Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Glosario de trminos
sobre Color, Imagen y Sistemas
de Gestin de Color
R.I.T.
ITGT
Introduction
Introduccin
Absolute white
Theoretically, a material that perfectly
reflects all light energy at every visible
wavelength
Practically, a solid white (with known
spectral data) that is used as the reference
white for all measurements of absolute
reflectance
a* (a-star)
Axis in the LAB color space
It encompasses green (-128) at one end and
red (+127) at the other.
a* (a-asterisco)
Blanco Absoluto
Absolute colorimetric
Rendering intent in which the white point of
the paper is not factored in.
Reproduces in-gamut colors exactly and
clips out-of-gamut colors to the nearest
reproducible hue, sacrificing saturation and
possibly lightness. On tinted papers, whites
may be darkened to keep the hue identical
to the original rendering intent in which the
white point of the paper is not factored in.
Also called Match or Preserve Identical
Colors
(From http://www.normankoren.com)
Absorption
The opposite of reflection, is a measure of
the rate of decrease in the intensity of light,
as it interacts with a substance.
Absorcin
Colorimtrico absoluto
atomic orbits.
(From http://www.midnightkite.com)
Colores aditivos
Achromatic
Colors without hue distinctions; Black, white,
and shades of gray are achromatic colors.
Also known as neutral color
Contrafibra
Acromtico
Addressability
The spacing of marking spots a hard
copy output device is capable of, and
is expressed as spots in inch (spi); also
known as printer resolution; higher device
addressability allows for more detail and
subtle color transition in an image.
Exactitud
Direccionalidad
Additive color
The mixing of red, green, and blue
lights, which each imaging makes up
approximately 1/3 of the visible spectrum, to
produce color images; color television and
monitor display is an example of additive
color mixing. Since you start with black
(darkness) and add light in order to see
Anti-aliasing
Alpha channel
An 8-bit layer in a graphics file format
that is used for expressing translucency
(transparency). The extra eight bit per pixel
serves as a mask and represents 256 levels
of translucency.
(From http://www.pcmag.com)
Post imgen
Canal Alpha
AM screening
A screening method that renders an image
with small inked dots of equal distance
between them, but varying in their sizes
to simulate the appearance of a contone
image; also known as amplitude-modulated
halftone
Amplitude response
The input-output relationship of an imaging
device; typical input parameters are digital
values and % dot area, and typical output
parameters are density and color; also
known as plate/press curve in analog
printing.
Amplitud de respuesta
La relacin de entrada-salida de un
equipo grfico; tpicos valores de entrada
son valores digitales y % de rea de
punto, y tpico parmetros de salida son
densidad y color; tambin conocido como
curva de plancha y curva de prensa en
impresin analgica.
API
Acronym for Application Program Interface;
for example, a feature in ColorSync 3.0
which provides color matching functions
to application software using standard
architecture and profile format without the
need to develop custom routines.
API
Anti-aliasing
The rendering of hard-edged objects to
remove jaggies from edges, so they blend
smoothly to its adjacent areas
6
b* (b-star)
Axis in the LAB color space
It encompasses blue (-128) and yellow
(+127).
Appearance
Manifestation of the nature of objects and
materials through visual attributes such
as size, shape, color, texture, glossiness,
transparency, opacity, etc.
b* (b-asterisco)
Apariencia
Backing material
The material placed directly under or
behind, a sample when measured. ANSI/
ISO 5/4-ANSI PH2.17 specifies a black
backing be used to reduce measurement
variability, especially when paper Is printed
on both sides.
(From www.xrite.com)
Artifact
A visually noticeable defect in a digital
image, which is not in the original scene
Material de fondo
Artefacto
ATM
Banding
A breakup of a smooth blend into stair-steps
in a gradient; an undesirable visual effect in
which a smooth gradation is rendered not
smooth; lack of sufficient gray levels, and
PostScript RIP are reasons for banding.
Bandas
Negro
Bit
A contraction formed of binary and digit; all
computer information is represented as a
unique combination of binary digits 0 and 1.
Bit
Mapa de Bits
Imagen Binaria
Black level
On a display or television monitor, black
level is the technical term for what is usually
called brightness. Black level determines the
amount of that a picture display emits for the
darkest areas of an image.
(From http://whatis.techtarget.com)
Nivel de negro
Cuerpo negro.
Blancura
Bleed
A printed image that extends past its
trimmed edge
When any image or element on a page
touches the edge of the page, extending
beyond the trim edge, leaving no margin it is
said to bleed. It may bleed or extend off one
or more sides. Photos, rules, clip art, and
decorative text elements can bleed off the
page.
(From http://desktoppub.about.com)
Sangre
Byte
A group of (usually) eight bits; the basic unit
of information
Brightness
Refers to the perception of the luminance of
an object, apart from its hue or saturation.
In printing, the papers brightness is the
Byte
CCD
Acronym for Charge-Coupled Device; the
part of the scanner or digital camera that
converts detected light into voltages, which
can then be converted into digital values.
Calibration
The process of ensuring that all color
production devices (scanners, monitors
and printers) conform to an established
state or known values as specified by the
manufacturer, user, or an industry-wide
specification or standard. In open systems
approach to color reproduction, each and
every device must be calibrated to ensure
modularity and connectivity. Taking a piece
of equipment and altering its behavior so
that it is consistent.
CCD
Calibracin
CEPS
Candelas (cd/m2)
An international unit of light intensity
Luminance may be described in units of
candelas per meter squared or sometimes
as just candelas or nits.
Caracterizacin
Candelas (cd/m2)
CIE
Chroma
Used to describe the difference of the color
from gray, e.g., a grayish color has low
chroma; represented as C* in the CIELAB
color system; also known as saturation
Cromacidad (Saturacin)
Color cromtico
CIE
Abbreviation for Commission Internationale
De LEclairage Originally started out as
International Commission on Illumination.
The French translation was adopted due
to its obvious similarity with the British
chemical giant ICI (imperial Chemical
Industries). It defined a color metric system
that consists of color specifications with
mathematical definitions and measurement
procedures. Today, it is the main
International Organization concerned with
color and color measurement.
CIELAB space
The color space comprises lightness axis L*,
the red/green axis a*, and the yellow/blue
axis b*. It models how humans perceive
color and is a popular color space for use
in measuring reflective and transmissible
objects.
Three-dimensional, approximately uniform
11
Espacio CIELAB
Close-loop calibration
A method of scanner calibration where a
factory provided file is printed on the desired
printer and then scanned back in. The
scanned result is compared with the original
file data and compensation setting is stored.
The compensation setting is used as a filter for
all future scans to be output on that particular
output device.
CMM
Acronym for Color Management Module; a
data processor used in the color management
system to perform the color conversion Engine
used to drive any color conversion; functions
like someone translating between languages.
Results will vary depending on CMM selected.
12
CMM
CMYK
CMS
Short for Color Management System; a
software/hardware system used to ensure
color consistency among different input and
output devices
A Color Management System (CMS) is a
layer of software resident on a computer
that negotiates color reproduction between
the application and color devices.
(K.N. Plataniotis and A.N.Venetsanopoulos.
Color Image Processing and Application.)
Color
Color is a visual sensation. By the CIE
color measurement method, color can
be determined by measurement of hue,
saturation, and brightness of the reflected
light. Formal definition: Attribute of visual
perception consisting of any combination
of chromatic and achromatic content. This
attribute can be described by chromatic
color names such as yellow, orange, brown,
red, pink, green, blues, purple, etc., or by
achromatic color names such as white, gray,
black, etc., and qualified by bright, dim, light,
dark, etc., or by combination of such names.
