A Concept of Sodhana (Purification) W.S.R

04/04/2015
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AconceptofSodhana(Purification)w.s.r.toParada(Mercury)
J O UR NA L C O NT E NT
SrinivasuluBandari*,BhadraDevP1,MurthyPHC2
*CorrespondingAuthor:Dr.BandariSrinivasulu,SeniorResearchFellow
(Ayurveda),NationalinstituteofIndianMedicalHeritage,OsmaniaMedical
Collegebuilding,Putlibowli,Hyderabad,
E.mail:dr.vaasu@rediffmail.com,Ph.No:09347000599
1.Professor&Head,2.GazettedLecturer,
Dept.ofRasaShastra,Dr.N.R.S.Govt.AyurvedicCollege,Vijayawada,
AndhraPradesh.
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Abstract
Sodhana (Purification) is an important and principal pharmaceutical
procedure for removing the impurities before the conversion of metals and
minerals into Bhasma. There are different procedures like Svedana
(vapouring), Mardana (grinding), Prakshalana (performing frequent
ablutions), Galana (straining fluids), Avapa (substances are added into the
liquefiedmetals),Nirvapa(metalsareburnttoredhotanddippedinliquids),
Bhavana (maceration), Bharjana (frying in pan) etc. specific process are
describedfortheSodhanaofdifferentmetalsandminerals.
SodhanaofParada(Mercury)wasdoneinthespecificmediumsi.e.
equal quantity of Nagavallisvarasa, Ardraka svarasa and Trikshara (Sarja,
Yava, Tankana). Atomic Absorption Spectrometry study reveals that the
higherlevelsofvariouselementsandheavymetalsarefoundintheParada
after the purification when compared with the Sodhana process. The raw
Parada contains of Iron (4.7800), Copper (4.5840), Zinc (1.2280), Silver
(0.304), Tin (3.7560), Cadmium (2.0534), Lead (2.3400), Arsenic (2.6500)
elements in ppm levels before the purification. After the purification the
analysiswithAAStheresultsofelememtsareIron(2.5760),Copper(2.6520),
Zinc (0.2800), Silver (0.044), Tin (1.6090), Cadmium (0.1330), Lead
(0.9036),Arsenic(1.0146)ppmlevels.
This process adopted by the thesis work of Pharmaceutical
Standardization of Panchavaktra Ras And Clinical Study In Amavata
(RheumatoidArthritis)donebydr.B.Srinivasulu,PostGraduateDepartment
of Rasashastra, Dr. Nori Rama Shastry Government Ayurvedic College,
Vijayawada2,AndhraPradesh.
Keywords:Sodhana,Parada,Nagavallisvarasa,Ardrakasvarasa,
Trikshara,Purification,AtomicAbsorptionSpectrometry.
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Introduction:
Ayurveda, the immortal science of life is practiced in the Asian
subcontinentsinceVedicperiodhavegivenvitalimportancetothepracticeof
metal and mineral based therapies, includes use of drugs originated mainly
frommetalsandmineralsaftergoingthroughsystemicprocedureofSodhana
(purification) and Marana (incineration/calcification). Altered politico
socioeconomic compulsions made the development in Rasasastra consistent
for centuries and thousands of formulations were formulated for the
demandingsociety.
DrugsusedinAyurvedabroadlyclassified intothree categories,viz.,
(a)Vegetableproducts,(b)Animalproducts,and(c)MetalsandMinerals.In
the Vedic literature and in Ayurvedic classics mostly vegetable drugs were
prescribed for the treatment of different categories of ailments. Very few
animalproductsandstillfewermetalsandmineralsweredescribedinthose
texts.MetalsdescribedintheseworksincludeIron,Copper,Gold,Lead,Tin,
Silver and Copper pyrite. Metals for internal use were processed by
impregnatingwithdifferentkindsofdecoctionsaswellasthejuiceofherbs,
andthereafter,bydryinginsunorshade.Thesemetalswerethenreducedtoa
finepowderformbygrindinginamortarandpestle,andadministeredtothe
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patient either alone or in combination with several other drugs. Making a

Bhasma or alkaline calcined powder of these metals was not very popular
amongthephysiciansofthosedays.(1)
TheliteralmeaningofthetermSodhanaisthepurification.The
term used particularly for Sodhana or processing of mercury is Samskara.
