

15
How big was the earthquake

How much energy was released by earthquake
Intensity tells
http://www.nicee.org/EQTips/EQTip03.pdf
16
Seismic Hazard

17
By inertia force, we mean mass times acceleration
Landslide triggered by earthquake

Liquefaction of the founding strata
Fire caused due to earthquake
Flood caused by earthquake
Shaking Intensity
Last para on page 3

The criterion for seismic zones remains same as
before
Zone
Area liable to shaking intensity
II
VI (and lower)
III
VII
IV
VIII
IX
Shaking intensity is commonly measured in

terms of Modified Mercalli scale or MSK scale.
There is a subtle change: Modified Mercalli

intensity is replaced by MSK intensity!
In practical terms, both scales are same. Hence,
it does not really matter.
See Annex. D of the code for MSK Intensity Scale
18
Zone Criterion
Our zone map is based on likely intensity.

It does not address the question: how often such

a shaking may take place. For example, say

Peak Ground Acceleration
Area A experiences max intensity VIII every 50 years,

Area B experiences max intensity VIII every 300 years
Both will be placed in zone IV, even though area A has
higher seismicity
Maximum acceleration response of a rigid

system (Zero Period Acceleration) is same as
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA).
Hence, for very low values of period,
acceleration spectrum tends to be equal to PGA.
Current trend world wide is to

We should be able to read the value of PGA

from an acceleration spectrum.
Specify the zones in terms of ground

acceleration that has a certain probability of
being exceeded in a given number of years.
19
20
Typical shape of acceleration spectrum
Peak Ground Acceleration (contd)
1.80
Average shape of acceleration response

spectrum for 5% damping (Fig. on next slide)
1.40
Ordinate at 0.1 to 0.3 sec ~ 2.5 times the PGA
There can be a stray peak in the ground motion;

i.e., unusually large peak.
1.60
Spectral Acceleration (g)
Such a peak does not affect most of the

response spectrum and needs to be ignored.
Effective Peak Ground Acceleration

(EPGA) defined as 0.40 times the spectral
acceleration in 0.1 to 0.3 sec range (cl. 3.11)
0.80
0.40
PGA = 0.6g
0.20
0.00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Per iod (sec)
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Typical shape of acceleration response spectrum

Spectral acceleration at zero period (T=0) gives PGA
Value at 0.1-0.3 sec is ~ 2.5 times PGA value
22
Earthquake Level
Earthquake Level (contd)
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE):

23
1.00
0.60
There are also other definitions of EPGA, but we

will not concern ourselves with those.
21
1.20
Largest reasonably conceivable earthquake

that appears possible along a recognized fault
(or within a tectonic province).
It is generally an upper bound of expected
magnitude.
Irrespective of return period of the earthquake
which may range from say 100 years to 10,000
years.
Usually evaluated based on geological
evidence
Other terms used in literature which are

somewhat similar to max credible EQ:

Max Possible Earthquake

Max Expectable Earthquake
Max Probable Earthquake
Max Considered Earthquake
24
Max Considered EQ (MCE)

Term also used in the International Building

Code 2000 (USA)
IS:1893
Corresponds to 2% probability of being

exceeded in 50 years (2,500 year return period)
10% probability of being exceeded in 100 years
(1,000 year return period)
For the same tectonic province, MCE based on

2,500 year return period will be larger than the
MCE based on 1,000 year return period
25
26
Design Basis EQ (DBE)

Design Basis EQ (DBE) (contd...)
This is the earthquake motion for which

structure is to be designed considering inherent
conservatism in the design process
UBC1997 and IBC2000:
Cl. 3.6 of the code (p. 8)

Earthquake that can reasonably be expected to

occur once during the design life of the structure

Corresponds to 10% probability of being

exceeded in 50 years (475 year return period)
27
What is reasonablenot made clear in our code.

Also, design life of different structures may be different.
28
MCE versus DBE

Modal Mass
IBC2000 provides for DBE as two-thirds of MCE

IS1893 provides for DBE as one-half of MCE
The factor 2 in denominator of eqn for Ah on p.14

accounts for this
See definition of Z on p.14 of the code
It is that mass of the structure which is effective

in one particular natural mode of vibration
Can be obtained from the equation in Cl. 7.8.4.5
for simple lumped mass systems

29
MCE motion as per Indian code does not

correspond to any specific probability of
occurrence or return period.
Uniform Building Code 1997 (USA)

Max Considered EQ (MCE) (contd...)
It requires one to know the mode shapes

One must perform dynamic analysis to obtain
mode shapes
Next slides to appreciate the physical

significance of Modal Mass
30
Example on Modal Mass

Three degrees of freedom system

Total mass of structure: 100,000kg
5% damping assumed in all modes
To be analyzed for the ground motion for which acceleration
response spectrum is given here.
First mode of vibration:

Period (T1)=0.6sec,
Modal Mass= 90,000kg
Spectral acceleration = 0.87g
Max Base shear contributed by first mode =
Maximum Acceleration, g
Example on Modal Mass (contd)
Obtained using first mode shape

Read from Response Spectrum for T=0.6sec
= (90,000kg)x(0.87x9.81m/sec2) = 768,000 N = 768 kN
Undamped Natural Period T (sec)

31
32
Modal Participation Factor (Cl.3.21)
Example on Modal Mass (contd...)
Second mode of vibration:

Period (T2)=0.2sec
Modal Mass=8,000kg
Spectral acceleration (for T1=0.2sec) = 0.80g
Max Base shear contributed by second mode =
=
(8,000kg)x(0.80x9.81m/sec2)
A term used in dynamic analysis.
Read the definition in Cl. 3.21
amplitudes of 95% mode shapes should be read as

amplitude of mode shapes
34
Seismic Weight (Cl.3.29)

Seismic Mass (Cl.3.28)
It is the total weight of the building plus that

part of the service load which may reasonably
be expected to be attached to the building at
the time of earthquake shaking.
It includes permanent and movable partitions,

permanent equipment, etc.
It includes a part of the live load
It is seismic weight divided by acceleration due

to gravity
That is, it is in units of mass (kg) rather than in
the units of weight (N, or kN)
In working on dynamics related problems, one
should be careful between mass and weight.
Buildings designed for storage purposes are

likely to have larger percent of service load
present at the time of shaking.
35
There seems to be a typographical error.

= 62,800 N = 62.8 kN
33
More later
Mass times gravity is weight

1 kg mass is equal to 9.81N (=1x9.81) weight
Notice the values in Table 8

36
Centre of Stiffness
Cl. 4.5 defines Centre of Stiffness as The point
through which the resultant of the restoring

forces of a system acts.
Section 4
Terminology on Buildings
It should be defined as:

37
38
Centre of Rigidity
Eccentricity
In cl. 4.21, while defining static eccentricity,

Centre of Rigidity is used.
Both Centre of Stiffness (CS) and Centre of
Rigidity (CR) are the same terms for our
purposes!
Cl. 4.21 defines Static Eccentricity.

Experts will tell you that there are subtle

differences between these two terms. But that is
not important from our view point.
This is the calculated distance between the

Centre of Mass and the Centre of Stiffness.
Under dynamic condition, the effect of

eccentricity is higher than that under static
eccentricity.
It would have been better if the code had used

either stiffness or rigidity throughout
39
Hence, a dynamic amplification is to be applied

to the static eccentricity before it can be used in
design.
40
Dual System
Eccentricity (contd)
An accidental eccentricity is also considered

because:
The computation of eccentricity is only

approximate.
During the service life of the building, there could
be changes in its use which may change centre
of mass.
Consider buildings with shear walls and moment

resisting frames.
In 1984 version of the code, Table 5 (p. 24)
implied that the frame should be designed to
take at least 25% of the total design seismic
loads.
Design eccentricity (cl.4.6) is obtained from

static eccentricity by accounting for (cl.7.9.2)

41
If the building undergoes pure translation in the

horizontal direction (that is, no rotation or twist or
torsion about vertical axis), the point through
which the resultant of the restoring forces acts is
the Centre of Stiffness
Dynamic amplification, and

Accidental eccentricity
42
Dual System (contd)
Dual System (contd)
In the new code several choices are available to

the designer:
When conditions of Cl. 4.9 are met: dual system.

Example 1: Analysis indicates that frames are taking 30% of

total seismic load while 70% loads go to shear walls. Frames
and walls will be designed for these forces and the system
will be termed as dual system.
Example 2: Analysis indicates that frames are taking 10%
and walls take 90% of the total seismic load. To qualify for
dual system, design the walls for 90% of total load, but
design the frames to resist 25% of total seismic load
43
Frames are not designed to resist seismic loads. The entire

load is assumed to be carried by the shear walls. In Example
2 above, the shear walls will be designed for 100% of total
seismic loads, and the frames will be treated as gravity
frames (i.e., it is assumed that frames carry no seismic
loads)
Frames and walls are designed for the forces obtained from
analysis, and the frames happen to carry less than 25% of
total load. In Example 2 above, the frames will be designed
for 10% while walls will be designed for 90% of total seismic
loads.
44
Moment Resisting Frame
Dual System (contd)
Clearly, the dual systems are better and are

designed for lower value of design force.
See Table 7 (p. 23) of the code. There is different
value of response reduction factor (R) for the
dual systems.
Cl. 4.15 defines Ordinary and Special Moment

Resisting Frames.
Ductile structures perform much better during
earthquakes.
45
Hence, ductile structures are designed for lower

seismic forces than non-ductile structures. For
example, compare the R values in Table 7
IS:13920-1993 provides provisions on ductile

detailing of RC structures.
IS: 800-2007 does have seismic design
provisions for some framing systems.
46
Number of Storeys (Cl.4.16)

Number of Storeys (contd)

When basement walls are connected with the

floor deck or fitted between the building
columns, the basement storeys are not included
in number of storeys.
Definition of number of storeys

This is because in that event, the seismic loads

from upper parts of the building get transferred
to the basement walls and then to the
foundation. That is,
47
Conditions of Cl. 4.9 are not met. Here, two

possibilities exist (see Footnote 4 in Table 7, p. 23):
In new code, Cl. 7.6 requires height of building.

Columns in the basement storey will have insignificant

seismic loads, and
Basement walls act as part of the foundation.
Was relevant in 1984 version of the code wherein

natural period (T) was calculated as 0.1n.
In the current code, it is not relevant
See the definition of h (building height) in Cl. 7.6
Compare it with definition in Cl. 4.11.
Clearly, the definition of Cl. 7.6 is more
appropriate.
The definition of Cl. 4.11 needs revision
48
Soft Story

Soft Storey (contd)

Cl. 4.20 defines Soft Storey

Sl. No. 1 in Table 5 (p. 18) defines Soft Storey
and Extreme Soft Storey
In Bhuj earthquake of January 2001, numerous
soft storey buildings collapsed.
There is not much of a difference between soft

storey and extreme soft storey buildings as
defined in the code, and the latter definition is
not warranted.
Hence, the term Extreme Soft Storey and cl. 7.10

(Buildings with Soft Storey) were added hurriedly
after the earthquake.
49
50
Weak Storey
Weak Storey (contd)
Note that the stiffness and strength are two

different things.