Note: Perceived color depends on the
spectral distribution of the color stimulus, on
the size, shape, structure, and surround of
the stimulus area, on the state of adaptation
of the observers visual system, and on
the observers experience of the prevailing
and similar situations of observations.
International Lighting Vocabulary, CIE 1987.
CMS
Color
Ceguera cromtica
Color accuracy
The ability of a sample (reproduction) to
match as close as possible to the reference
(original) in hue, saturation, and lightness
Exactitud de color
Deuteranope (simulacin)
Ausencia de fotoreceptores verdes
en la retina
(Grfico de http://www.colormatters.com)
14
Color cast
An overall tendency within an image toward
a hue direction; the most noticeable area of
color cast is in neutrals and near-neutrals in
a color image; a print demerit
Color dominante
Color correction
In printing, it refers to the steps taken to
ensure that color reproduction is achieved
despite ink impurities. In desktop prepress, it
describes the functions used to manipulate
the color of an image.
Correccin de color
Color difference
In the subjective sense, it is an expression
of the visual difference between two colors.
When expressed as a numerical value it is
the shortest distance, or E, between two
points representing two colors in a threedimensional color space. The degree of
color matching is quantitatively expressed
by the value, E.
Color conversion
The process of converting or transforming
RGB image into its CMYK mode to be printed
using cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks
or toners.; color conversion was a part of the
color scanning process whereby the scanner
performs color separation and conversion in
one step; also known as color transformation.
Diferencia de color
Conversin de color
Color gamut
The range of colors that an imaging device
can render at a known display or printing
conditions
If a color, as defined in the CIELAB space, is
outside of a CMYK space, the said color is
termed out of gamut.
Color management
The integration of imaging devices in
color matching and color image rendering;
application of software to control the display
and/or output of color on a variety of devices
so that the result of all output matches the
intended color representation
Gama
Gestin de color
Color illusion
Physiological phenomena, which cause
visual distortions of perceived color, e.g.,
after image effect, simultaneous, and color
contrast, etc.
Ilusin colorimtrica
Colorkey
A Colorkey is an overlay proof created from
the film separations that places each ink
color on a separate clear acetate sheet;
then assembles them together over white
paper. Colorkey is actually a brand name
for a specific process that is often used
generically to apply to any overlay proofing
system.(from http://desktoppub.about.com)
Color picker
A utility for specifying colors in application
software.
16
Selector de color
Color space
The three-dimensional range of color coordinates that mathematically defines the hues
and shades a device can print or display.
Espacio de color
Color proof
A color image made of inks, toners, or dyes
to simulate the appearance of a final printed
reproduction.
Prueba de color
Color specification
Spectral reflectance curves, tristimulus
values, chromaticity co-ordinates, and
luminance value or other color-scale values
used to designate a color numerically in a
specified color system.
Color rendering
Depiction and interpretation of color images.
Interpretacin de color
Especificacin colorimtrica
Color separation
A process of separating contone color
images into three components with the use
of red, green, and blue filters
Separacin de color
Color shift
Refers to how an image is perceived
differently than its reference.
Variacin de color
Color space
A three (or more)-dimensional model that
can be used to arrange or describe colors
according to certain rules/color model,
e.g., RGB, HSL, Yxy, L*a*b*, L*C*h,
CMYK, etc.
Fotolito
Espacio de color
Modelo tridimensional (o de ms
dimensiones) que puede ser usado para
ordenar o describir colores de acuerdo
17
Color temperature
The description of the hue of a light source;
the temperature in degrees Kelvin of a black
body that most closely matches the color of a
light source
5000 K is near daylight and is considered the
standard viewing condition for color appraisal.
Lower Kelvin temperatures such as 2400 K
are red while higher temperatures such as
9300 K are blue. Neutral temperature is gray,
at 6504 K.
The SPD (Spectral power distribution)
radiated from a hot object - a black body
radiator - is a function of the temperature to
which the object is heated.
Many sources of illumination have, at their
core, a heated object, so it is often useful to
characterize an illuminant by specifying the
temperature (in units of Kelvin, K) of a black
body radiator that appears to have the same
hue (from www.poynton.com)
Also see black body
Color transparency
A photographic image on transparent film;
35 mm, and 4 x 5 formats are commonly
used.
Diapositiva
Colorantes
Temperatura de color
ColorSync
ColorSync is Apples color engine, a
Macintosh system extension, which
supports application software for ICC-based
color management. Third party vendors
utilize the ColorSync framework to provide
device calibration, device characterization,
and device profile building methods.
ColorSync
Complementary color
A pair of colors which exhibit the maximum
amount colors of hue contrast, e.g., red and
green, yellow and blue.
Colorimeter
An optical measurement device designed to
measure color quantitatively.
Formal Definition: An optical measurement
instrument that responds to color in a manner
similar to the human eye by filtering reflected
light into its dominant regions of red, green
and blue.
Color complementario
Colormetro
Conos
Colorimetric rendering
A color rendering (or matching) style where
colors are reproduced exactly the same as
the original. It can be further divided into
relative colorimetric matching (to paper
white) and absolute colorimetric matching.
Interpretacin colorimtrica
Rueda de color
19
Continuous-tone or Contone
A smooth transition of gradation varying
from light to dark with no apparent break
Contrasty
Higher-than-normal contrast as either
perceived or compared to reference, e.g.,
the original scene
Tono continuo
Alto contraste
Contract proof
Proof given to the client to sign as a form
of a contract, implying that they agree with
what they see on the proof and it is ready to
go to press.
Control limits
The amount of acceptable variation in
press capabilities over the course of a
press run
Prueba de contrato
Lmites de control
Contrast
An appearance term that describes how
tones are rendered from light to dark in an
image; a photographic term that describes
how density increases as a function of
exposure increase.
Control patch
Control patch area produced for control or
measurement purposes
(From ISO-12647)
Parche de control
Contraste
Control strip
One-dimensional array of control patches
(from ISO 12647-1)
Tira de control
Contrast Ratio
Contrast ratio is the ratio of intensity
between the brightest white and the darkest
black of a particular device or a particular
environment (from www.poynton.com )
Cool colors
Colors with blue, blue-green hues
Colores fros
Relacin de contraste
CRD
Abbreviation for Color Rendering
Dictionary; the output profile inside a
20
CRD
CT file format
Continuous-tone files, e.g., TIFF, PICT,
Scitex CT, etc
Formato de ficheros CT
Cian
CRI
CRT
CSA
D50
The recommended hue of the lighting
conditions for critical color appraisal,
measured with a light source at 5000
K (Kelvin degrees) correlated color
temperature.
DCS
D50
DDES
Short for Digital Data Exchange Standard;
a set of established protocols, formats, and
values that allow one vendors CEPS to
communicate with another vendors CEPS.
Definition clarity of detail in an image
D65
The CIE Standard Illumination that
represents a color temperature of 6504 K.
This is the color temperature that is most
widely used in paint and textile industry
viewing booths. The Graphic Arts industry
uses both D50 and D65 as a standard.
DDES
D65
Delta E (E)
Distance in CIE L*a*b* color space between
two colors. Delta E is used to indicate total
color difference and establish quantitative
color tolerances.
Data compression
The reduction of file size for efficient data
storage and transmission by a computer
Compresin de datos
Delta E (E)
DCS
Abbreviation for Desktop Color Separations;
an extension of EPS format by Quark;
22
Densitometer
An electronic instrument used to measure
light absorption of flat samples (images
or colors) through four filters in terms of
density.
Densitmetro
Density
Density is defined as the base-10 log of
opacity. The ability of a sample to stop or
absorb light; the darkness of an area.