CarakahasexplainedSamskaraasGunantaradhana(2). During the process
of samskara or Sodhana, the metal or mineral acquires a different property
whichisusefultherapeuticallyandwhichovercomesoriginalharmfuleffects
ofthemetal.
Purposeofprocessing:
Duringtheclassicalage,metalsandmineralswereimpregnatedwith
decoctions,juicesofvarioustypesofvegetabledrugsandthenreducedtoa
stateoffineparticlebygrindingprocess.Iftheseareusedinrawformoreven
inunprocessedpowderform,theywillnotbedigested,absorbed,metabolized
and assimilated to the tissue cells of the body. Thus, they will be
therapeuticallyineffective.Ontheotherhand,theseheterogeneousdrugsare
likelytoproduceserioustoxiceffectinthebody.Tomakethemnontoxic,to
make them easily digestible and absorbable, to make them suitable for
metabolic changes and assimilable by the tissue cells, and to make them
therapeutically potent, for this purpose several methods for processing of
metalsandmineralshavebeenprescribed.Dependinguponthenatureofthe
metalandthediseaseforwhichtheyaremeanttobeused,thespecificprocess
forpurificationvaryfromonemetaltotheanotherandtheprocessisrepeated
forseveraltimes.
ConceptofSodhana(Purification):
Theprocessofeliminatingtheimpuritiesofthemetallicsubstancesby
means of Svedana (vapouring), Mardana (grinding), Prakshalana
(performingfrequentablutions),Galana(strainingfluids),Avapa(substances
areaddedintotheliquefiedmetals),Nirvapa(metalsareburnttoredhotand
dipped in liquids), Bhavana (maceration), Bharjana (frying in pan) etc.
specific process and techniques with the help of specifically mentioned
Aushadhadravya(plantjuicesoranimalproducts),isknownasSodhana(3).
Typesofsodhana:
Sodhanaprocessissubdividedintotwomajorcategories:(4)
(1)Samanyasodhana(Generalpurification)(5):
It is used as universal procedure for sodhana of all drugs of a
particular group, in other words these drugs should be purified individually
throughthesameprocedure.e.g.,samanyasodhanaofmetalsandminerals.
(2)Viseshasodhana(Specificpurification):
It is used as specific procedure for particular drug material
individually.ThisprocessshouldbeusefulafterSamanyasodhana.e.g.,Loha
(iron)SodhanaprocessedwithTriphaladecoction.(6)
ChangesduringSodhanaprocess:
Physicalchanges:
(a)Eliminationofphysicalimpurities:
The contamination is often natural and it takes place in the mines or
some material is available in combination with other ones. e.g., kampilla
(mallotus philippensis LAM.) is separated from brick powder (7) Guggulu
(Commiphora mukul Engl.), Silajatu is separated from insoluble physical
impurities.(8)
(b)Reductioninhardness:
By repeated heating and quenching, hardness of the metals and
mineralsbecomebrittleandmakesthemsuitableforMaranaprocedure.(9)
(c)Increasebrittleness:
Byrepeatedheatingandquenchinginliquidmedia,cracksareseenon
the surface of metals and minerals and become brittle. e.g., Abhraka (mica)
flakesandLohaareburntonfireanddippedinTriphaladecoctionforseven
times,bythistheflakesofAbhrakaandLohabecomesoft,brittleandminute
andcanbemadeintoBhasmaeasily.(10)
Chemicalchange:
(a)Eliminationofchemicalimpurities:
In the mines, metals are available in combination with other metals
and found as metallic ores or compounds. During Sodhana of Makshika
(Copper pyrites CuFeS2) impurities like arsenic get eliminated by the
heating.
(b)Formationofchemicalcompounds:
Loha(iron)whenheateduptoredhot,reactswithatmosphericoxygen
to form ferric oxide (Fe2O3), which possesses therapeutic potentials.
SimilarlywhenMakshikaisfried,Sulphuriseliminated(11),ironandcopper
convertsintooxide.