Stiffness: Force needed to cause a unit

displacement. It is given by slope of the forcedisplacement relationship.
Strength: Maximum force that the system can
take
51
Soft storey refers to stiffness

Weak storey refers to strength
Usually, a soft storey may also be a weak
storey
52
Storey Drift
Definition of Vroof
Storey Drift defined in cl. 4.23 of the Code.

53
Most Indian buildings will be soft storey as per this definition

simply because the ground storey height is usually different
from that in the upper storeys.
Hence, the definition of soft storey needs a review.
We should allow more variation between stiffness of adjacent
storeys before terming a building as a soft storey building
The code does not have enough specifications on
computation of lateral stiffness and this undermines the
definition of soft storey and extreme soft storey.
Storey drift not to exceed 0.004 times the storey

height.
On p. 11, it is defined as peak storey shear

force at the roof due to all modes considered.
It is better to define it as peak storey shear in the

top storey due to all modes considered.
54
General Principles and Design Criteria (Section 6)

Four main sub-sections

Cl. 6.1: General Principles

Cl. 6.2: Assumptions
Cl. 6.3: Load Combination and Increase in
Permissible Stresses
Cl. 6.4: Design Spectrum
Section 6.1: General Principles

IS:1893-2002(Part I)
55
56
Ground Motion (cl. 6.1.1)

Ground Motion Contd
Usually, the vertical motion is weaker than the

horizontal motion
On average, peak vertical acceleration is onehalf to two-thirds of the peak horizontal
acceleration.
Cl. 6.4.5 of 2002 code specifies it as two-thirds
57
58
Ground Motion Contd
Ground Motion Contd
Example: A roof accelerating up and down by

0.20g.
59
All structures experience a constant vertical

acceleration (downward) equal to gravity (g) at
all times.
Hence, the vertical acceleration during ground
shaking can be just added or subtracted to the
gravity (depending on the direction at that
instant).
Implies that it is experiencing acceleration in the

range 1.20g to 0.80g (in place of 1.0g that it
would experience without earthquake.)
Main concern is safety for horizontal

acceleration.
Para 2 in cl. 6.1.1 (p. 12) lists certain cases
where vertical motion can be important, e.g.,
Factor of safety for gravity loads (e.g., dead and

live loads) is usually sufficient to cover the
earthquake induced vertical acceleration

Large span structures

Cantilever members
Prestressed horizontal members
Structures where stability is an issue
60
10
Design Lateral Force
Effects other than shaking
Philosophy of Earthquake-Resistant Design

Ground shaking can affect the safety of

structure in a number of ways:

First calculate maximum elastic seismic forces

Then reduce to account for ductility and overstrength
Shaking induces inertia force

Soil may liquefy
Sliding failure of founding strata may take place
Fire or flood may be caused as secondary effect
of the earthquake.
Lateral Force
H,
Maximum
Elastic Force
Elastic
Elastic Force
reduced by R
Cl. 6.1.2 cautions against situations where

founding soil may liquefy or settle: such cases
are not covered by the code and engineer has
to deal with these separately.
61
Actual
Design Force
62
Earthquake Design Principle

Clause 6.1.3
The criteria is:

Minor (and frequent) earthquakes should not

cause damage
Moderate earthquakes should not cause
significant structural damage (but could have
some non-structural damage)
Major (and infrequent) earthquakes should not
cause collapse
63
Para 1 of this clause implies that Design Basis

Earthquake (DBE) relates to the moderate
shaking and Maximum Considered Earthquake
(MCE) relates to the strong shaking.
Indian code is quite empirical on the issue of
DBE and MCE levels.
Hence, this clause is to be taken only as an
indicator of the concept.
64
Seismic Design Principle

Overstrength
A well designed structure can withstand a

horizontal force several times the design force
due to:

The structure yields at load higher than the

design load due to:
Partial Safety Factors

Overstrength
Redundancy
Ductility

Partial safety factor on seismic loads

Partial safety factor on gravity loads
Partial safety factor on materials
Material Properties
65
Lateral
Deflection
Member size or reinforcement larger than required

Strain hardening in materials
Confinement of concrete improves its strength
Higher material strength under cyclic loads
Strength contribution of non-structural elements

Special ductile detailing adds to strength also
66
11
Redundancy
Ductility
Yielding at one location in the structure does not

imply yielding of the structure as a whole.
Load distribution in redundant structures
provides additional safety margin.
Sometimes, the additional margin due to
redundancy is considered within the
overstrength term.
67
As the structure yields, two things happen:

There is more energy dissipation in the structure

due to hysteresis
The structure becomes softer and its natural
period increases: implies lower seismic force to
be resisted by the structure
Higher ductility implies that the structure can

withstand stronger shaking without collapse
68
Response Reduction Factor
Overstrength, redundancy, and ductility

together lead to the fact that an earthquake
resistant structure can be designed for much
lower force than is implied by a strong shaking.
The combined effect of overstrength,
redundancy and ductility is expressed in terms
of Response Reduction Factor (R)
Maximum force
if structure remains elastic Fel
Linear Elastic
Response
Total Horizontal Load
Total
Horizontal
Load
Maximum
Load Capacity Fy
Load at
First Yield Fs
Due to
Ductility
Non linear
Response
Due to
Redundancy
First
Significant
Yield
Due to
Overstrength
Design force Fdes
Figure: Courtesy
Dr. C V R Murty
max
Roof Displacement ()
Response Reduction Factor =

69
70
Para 2 and 3 of Cl. 6.1.3.

Para 2 and 3 of Cl. 6.1.3 Contd
Imply that the earthquake resistant structures

should generally be ductile.
IS:13920-1993 gives ductile detailing
requirements for RC structures.
Ductile detailing provisions for some steel
framing systems are available in IS:800-2007.
However, it is advisable to refer to international

codes/literature for ductile detailing of steel
structures.
As of now, ductile detailing provisions for

precast structures and for prestressed concrete
structures are not available in Indian codes.
In the past earthquakes, precast structures have
shown very poor performance during
earthquakes.
71
Maximum Elastic Force (Fel )

Design Force (F des)
The connections between different parts have

been problem areas.
Connections in precast structures in high seismic
regions require special attention.
72
12
Past Performance
Para 4 of Cl. 6.1.3
The performance of flat plate structures also has

been very poor in the past earthquakes.
For example, in the Northridge (California)

earthquake of 1994.
Additional punching shear stress due to lateral
loads are serious concern.
This is an important clause for moderate seismic

regions.
The design seismic force provided in the code is
a reduced force considering the overstrength,
redundancy, and ductility.
73
74
Soil Structure Interaction (Cl. 6.1.4)

Soil Structure Interaction (Cl. 6.1.4) Contd
If there is no structure, motion of the ground

surface is termed as Free Field Ground Motion
Normal practice is to apply the free field motion
to the structure base assuming that the base is
fixed.

Presence of structure modifies the free field

motion since the soil and the structure interact.
This is valid for structures located on rock sites.

For soft soil sites, this may not always be a good
assumption.
75
Hence, foundation of the structure experiences

a motion different from the free field ground
motion.
The difference between the two motions is
accounted for by Soil Structure Interaction (SSI)
SSI is not the same as Site Effects

Site Effect refers to the fact that free field motion

at a site due to a given earthquake depends on
the properties and geological features of the
subsurface soils also.
76
Direction of Ground Motion (Cl. 6.1.5)
SSI Contd
Consideration of SSI generally

77
Hence, even when design wind force exceeds

design seismic force, one needs to comply with
the seismic requirements on design, detailing
and construction.
Decreases lateral seismic forces on the structure

Increases lateral displacements
Increases secondary forces associated with Pdelta effect.
During earthquake shaking, ground shakes in all

possible directions.
For ordinary buildings, one usually ignores SSI.

NEHRP Provisions provide a simple procedure to
account for soil-structure interaction in buildings
Direction of resultant shaking changes from

instant to instant.
Basic requirement is that the structure should

be able to withstand maximum ground motion
occurring in any direction.
For most structures, main concern is for horizontal

vibrations rather than vertical vibrations.
78
13
Direction of Ground Motion (Cl. 6.1.5) (contd)

One does not expect the peak ground

acceleration to occur at the same instant in two
perpendicular horizontal directions.
Hence for design, maximum seismic force is not
applied in the two horizontal directions
simultaneously.
If the walls or frames are oriented in two
orthogonal (perpendicular) directions:
Building Plans with Orthogonal Systems
It is sufficient to consider ground motion in the

two directions one at a time.
Else, Cl. 6.3.2: will come back to this later.
79
80
Floor Response Spectrum (Cl. 6.1.6)

Equipment located on a floor needs to be

designed for the motion experienced by the
floor.
Hence, the procedure for equipment will be:

walls
Analyze the building for the ground motion.

Obtain response of the floor.
Express the floor response in terms of spectrum
(termed as Floor Response Spectrum)
Design the equipment and its connections with
the floor as per Floor Response Spectrum.
Building Plans with Non-Orthogonal Systems

81
82


Sections 6.2 and 6.3

IS:1893-2002(Part I)
83

This lecture covers sub-sections: Cl. 6.2 and Cl.

6.3
84
14
Cl.6.2 Assumptions
Mexico Earthquake of 1985
Same as in the 1984 edition, except the Note

after Assumption a)
There have been instances such as the Mexico
earthquake of 1985 which have necessitated
this note.

Earthquake occurred 400 km from Mexico City

Great variation in damages in Mexico City

Ground motion records from two sites:

85
Some parts had very strong shaking

In some parts of city, motion was hardly felt
UNAM site: Foothill Zone with 3-5m of basaltic
rock underlain by softer strata
SCT site: soft soils of the Lake Zone
86
Mexico Earthquake of 1985 (contd)
Mexico Earthquake of 1985 (contd)
PGA at SCT site about 5 times higher than that at UNAM

site
Epicentral distance is same at both locations
Extremely soft soils in Lake Zone amplified weak

long-period waves
Natural period of soft clay layers happened to

be close to the dominant period of incident
seismic waves
This lead to resonance-like conditions
Buildings between 7 and 18 storeys suffered

extensive damage
Natural period of such buildings close to the

period of seismic waves.
Time (sec)
Figure from Kramer, 1996
87
88
Assumption b)

A strong earthquake takes place infrequently.

A strong wind also takes place infrequently.
Hence, the possibility of strong wind and strong
ground shaking taking place simultaneously is
very very low.
It is common to assume that strong earthquake
shaking and strong wind will not occur
simultaneously.
89
Assumption c) on Modulus of Elasticity

Modulus of elasticity of materials such as

concrete, masonry and soil is difficult to specify
Its value depends on

Stress level
Loading condition (static versus dynamic)
Material strength
Age of material, etc
Same with strong earthquake shaking and

maximum flood.
90
15
Cl.6.3 Load Combinations and Increase in

Loads and Stresses

Loads
EQ forces not to occur simultaneously with
maximum flood, wind or wave loads
Direction of forces
One horizontal + Vertical
Two horizontal + Vertical
Cl.6.3.1.1 gives load combinations for Plastic

Design of Steel Structures

Cl.6.3.1.2 gives load combinations for Limit

State Design for RC and Prestressed Concrete
Structures
91
Same as in IS:456-2000 (RC structures) and

IS:1343-1980 (Prestressed structures) with one
difference
92
Load Combination 0.9DL 1.5EL
Load Combinations in Cl.6.3.1.2

Compare combinations of this clause with those

in Table 18 (p.68) of IS:456-2000
Combination 0.9DL 1.5EL

The way this combination is written in IS:456, the

footnote creates an impression that it is not
always needed.
It has been noticed that many designers do not routinely

consider this combination because of the way it is written.