Densidad
Density range
The density difference between the lightest
and the darkest tones of an image
Rango de densidad
Deviation tolerance
Permissible difference between the OK print
from a production run and the reference
value (from ISO 12647-1)
Digital imaging
The process of converting an image into
its digital equivalent for monitor display or
printing
Digitalizacin de imagen
D-max
The maximum density in an image
Digital printing
Any printing process that does not require a
plate in order to image a substrate, including
electrophotographic inking presses like the
Indigo, desktop printers, and wide-format
inkjet, to name a few.
D-max
Impresin digital
D-min
Rectificado
Digital proof
Proof that is made directly from an
electronic file
Prueba digital
Dot area
The size of a halftone dot, expressed as
a percentage of the unit dot area. A small
halftone dot (5%) represents highlight, and
a large halftone dot (90%) represents the
shadow of a reproduction
Distributed printing
Printing a document at one or more
locations by transmitting digital data across
a network
rea de punto
Impresin distribuida
Dot gain
The enlargement of a halftone dot from film
stage to the press sheet due to printing
impression and light penetration within the
paper
The dot on paper is often estimated with the
use of densitometry and the Murray-Davies
formula.
Dithering (Difuminado)
24
Ganacia de punto
Dye sublimation
A thermal dye color proofing and printing
system in which the amount of heat
determines the amount of dye transferred to
a carrier sheet.
Colorante de sublimacin
Driver
A software program that translates
commands between a computer operating
system and its peripheral devices
Dynamic range
An instruments range of measurable
values, from the lowest amount it can detect
to the highest amount it can handle.
Driver
Rango dinmico
Drop-on-demand printing
Drop-on-demand printing is a type of
printing in which a drop of liquid to be
printed is dispensed from a print head
nozzle at a specific time when, and a
specific place where, such a drop of liquid is
desired (from www.patentstorm.us)
Dye
A soluble colorant; as opposed to pigment
which is insoluble.
Tinte
25
Emulsion
A thin coating of light-sensitive material; or a
mixture of two dissimilar substances
Emulsin
Electromagnetic spectrum
An energy continuum, including visible light,
which can be described by frequency or
wavelength
Different wavelengths have different
properties, but most are invisible to human
beings. Only wavelengths between 380
to 720 nanometers in size are visible,
producing light. Invisible waves outside
the visible spectrum include gamma rays,
x-rays, microwaves and radio waves.
See also Spectrum, Visible Spectrum.
EPS
Espectro electromagntico
Error diffusion
Techniques to compensate for errors due to
quantizing the image signal.
Difusin de error
Embedded profile
Coded tag at the end of the image file
data. It allows a color management module
to translate the data correctly for a given
device.
Perfil incrustado.
26
Fade-off
The lightest portion of a vignette or gray
scale
FM screening
Frequency Modulation screening is a
method in which halftone dots are created
at a constant size; the number of dots in a
specific area varies to create the illusion of
dark and light tones.
Also known as stochastic screening
Sin decocolorar
Tramado FM
Falso contorno
Fovea
The small area at the back of the retina,
where the point of greatest resolution and
sharpest color vision is located
Filter
A colored transparent material; a set of
algorithms designed to modify a digital
image for interesting visual effects or
achieving a specific objective.
Fvea
Filtro
Lmpara fluorescente
Gamma adjustment
An adjustment that makes the Tonal
Distribution lighter or darker
A gamma adjustment maybe made to a
monitor, a scanner or to an image during the
scanning or image editing process.
Gamma
A measure of gradation or tonal rendering
from light to dark for monitor display
Gamma describes the nonlinear relationship
between the pixel levels in your computer
and the luminance of your monitor (the light
energy it emits) or the reflectance of your
prints. The equation is:
Luminance = C * valuegamma + black
Level C is set by the monitor contrast
control.
Value is the pixel level normalized to a
maximum of 1.
For an 8 bit monitor with pixel levels 0 - 255,
value = (pixel level)/255.
Black level is set by the (misnamed) monitor
Brightness control.
The relationship is linear if gamma = 1.
(From http://www.normankoren.com)
Ajuste de Gamma
Gama
Gamma
Gamut alarm
A software function that tells the user if a
color falls outside the gamut of the currently
targeted printer; also called gamut warning
Alarma de gama
Mapeado de gama
GRACoL
GCR
Abbreviation for Gray Component
Replacement; the process of removing
some amount of chromatic inks forming gray
and replacing it with the equivalent black ink
Graininess
The sand-like or granular appearance or an
image
Granularity is a numeric metric of the effect.
GCR
Granulado
GIF
A bit mapped graphics file format, which
uses LZW compression and a 256
(maximum) color palette
(From www.comsci.us)
GIF
Regilla
GRACoL
Short for General Requirements for
Applications in
Commercial Offset Lithography; a set of
color separation, color proofing, and color
29
Equilibrio de grises
Hard proof
Printouts made on a desktop printer. These
are not used to evaluate color accurately.
Halftone
An image structure whereby tonal rendering
is achieved by a system of dots, which vary
in size or frequency
This image structure is necessary to render
gradations for a printing process capable
only of either transferring or not transferring
ink.
Armona
Trama
Hickie
A void of ink or small sharply defined solid
surrounded by a white halo; a print demerit
Half-tone film
Film for use with a half-tone printing process
showing image elements such as dots or
lines
(From ISO 12647-1)
Mota
Pelcula tramada
Hi-Fi printing
A kind of process printing that expands the
conventional four-color process gamut using
additional special ink colors
Highlights
The lightest or whitest portion of a pictorial
image
Luces
HLS
Abbreviation for Hue, Lightness, and Saturation;
a color model according to hue, lightness, and
saturation (or chroma)
It is a user-oriented and more intuitive color
picking method than the RGB color model.
Also known as LCH
Hue
An attribute of color that differentiates a red
from red, green and blue, etc
It is defined by its angular position in a
cylindrical color space, or on a color wheel.
According to the CIE hue is the attribute of a
visual sensation according to which an area
appears to be similar to one of the perceived
colors, red, yellow, green and blue, or a
combination of two of them.
(From www.poynton.com)
HLS
Tono
HSB
(Hue Saturation Brightness) A color space
that is similar to the way an artist mixes colors
by adding black and white to pure pigments.
The pigments are the hues (H), measured
in a circle from 0 to 359 degrees (0=red,
60=yellow, 120=green, 180=cyan, 240=blue,
300=magenta). The saturation (S) is the intensity
of the color, and the brightness (B) is a range
from black to white, each measured from 0 to
100%.
From http://www.techweb.com
Hue error
Deviation of a process ink from its ideal hue
orientationHue error is often expressed
with a densitometrically-derived value along
with grayness of a process ink.
HSB
Error tonal
32
ICC
Abbreviation for International Color
Consortium; ICC was founded in 1993
to create standards for rendering color
on the desktop. The result was a broad
cross platform implementation for color
management profiles. All profiles of your
scanner, printer, etc., are considered ICC
profiles.
Iluminante.
ICC
Iluminante A
Iluminante C
ISO
A Greek word, meaning equal, short
for International Organization for
Standardization, founded in 1947 i Geneva,
Switzerland with its mission to facilitate
the development and harmonization of
standards.
ISO
Iluminante D
Illuminant
The light source under which object
(reflected colors) are seen or by which
33
Image orientation
Images are referred to as rightreading(opposite: wrong- reading) if text
appears as It is intended to be read and
images are In the orientation intended for
viewing by the end user.