(c)Changeintodesiredcompound:
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DuringBharjanaofTankana(BoraxNa2B4O7 10H2O)thechemical
compound of borax changes into Na2B4O7 5H2O (12) and Kamkshi (alum
k2Al3 (SiO3) 24H2O) water portion is evaporated and desired chemical
compoundisobtained.
Biologicalchanges:
A Physicochemical change of the material helps to increase its
biological availability, means to potentiate its biological efficacy on the
humanbody.Reductioninparticlesizehelpsinabsorption,smoothnessleads
to nonirritability, chemical changes make the material homologous to the
tissuecells,thetoxicityisreducedandacceptabilitytothecellsisincreased.
The Jaipala seeds (Croton tiglium Linn.) do posses the property of
producing spasm in intestine, after purification with lemon juice which
possessantispasmodicproperty.(13)
Anjana (stibnite) purified in juice of Bhrngaraja
(Eclipta alba (L) Hassk.) is proved nontoxic to eyes in experimenting
animals.
Sodhita Vatsanabha (Aconitum chasmanthum
Stapf.) when purified in cows urine is converted into cardiac stimulant,
whereascrudeVatsanabhaisclaimedtobecardiacdepressant.(14)
TheseedsofKucala(StrychnosnuxvomicaLinn.)
purified in cows milk show CNS depressant activity, pentabarbitone
hypnosispotentiation,inhibitedmorphineinducedcatalepsyandleasttoxicity
inmice,albinoratsandchicks.(15)
Roleofmedia:
Liquidmediumfacilitateseasyandsmoothgrinding,iteliminatesthe
problem of dust. In this process during grinding, the minute particles of the
material come in contact with the liquid. Pellets are prepared after proper
levigation, and hence it can be utilized for further processing. Liquid
impregnateitsactiveprinciplestothematerialandmakethematerialorganic.
Liquidmediumactsasabindingagent,duetoitsbindingpropertyitiseasyto
preparepillsincaseofKharaliyapreparations.
PurificationofParada(16):
Genuine raw drugs are selected only after proper purification. Many
methods of Sodhana are prescribed in our texts, but the method, which is
easy, effective and practicable is followed here. When the processing
methodology is completed, then the purified drugs are fit for internal
administrations.
Materials:(Figures17)
1.Parada(percury)
2.Nagavallisvarasa(Juiceofbetelleaf)
3.Ardrakasvarasa(Gingerjuice)
4.Yavakshara
5.Sarjakshara
6.Tankanakshara(borax)
Equipments:
Khalvayantra,Vessels,Mixer,Lukewarmwater.
Procedure:
1. Parada is taken with Nagavalli svarasa, Ardraka svarasa and
Triksharainacleankhalvayantra.
2. The above said materials are rubbed in Khalva yantra for eight
hoursperdayforthreedays.
3. The obtained material is washed and pours out with the help of
lukewarmwaterforseveraltimesuntilwegetcleanandclearParada.
Observations(Table1):
1. In the process of Mardana, the Parada in liquid form is separated.
Initially it appears like small, shiny pearl like substance and when it is
grindedforfewhoursitisconvertedintoafinepaste.
Precautions:
1. Utmost care is taken during mardana so as to prevent the spilling of
Parada.
Table1:ObservationsduringParadasodhana
S.N Details
1.
2.
QuantityofrawParada
Betelleaves
Experiment
1
250gm
100gm
Experiment
2
250gm
100gm
Experiment
3
250gm
100gm
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Nagavallisvarasa
Ginger
Ardhrakasvarasa
Trikshara(eachof50
gm)
pHvaluethismixture
ObtainedSodhita
parada
Difference
Totalduration
Totalexpenditure
Dateofcommencement
Dateofcompletion
50ml
100gm
50ml
150gm
50ml
100gm
50ml
150gm
50ml
100gm
50ml
150gm
10
235gm
10
230gm
10
235gm
15gm(loss)
24hrs
350Rs
30102006
02112006
20gm(loss)
24hrs
350Rs
17022007
20022007
15gm(loss)
24hrs
350Rs
14012008
17012008
QuantitativechemicalanalysisofrawParadaandSodhithaParada:
Thefinaldrugwaspreparedthreetimes,forthetherapeuticpurpose.