93
94
Direction of Earthquake Loading

In such situations, a load factor higher than 1.0

on gravity loads will be unconservative.
Hence, a load factor of 0.9 specified on gravity
loads in the combination 4)
Many designs of footings, columns, and positive

steel in beams at the ends in frame structures
are governed by this load combination
Hence, this combination has been made very
specific in IS:1893-2002.
Direction of Earthquake Loading (contd)
During earthquake, ground moves in all

directions; the resultant direction changes every
instant.
Ground motion can resolved in two horizontal
and one vertical direction.
Structure should be able to withstand ground
motion in any direction
Two horizontal components of ground motion
tend to be comparable
Horizontal loads are reversible in direction.

In many situations, design is governed by effect
of horizontal load minus effect of gravity loads.
95
Same as in IS:800-1978
More load combinations in IS:800-2007
Vertical component is usually smaller than the

horizontal motion
Except in the epicentral region where vertical

motion can be comparable (or even stronger) to
the horizontal motion
As discussed earlier, generally, most ordinary

structures do not require analysis for vertical
ground motion.
Say, the epicentre is to the north of a site.

Ground motion at site in the north-south and
east-west directions will still be comparable.
96
16
Direction of Horizontal Ground Motion in Design

(Cl.6.3.2.1)
Cl.6.3.2.1 (contd)
Consider a building in which horizontal (also

termed as lateral) load is resisted by frames or
walls oriented in two perpendicular directions,
say X and Y.
One must consider design ground motion to act
in X-direction, and in Y-direction, separately
That is, one does not assume that the design
motion in X is acting simultaneously with the
design motion in the Y-direction
97
If at a given instant, motion is in any direction

other than X or Y, one can resolve it into X- and
Y-components, and the building will still be safe
if it is designed for X- and Y- motions,
separately.
Minor typo in this clause: direction at time
should be replaced by direction at a time
98
Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2)
Load Combinations for Orthogonal System

Load EL implies Earthquake Load in +X, -X, +Y, and Y,

directions.
Thus, an RC building with orthogonal system therefore
needs to be designed for the following 13 load cases:

1.5 (DL+LL)
1.2 (DL+LL+ELx)
1.2 (DL+LL-ELx)
1.2 (DL+LL+ELy)
1.2 (DL+LL-ELy)
1.5 (DL+ELx)
1.5 (DL-ELx)
1.5 (DL+ELy)
1.5 (DL-ELy)
0.9DL +1.5ELx
0.9DL-1.5ELx
0.9DL+1.5ELy
0.9DL-1.5ELy
ELx = Design EQ load in X-direction

ELy = Design EQ load in Y-direction
99
When the lateral load resisting elements are

NOT oriented along two perpendicular directions
In such a case, design for X- and Y-direction
loads acting separately will be unconservative
for elements not oriented along X- and Ydirections.
100
Load Combinations
Combinations
Load Combinations
Combinations
Problem
Lateral force resisting system

non-parallel in two plan directions
Consider design based on one direction at a time
ELx
ELy
0.8
V 0.6
Force effective along 0.4
direction of inclined 0.2
element
0
ELx
x
15 30 45 60 75 90
Orientation of inclined element with respect to x-axis
101
ELy
Elements at 450 orientation designed only for 70%

of lateral force
102
17
Load Combinations
Combinations
Non-Orthogonal Systems (Cl.6.3.2.2) (contd)
Solution :: Try (100%+30%) together

A lateral load resisting element (frame or wall) is

most critical when loading is in direction of the
element.
It may be too tedious to apply lateral loads in
each of the directions in which the elements are
oriented.
For such cases, the building may be designed
for:
ELx
x
0.3ELy
y
0.3ELx
x
100% design load in X-direction and 30% design

load in Y-direction, acting simultaneously
100% design load in Y-direction and 30% design
load in X-direction, acting simultaneously
103
ELy
104
Note that directions of earthquake forces are reversible. Hence, all

combinations of directions are to be considered.
Load Combinations
Combinations
Justification :: Say ELx = ELy = V

Thus, EL now implies eight possibilities:

+(Elx + 0.3ELy)
+(Elx - 0.3ELy)
-(Elx + 0.3ELy)
-(Elx - 0.3ELy)
+(0.3ELx + Ely)
+(0.3ELx - ELy)
-(0.3ELx + ELy)
-(0.3ELx - ELy)
Vcos
V*=Vcos + 0.3Vsin
0.3Vsin
0.3V
1.5
V*
ELx+0.3ELy
0.3ELx+ELy
0.5
0
0
105

30
45
60
75
90
Therefore, one must consider 25 load cases:
1.5 (DL+LL)
1.2[DL+LL+(ELx+0.3ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL+(ELx-0.3ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL-(ELx+0.3ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL-(ELx-0.3ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL+(0.3ELx+ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL+(0.3ELx-ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL-(0.3ELx+ELy)]
1.2[DL+LL-(0.3ELx-ELy)]
107
15
106
1.5[DL+(ELx+0.3ELy)]
1.5[DL+(ELx-0.3ELy)]
1.5[DL-(ELx+0.3ELy)]
1.5[DL-(ELx-0.3ELy)]
1.5[DL+(0.3ELx+ELy)]
1.5[DL+(0.3ELx-ELy)]
Note that the design lateral load for a building in

the X-direction may be different from that in the
Y-direction
Some codes use 40% in place of 30%.
1.5[DL-(0.3ELx+ELy)]
1.5[DL-(0.3ELx-ELy)]
0.9DL+1.5(ELx+0.3ELy)]
0.9DL+1.5(ELx-0.3ELy)]
0.9DL-1.5(ELx+0.3ELy)]
0.9DL-1.5(ELx-0.3ELy)]
0.9DL+1.5(0.3ELx+ELy)]
0.9DL+1.5(0.3ELx-ELy)]
0.9DL-1.5(0.3ELx+ELy)]
0.9DL-1.5(0.3ELx-ELy)]
108
18
Cl.6.3.4.1
Cl.6.3.4.2
In complex structures such as a nuclear reactor

building, one may have very complex structural
systems.
Need for considering earthquake motion in all
three directions as per 100%+30% rule.

In place of 100%+30% rule, one may take for

design force resultants as per square root of
sum of squares in the two (or, three) directions
of ground motion
EL = (ELx)2 + ( ELy)2 + (ELz)2
Now, EQ load means the following 24

combinations:
Elx 0.3ELy 0.3ELz

Ely 0.3ELx 0.3ELz
Elz 0.3ELx 0.3ELy
Hence, EL now means 24 combinations

A total of 73 load cases for RC structures!
109
110
Typographical Errors in Table 1
Increase in Permissible Stresses: Cl.6.3.5.1

Applicable for Working Stress Design

Permits the designer to increase allowable
stresses in materials by 33% for seismic load
cases.
Some constraints on 33% increase for steel and
for tensile stress in prestressed concrete beams.
The Table within Table 1, giving values of

desirable minimum values of N.
Note 1 is also repeated within Note 4.

111
Hence, Note 1 should be dropped.
112
Second Para of Cl.6.3.5.2

Liquefaction Potential
It points out that in case of loose or medium

dense saturated soils, liquefaction may take
place.
Sites vulnerable to liquefaction require

113
This Table pertains to Note 3 and hence should

be placed between Notes 3 and 4 (and not
between Notes 4 and 5 as printed currently)
Caption of first column in this sub-table should
read Seismic Zone and not Seismic Zone level
(in metres)
Caption of second column in this sub-table
should read Depth Below Ground Level (in
metres) and not Depth Below Ground
Liquefaction potential analysis.

Remedial measures to prevent liquefaction.
Else, deep piles are designed assuming that soil
layers liable to liquefy will not provide lateral
support to the pile during ground shaking.
Information given in cl.6.3.5.2 and Table 1 on

Liquefaction Potential is very primitive:
Note to Cl.6.3.5.2 encourages the engineer to
refer to specialist literature for determining
liquefaction potential analysis.
It is common these days to use SPT or CPT
results for detailed calculations on liquefaction
potential analysis.
114
19


Lecture 2


This lecture covers sub-section 6.4.
Sections 6.4
IS:1893-2002(Part I)
115
116
Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum

Consider the Acceleration Response Spectrum

Notice the region of red circle marked: a slight
change in natural period can lead to large
variation in maximum acceleration
Spectral Acceleration, g
Response Spectrum versus Design Spectrum (contd)
Natural period of a civil engineering structure

cannot be calculated precisely
Design specification should not very sensitive to
a small change in natural period.
Hence, design spectrum is a smooth or average
shape without local peaks and valleys you see in
the response spectrum
Undamped Natural Period T (sec)
117
118
Design Spectrum
Since some damage is expected and accepted in

the structure during strong shaking, design
spectrum is developed considering the
overstrength, redundancy, and ductility in the
structure.
The site may be prone to shaking from large but
distant earthquakes as well as from medium but
nearby earthquakes: design spectrum may
account for these as well.
Spectral Acceleration, g
Design Spectrum (contd)
Natural vibration period Tn, sec
See Fig. next slide.
Fig. from Dynamics of Structures by Chopra, 2001

119
120
20


Design Spectrum is a design specification

It must take into account any issues that have
bearing on seismic safety.
Design Spectrum must be accompanied by:

Load factors or permissible stresses that must be

used
Damping to be used in design

Design force can be lowered if structure has higher ductility.
122
Design SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Design Lateral Force

Force
Design Horizontal Acceleration Spectrum
Two methods of estimation of

design seismic lateral force
Maximum
Elastic
Acceleration
Seismic Coefficient Method

Response Spectrum Method
Z a (T ) I
g
Ah (T ) =
2R
In both methods
Seismic Design Force Fd = Fe /R = A W
A = Design acceleration value
W = Seismic weight of structure
123
Reduction to account
for ductility and
overstrength
124
Seismic zone factor
Design SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM
Seismic Zone Factor

Seismic
Zone
Z
II
0.10
Relative Values Consistent

III
IV
0.16 0.24 0.36
II
0.10
III
IV
0.16 0.24 0.36

1.5
Factor of 2 in Ah for reducing

PGA for MCE
to
PGA for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)
PGA
Time
PGA
(ZPA::
Zero Period Acceleration)0
Seismic Zone
1.6
Spectral Acceleration
Acceleration
1.5
Reflects Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)

of the region during
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE)
125
Depending on modeling assumptions, one can get different

values of natural period.
Type of detailing for ductility

121
Variation in the value of damping used will affect the design

force.
Method of calculation of natural period

Different choice of load factors will give different seismic

safety to the structure
Natural
Period
126
(Earthquake which can be reasonably expected to occur

at least once during the lifetime of structures)
21
Importance factor
Importance factor I
Soil Effect
Degree of conservatism
Willing to pay more for assuring essential services
Domino effect of disaster
Important & community buildings
Recorded earthquake motions show that

response spectrum shape differs for different
type of soil profile at the site
S.No. Building
I
1
Important, Community & Lifeline Buildings 1.5
2
All Others
1.0
Can use higher value of I
Buildings not mentioned can be designed for higher value of I
depending on economy and strategic considerations
Temporary (short term) structures exempted from I
Fig. from
Geotechnical
Earthquake
Engineering, by
Kramer, 1996
Period (sec)
127
128
Soil Effect (contd)
Soil Effect (contd)
This variation in ground motion characteristic for

different sites is now accounted for through different
shapes of response spectrum for three types of sites.
Spectral Acceleration Coefficient (Sa /g)