(From www.color.org)
Color indexado
Orientacin de la imagen
Ink trapping
The ability of the second ink layer to stick or
transfer to the top of the first ink layer in a
wet-on-wet printing process
Atrapado de tinta
Imposition
The arrangement of pages on the press
sheet to accommodate printing, folding,
trimming, and binding requirements
Intensity
Intensity is a measure over some interval of
the electromagnetic spectrum of the flow of
power that is radiated from, or incident on, a
surface.
(From www.poynton.com)
Imposicin
Intensidad
Indexed color
Indexed color (or pseudo-color), is the
provision of a relatively small number, say
256, of discrete colors in a color map or
palette. The frame buffer stores, at each
pixel, the index number of a color. At the
output of the frame buffer, a lookup table
Interface
The go-between that provides a common
34
Interfaz (interface)
Jaggies
The ragged edge of an image or line
segment that is reproduced which is not part
of the original image; also called stair steps
Pixelado
IT8.7
Pertaining to graphic arts technology
standards; series of test targets and tools
for color characterization established
by ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) Committee IT* targets for Digital
Data Exchange Standards. IT8.7/1 and
IT8.7/2 are photographic targets for scanner
characterization, and IT8.7/3 is a digital file
for characterizing a process color printers.
IT8.7
JPEG
JPEG 2000
Kelvin (K)
Unit of measurement for color temperature
The Kelvin scale starts from absolute zero,
which is -273 degree Celsius.
Kelvin (K)
Kilobyte
36
L
(Charts from http://www.colormatters.com)
Luz
LAN
Acronym for Local Area Network
A group of connected computers in a relatively
small area that share access to printers and
other peripheral devices
LAN
LCH
Lightness
The degree of light and dark of an object in
the L* dimension of the CIELAB system. L*
ranges from the maximum white (100 L*) to
the maximum black (0 L*).
Light
Refers to the visible portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum; approximately 400
and 700 nm
The subjective response to a color relating to
how bright or dark a color appears
It is the parameter in some objective color
measurement systems that correlate to this
subjective impression. It is called Value in some
systems. In the CIELAB system it is one end of
the L* axis, ranging from white (1) to black (100).
The perceived intensity of a light reflecting
surface; the blackness or whiteness of the
color
In terms of Color Wheel Pro, black has the
lightness of -1, pure hue has the lightness of 0,
and white has the lightness of 1
Luminosidad
LPI
Abbreviation for lines per inch; refers to the
spacing of an amplitude-modulated halftone
structure; the higher the LPI, the greater
potential for the halftone to render image
detail.
LPI
Luminosidad
Lossy compression
Destructive file compression, in the sense
that the file cannot be precisely retrieved by
decompression.
JPEG compression is an example of a lossy
compression algorithm.
Lossy compression sacrifices detail in
order to achieve higher compression ratios.
The amount of compression depends on
the detail in the image and the quality
level selected when the image is saved.
JPEG and GIF use different types of lossy
compression.
(From www.normankoren.com)
LUT
Abbreviation for Look-up Table; a one, two,
or multidimensional array of values stored
for an input-output relationship. By looking
up input values, the correct output value can
be found by interpolation.
LUT
LZW
Abbreviation for Lempel-Ziv-Welch; a loss-less
data compression method in which repeated
byte sequences is replaced by a code.
MacAdam unit
On a chromacity diagram, they are
elliptical shaped areas that indicate one
just-perceptible-difference in all three
attributes of color. It is named after David L.
MacAdam.
LZW
Unidad de MacAdam
Mate
Tringulo de Maxwell
abbreviated as MB.
Megabyte
Metamerismo
Mespica
Colores metamricos
Memory color
The nominal color of an object, e.g., the
green of grass, the red of apple, the gray of
mouse, without regard to the effect of light,
atmosphere, or distance on those colors In
simple terms they are familiar colors that
are seen regularly in common objects or
colors that we are conditioned to perceive
in particular manner. Color Separators
aim to adjust the tone reproduction and
color correction so that memory colors
appear neutral or as close to the perceptual
perceived value. The red of the apple and
color of the orange are colors that will be
typically perceived by the observer based
more on his physiological perception rather
than visual.
Memoria de color
Muar
Medio tonos
Fuera de registro
Monitor RGB
Same as RGB: monitor RGB simply refers
specifically to the color space that can be
achieved by a particular monitor using
combinations of red, green and blue light.
Moir
An objectionable interference pattern
caused by the out-of-register overlap of two
or more regular halftone dot or line patterns
It is a printing demerit and in process color
printing screen angles are selected to
minimize this pattern. If the angles chosen
are not correct then this objectionable
pattern (moire) is produced.
Unwanted periodic structure produced by
interference between two or more two-
Monitor RGB
Luz monocromtica
Notacin de Munsell
Mottle
Uneven appearance of a uniformly printed
area which may be caused by uneven inking
or uneven adherence of ink on substrate
It results in an uneven color or tone.
Moteado
Murray-Davies equation
An equation for the calculation of printed dot
area based on densitometer measurements
The resulting calculations are for total dot
area, including the optical and physical
aspects.
Ecuacin de Murray-Davies
Munsell notation
The Munsell hue, value and chroma for
a color, usually written as a hue number
42
Nanometer
Unit measure of wavelength applying to
electromagnetic radiation
As the word suggests nano stands for
nine and the unit is equivalent to 10-9
meters. Visible light wavelengths range
from about 400-700 nanometers. The
wavelengths of various lights in the visible
spectrums are as follows: blue light 400 to
500 nm green lights 500 to 600 nm red light
600 to 700 nm
Ecuaciones de Neugebauer
Nanometro
Neutral
Achromatic, or any color without hue, such
as white, gray, or black.
Neutro
Gris Neutro
Newton, Isaac
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) showed,
among other things, that light separated into
a spectrum of visible wavelengths when it
passes through a prism.
Neugebauer equations
A set of three simultaneous equations
that are used to predict the tristimulus
43
Newton, Issac.
Normal key
A photographic or printed image in which
the main interest area is in the middle
tone range of the tone scale, or distributed
throughout the entire tone range
Noise
Unwanted optical effects or electronic
signals that distort an image
Noise increases during receiving, storing or
processing of data. Optical noise is called
flare or glare while electronic noise is called
static.
Ajuste normal
Ruido
NTSC
Abbreviation for the National Television
Systems Committee; the group, formed
in 1953, determined the color television
system to use as a standard in the U. S. The
abbreviation is frequently used to describe
the standard video signal used in the United
States, Canada, and other countries. Other
video standards are PAL and SECAM.
NTSC
Non-reproduceable colors
Colors in an original scene, photograph
or image that are impossible to reproduce
using a given set of colorants because they
are outside the color gamut of the system
A classic example will be a highly saturated
color like a very deep wine red.
Colores No Reproducibles
Opacity
A material property that prevents the
transmission of light; the reciprocal of the
transmittance
It describes a materials lack of
transparency. In relation to printing ink,
it is defined as the inks ability to hide or
cover up the image or color over which it is
applied.
Object-oriented
A computer-generated graphic image, using
vector graphic data, defined mathematically
through coordinates and outlines instead of
bitmap.
Opacidad
Observer metamerism
When color matching dispute arise for a
pair of colors due to a change in observer
(illumination kept the same).
Opaque
When an object transmits no optical
radiation, i.e. one cannot see through the
object/material.
Opaco
OK sheet
An approved press sheet that is intended
for use as a quality guide for the rest of the
production run
During production printing the production
print singled out as reference for the
remaining production run.
(From ISO 12647-1)
Open-system color
A system of color reproduction in which the
input and output devices are characterized
using device-independent color space,
allowing color matching among multiple
devices.