Samepurificationmethodwasfollowedinthese3batchesofdrugs.Forthe
analyticalpurpose,onlyfirstsampleofParadawassenttothelaboratoryto
findtheamountofelementsinppmlevel.
Aim:
ToanalyzethepureandimpuremercurybyusingAAStechnique
To determine the impurities present in the mercury and rule out the
quantityoftheseimpurities.
Instrument:AtomicAbsorptionSpectrometry(17):
Atomicabsorptionspectrometry(AAS)isananalyticaltechniquethat
measures the concentrations of elements. Atomic absorption is so sensitive
that it can measure parts per billion of a gram (g dm3) in a sample. The
techniquemakesuseofthewavelengthsoflightspecificallyabsorbedbyan
element. They correspond to the energies needed to promote electrons from
oneenergyleveltoanotherhigherenergylevel.
Principle:
Atomicabsorptionistheprocessthatoccurswhenagroundstateatom
absorbsenergyintheformoflightofaspecificwavelengthandiselevatedto
anexcitedstate.Theamountoflightenergyabsorbedatthiswavelengthwill
increase as the number of atoms of the selected element in the light path
increases. The relationship between the amount of light absorbed and the
concentrationofanalysispresentinknownstandardscanbeusedtodetermine
unknownsampleconcentrationbymeasuringtheamountoflighttheyabsorb.
The absorption of light is proportional to the concentration of free
atomsintheflame.ItisgivenbyLambertbeerlaw.
Absorbance(A)=log10I0/It=k.c.l
Where,
I0=intensityofincidentradiationemittedbythelightsource
It=intensityoftransmittedradiation
c=concentrationofsample(freeatoms)
k=consent
l=pathlength
MethodologyforMetalAnalysis:
a.Samplecollection:
Thedrieddrugssamplesarethengroundedandpowderedinanagate
pestle and mortar. Samples are labelled and stored in precleaned
polyethylenebottlesforfurtheranalysis.
b.Reagentsandapparatus:
All the reagents such as HNO3, HCl, H2O2, Sodium Borohydride
(NaBH4), Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) etc. are purchased from MERCK.
Millipore water is used for all analytical works. All the digestion vessels,
Polyethylene bottles (sample container) Micro Pipette tips and others are
washed with 10 % HCl, rinsed with deionized water before preparing
standards,reagentsandsamples.
c.Digestionofsamples(SamplePreparation):
AMultiwave3000Microovensystem(fromAntonpaar,USA)with
16positionteflon vessels with capping was used for digestion process. The
digestion vessels are provided with a controlled pressure, temperature and
releasevalve.Beforeuse,allTeflonvesselsaresoakedwith10%HNO3.The
systemisinitiallyprogrammedbygivinggradualriseof20%,40%,and50%
power for 5, 15 and 20 minutes, respectively for the due warming up. The
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powder samples are being used without any further treatment for sample
preparation.0.2gmofsampleisweighedintotheTeflonvessels,followedby
digestionmixtureofHNO3,HCl&H2O2intheratioof3:1:1accordingtothe
natureofsamplesisbeingapplied.
The resulting solution after microwave digestion is filtered through
whatman#40filterpaper(ifnecessary)anddilutedto50mlwithMillipore
water.Asampleblankcontainingonlyacidmixtureispreparedatthesame
time. The method of standard addition is generally adapted to calibrate the
instrumentbeforegoingfortheobservationofthesamples.
DeterminationofMetals:
AlltheatomicmeasurementsarecarriedoutwithPerkinElmermodel
400/HGA900/AS800 coupled with Mercury Hydride System15 (MHS15).
Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL) for Cd, Pb, Hg & As and Hollow
Cathode Lamp for Sn Fe, Cu, Zn etc analysis are used as a light source to
providespecificwavelengthoftheelementstobedeterminedandhighpurity
(99.999 %) Acetylene is used to provide constant thermal energy for
atomizationprocess.Argongasisusedascarriergasforpurgingpurposesof
Graphite furnace to the analysis of As and Hg by Mercury Hydride System
(MHS15).