Fig. from
IS:1893-2002
Design Spectrum depends on Type I, II, and III

soils
Type I, II, III soils are indirectly defined in
Table 1 of the code.
See Note 4 of Table 1: The value of N is to be
taken at the founding level.
What is the founding level of a pile or a well
foundation?
This is left open in the code.
Period(s)
129
130
Shape of Design Spectrum
Soil Effect (contd)
The International Building Code (IBC2000)

classifies the soil type based on weighted
average (in top 30m) of:

131
Soil Shear Wave Velocity, or

Standard Penetration Resistance, or
Soil Undrained Shear Strength
I feel our criteria should also use the average

properties in the top 30m rather than just at the
founding level.
The three curves in Fig. 2 have been drawn

based on general trends of average response
spectra shapes.
In recent years, the US codes (UBC, NEHRP and
IBC) have provided more sophistication wherein
the shape of design spectrum varies from area
to area depending on the ground motion
characteristics expected.
132
22

As discussed earlier, the structure is allowed to be

damaged in case of severe shaking.
Hence, structure is designed for seismic force much less
than what is expected under strong shaking if the
structure were to remain linear elastic
Earlier code just provided the required design force
Response Reduction Factor (contd)

For buildings, Table 7 gives values of R

For other structures, value of R is to be given in
the respective parts of code
It gave no direct indication that the real force may be

much larger
Now, the code provides for realistic force for elastic

structure and then divides that force by (2R)
This gives the designer a more realistic picture of the

design philosophy.
133
134
Response Reduction Factor (R) (contd)

Study Table 7 very carefully including all the footnotes.

We have already discussed terms: Dual systems, OMRF,
and SMRF
Notes 4 and 8 were covered earlier when we discussed

Dual systems.

The values of R were decided based on engineering

judgment.
Note 6 prohibits ordinary RC shear walls in

zones IV and V.
The effort was that design force on SMRF as per new

provisions should be about the same as that in the old
code.
For other building systems, lower values of R were
specified.
It is hoped that with time, these values will be refined
based on detailed research.
As per IS:13920, all structures in zones III, IV

and V should comply with ductile detailing (as
per IS:13920). Hence, Ord. RC shear walls
prohibited in zones III also.
135
This needs to be corrected in the code.
136

Response Reduction Factor (contd)
Moreover, there are a number of other systems

that are prohibited in high zones and those are
not listed in this table. For instance,
Note the definition of R on page 14 contains the

statement:
However, the ratio (I/R) shall not be greater than
1.0 (Table 7)
OMRFs are also not allowed in zones III, IV and V

as per IS:13920.
Load bearing masonry buildings are required to
have seismic strengthening (lintel bands, vertical
bars) in high zones as per IS:4326.
This statement should not be there.

It would be better for this table to drop Note 6.

137
Such a note is not there for OMRF.

This confuses people and they take it to mean
that the code allows Ordinary Moment Resisting
Frames in zones IV and V.
For buildings, I never exceeds 1.5 and the lowest

value of R is 1.5 in Table 7
In its place, there could be a general note that

some of the above systems are not allowed in
high seismic zones as per IS:4326 or IS:13920.
Thus, this statement does not kick in for buildings
For other structures, there are situations where

(I/R) will need to exceed 1.0
For instance, for bearings of important bridges.
138
23
Design Spectrum for Stiff Structures
R values can be taken as for Dual Systems,

only if both conditions below are satisfied
Shear walls and MRFs are designed to resist VB in

proportion to their stiffness considering their
interaction at all floor levels
MRFs are designed to independently resist at least
25% of VB
Design spectrum assumes peak

extends to T=0
Actual shape of response spectrum
(may be used for higher modes only)
Spectral acceleration
Shear Wall
For very stiff structures (T < 0.1sec), ductility is not

helpful in reducing the design force.
Codes tend to disallow the reduction in force in
the period range of T < 0.1sec
MRF
T(seconds)
139
Underground Structures Cl.6.4.4
Design Spectrum for Stiff Structures (contd)
Statement in Cl.6.4.2
Provided that for any structure with T 0.1s, the

value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2
whatever be the value of I/R
This statement attempts to ensure a minimal
design force for stiff structures.
Note that this statement is valid only when the
first (fundamental) mode period T 0.1sec even
though the code does not specify so.
For higher modes, this restrictions should not be imposed.
141
When seismic waves hit the ground surface,

these are reflected back into ground
The reflection mechanics is such that the
amplitude of vibration at the free surface is
much higher (almost double) than that under
the ground
Cl.6.4.4 allows the design spectrum to be onehalf if the structure is at depth of 30m or below.
Linear interpolation for structures and

foundations if depth is less than 30m.
142
Equations for Design Spectrum
Underground Structures (contd)

The clause is also applicable for calculation of

seismic inertia force on foundation under the
ground, say a well foundation for a bridge.
Hence, the wording Underground structures and
foundations
Note that in case of a bridge (or any aboveground structure) with foundation going deeper
than 30m:
143
Concept sometimes used by the codes for

response spectrum in low period range.
140
Second para of Cl.6.4.5 and the equations

This should not be a part of C.6.4.5 and should

have had an independent clause number
Note the word proposed in this para is
misleading and should not be there.
This clause (Cl. 6.4.4) can be used to calculate

seismic inertia force due to mass of foundation
under the ground, and not for calculation of
inertia force of the superstructure.
144
24
Equations for Design Spectrum

Site Specific Design Criteria Cl.6.4.6
Response spectrum shapes in Fig. 2 are for 5%

damping.
These shapes are also given in the form of
equations
Table 3 gives multiplying factors to obtain
design spectrum for other values of damping
Note that the multiplication is not to be done for
zero period acceleration (ZPA)
145

Seismic design codes meant for ordinary projects

For important projects, such as nuclear power plants,
dams and major bridges site-specific seismic design
criteria are developed
These take into account geology, seismicity, geotechnical

conditions and nature of project
Site specific criteria are developed by experts and

usually reviewed by independent peers
A good reference to read on this:
Housner and Jennings, Seismic Design Criteria,

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, USA, 1982.
146
Buildings (Section 7)
Sub-sections

Sections 7.1 to 7.7 on Buildings

IS:1893-2002(Part I)

147
148
Importance of Configuration
Regular and Irregular Configuration (Cl. 7.1)

149
Cl. 7.1: Regular and Irregular Configurations

Cl. 7.2: Importance Factor I and Response Reduction
Factor R
Cl. 7.3: Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Force
Calculation
Cl. 7.4: Seismic Weight
Cl. 7.5: Design Lateral Force
Cl. 7.6: Fundamental Natural Period
Cl. 7.7: Distribution of Design Force
Cl. 7.8: Dynamic Analysis
Cl. 7.9: Torsion
Cl. 7.10: Buildings with Soft Storey
Cl. 7.11 Deformations
Cl. 7.12 Miscellaneous
The statement of Cl. 7.1 is an attempt to

emphasize the importance of structural
configuration for ensuring good seismic
performance.
Good structural configuration has implications
for both safety and economy of the building.
To quote Late Henry Degenkolb, the wellknown earthquake engineer in California:

If we have a poor configuration to start with,
all the engineer can do is to provide band-aid
improve a basically poor solution as best as
he can. Conversely, if we start off with a good
configuration and a reasonable framing
system, even a poor engineer cant harm its
ultimate performance too much.
150
25
Regular versus Irregular Configuration
Importance of Configuration (contd)
Quote from NEHRP Commentary:
The major factors influencing the cost of complying with the

provisions are:
1. The complexity of the shape and structural framing system for
the building. (It is much easier to provide seismic resistance in a
building with a simple shape and framing plan.)
2. The cost of the structural system (plus other items subject to
special seismic design requirements) in relation to the total cost
of the building. (In many buildings, the cost of providing the
structural system may be only 25 percent of the total cost of the
project.)
3. The stage in design at which the provision of seismic resistance
is first considered. (The cost can be inflated greatly if no
attention is given to seismic resistance until after the
configuration of the building, the structural framing plan, and the
materials of construction have already been chosen).
151
Tables 4 and 5 list out the irregularities in the

building configuration

Table 4 and Fig. 3 for Irregularities in Plan

Table 5 and Fig. 4 for Irregularities in Elevation
152
A Remark on IS:13920
Design Imposed Load(Cl. 7.3)
Recently, BIS has issued some amendments to

IS:13920-1993 (see next slide).
In the context of Table 7, note that provisions of
IS:13920 are now mandatory for all RC
structures in zones III, IV and V.
There could be differences of opinion about Cl.

7.3.3.

Say the imposed load is 3 kN/sq.m

This clause implies that we take only 25% of
imposed load for calculation of seismic weight,
and also for load combinations. This amounts to:
153
1.2 DL + 0.3LL + 1.2LL
The Cl. 7.3.3 should be dropped.
154
Design Lateral Force (Cl. 7.5)

Note that the code no longer talks of two

methods: seismic coefficient method and
response spectrum method.
There have been instances of designer
calculating seismic design force for each 2-D
frame separately based on tributary mass
shared by that frame.
Mass that causes

Earthquake Force
in X-Direction
EQx
Mass being considered for

calculation of inertia force
due to earthquake
This is erroneous since only a fraction of the

building mass is considered in the seismic load
calculations.
EQx
Plan of building
155
Calculation of design seismic

force on the basis of
tributary mass on 2-D frames
leads to significant underdesign.
156
26
Design Lateral Force (Cl. 7.5)
Design Lateral Force (Cl. 7.5) (contd)
Seismic Weight of Building W

Dead load
Part of imposed loads
% of Imposed Load
Imposed Uniformly
Distributed Floor Loads to be considered
(kN/m2)
Now, Cl. 7.5.2 makes it clear that one has to

evaluate seismic design force for the entire
building first and then distribute it to different
frames/ walls.
Cl. 7.5.2 does not mean that one has to
necessarily carry out a 3-D analysis.
Up to and including 3.0
25
Above 3.0
50
157
One could still work with 2-D frame systems.
158
Fundamental Natural Period (Cl. 7.6)

Fundamental Natural Period (Cl. 7.6) (contd)
For frame buildings without brick infills

Ta = 0.075h0.75
For all other buildings, including frame buildings

with brick infill panels:
Ta =
Needless to say, brick infill in Cl. 7.6 really

implies masonry infills
These need not just be bricks: could be stone
masonry or concrete block masonry.
0.09h
d
d
where h is in meters
d
159
160
Rationale for new equations for T

Experimental observations on Indian RC buildings with

masonry infills clearly showed that T = 0.1n significantly
over-estimates the period. For instance, see
Observations on Steel Frame Buildings During San Fernando EQ
Jain S K, Saraf V K, and Mehrotra B, Period of RC Frame

Buildings with Brick Infills, J. of Struct. Engg, Madras, Vol. 23,
No 4, pp 189-196.
Arlekar, J N, and Murty, C V R, Ambient Vibration Survey of RC
MRF Buildings with URM Infill Walls, The Indian Concrete
Journal, Vol.74, No.10, Oct. 2000, pp 581-586.
For frame buildings with masonry infills, T = 0.09h/(d)

was found to give a much better estimate.
Fig. from NEHRP Commentary
161
162
27
Observations on RC Frame Buildings During San Fernando EQ
Observations on RC Shear Wall Buildings During San Fernando EQ
163
164
Vertical Distribution of Seismic Load (Cl. 7.7.1)

Lateral load distribution with building height
depends on

Natural periods and mode shapes of the building

Shape of design spectrum
Hence, NEHRP provides the following expression for

vertical distribution of seismic load
Qi = V B
In low and medium rise buildings,

Vertical Distribution of Seismic Load (Cl. 7.7.1) (contd)
W h
j
Fundamental period dominates the response,

and
Fundamental mode shape is close to a straight
line (with regular distribution of mass and
stiffness)
k
j
j =1
For tall buildings, contribution of higher modes

can be significant even though the first mode
may still contribute the maximum response.
165
Wi hik
n
Where k = 1 for T 0.5sec, and k = 2 for T 2.5 sec.