Pliego OK
45
OPI
Abbreviation for Open Prepress Interface;
a set of instructions written into PostScript
files that specify the automatic replacement
of low-resolution images, in the pagination
file, with their corresponding high resolution
counterparts when output to a document.
OPI
Optimization
The process of determining the device
settings that yields the best color
reproduction. Also see Optimum Color
Reproduction.
Optimizacin
Original
A photograph, artists drawing (physical
or electronic) or merchandise sample
submitted for reproduction. It is sometimes
also called the original copy.
Original
46
Perfil de salida
Ostwald system
A system of arranging colors in a color solid
The colors are described in terms of color
content, white content and black content.
The color solid appears as two cones, base
to base with the hues around the base and
with white and black at the two opposite
points (or apex).
Sistema Ostwald
47
Overprint colors
A color made by overprinting any two primary
yellow, magenta and cyan process inks to
form red, green or blue secondary colors.
Checking the density of these patches allows
press operators to determine trap values.
Palette
A selection of colors; like an artists palette
of paints
Colores sobreimpresos.
Paleta
Panormica
Pastel colors
A term used to describe soft or light colors
usually in the highlight to midtone range.
Colores pastel
PCS
Short for Profile Connection Space; A
device-independent color space used by
a CMM for translating colors from one
devices gamut to another
The CMM translates colors from the source
color space defined by an ICC device profile
to the PCS, and then to the destination color
space using a second ICC profile.
PCS
Pantone color
A color-naming system for specifying
colors by swatches and matching by ink
formulations; used widely among graphics
professionals.
PDL
Color Pantone
49
PDF
Short for Portable Document Format; a
device-neutral document format designed by
Adobe Systems Inc. to allow digital data to
be communicated, viewed, and printed in an
efficient manner.
Interpretacin Perceptual
Perceptual uniformity
Perceptual uniformity means that two colors
that have the same similarity distance
to the same reference color in a color
space are perceived as equal by viewers.
In other words, the measured proximity
among colors must be directly related to
the psychological similarity among them.
We select the CIE L*a*b* (Albuz et al.,
2000) which is a color space of perceptual
uniformity.
(From http://www.zju.edu.cn)
Peaking
Electronic edge enhancement produced by
exaggerating the density differences at tonal
boundaries to create the visual effect of
increased image sharpness.
Enfoque digital
Percepcin uniforme
Perception
The psychological result of stimuli encoded
by one of the senses
Visual perception refers to the intuitive
recognition of aesthetic qualities of an
object.
Percepcin
Peripheral
An input/output device that is attached to a
computer to add functionality
Perceptual rendering
A color image rendering style which yields
50
Perifrico
Phosphor
A substance which emits light when
stimulate by radiation. The quantity of
visible light is proportional to the amount of
excitation of energy present. Usually present
in display devices and monitors.
Fsforo
PICT
The original Apple file format for transferring
Mac graphics between applications;
primarily used for storing black-andwhite vector and bitmap graphics. It is an
abbreviation for Picture Format. Saving
files as PICT should be avoided as a PICT
graphic is converted by the RIP during
output into PostScripts native bitmap
format. This is both error prone and time
consuming.
Foto-diodo
PICT
Photomultiplier (PMT)
Highly sensitive photoelectric element
that transforms light variations into electric
currents; Used in scanners to convert
image information into electrical signals.
Nowadays, PMT (photomultiplier tubes)
have been replaced by CCDs (charged
coupled devices) and has been the
51
Picture quality
Image quality as judged by an observer
based on the images own merits and the
observers experiences or state of mind.
Datos de pxels
Calidad visual
Pixilation
Very coarse-looking image due to insufficient
spatial sampling of the image
Pigment
Substances with unique color properties;
when suspended in a liquid vehicle,
becomes ink or paint. The pigment is the
preferred colorant in most printing inks.
Pixelizacin
Pigmento
Pleasing color
The result of color image rendering where
the color reproduction accuracy is not critical
between original and its reproduction as long
as the reproduction looks pleasing on its own
merits
Color agradable
Pixel
A contraction of the phrase in-pictureelement
It is the smallest unit of a digitized image,
and contains tonal and/or color information.
When a color image is scanned in, a pixel
often contains 24 bits of information (RGB
information is at 8 bits per channel).
Plug-ins
Third-party vendor developed software that
provides an extra function not available in the
standard software application.
Pixel
Plug-ins
Pixel data
A type of digital file that describes grayscale
52
PMT
Falta de reventado
PNG
PNG uses lossless compression: image
quality is equal to TIFF but file size can
be considerably smaller, though generally
larger than JPEG. PNG is supported by
most web browsers and image editors, but
it isnt widely used-- its undoubtedly the
most underrated image file format. PNG was
created to circumvent the LZW patent used
in GIF and TIFF formats.
From www.normankoren.com
Position proof
A color proof used to verify whether all the
elements of the reproduction (text, graphics,
and pictures) are in correct location and in
correct registration. The proof is not used for
color judgment as it may not contain correct
color strengths or hues and is not its primary
objective.
Ferros
PNG
Posterization
The deliberate constraint of a gradation into
visible steps, as a special effect
Posterizacin
Poor highlight
A print demerit due to the fact that halftone
dots in the highlight region of a pictorial
image are either too large or too small
PostScript
A page description language developed by
Adobe Systems, which describes the layout
of each page, including text, vectors, and
raster, in an efficient encoding. To print the
pages, an interpreter processes the data
files into bit maps for output e.g., laser
printer or CTP device. The key feature of
Calvas
PPD
PostScript
PPI
Abbreviation for Pixels Per Inch; a measure
of the spacing of samples in the scanned
information
PPI
PostScript-compatible
A device that can interpret Adobe PostScript
commands but was not designed or
manufactured under license from Adobe
Systems.
Press proof
An image printed before the production
pressrun to verify whether the desired effect
can be achieved using the production inks
and substrates.
A prepress proof is an analog or digital
proof that uses inkjet, toner, dyes, overlays,
photographic, film, or other techniques to
give a close approximation of what the
finished piece will look like. Unlike a press
proof, the prepress proof does not use the
actual printing inks therefore color proofs
may not be quite as accurate as a press
proof.
(From http://desktoppub.about.com)
PostScript-compatible
Prueba de impresin
Eje Principal
Pressrun
The actual running of the press to print the
job immediately following press make-ready
Tirada
Calidad de la impresin
Primaries
A small set of colors from which the rest of
the colors can be derived. Primaries, when
combined with each other, are capable of
producing a range of colors.
Red, green, and blue lights are primaries
for additive color mixing systems. Yellow,
cyan, magenta colorants are primaries for
subtractive color mixing systems
Colores Primarios
Principal axis
The axis of a screen that coincides with
Prisma
Precisin
Printer driver
An operating system software program that
directs the CPU to send commands to a
specific printer
Driver de impresora
Process control
The method of regulating a process to verify
its conformance to a standard and to take
corrective action if required; main goal is to
minimize product variation.
Printing form
Tool whose surface is prepared such that
some parts transfer printing ink whereas
other parts do not
(From ISO 12647-1)
Contol de proceso
Forma impresora
Profile
A file containing information about the color
rendering capabilities of a device.
It takes two profiles (source and destination)
to render color images.
It is a mathematical relation between a
Prism
A transparent, triangular, solid material;
used for dispersing light into its spectrum
56
Proprietary
Vendor-unique technology or devices, which
are often incompatible with other products in
the industry
Sistema Propietario
Perfil
PSD
Adobe Photoshop Document; designed
by Adobe for use within Photoshop
environment; not supported by web
browsers and most image editors.
PSD
Proofing
A process of using one imaging device to
predict the appearance of a hard copy from
another device.