Calibrationofinstruments:
Morethanthreeworkingstandardsolutionsoftherespectiveelement
to be determined have to be prepared. Before the analysis of samples, the
instrument is calibrated with prepared working standard solution. The
calibration curve is obtained for concentration vs. absorbance data by
statically analyzed mode. Calibration of the instrument is repeated
periodically during operations and blanks are carried with each set of 10
samples or aspirate any one of the prepared working standards for every 10
samplestochecktheinstrumentdriftandtovalidateanalyticalproceduresand
performance.Reagentblankreadingistakenandnecessarycorrectionismade
duringthecalculationofconcentrationofvariouselements.
StandardCertifiedReference(SRM)ofNationalInstituteofStandard
and Technology (NIST) is used for daytoday evaluation of methods of
analysisortestandforlongtermqualityassuranceofmeasurements.
Sn,Fe,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb,Asetc.,analysisbyFlameAAS/Graphitefurnace:
After calibrating the instrument with prepared
workingstandard,thedigestedliquidsamplesolutionissubjectedtoanalysis
of Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn Cd, Pb, As etc by flame/Graphite furnace with specific
instrumental conditions as given by instruments manufacturer. Introduce
the solution into flame, record the reading, using the mean of the three
readings.Thequantityoftheconcentrationoftherespectivemetalisprovided
after verifying the programmed calibration of the reading with the standard
calibration curve of the respective element obtained from Concentration vs.
Absorbanceofthepreparedknownconcentrationonthedayoftheanalysis.
Hg analysis by Cold Vapour Method using Mercury Hydride System

(MHS15):Aftercalibratingtheinstrumentwithpreparedworkingstandard,
the10mlofdigestedliquidsampleispipettedouttoaspecificcontainerof
MercuryHydridesystemanalyzerfollowedbyadding10ml1.5%ofHClas
diluentforeachflaskandblank,3%ofNaBH4solutionin1%ofNaOHin
reactionflask.Thedigestedsampleisrunthroughthereactionflasktoquartz
cell. It is done without any heating. As there is a standard curve already
calibratedintheprogrammed,thevaluesareprintedoutaftercalibratingwith
thestandardcurveobtainedfromconcentrationvsabsorbanceoftheprepared
knownconcentrationonthedayoftheanalysis.
Interferencesandmatrixmodification:
Other chemicals that are present in the sample may affect the
atomizationprocess.Forexample,inflameatomicabsorption,phosphateions
may react with calcium ions to form calcium pyrophosphate. This does not
dissociateintheflameandthereforeresultsinalowreadingforcalcium.This
problemisavoidedbyaddingdifferentreagentstothesamplethatmayreact
with the phosphate to give a more volatile compound that is dissociated
easily.Lanthanumnitratesolutionisaddedtosamplescontainingcalciumto
tie up the phosphate and to allow the calcium to be atomized, making the
calcium absorbance independent of the amount of phosphate. With electro
thermal atomization, chemical modifiers can be added which react with an
interferingsubstanceinthesampletomakeitmorevolatilethantheanalyzed
compound.Thisvolatilecomponentvaporizesatarelativelylowtemperature
and is removed during the low and medium temperature stages of electro
thermalatomization.
Table2.ShowingtheanalysisofMercurybeforeandafterpurification
SampleName
Iron(ppm)
ImpureMercury
4.7800
PureMercury
2.5760
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Copper(ppm)
Zinc(ppm)
Silver(ppm)
Tin(ppm)
Cadmium(ppm)
Lead(ppm)
Arsenic(ppm)
4.5840
1.2280
0.304
3.7560
2.0534
2.3400
2.6500
2.6520
0.2800
0.044
1.6090
0.1330
0.9036
1.0146
Conclusion:
In the text of Rasasastra, there are many
purificationmethodsformetalsandminerals.Dependingonthetoxicityfew
are purified with the general purification methods and some with specific
methods. By the purification physical and chemical impurities are removed,
and hence metals are free from toxicity and metals become suitable for the
furtherprocedureslikeMarana.