Value of k varies linearly for T in the range 0.5 sec
to 2.5 sec.
In IS:1893 over the years, k = 2 has been taken

regardless of natural period
This is conservative value and has been retained

in the code.
166
Horizontal Distribution... (Cl. 7.7.2)

Floor diaphragm plays an important role in

seismic load distribution in a building.
Consider a RC slab
For horizontal loads, it acts as a deep beam with

depth equal to building width, and the beam
width equal to slab thickness.
Being a very deep beam, it does not deform in
its own plane, and it forces the frames/walls to
fulfil the deformation compatibility of no in-plane
deformation of floor.
This is rigid floor diaphragm action.
Concept of Floor
Diaphragm Action
Fig. from Jain S K, A Proposed Draft for IS:1893Part II:

Commentary and Examples, J. of Struct Engg, Vol. 22,
No. 2, July 1995, pp 73-90
167
168
28
Horizontal Distribution... (Cl. 7.7.2) (contd)
Implications of rigid floor diaphragm action:

In case of symmetrical building and loading, the

seismic forces are shared by different frames or
walls in proportion to their own lateral stiffness.
Lateral Load Distribution

Due to Rigid Floor
Diaphragm: Symmetric
Case No Torsion

No. 2, July 1995, pp 73-90
169
170
When building is not symmetrical, the floor

undergoes rigid body translation and rotation.
Analysis of Forces Induced

by Twisting Moment (Rigid
Floor Diaphragm)

No. 2, July 1995, pp 73-90
171
172
Rigid Diaphragm Action

In-plane rigidity of floors is sometimes misunderstood to

mean that

Buildings without Diaphragm Action

The beams are infinitely rigid, and

The columns are not free to rotate at their ends.
When the floor diaphragm does not exist, or

when the diaphragm is extremely flexible as
compared to the vertical elements
Rotation of columns is governed by out-of-plane

behavior of slab and beams.
The load can be distributed to the vertical

elements in proportion to the tributary mass
(a) In-plane floor

deformation, (b) Outof-plane floor
deformation.
Fig. from Jain S K, A Proposed
Draft for IS:1893Part II:
Commentary and Examples, J. of
Struct Engg, Vol. 22, No. 2, July
1995, pp 73-90
173
174
29
Flexible Floor Diaphragms

Analysis for Flexible Floor Diaphragm Buildings
There are instances where floor is not rigid.

Not rigid does not mean it is completely flexible!
Hence, buildings with flexible floors should be carefully

analyzed considering in-plane floor flexibility.
Note 1 of Cl. 7.7.2.2 gives the criterion on when the

floor diaphragm is not to be treated as rigid.
One can actually model the floor slab in the

computer analysis.
Fig. on next slide shows the vertical analogy
method to consider diaphragm flexibility in
lateral load distribution
Definition of Flexible Floor

Diaphragm (Cl. 7.7.2.2)

1995, pp 73-90
(Plan View of Floor)

In-plane flexibility of diaphragm to be considered when
2>1.5{0.5(1+ 2)}
175
176
Analysis for Flexible Floor Diaphragm Buildings (contd)
Alternatively, one can take the design force as

envelop of (that is, the higher of) the two
extreme assumptions, i.e.,
Lateral Load Distribution

Considering Floor Diaphragm
Deformation: Vertical
Analogy Method
Rigid diaphragm action

No diaphragm action (load distribution in
proportion to tributary mass)

1995, pp 73-90
177
178
Sub-sections

Section 7.8: Dynamic Analysis

IS:1893-2002(Part I)

179

Cl. 7.2: Importance Factor I and Response Reduction Factor R
Cl. 7.3: Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Force Calculation
Cl. 7.9: Torsion
Cl. 7.12 M iscellaneous
This lecture covers sub-section 7.8
180
30
About This Lecture

Requirement of Dynamic Anal. Cl. 7.8.1
The intent is not to teach Structural Dynamics or

to teach how to carry out dynamic analysis of a
building.
Interested persons may learn Structural Dynamics

from numerous excellent text books available on
this subject.
Irregular
Buildings
II and III
Ht > 90 m
Ht > 40 m
IV and V
Ht > 40 m
Ht > 12 m
All framed buildings higher than 12m.
182
Why Dynamic Analysis?

Why Dynamic Analysis? (contd)
Expressions for design load calculation (cl.

7.5.3) and load distribution with height based
on assumptions

Fundamental mode dominates the response

Mass and stiffness distribution are evenly
distributed with building height
Thus, giving regular mode shape

In tall buildings, higher modes can be quite

significant.
In irregular buildings, mode shapes may be
quite irregular
Hence, for tall and irregular buildings, dynamic
analysis is recommended.
Note that industrial buildings may have large
spans, large heights, and considerable
irregularities:
183
These too will require dynamic analysis.
184
Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2)

Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2) (contd)

This clause requires that in case dynamic

analysis gives lower design forces, these be
scaled up to the level of forces obtained based
on empirical T.
There are considerable uncertainties in modeling

a building for dynamic analysis, e.g.,

Implies that empirical T is more reliable than T

computed by dynamic analysis
185
Regular
Building
Notice wordings of section b) in Cl. 7.8.1

181
Seismic
Zone
Stiffness contribution of non-structural elements

Stiffness contribution of masonry infills
Modulus of elasticity of concrete, masonry and
soil
Moment of inertia of RC members
Depending on how one models a building, there

can be a large variation in natural period.
Ignoring the stiffness contribution of infill walls
itself can result in a natural period several times
higher
186
31
Value of Damping Cl. 7.8.2.1
Lower Bound on Seismic Force (Cl. 7.8.2) (contd)
Empirical expressions for period

Based on observations of actual as-built

buildings, and hence
Are far more reliable than period from dynamic
analysis based on questionable assumptions

The load distribution with building height and to

different elements is based on dynamics.
187
Steel buildings: 2% of critical

RC buildings: 5% of critical
For masonry buildings? Not specified.
Even when the results of dynamic analysis are

scaled up to design force based on empirical T:
Damping to be used
188
Value of Damping Cl. 7.8.2.1 (contd)
Value of Damping Cl. 7.8.2.1 (contd)
Damping value depends on the material and the

level of vibrations

Higher damping for stronger shaking

Means that during the same earthquake,
damping will increase as the level of shaking
increases.
We are performing a simple linear analysis, while
the real behaviour is non-linear.
Hence, one fixed value of damping is used in our
analysis.
189
Choice of damping has implications on seismic

safety.
Hence, damping value and design spectrum
level go together.
Most codes tend to specify 5% damping for
buildings.
What value of damping to be used in static
procedure of Cl. 7.5?
Not specified. I recommend 5% be mentioned in

the code.
190
A Note on Static Procedure

Number of Modes Cl. 7.8.4.2
The procedure of Cl.7.5 to 7.7 does not require

dynamic analysis.
Hence, this procedure is often termed as static

procedure or equivalent static procedure or
seismic coefficient method.
However, notice that this procedure does

account for dynamics of the building in an
approximate manner
The code requires sufficient number of modes

so that at least 90% of the total seismic mass is
excited in each of the principal directions.
There is a problem in wordings of this clause.
First sentence reads as:
Even though its applicability is limited to simple

buildings
The number of modes to be used in the analysis

should be such that the sum total of modal
masses in all modes considered is at least 90
percent of the total seismic mass and missing
mass correction beyond 33 percent.
191
Recommended value is 5%
Implies that a steel building will be designed for

about 40% higher seismic force than a similar
RC building.
The code should specify 5% damping for both
steel and RC buildings.
The portion highlighted in red should be deleted.
192
32
Modal Combination Cl. 7.8.4.4
Number of Modes Cl. 7.8.4.2 (contd)
Last sentence reads as:

The effect of higher modes shall be included by

considering missing mass correction using well
established procedures
It should read as:

The effect of modes with natural frequency

beyond 33 Hz shall be included by.
193
This clause gives CQC method first and then

simpler method as an alternate.
CQC is a fairly sophisticated method for modal
combination. It is applicable both when the
modes are well-separated and when the modes
are closely-spaced.
Many computer programs have CQC method
built in for modal combination.
194
Alternate Method to CQC
Modal Combination Cl. 7.8.4.4 (contd)
Response Quantity could be any response

quantity of interest:

Use SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares) if

the natural modes are not closely-spaced.
Base shear, base moment,

Force resultant in a member, e.g.,
= 12 + 22 + 23 + 24 + ....
Moment in a beam at a given location, Axial force in column,

etc.
Deflection at a given location
Use Absolute Sum for closely-spaced modes
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ...
195
196
Example 1 on Modal Combination:

Example 1 on Modal Combination (contd)
For first five modes of vibration, natural period/

natural frequency and maximum response are
given. Estimate the maximum response for the
structure.
Mode
Natural
Period
0.95
0.35
0.20
0.14
0.11
Natural
Frequency
1.05
2.86
5.00 7.14 9.09
Response
Quantity
1100 350
230
150
All natural frequencies differ from each other by

more than 10%.
197
To appreciate the alternative method, consider

two examples.
As per Cl. 3.2, none of the modes are closelyspaced modes.
As per section a) in Cl. 7.8.4.4, we can use

Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) method
to obtain resultant response as
= (1100) 2 + (350) 2 + ( 230) 2 + (150) 2 + (120) 2 = 1193
120
198
33
Example 2 on Modal Combination

Example 2 on Modal Combination (contd)
For first six modes of vibration, natural period/

natural frequency and maximum response are
given. Estimate the maximum response for the
structure.