Purity
See also Saturation
Prueba (proceso)
Pureza
Proof
A prototype of the printed job that is made
from plates (press proof), film or electronic
data (prepress proof). It is used for customer
inspection and approval before mass
production begins.
Prueba
producto.
2. Excelencia - un aspecto ms tcnico por
el cual se puede juzgar cuando la copia
repoducida (impresa) se asemeja con la
proximidad requerida, al original.
3. Consistencia - todos los colores y aspectos
de la copia reproducida son producidos de
forma identica entre ellos.
4. Permanencia - Por cuanto va a durar la
copia (aqu factores como resistencia a la luz,
decoloracin, levantamiento de la tinta etc.
juegan un papel vital)
Pero en reducidas cuentas, Calidad en las
Artes Grficas depende de la satisfaccin
Q-60
A color scanner calibration kit offered by the
Eastman Kodak Company
The Q-60 Test Target for Scanner calibration
by KODAK
Q-60
Control de calidad
Calidad
Quartertone
Picture tonal values produced with dot size
percentages of approximately 25 percent
dot area.
58
Cuarto de tono
Random proof
A color proof consisting of many images
ganged on one substrate, and randomly
positioned with no relation to the final page
imposition.
Prueba aleatoria
RAM
Raster
Informacin rasterizada
Raster graphics
Generation of images as a collection of
small, independently controlled dots (pixels)
arranged in rows and columns
(From www.comsci.us)
Reflection copy
An original that must be viewed by reflected
light. Thus a paper print is a reflection copy.
Rasterize
The process of converting vector data into
pixel data for output to an imagesetter or
laser or inkjet printers
Original opaco
Rasterizacin
Reflectance factor
Ratio of the measured reflected flux from
the specimen to the measured reflected flux
from a perfect-reflecting and perfect-diffusing
material located in place of the specimen.
(From ISO 5-4)
Reference standard
A physical standard used to calibrate a group
of laboratory standards.
Factor de reflectancia
Referencia estndar
Reflection density
Logarithm to base ten of the reciprocal of the
reflectance factor; unit: 1
Also called reflectance factor density
(From ISO 5-4, CIE 17.4)
Densidad de reflexin
Reflectancia
Reflection densitometry
Instrument which measure reflectance factor
density
(From ISO 12647-1)
Colorimtrico relativo
Densitmetro de reflexin
Marcas de registro
Relative density
Density from which the density of a
reference such as the film base, or the
unprinted print substrate, has been
subtracted
(From ISO 12647-1)
Registration
Color-to-color alignment at image assembly
and in printing; the normal acceptable
registration variation is one row of halftone
dots, e.g., 0.007 for a 150 LPI halftone
images.
Densidad relativa
Registro
Reliability
As applied to color terminology is the ability
of an instrument to perform as specified
without premature failure
Fiabilidad
Relative colorimetric
A rendering intent which compares the white
point (extreme highlight) of the source color
space to that of the destination color space
and shifts all colors accordingly
Typically, this rendering intent is most
suitable for illustrations rather than images
and is the default rendering intent in Adobe
products.
Also called Proof or Preserve Identical Color
Resolution
A measure of fineness of detail a system
can produce or detect. It is measured by the
closest spacing of black and white line pairs
which can still be distinguished as individual
lines. High resolution images are more
lifelike where the discrete image elements
are more discernable.
Resolucin
Repeatability
The closeness of agreement between the
results of successive measurements of the
same test specimen, or of test specimens
taken at random from a homogeneous
supply carried out in a single laboratory, by
the same method of measurement, operator,
and the same measuring instrument, with
repetition over a specified period of time.
This is the most important aspect of sample
representation technique and one of the
most important specifications of a color
instrument.
Repetibilidad
Rhodamine
A bluish red pigment used for making
magenta ink; comparing to rubine magenta
rhodamine has more blue reflectance, and
is more ideal for manufacturing magenta ink
for process color printing.
Rodamina (Rhodamine)
Retina
The innermost coat of the posterior part of
the eyeball, which detects the visible portion
of the spectrum via cones and rods
Retina
RIP
Acronym for Raster Image Processor or
Raster Image Processing; thus, it is the
device for, or the process of, rasterizing an
image into bit-maps for output to an image
setting or printing device.
RIP
Retoque
Rods
Light-sensitive cells located in the periphery
of the retina, and sensitive to low intensities
of light; offering black and white vision,
especially at low light levels.
RGB
Bastones
Rod intrusion
At low levels of illumination, rod receptors
may not be fully desensitized, resulting in
signals that intrude upon the cone signals.
As a result, an expected calculated match
may not match visually.
Intrusin de bastones
Roseta
Rojo Rub
intensity of color
In this example, the leftmost swatch has
the saturation of 1 (maximum value) and
the rightmost swatch has the saturation of 0
(minimum value).
(From http://www.color-wheel-pro.com)
Saturacin
Sampling rate
The frequency used to record an image.
Great enlargements require the use of highfrequency scanning and a high sampling
rate.
Rango de muestreo
Scotopic
Pertaining to vision at sufficiently low levels
of illumination such that only the retinal rods
are stimulated
Visin escotpica
Screening algorithms
Software that converts pixels which are
stored as levels of gray into halftone dots of
specific size, shape and screen angles for
each process color
There are a variety of screen algorithms
available in digital systems and most of
them are patented.
Algoritmos de tramado
Scanner
A device that samples images and converts
them into digital form
Escaner
Screen angle
The angular orientation of a halftone
dot pattern relative to a reference, e.g.,
horizontal line
With oblong-shaped half-tone dots the
angle which the principal axis of the screen
makes with reference direction. With circular
and square dot shapes the smallest angle
which an axis of the screen makes with the
reference direction.
(From ISO 12647-1)
Scattering
Diffusion or redirection of radiant energy
encountering particles of different refractive
indices; it occurs at any such interface, at
the surface, or inside a medium containing
particles.
Dispersin
ngulo de trama
Tono tramado
Screen axis
One of the two directions in which the halftone pattern shows the highest number of
image elements, such as dot or lines, per
length.
(From ISO 12647-1)
Periodo de trama
Ejes de trama
Screening Filter
Software that can strip out the halftone
screening applied to a file in an application
so that an alternate set of screen algorithms
can be applied.
Screen rulings
The number of lines of dots per inch, in each
direction, on a halftone pattern
A 150-line screen, commonly used for offset
lithography on coated paper, has 150 rows
of dots by 150 columns of dots or 22,500
dots per square inch. The more rows of
dots per inch, the less apt the observer of
the reproduction is to notice the screen/dot
patterns.
Also called screen frequency
Filtro de destramado
Lineatura de trama
SCSI
Secondary colors
Colors that are derived from mixing two
primary colors together; for example, red,
green, and blue are secondary colors in a
printing process that uses cyan, magenta,
and yellow as primary inks.
Colors that are made by mixing two adjacent
primary colors; for example, red and blue
light mixed give magenta light.
Mixing secondary colors: Orange, violet, and
green (according to Johannes Itten)
Visual additive secondary colors: Cyan,
magenta, and yellow (CMY)
Visual subtractive secondary colors: Red,
green, blue (RGB)
(From www.color-wheel-pro.com)
Shade
(1) A color produced by a dye or pigment
mixture.
(2) An expression of color difference from
a reference dyeing such that another dye/
pigment must be added to produce a match.
(3) A color slightly different from a reference
color.
(4) Artists term for a color produced by
mixing black with a colored pigment
(From www.comsci.us)
Sombreado
Colores secundarios
Shadow
The darkest part of an image, usually with a
density at or near maximum density
Sombra
Sequence
The order in which inks are deposited on
paper by a printing press; some common
print sequences are CMYK, KCMY and
KMCY
Sharpness
The subjective impression of the density
difference between two tones at their
boundary
As the image edges are sharpened, more
detail will be visible. Edge sharpness can be
increased with unsharp masking.