Parada is available in liquid state and it can absorb the metals and
mineralseasily.Forthepurificationofparadamanymethodsareadoptedin
therasatext,butintherasataraginithemethodadoptedbywhichtheequal
parts of Parada, Nagavalli svarasa, Ardraka svarasa and Trikshara are
groundtogetherintheKhalvayantrafor eight hours per day for three days.
Afterwards it is washed with lukewarm water for several times to obtain
purifiedParada.BythismethodpurifiedParadawasanalyzedbytheAtomic
AbsorptionSpectrometry(AAS).
TherawParadacontainsofIron(4.7800),Copper
(4.5840), Zinc (1.2280), Silver (0.304), Tin (3.7560), Cadmium (2.0534),
Lead (2.3400), Arsenic (2.6500) elements in ppm levels before the
purification.AfterthepurificationwiththehelpofAASanalysis,theresults
ofelementsareIron(2.5760),Copper(2.6520),Zinc(0.2800),Silver(0.044),
Tin (1.6090), Cadmium (0.1330), Lead (0.9036), Arsenic (1.0146) ppm
levels.Hencebyabovementionedpurificationmethod,theppmlevelsofthe
elementsaregreatlyreduced.
Therefore the purification done by the above
methodisbestandoutcomeofmercurywasusedforthemedicinalpurpose
without any drawbacks. After purification of metals and minerals must be
used for the further procedures without delay, especially mercury, as it can
absorbtheotherelementsfromtheair.
Reference:
1. AlchemyandMetallicMedicinesinAyurvedabyVaidyaBhagwandash,
published by Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi. Reprint: 2003
ISBN:8170220777Pageno:17
2. Charaka Samhita by Ram Karan Sharma & Vaidya Bhagwan Dash,
published by Chowkambha Sanskrit Series office, Varanasi. Reprint:
2009ISBN:8170800137VolIIPageno:124
3. RasaTaranginibyPranacharyaSriSadanandaSharmaeditedbyPandita
KashinathShastrypublishedbyMotilalBanarasidas,NewDelhi.Reprint:
2004ISBN:812082542XPageno:22
4.AtextBookofRasashastrabyDr.VilasA.Dole&Dr.PrakashParanjpe
published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan , Delhi Reprint: 2006
5.RasaratnasamuchchayabyDr.A.D.Satpute,publishedbyChaukhamba
Sanskrit pratishthan, Delhi. Reprint: 2006 ISBN: 8170842062 Page
no:110
7. Rasashastra the Mercurial System by P. Himasagara Chandra Murthy,
Published by Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office, Varanasi. 1st Edition
2008ISBN:9788170802768Pageno:285
8.IbidPageno:235
10.IbidPageno:184&303
11.IbidPageno:193
12. PharmaceuticalStandardizationOfPanchavaktraRasAndClinicalStudy
InAmavata(RheumatoidArthritis)thesisdonebydr.B.Srinivasulu,Post
GraduateDepartmentofRasashastra,Dr.NoriRamaShastryGovernment
AyurvedicCollege,Vijayawada2,AndhraPradesh
14. SarkarPK,Shubha,PrajapatiPK.,Importanceofmediainshodhanaof
vatsanabha,AYU200920:01:5256.
15. Sarkar P K, Chaudhary A. K, Role of milk in shodhan (Detoxification)
withspecialreferencetoNuxVomica.Aryavaidyan2007XX:100104
16. RasaTaranginibyPranacharyaSriSadanandaSharmaeditedbyPandita
KashinathShastrypublishedbyMotilalBanarasidas,NewDelhi.Reprint:
6/7
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2004ISBN:812082542XPageno:81
17. Analysis, 2000, 28, 850 854. EDP Sciences, Wiley VCH 2000
Analytical Sciences April 2000 Vol.16, The Japan Society for
AnalyticalChemistryTheSciences,(2)7477MarchApril2001
odhanadravyaofParada:
Figure1:Parada
Figure2:Sarjakshara
Figure3:Yavakshara
Figure4:Tankanakshara
Figure5:Nagavallileafs
Figure6:Nagavallisvarasa
Figure7:Ardraka
Figure8:Ardrakasvarasa
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patient either alone or in combination with several other drugs. Making a

Hg analysis by Cold Vapour Method using Mercury Hydride System

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