Mode
Natural period
(sec)
0.94 0.78
0.74
0.34 0.26
0.25
Natural frequency
(Hz)
1.06 1.28
1.35
2.94 3.85
4.00
Response Quantity
850
190
200
80

230
90
199
As per Cl. 3.2, modes 2 and 3 are closed spaced since

their natural frequencies are within 10% of the lower
frequency.
Similarly, modes 5 and 6 are closely spaced.
Combined response of modes 2 and 3 as per section b)
in Cl.7.8.4.4 = 230+190=420
Combined response of modes 5 and 6 = 90 + 80 = 170
Combined response of all the modes as per section a)
= (850) 2 + (420) 2 + (200) 2 + (170) 2 = 984
200
Lumped Mass Model for Cl. 7.8.4.5
Dynamic Analysis as per Cl. 7.8.4.5

The analysis procedure is valid when a building can

be modeled as a lumped mass model with one
degree of freedom per floor (see fig. next slide)
If the building has significant plan irregularity, it
requires three degrees of freedom per floor and the
procedure of Cl. 7.8.4.5 is not valid.
X3(t)
X2(t)
X1(t)
201
202
Summary

Dynamic analysis requires considerable skills.

Just because the computer program can
perform dynamic analysis: it is not sufficient.
One needs to develop in-depth understanding of
dynamic analysis.
There are approximate methods (such as

Rayleighs method, Dunkerleys method) that
one should use to evaluate if the computer
results are right.
This lecture covers

Sections 7.9 to 7.11
IS:1893-2002(Part I)
It is not uncommon to confuse between the

units of mass and weight when performing
dynamic analysis.
203
Lecture 3
Leads to huge errors.

204
34
Torsion
Uncertainties
Sub-sections


Cl. 7.2: Importance Factor I and Response Reduction Factor R
Cl. 7.3: Design Imposed Loads for Earthquake Force Calculation
Cl. 7.9: Torsion
Cl. 7.12 M iscellaneous
Location of imposed load

Contributions to structural stiffness
Accidental Eccentricity
Torsion to be considered in Symmetric Buildings
Design Eccentricity
1.5 esi + 0.05 bi
e di = Worst of
esi 0.05bi
This lecture covers sub-sections 7.9 to 7.11
bi
205
206
Design eccentricity
First Equation for Design Eccentricity
Now the equation for design eccentricity is:

1.5esi+0.05bi
edi =
esi-0.05bi
Notice:
First equation has 1.5 times the computed

eccentricity, plus additional term due to
accidental eccentricity
The intention is to add the effect of accidental

eccentricity to 1.5 times calculated eccentricity.
Hence, the first equation should be taken to
mean having + and - sign for the second term,
whichever is critical:
edi = 1.5esi 0.05bi
Accidental eccentricity is specified as 5% of plan dimension.
Second equation does not have factor of 1.5,

and sign of accidental eccentricity is different.
In lecture 2, we discussed dynamic amplification
of 1.5 and the accidental eccentricity.
207
208
Torsion
Torsion
First Equation for Design Eccentricity (contd)
Two cases of Design Eccentricity
bi
esi
CM*
CM
CS
CM CM* CS
ith
0.05bi
esi
0.5esi
1.5esi + 0.05bi
0.05bi
Calculated locations of
CM and CR
CR
CM
CR
CM CM
floor
esi
1.5esi+0.05 bi
esi 0.05bi
Location CM* to be used

in analysis for first eqn. of
cl. 7.9.2
Considering EQ in Y-Direction
209
210
35
Second Equation for Design Eccentricity
Second Equation for Design Eccentricity (contd)
bi
In second equation, it is expected that there is

accidental eccentricity in the opposite sense,
i.e., it tends to oppose the computed
eccentricity.
esi
Calculated locations of
CM and CR
CM
CR
ith floor
Hence, factor 1.5 is not applied to the computed

eccentricity.
Again, this equation also should be understood
to mean having + and - sign for second term,
whichever is critical:
*
CM CR
CM
edi = esi 0.05bi
Location CM* to be used

in analysis for first eqn. of
cl. 7.9.2
esi
0.05 bi
Considering EQ in Y-Direction
211
212
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Incorporating the provision in practice
1.5 esi + 0.05bi

edi =
esi 0.05bi
CS
Effect of shear and torsion (esi)

Analysis A
CM
213
CS
CM
214
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Torsion
Effect of shear only
Effect of shear, torsion esi and 0.05bi
Analysis B
Analysis C
CS
CM
CS
CM
CM*
0.05bi
215
216
36
Definition of Centre of Rigidity
Torsion
Torsion

Solution
Earlier we defined Centre of Rigidity as:

Effect of esi only

A-B
Effect of 0.05bi only

C-A

Effect of 1.5esi+0.05bi along with shear
B+1.5(A-B)+(C-A)
= 0.5(A-B)+C
217
This definition was for single-storey building.

How do we extend it to multi-storey buildings?
Recall that I mentioned in Lecture 2 that we will
not distinguish between the terms Centre of
Rigidity and Centre of Stiffness.
218
CR for Multi-Storey Buildings

All Floor CR Definition
It can be defined in two ways:

All Floor Centre of Rigidity, and

Single Floor Centre of Rigidity
Centre of rigidities are the set of points

located one on each floor, through which
application of lateral load profile would cause
no rotation in any floor.
219
As per this definition, location of CR is

dependent on building stiffness properties as
well as on the applied lateral load profile.
220
All Floor Definition of CR
Single Floor CR Definition
CR
Fny
F(j+1)y
CR
Fjy
CR
F(j-1)y
CR
F2y
F1y
221
If the building undergoes pure translation in the

horizontal direction (that is, no rotation or twist or
torsion about vertical axis), the point through
which the resultant of the restoring forces acts is
the Centre of Rigidity.
CR
Centre of rigidity of a floor is defined as the

point on the floor such that application of lateral
load passing through that point does not cause
any rotation of that particular floor, while the
other floors may rotate.
This definition is independent of applied lateral load.
No rotation in any
floor
CR
Figure 1: All floor definition of center of rigidity
Fig. Dhiman Basu
222
37
Single Floor Definition of CR
Choice of Definition
CR
jth floor does not

rotate
(other floors may
rotate)
Question is: which definition of CR to choose for

multi-storey buildings?
In fact, some people also use the concept of
Shear Center in place of CR. But, we need not
concern ourselves about it.
Results could be somewhat different depending
on which definition is used. But, the difference is
not substantial for most buildings.
Fig. Dhiman Basu
223
Use any definition that you find convenient to use.
For computer-aided analysis, the all-floor

definition is more convenient.
224
To Calculate Eccentricity
Need to locate

Centre of Mass, and

Centre of Rigidity
The way we defined it, one needs to apply

lateral loads at the CR.
Notice the condition that the floor should not

rotate.
Centre of Mass is easy to locate.

To Locate CR
Unless there is a significant variation in mass

distribution, we take it at geometric centre of the
floor.
Locating CR is not so simple for a multi-storey

building.
225
But, we do not know CR in the first place.
Hence, we could apply the load at CM, and

restrain the floor from rotation by providing rollers
The resultant of the applied load and reactions
at the rollers will pass through CR
226
To Locate All-Floor CR
To Locate Single-Floor CR
Central nodes of both ends of

the diaphragm are constrained
to ensure equal horizontal
displacement
Column
shear

displacement
Lateral load
proportional to
the mass
distribution
distributed
along the floor
length
(a) Lateral loads are applied at all floors of the

constrained model
Column
shear
Resultant of column
shears passes through
the center of rigidity of
the floor

displacement
(a) Lateral load is applied at the

constrained floor
(b) Free body diagram of a

particular floor
Fig. Dhiman Basu
227
Lateral load
proportional to
the mass
distribution
distributed
along the floor
length
Resultant of column
shears passes through
the center of rigidity of
the floor
(b) Free body diagram of a

particular floor
Fig. Dhiman Basu
228
38
Alternative to Locating CR
Superposition Method
It is tedious to locate CRs first and then

calculate eccentricity.
One could follow an alternate route using
computer analysis, provided one is using AllFloor Definition.
This method is based on superposition
concept and was first published by Goel and
Chopra (ASCE, Vol 119, No. 10).
This incorporates the effect of computed

eccentricity (without dynamic amplification or
accidental ecc.)
Apply lateral load profile at CMs but restrain the

floors from rotating; say this solution is F2
229
Apply lateral load profile at the CMs and analyse

the building; say the solution is F1
This amounts to solving the problem as if the

lateral loads were applied at the CRs since the
floors did not rotate.
The difference of F1 and F2 gives the solution

due to torsion caused by computed eccentricity.
230
Superposition Method (contd)
Hence, solution for loads applied at 1.5 times

computed eccentricity
= solution F1 + 0.5(solution F1 solution F2)
To this, add solution due to accidental torsion:
Loads applied at CMs

Floors can translate and rotate
Solution F1
Loads applied at CMs

Floors can only translate
Apply on every floor a moment profile equal to

load profile times accidental eccentricity; say
solution F3
Solution F2
Fig. CVR Murty
231
232
Suggestions on Cl.7.9
Following solution for ed = 1.5es + 0.5b i

F1 + 0.5 (F1 F2) F3
In Cl.7.9.1, the following statement should be

deleted:
However, negative torsional shear shall be
neglected
Following solution for ed = e s 0.5b i

F1 F3
This statement is needed only when second

equation of design eccentricity is not specified.
Notice that Cl.7.8.4.5 says if highly irregular
buildings are analyzed as per 7.8.4.5, while
7.8.4.5 says that it is applicable only for regular
or nominally irregular buildings!
233
Indeed, 7.8.4.5 is not applicable to buildings

highly irregular in plan.
234
39
Bldgs with Soft Storeys Cl. 7.10

Most of the time, soft storey building is also the

weak storey building.
In the code, distinction between soft storey and
weak storey has not been made.
Soft/weak storey buildings are well-known for
poor performance during earthquakes.
In Bhuj earthquake of 2001, most multistorey
buildings that collapsed had soft ground storey.
Buildings with Soft Storeys

Storeys
Need to increase Stiffness and Strength of

Open or Soft Storeys
Inverted
pendulum !!
235
236
Buildings with Soft Storeys

Storeys
Bldgs with Soft Storeys Cl. 7.10 (contd)
Dynamic Analysis
Include strength and stiffness of infills
Inelastic deformations in members
OR
Static Design
Fig from
Murty et al,
2002
Open ground story
Design columns and beams in soft storey for

2.5 times the Storey Shears and Moments calculated
under seismic loads
Design shear walls for 1.5 times the Storey Shears
calculated under seismic loads
Bare frame
Notice that the soft-storey is subject to severe deformation

demands during seismic shaking.
237
238
Buildings with Soft Storeys Cl. 7.10 (contd)

This clause gives two approaches for treatment

of soft storey buildings.
First approach is as per 7.10.2

239
There are reservations on the way entire Cl.

7.10 has been included in the code.
It is a very sophisticated approach.