Secuancia
68
Soft proof
A color display, seen on a color monitor
that simulates the appearance of a printed
image.
Prueba de pantalla
Signal to noise
The strength of the wanted signals in
relation to the ratio strength of the unwanted
signals caused by noises, disturbances, etc
Masa
Nivel a ruido
Single-sheet
A color proof made by placing layers of
toners, dye proof layers, or pigments on a
single substrate without the intermediate
thin carriers that are used by overlay proof.
Prueba de color
Source
Physically realizable light, whose spectral
power distribution can be experimentally
determined, when the determination is
made and specified the source becomes a
Standard Source. Here a distinction must
be made between Source and Illuminant.
In case of an illuminant, it is light defined
by a relative spectral distribution and it may
or may not be physically realizable as a
SNAP
Fuente
SPC
Statistical Process Control is an effective
method of monitoring a process through the
use of control charts. Much of its power lies
in the ability to monitor both process centre
and its variation about that centre.
(From http://www.greenm3.com)
SPC
Source profile
The device profile from which an image was
originated
Depending on how color images are
generated, scanners or monitors may be the
source profile.
SPD
Spectral Power Distribution (SPD); Light
may be precisely characterized by giving
the power of the light at each wavelength in
the visible spectrum. The resulting spectral
power distribution (SPD) contains all the
basic physical data about the light and
serves as the starting point for quantitative
analyses of color. The SPD can be
measured by a spectrophotometer. Spectral
Power Distribution from the SPD both the
luminance and the chromaticity of a color
may be derived to precisely describe the
color in the CIE system.
(From http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
Perfil de origen
SPD
Muestreo espacial
Spectral curve
A colors .fingerprint.. It is a visual
representation of a colors spectral data. A
spectral curve is plotted on a graph where
the vertical axis is the level of reflectance
intensity and horizontal axis shows the
visible spectrum of wavelengths. The
percentage of reflected light is plotted at
each interval, resulting in points that form a
curve.
Spectral response
The manner in which the eye responds to
visible radiation
It is often used to also describe how the
light-sensitive component (PMT or CCD)
in a color separation system responds to
visible and invisible radiation.
Curva espectral
Respuesta espectral
Spectral match
Two specimens having the same spectral
reflectance curve or transmittance
They match under all conditions of
illumination and for all observers.
Also see Invariant match.
Coincidencia espectral
Espectro
Espectrofotmetro
Specular highlight
The lightest highlight area that does not
carry any detail, such as reflections from
glass or polished metal. Normally, these
areas are produced as unprinted white
paper. Specular highlight is also called dropout highlight.
Luz especular
Spectrophotometry
The quantitative measurement of reflection
or transmission properties as a function of
wavelength
SPI
Abbreviation for spot per inch; refers to
number of samples or pixels per inch a
device such as a monitor, or imagesetter
uses to represent an image. The larger
the SPI, the finer the detail it is possible to
reproduce.
Espectrofotometra
SPI
Spectrum
Spatial arrangement of electromagnetic
energy in order of wavelength size
Continuous spectrum
Espectro contnuo
Spot
The smallest diameter of light that a scanner
can detect or an imagesetter or film plotter
can expose. Spot should not be confused
with dot, which is the individual element of a
halftone.
Punto de exposicin
Standard
Internationally accepted set of three spectral
response Observer functions representing
the color matching properties of people with
normal color vision; defined as the CIE 1931
Standard Observer for 2 degree fields, and
as the CIE 1964 Standard Observer for 10
degree fields
Generally speaking it is an established,
approved reference against which
instrument measurements of samples are
evaluated.
Estndar
sRGB
Standardized RGB
A set of monitor calibration settings
consisting of gamma 2.20 and white point
5000K, proposed by Hewlett-Packard and
Microsoft.
sRGB
type response
(From www.xrite.com)
Estatus I (Status I)
Estatus T (Status T)
Status A
ANSI PH2.18, densitometer response.
This is the accepted standard for reflection
densitometers for measuring photographic
color print.
(From www.xrite.com)
Estatus A (Status A)
Escala de grises
Status E
A densitometer response which is the
accepted standard in Europe for color
reflection densitometers
(From www.xrite.com)
Estatus E (Status E)
Substrate
Any material, e.g., paper, board, transparent
films, on which ink or toner is applied.
Status I
A densitometer response commonly
referred to as narrow band or interference-
Sustrato
Surround
The area immediately surrounding the
image of interest
Entorno
Super cell
In digital halftone screening, a super cell
is an aggregate of halftone dots which are
manipulated as a single group.
Super celda
Termiancin superficial
SWOP
TAC
Short for Total Area Coverage; a limit as to how
much ink coverage, in term of % dot area sum of
CMYK, can be applied to the darkest area of a
process color printed image. The chart contains
boxes with TAC ranges from 117 to 376. The
file is printed and then visually assessed to
determine the maximum TAC for a given device.
TAC
Tiro
SWOP inks
A set of process inks that meet the
specifications designated by SWOP
Tintas SWOP
Colores terciarios
Colores generados con parte de las tres
tintas de proceso.
Test form
A collection of test elements, including natural
and synthetic images, arranged in a document
for purposes of quality assessment of an
imaging device.
Pliego de control
TIFF
Texture
Like color and gloss, texture is a unique
visual attribute of an object surface.
Textura
Negro de processo
TIFF/IT
ISO 12639 variant of TIFF called the tag
image file format for Image Technology. This
allows for exchange of CEPS (proprietary,
high-end graphic arts workstation) file
formats. This format is very suitable for
exchange of final files and delivery to
printers but unfortunately few desktop
applications support this file format.
TIFF
Acronym for Tag Image File Format; TIFF is
a means of storing and exchanging rasterbased image data.
TIFF files (identified by the .tiff extension)
are normally uncompressed. Lossless
compression is available, but not universally
supported. TIFF is highly versatile; it can
store 16/48-bit images and metadata, such
as Description, Artists name, and Copyright,
in tagged fields. This makes TIFF files
slightly larger than the images they contain.
TIFF is the format of choice for saving
images intended for high quality printed
output.
(www.normankoren.com)
TIFF/IT
77
Tonal range
The maximum range of tones in an original
or reproduction, similar to density range
Tint
1. A halftone for a specified dot percentage,
less than 100%.
2. A variant of color that is created by mixing a
defined amount of white with the basic color.
3. Flat tints and spot colors are often known
as tints.
4. Artists term for a color produced by
mixing white with a colored pigment.
(From www.comsci.us)
Rango tonal
Tono
Compresin tonal
Tinting strength
Measure of the effectiveness with which unit
quantity of a colorant alters the color of a
material (ASTM E 284)
Fortaleza de tonalidad
Tono
Tolerance
The amount of acceptable difference
between a known correct standard (usually
the customers specifications) and a set of
measured samples
Tolerencia
Tone curve
The relationship between each original
density and each reproduction density that
can be plotted on a graph
The graphical analysis can be done to study
the contrast of the reproduction. A four-
Unit: percent
Curva tonal
Where:
Vp is the integer value of the pixel
Vo is the integer value corresponding to a
tone value of 0%
V100 is the integer value corresponding to a
tone value of 100%
(From ISO 12647-1)
Tone reproduction
A term that relates the density of every
reproduced tone to the corresponding
original density
This relationship is best described by the
use of graphical techniques.
Reproduccin tonal
Donde:
Vp es el valor entero del medio tono
Vo es el valor entero correspondiente a un
valor tonal del 0%
V100 es el valor entero correspondiente a un
valor tonal del 100%
(De ISO 12647-1)
Where
D0 is the transmittance density of the clear
half-tone film;
Ds is the transmittance density of the solid
Dt is the transmittance density of the halftone.
Transform
The algorithms or equations that achieve
the changing from one set of coordinates,
specifications or locations to another, e.g.,
look-up tables, Neugebauer equations, etc.
In other words it is a set of instructions that
are used to transform input values (e.g.
CMYK) into output values (RGB signals in
case of a color monitor)
Donde
D0 es la densidad de transmitancia de la
pelcula clara
Ds es la densidad de transmitancia del slido
Dt es la densidad de transmitancia del medio
tono
(De ISO 12647-1)
Transformacin
Toner
Pigmented colorants, when charged, that
adheres to oppositely charged drums,
then transferred to substrate, and fused;
toners are used in laser printers, and digital
presses.
Transmission rate
The amount of data that can be transmitted
in a given period of time, specified in bits
per second (bps). When specified in cycles
per second, transmission rate refers to the
bandwidth carrier.
Tner
Rango de transmisin
Toning
A printing defect that is caused by ink
printing where it should not print
Toning is the weak color in non-image areas
of the reproduction that gives the visual
appearance of more color everywhere.
Transmittance
The fraction of incident light transmitted
by any material under specified geometric
conditions
Coloracin (teido)
Transmitancia
Transmission copy
An original that must be viewed by
transmitted light. Examples of transmission
copies are color transparencies or color
slides.
Copia de transmisn
T-Ref
A graphic Communications Association
(GCA) standard reflection densitometer
color reference that is used to calibrate a
Status-T densitometer
The T-Ref is made by printing SWOP
inks onto paper at appropriate densities
and calibrated using with the use of a
spectrophotometer. Accurately using the
T-Ref calibration plaque improves interinstrument agreement of densitometers.
Transparent
Capable of transmitting light - the opposite
of opaque
Transparente
T-Ref
Tristimulus values
The amounts of a set of primaries used to
specify color matches. Simply put, they are
the red, green and blue readings acquired
when measuring a color with red, green
and blue filters using a color measurement
instrument.
Valores triestmulos
=(1-R)100 =(1-R)100
%punto en el papel=
TRUMATCH
A color matching system similar to Pantone
matching Systems, that utilizes an array
of printed process color tint swatches. It is
used to specify process color tint values.
TRUMATCH
Transmission densitometer
Device which measures transmittance
density
(From ISO 12647-1)
Unit: percent.
TVI formula:
TVI= % Paper Dot- %Film dot
%Film dot (Transmission )=
Densitmetro de transmisin
=
=(1-R)100 =(1-R)100
Transmission density;
Transmittance (optical) density
Logarithm to base ten of the reciprocal of
the transmittance factor
Unit: 1
(From ISO 5-2, CIE 17.4)
%Paper dot=
82
Ultraviolet (UV)
Invisible electromagnetic radiation of a
shorter wavelength (1 - 400nm) than blue
Using appropriate materials it can be used
to create fluorescence effect.
Transmittance factor
Ratio of the luminous flux transmitted
through an aperture covered by a specimen
to the luminous flux through the aperture
without the specimen in place. Unit: 1
(From ISO 5-2)
Ultravioleta (UV)
Factor de transmitancia
UCA
Under Color Addition is a technique that
is used to add cyan, magenta and yellow
printing dots in dark neutral areas of
reproduction.
UCA
UCR
US sheetfed coated
Working space that uses specifications
designed to produce separations using US
inks under the following printing conditions
- 350% TAC, negative working plate and
bright white coated stock.
Pliego estucado US
UGRA wedge
It is a special film strip control device that
is about 1 inch by 6 inches in size and
contains test targets for controlling accurate
film exposures on contacts and printing
plates. UGRA is a graphic arts research
association located in Switzerland.
Pliego no estucado US
Tira UGRA
USM
Abbreviation for Unsharp Masking; an edge
sharpening filter
USM
84
US web coated
Designed to produce quality separations
using US inks under the following printing
conditions - 260% TAC, negative plate, and
uncoated white offset stock
Value
A measure of color lightness or darkness
attribute rated from 0 for ideal black to 10
for ideal white in the Munsell Color System
and in steps that are visually approximately
equal in magnitude.
Bobina estucado US
Valor (Value)
Unwanted colors
Process colors that should not be present
in certain areas of a reproduction, such as
Cyan in yellows or magenta in greens
Colores indeseados
Variation tolerance
Permissible difference between the OK print
and that of a sample print taken at random
from the production
(From ISO 12647-1)
Tolerancia de variacin
Visualizacin o condiciones de
visualizacin
Grficos vectoriales
Cabina de visualizacin
Vector data
A type of digital file that describes geometric
shapes, such as lines and circles, in
mathematical terms
Datos vectoriales
Vignette
A smooth tonal range where colors are
gradually varied from light to dark to achieve
an air brush effect; vignette effect varies
a color only in brightness or lightness and
does not change the hue of a color
Degradado
Warm colors
Shades of color with red, orange, and yellow
hues
Colores clidos
Virtual memory
A portion of Hard Disk that is allocated for
working files to supplement a computers
RAM.
White light
Illumination such as sunlight composed of
all colors of light in the spectrum. The visible
spectrum components can be seen in a
rainbow or in daylight shinning through a prism.
Memoria virtual
Luz blanca
WMF
WMF (Windows Meta File)
Similar to PICT files on the Macintosh platform
but work on the Windows platform. Have the
same limitations associated with PICT files.
Refer to PICT.
WMF
Blancura
Working space
In an image editing/processing software it
is defined as the default ICC device profile
associated with RGB, CMYK, Grayscale
and spot colors in a document. The working
space has pre-defined settings representing
the color profiles that will produce the best
color fidelity for several common output
conditions. For example, the US prepress
Defaults setting uses a CMYK working
space that is designed to preserve color
consistency under standard SWOP press
conditions.
Espacio de trabajo
En un software de edicin/proceso de
imgenes se define como el perfil ICC de
equipo por defecto, asociado con RGB,
CMYK, escala de gires y colores directos en
un documento. El espaco de trabajo tiene
parmetros predefinidos para representar los
perfiles de color que producirn la mayor
fidelidad de color para distintas condiciones
de salida frecuentes. Por ejemplo, los ajustes
por defecto US de preimpresin usan un
espacio de trabajo CMYK designados para
preservar la consistencia del color bajo
condiciones de impresin estndar SWOP.
Punto blanco
Banda ancha
Filtro Wratten
WYSIMOLWYG
WYSIWYG
Xenon lamp
A high pressure light source that is used to
expose film on some color scanners Xenon
lamps were also a source of white light for
original copy evaluation on some early color
scanners.
Yellow
1. Subtractive primary color that absorbs
blue light.
2. One of the four-color process inks, made
from the organic pigment diarylide yellow. It
is the purest of the four process inks.
Lmpara de Xenon
Amarillo
XYZ model
Device-independent color model developed
by the CIE to which all other visible colors
can be related
In creating XYZ, RGB values are
transformed via mathematical formulae into
co-ordinates x, y and z. While x and z have
no specific perceptual correlates, y value
represents brightness (luminance).
Yellow printer
The blue separation negative
Impresin amarilla
Modelo XYZ
90
http://www.comsci.us
http://www.midnightkite.com/
http://www.computer-darkroom.com/
http://www.pawlan.com/
http://desktoppub.about.coms
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/
http://whatis.techtarget.com
91