Based on non-linear analysis.
Code has no specifications for applying this
approach.
Cannot be applied in routine design applications
with current state of the practice in India.
Second approach as per 7.10.3 is an empirical

provision.
First approach is too open ended and does not

enable the designer to implement it.
Second approach is too empirical and may be
impractical in some buildings.
Also note that Table 5 defines Soft Storey and

Extreme Soft Storey
And yet, nowhere the treatment is different for

these two!
240
40
Deformations Cl. 7.11
We need considerable amount of research on

Indian buildings with soft storey features in
order to develop robust design methodology.
For a good seismic performance, a building

needs to have adequate lateral stiffness.
Low lateral stiffness leads to:

241
Large deformations and strains, and hence more

damage in the event of strong shaking
Significant P- effect
Damage to non-structural elements due to large
deformations
Discomfort to the occupants during vibrations.
Large deformations may lead to pounding with
adjacent structures.
242
Deformations C.7.11
C.7.11
Deformations Cl. 7.11 (contd)
Inter-storey Drift
Storey drift under design lateral load with partial
load factor 1.0
Note that real displacement in a strong shaking

will be much larger than the displacement
calculated for design seismic loads
As a rule of thumb, the maximum displacement

during the MCE shaking (e.g., PGA of 0.36g in
zone V) will be about 2R times the computed
displacement due to design forces.
< 0.004hi
hi
243
244
Computation of Drift
Computation of Drift (contd)
Note that higher the stiffness, lower the drift but

higher the lateral loads. Hence,
Thus, in computation of drift:

For computation of T for seismic design load

assessment, all sources of stiffness (even if
unreliable) should be included.
For computation of drift, all sources of flexibility
(even if unreliable) should be incorporated.
Stiffness contribution of non-structural elements

and non-seismic elements (i.e., elements not
designed to share the seismic loads) should not
be included.
245
Because design seismic force is a reduced force.
This is because such elements cannot be relied upon to

provide lateral stiffness at large displacements
All possible sources of flexibility should be

incorporated, e.g., effect of joint rotation,
bending and axial deformations of columns and
shear walls, etc.
246
41
Para 2 of Cl. 7.11.1

Para 3 of Cl. 7.11.1
Cl. 7.8.2 required scaling up of seismic design

forces from dynamic analysis, in case these
were lower than those from empirical T.
This para allows drift check to be performed as
per the dynamic analysis which may have given
lower seismic forces, i.e., no scaling-up of forces
needed for drift check.
247
248
Compatibility of Non-Seismic Elements (Cl. 7.11.2)

Compatibility of Non-Seismic Elements (Cl. 7.11.2) (contd)
Important when not all structural elements are

expected to participate in lateral load resistance.
Examples include flat-plate buildings or buildings

with pre-fabricated elements where seismic load
is resisted by shear walls, and columns carry only
gravity loads.
During 1994 Northridge (Calif.) earthquake,

many collapses due to failure of gravity
columns.
249
During shaking, gravity columns do not carry

much lateral loads, but deform laterally with the
shear walls due to compatibility imposed by
floor diaphragm
Moments and shears induced in gravity columns
due to the lateral deformations may cause
collapse if adequate provision not made.
ACI Code for RC design has a separate section
on detailing of gravity columns to safeguard
against this kind of collapse.
250
Gravity columns
Shear Wall
F2
F3
Floor slab
P2
h1
h2
P4
F4
Shear Wall
P1
P3
Floor slab
Pi i
F1
Imposed
displ. at
all floors
Gravity
column
251
This para allows larger than the specified drift

for single-storey building provided it is duly
accounted for in the analysis and design.
Since deflections are calculated using design

seismic force (which is a reduced force), the
deflection is to be multiplied by R.
Multiplier R could be debated since it will only
ensure safety against Design Basis Earthquake.
h3
For safety against Maximum Considered

Earthquake, multiplier should be (2R).
h4
n
Pi i + Fi h j
j= 1
252
42
Separation Between Adjacent Cl. 7.11.3

Separation Between Adjacent Cl. 7.11.3 (contd)
During seismic shaking, two adjacent units of

the same building, or two adjacent buildings
may hit each other due to lateral displacements
(pounding or hammering).
This clause is meant to safeguard against
pounding.
Multiplication with R is as explained earlier:
since deflection is calculated using design
seismic force which are reduced forces.
253
Pounding effect is much more serious if floors of

one building hit at the mid height of columns in
the other building.
Hence, when two units have same floor
elevations, the multiplier is reduced from R to
R/2.
254
Separation Between Adjacent Cl. 7.11.3
Potential pounding
location
Two adjacent buildings

Two adjacent units of same building
Amount of separation
Potential pounding
location
Floors levels are at same elevation
>
Building 1
Building 2
Building 1
Building 2
R
1 design + 2 design
2
Floors levels are at different elevations
> R 1 design + 2 design
R1 1
R2 2
Pounding in situation (b) is far more damaging.

255
256
To handle pounding by roof of one unit to the

middle of columns of the other unit:
Soft Timber
Structural
Grade Steel
Section 7.12: Miscellaneous, and

Section 7.1: Regular and Irregular Configuration
IS:1893-2002(Part I)
Fig. From Arnold and

Reitherman
257
258
43
Foundations Cl. 7.12.1

Foundations Cl. 7.12.1 (contd)
This clause is to prevent use of foundation types

vulnerable to differential settlement.
In zones IV and V, ties to be provided for
isolated spread footings and for pile caps
Isolated R.C.C. footing without tie beams, or

unreinforced strip foundation shall not be
permitted in soft soils with N<10.
Except when footings directly supported on rock

259
Recall newly-introduced Note 7 inside Table 1 of

the code which states:
This note is applicable for all seismic zones.

It would be better to bring this note inside Cl.
7.12.1.
260
Cantilevers and Projections

Foundations Cl. 7.12.1 (contd)
Towers, Parapets, Stacks, Balconies

(Small)
Ties to be designed for an axial load (in tension

and in compression) equal to Ah/4 times the
larger of the column or pile cap load.
Design of these attachments

Design of their connections to main structure
This is fairly empirical, and the specification

appears on the low side.
Many structural engineers design the ties for 5%
of the larger of the column or pile cap load.
Design force
5 vertical seismic coefficient
for horizontal projections
5 horizontal seismic coefficient
for vertical projections
Any other alternative design approaches?
5Ah
5Av
261
262
Compound Walls Cl. 7.12.3

263
To be designed for design horizontal coefficient

Ah and importance factor = 1
Cl. 7.1
Regular and Irregular
Configuration
264
44
Building Configuration
Configuration
Plan Irregularities
Configuration emphasised
Torsion Irregularity
Comprehensive section on identifying irregularities

Qualitative definitions of irregular buildings
Heavy Mass
Two types
Irregular Orientation of Lateral
Force Resisting System
Plan Irregularities
Vertical Irregularities
1
265
Floor
+ 2
2 > 1.2 1
266
Torsional Irregularity
Torsional Irregularity (contd)
Look at the top two figures of page. 19 (Fig. 3)

Can you make out anything what this figure is

trying to show?
These figures were taken from NEHRP

Commentary where it appears as follows:
Heavy
Mass
Vertical Components of Seismic Resisting System

There is a problem with these two figures!
267
The figures have not been traced correctly for

IS:1893!
268
Configuration
Configuration
Re-entrant Corners
Diaphragm Discontinuity
Flexible
A
Opening
A
A
L
269
A
> 0.15 0.20
L
Opening
270
45
OutOut-ofof-Plane Offsets
Configuration
Out of Plane Offsets
This is a very serious irregularity wherein there is

an out-of-plane offset of the vertical element that
carries the lateral loads.
Such an offset imposes vertical and lateral load
effects on horizontal elements, which are difficult
to design for adequately.
Again, there is a problem in figure for this in the
code
Shear walls are not obvious.
271
Shear Wall
Shear Wall
Shear Wall
272
Configuration
Configuration
Non-Parallel System
Vertical Irregularities
Stiffness Irregularity (Soft Storey)
y
ki < 0.7ki +1
ki+1
ki
ki-1
273
274
Mass and Stiffness Irregularity
Configuration
Mass Irregularity
induced by the presence of a heavy mass on a
floor, say a swimming pool.
Wi+1
Wi
Wi-1
275
k +k +k
ki < 0.8 i +1 i + 2 i + 3
3
It is really the ratio of mass to stiffness of a storey

that is important.
Our code should provide a waiver from mass and
stiffness irregularities if the ratio of mass to
stiffness of two adjacent storeys is similar.
Wi > 2 Wi 1
Wi > 2 Wi +1
276
46
Configuration
Configuration
Vertical Geometric Irregularities
L1
A
> 0.15 0.20
L
L2 > 1.5L1
L1
L2
L
A
A
L
L2
277
278
Configuration
Configuration
In-plane Discontinuity in Lateral Load Resisting Elements
Strength Irregularity (Weak Storey)
S i < 0.8Si +1
Upper Floor
Plan
Si+1
Si
Si-1
Lower Floor
Plan
279
280
Geometrically building may appear to be regular

and symmetrical, but may have irregularity due
to distribution of mass and stiffness.
It is better to distribute the lateral load resisting
elements near the perimeter of the building
rather than concentrate these near centre of the
building.
(a)
(b)
Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames-not recommended.
Note that the heavy lines indicate shear walls and/or braced frames
Fig. From
NEHRP
Commentary
(a)
(b)
Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames- recommended.
Note that the heavy lines indicate shear walls and/or braced frames
281
282
47
Diaphragm Discontinuity
Diaphragm Discontinuity (contd)
Diaphragm discontinuity changes the lateral load

distribution to different elements as compared
to what it would be with rigid floor diaphragm.
Also, it could induce torsional effects which may
not be there if the floor diaphragm is rigid.
Observe the top two figures of page 20.
Notice the words

mass resistance
eccentricity do not
make sense.
Fig in Code
Again, these are from NEHRP Commentary and not

traced correctly in our code.
RIGID
FLEXIBLE
DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM
Fig in NEHRP
Vertical Components of Seismic Resisting System
Discontinuity in Diaphragm Stiffness

283
284
Problems with Irregularities

In buildings with vertical irregularity, load

distribution with building height is different from
that in Cl. 7.7.1.
Problems with Irregularities (contd)
Dynamic analysis is required.
In buildings with plan irregularity, load

distribution to different vertical elements is
complex.
In irregular building, there may be concentration

of ductility demand in a few locations.
Special care needed in detailing.
Just dynamic analysis may not solve the
problem.
Floor diaphragm plays an important role and

needs to be modelled carefully.
A good 3-D analysis is needed.
285
286
Code on Irregularity
Our code has simplistic method of treating the

irregularities.
Compare Tables of NEHRP shown earlier in this

lecture.
287
For irregular buildings, it just encourages dynamic

analysis.
Seismic Force
Estimation
For each type of irregularity and for each seismic

performance category, different requirements
are imposed.
Dynamic analysis is not always sufficient for

irregular buildings, and
Dynamic analysis is not always needed for
irregularities.
288
48
Design Seismic Lateral Force
Two ways of calculating

Equivalent Static Method
Seismic Coefficient Method
Single mode dynamics
Simple and regular structures
Dynamic Analysis Method
Origin of
Equivalent Static
Method
Response Spectrum Method

Multi-mode dynamics
Irregular structures
Time History Method

Special structures
289
290
Dynamics of 2 DOF System

System
Lateral Force
Dynamic Characteristics
m2
m2
k2
k2
m1
m1
k1
k1
Property
Property
Equivalent SDOFs
Mode
Mode11
Mode
Mode22
M1
M2
K1
Property
Property
Mode
Mode11
PSA2
K2
M2
T2 = 2 / 2
K1
M1
T1 = 2 / 1
PSA1
2 =
1 =
Natural Period
291
T1
292

System
SD1 =
SD
m2
k2
m1
k1
Mode
Mode11
1 =
{}T1 [m ]{1}
M1
{u}1 = SD1{}1 1
u11
=
u12
293
SD2 =
12
22
m1
F12
F22
F11
F21
k1
Property
Property
Lateral Displacement
PSA2
Lateral Force
m2
Mode Participation
Factor
T2
PSA1

System
Lateral Force
k2
PSA (g)
K2
PSA
Natural Frequency
Mode
Mode22
PSA (g)
Mode
Mode22
2 =
Property
Property
Mode
Mode11
Mode
Mode22
{}T2 [m ]{1}
M2
Lateral Force
F11
F12
{F}1 = [k ]{u}1 =
{u}2 = SD2 {}2 2

u21
=
u22
Base Shear
VB1 = F1i
i =1
294
F21
F22
{F}2 = [k ]{u}2 =
2
VB 2 = F2i
i =1
49

System
Lateral Force
m2
k2

System
Equivalent Static Force
F12
F22
F11
m1
Since mode 1 is dominant
F21
F12
k1
Property
Property
Mode
Mode11
F11
F11
(VB1 )2 + (VB2 )2
VB =
Resultant Base Shear
Mode
Mode22
F12
Usually, for regular buildings
295
296
MDOF System
Vibration modes
k3
k2
k1
m3
VB1
Mode
Mode11
VB VB1
MDOF System
System
Mode
Mode22
Mode
Mode33
Lateral Force
k3
m2
k2
m1
Property
Property
k1
m3
Mode
Mode11
Mode
Mode22
Mode
Mode33
m2
m1
Eigen Value Problem : [k ] 2 [m ] {} = {0}
m1 0
[m] = 0 m2
0
0
k11
[k ] = k21
0
297
Mode
Mode11
VB
Building
Building
VB1 VB2
>
VB VB
k12
k 22
k 32
0
0
m3
1 , {}1
2 ,{}2
3 ,{}3
Property
Property
M1 , K 1
M 2 , K2
M 3 , K3
Base Shears
0
k 23
k 33
298
First Mode Analysis
Typical first mode shapes
VB2
VB1
VB3
Response
Responseofofthe
thewhole
wholebuilding
buildingisisusually
usually
that
thatofofits
itsdominant
dominantfirst
firstmode.
mode.
First Mode Analysis

Analysis
Base Shear VB using T1
VB = M PSA1
Linear
h

{}1 = 01i i
H
Low-to-Medium
Low-to-MediumPeriod
PeriodBuildings
Buildings
(T<1s)
(T<1s)
299
Parabolic
2
h
{}1 = 01i i
H
Distribution of force
along height
W h2
Fi = VB N i i
Fi
Wk hk2
Long
LongPeriod
PeriodBuildings
Buildings
(T>2s)
(T>2s)
k =1
300
50
Equivalent lateral Force Method
IS:1893 (Part1) - 2002
Perform the usual static elastic

structural analysis with these forces.
Fi
No dynamic analysis is done.

(But, it is hidden in concept of
Response Spectrum used in assumed
vertical distribution of Base Shear VB.)
Example
VB
301
302
Three Storey Frame Building
Seismic Zone V
Step 1
Decide a structural system
OMF and SMF
3m
5m
3.0m
3m
3.0m
4.0m
5m
4m
3.5m
5.0m
3m
3.5m
3.5m
5.0m
303
3.0m
3.5m
3.5m
Plan
3.0m
3.5m
Elevation
304
STEP 2
Estimate Seismic Weight W
Step 2
2
Clause 7.4 of IS:1893(1)-2002
Imposed load as per Clause 7.3
W = Full DL + Part LL
% of Imposed Load to be considered from Table 8

No imposed load on roof
Unit weights of dead loads from IS:875(1)

Steel sections : 78.5 kN/m3
Reinforced concrete : 25 kN/m3
Masonry infill : 19.0 kN/m3
Mortar plaster : 20.0 kN/m3
Floor finish on floors : 1 kN/m2
Weathering course on roof : 2.25 kN/m2
Imposed Load (kN/m2)
% of Load to be considered
3.0
25
> 3.0
50
Imposed loads from IS 875(2)

305
On floors : 3.0 kN/m2

On roof : 0.75 kN/m2
306
51
Step 3
Step 2
2
Estimate Design Horizontal Acceleration

Spectrum Value Ah
Total Seismic Weight W

W = 4900 kN
Clause 6.4 of IS:1893(1)-2002

Maximum
Elastic
Acceleration
DL=1340 kN; LL=0
Z a (T ) I
g
Ah (T ) =
2R
3m
DL=1620 kN; LL=75 kN

3m
DL=1800 kN; LL=75 kN

4m
3.5m
3.0m
3.5m
307
Reduction to account
for ductility and
overstrength
308
Step 3
3
Step 3
3
Estimate Ah
Estimate Ah
Seismic Zone Factor Z
Response Reduction Factor R from Draft IS:800
Seismic Zone
II
III
IV
0.10
0.16
0.24
0.36
4 OMF
R=
5 SMF
Importance factor I
S.No.
Building
Important, Community & Lifeline Buildings
1.5
All Others
1.0
309
310
Step 3
3
Estimate Ah
Step 3
3
Estimate Ah
Empirical Natural Period Ta
Structure Flexibility Factor Sa/g
0.085 h 0.75 = 0.085 10 0.75 = 0.48 sec Bare Frame
Ta =
0.09 h = 0.09 10 = 0.28 sec
Infilled Frame
10
d
Structure on Type I (Rock or Hard Soil)

5% damping
Sa /g
2.5
2.08
The first expression is independent of

the base dimension of the building!!
311
Rock/ Hard Soil
1.0
Note
0 0.28
312
0.48
Natural Period Ta
52
Step 4
Step 3
3
Estimate Ah
Calculate Design Base Shear Vb
OMF
Clause 7.5.3 of IS:1893(1)-2002
0.36 1.0 2.5

= 0.15 Infilled Frame
2 3
Ah =
0.36 1.0 2.08
= 0.125 Bare Frame
2 3
VB = Ah (Ta ) W
0.09 4900= 441kN SMF
VB =
0.15 4900= 735kN OMF
SMF
0.36 1.0 2.5

= 0.090 Infilled Frame
2 5
Ah =
0.36 1.0 2.08
= 0.075 Bare Frame
2 5
313
314
Step 5
Step 5
Distribute Design Base Shear Vb

along height
Locate point of application of Qi at each floor

At each floor level at design eccentricity
Clause 7.7.1 of IS:1893(1)-2002
Qi = VB
Clause 7.9.1 of IS:1893(1)-2002
Wi hi2
1.5esi + 0.05bi , or
edi =
esi 0.05bi
W j h 2j
j =1
EQ
EQ
238.4 kN 397.4 kN
148.9 kN
53.7 kN
248.1 kN
89.5 kN
EQ
EQ
SMF
SMF
OMF
OMF
315
esi
316
Step 5
5
Step 5
5
Locate point of Qi
Locate point of Qi
Two cases of Design Eccentricity
CM*
CM
CS
1.5 esi + 0.05bi

edi =
esi 0.05bi
CM CM* CS
CS
0.05bi
esi
0.5esi
1.5esi + 0.05bi
317
CM
0.05bi
esi
esi 0.05bi
318
53
Step 5
5
Step 5
5
Locate point of Qi
Locate point of Qi
Effect of shear and torsion: esi
Effect of shear only
Analysis A
Analysis B
CS
CS
CM
319
CM
320
Step 5
5
Step 5
5
Locate point of Qi
Locate point of Qi
Effect of shear, torsion esi and 0.05bi
Solution
Analysis C
CS CM
Effect of esi only
AA
A-B
Effect of 0.05bi only
CS CM
BB
C-A
CS
CM
CM*
Effect of 1.5esi+0.05bi along with shear

B+1.5(A-B)+(C-A)
= 0.5(A-B)+C
322
Step 6
Step 6
6
Load Combinations
Load Combinations
Lateral force resisting system orthogonal

in two plan directions
Lateral force resisting system

non-parallel in two plan directions
9 load cases for unsymmetrical buildings

y
Can reduce to 5 for beams
ELx
1.7 (DL + LL)

1.3 (DL + LL ELx)
1.3 (DL + LL ELy)
1.7 (DL ELx)
1.7 (DL ELy)
x
y
x
323
CS CM CM*
0.05bi
0.05bi
321
CC
324
ELy
54
Step 6
6
Step 6
6
Load Combinations
Load Combinations
Two/Three Component Motion
Non-parallel system
Response (EL) due to earthquake force is

maximum of ::

Replace
ELx 0.3ELy 0.3ELz
EL = ELy 0.3ELz 0.3ELx

EL 0.3EL 0.3EL
z
x
y
ELx by (ELx 0.3ELy) and ELy by (ELy0.3ELx)

in the combinations for orthogonal systems
Thus, 17 load cases for unsymmetrical buildings
1.7 (DL + LL)

1.3 (DL + LL (ELx 0.3ELy))
1.3 (DL + LL (ELy0.3ELx))
1.7 (DL (ELx 0.3ELy))
1.7 (DL (ELy0.3ELx))
325
Alternately, SRSS Method may be employed as ::
EL =
(ELx )2 + (ELy )2 + (ELz )2
If any one component is not being considered,

the corresponding response quantity is dropped.
326
55

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Seismic FORCE

The material contained in this lecture handout is a property of

Structure of Revised IS:1893

IS 1893: From 2002 onwards

:: General Provisions and Buildings

IS:1893 first published in 1962.

What does IS:1893 Cover?

Specifies Seismic Design Force

So that revisions can take place more frequently!

Only Part 1 and 4 of the code has been

e.g., IS:4326, IS:13920, ...

For an earthquake-resistant structure, one has

Applicable to all structures

This can be problematic.

Zone Map (contd)

1962 and 1966 maps had seven zones (0 to VI)

Zones O and VI dropped; only five zones

Latur (1993) earthquake (mag. 6.2, about 8000

No change in map in 1975 and 1984 editions

Now only four zones: II, III, IV and V.

In the peninsular India, some parts of zone I

Zone Map (contd)

Zone Map (contd)

Notice the location of Allahabad and Varanasi in

Since the code has been revised after a very

Also notice another error in the new zone map

Annex E of the code correctly lists Kolkata is in

The Annex E of the code gives correct zones for

It is clear that the code is meant for normal

Read second para, page 3

Vibration of the structure: this induces inertia

Intensity versus Magnitude

Other Effects (contd)

The code generally addresses only the first

It is important that you understand the

How strong was the vibration at a location

Read more about magnitude and intensity at:

How big was the earthquake

By inertia force, we mean mass times acceleration

Landslide triggered by earthquake

Last para on page 3

Area liable to shaking intensity

Shaking intensity is commonly measured in

There is a subtle change: Modified Mercalli

See Annex. D of the code for MSK Intensity Scale

Our zone map is based on likely intensity.

It does not address the question: how often such

Peak Ground Acceleration

Area A experiences max intensity VIII every 50 years,

Maximum acceleration response of a rigid

Current trend world wide is to

We should be able to read the value of PGA

Specify the zones in terms of ground

Typical shape of acceleration spectrum

Peak Ground Acceleration (contd)

Average shape of acceleration response

Ordinate at 0.1 to 0.3 sec ~ 2.5 times the PGA

There can be a stray peak in the ground motion;

Spectral Acceleration (g)

Such a peak does not affect most of the

Effective Peak Ground Acceleration

Typical shape of acceleration response spectrum

Earthquake Level (contd)