Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
UNIT I
Data, Information, Intelligence, Information Technology, Information System, evolution, types
based on functions and hierarchy, System development methodologies, Functional Information
Systems, DSS, EIS, KMS, GIS, International Information System.
Data:
Data is a collection of facts usually as the results of
experiences,observation,experiments or process.Data is a plural of Datum.
Data may be in the form of image, figure, word.
Datum:
Datum is a single fact( word, image and figure)
Information :
When data is organized it becomes information.
Information is derived from data and its useful in solving problems.
Eg: input -> Data->processed->output->information.
Knowledge :
When correct conclusion are derived the information it beings in intelligent
and accounts to addition of knowledge.
Knowledge is knowing what works and how it works.
Knowledge is gain frim experience.
Information System:
Information System can be any organized combination of people, hardware,
software, communication networks and data resources that stores, retrives,
transformation and dissemination information in an organization.
Need for Information System:
To support business process.
In will support decision making.
To support top management to get competitive advantage.
Information Technology:
Information Technology is the study development, design, the
implementation support or management of computer based information
system, particularly software application and computer hardware.
It deals with the use of computer and computer software to convert, store,
product, process transmit and securely retrieve information.
COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION SYSTEM/FRAME WORK:
People (it resources includes end user and information system)
Software (it includes of program and procedure )
Hardware ( it consists of machine and media)
Communication network (it resources consists of communnicatin media and
network support)
Data resources (it includes data and knowledge bases)
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Network resources
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Software resources
(program &
procedures)
p r o c e s s in g
d a t a in t o
in fo r m a t io n
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE
BASED ON HIERARCHY
USERS
BASED ON FUNCTION
STRATEGY
EIS
DSS
LEVEL MANAGERS
MIS
LEVEL MANAGER
HR IS
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SENIOR
MIDDLE
ACCOUTING
FINANCE
HUMAN
RESOURCE
MARKETING
PRODUCTION
BUSINESS
BUSINESSBUSINESSBUSINESS
OPERATION
FUNCTION
INFORMATION
FUNCTIONFUNCTIONFUNCTIONFUNCTION
SYSTEM
BUSINESS FUNCTION
ACCOUTING IS
FINANCE IS
HUMAN
RESOURCE
IS
MARKETIN
G IS
Organization
Customer
Marketing research :
To identify & solve marketing related problem.
Advertising :
1. Help to deciding on advertisement media advertisement budget.
2. To find relationship between advertisement & sales.
Product management:
To manage all products & service including new & old models released.
Product wise sales analysis .
Region wise analysis.
SUBSYSTEM:
Manpower planning: To identify the manpower requirements.
Recruitment & selection: To identify sources to recruit manpower & process
to select them.
HR Development: To develop the employees, identify training needs, help
them in career planning.
Compensation &Benefits : Used for wages & salary administration , fixatin of
benefits & allowance.
Industrial relations: To handle employee grievances.
Establishment of personal records: To maintain records related to going,
performance, disciplinary action etc.
HIERARCHIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM:
The information system is used by different level of employees for
different purposes.
The information system support the decision making needs of the
top management the senior level managers, middle level the managers & lower
level workers.
THE DIFFERENT HIERARCHIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM:
INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON HIERARCHY:
EIS
DSS
MIS
TPS
DSS uses:
Analytical models
Specialized database
A decision makers own insight &judgement.
Interactive computer based modelling bases.
FOCUS
FOCUS IS ON DATA
FOCUS IS ON INFORMATION
FOCUS S ON DECISION SUPPORT
FOCUS IS ON STRATEGIC DECISION
SUPPORT
ABB
TPS
OAS
MIS
DSS
EIS/ES
S
KS/ES
AI
IS
Transaction processing system
Office automation system
Management information
system
Decision support system
Executive information system/
Executive support system
Knowledge system/Expert
system
Artificial intelligence
FOCUS
Data
Communication
Information support
Decision support
Decision support for top executive
Consultation knowledge sharing
Thinking system
AI
KS/ES
EIS/ESS
DSS
MIS
OAS
TPS
1950S
21ST
CENTURYT
In 1950s & 1960s the management are potential of computers to process large
amount of data speedily and accurately.
The activities involved were called electronic processing. Edp is the form of record
keeping. It indicates the use of computers which are manufactured using electronic
equipment's such as transistors.
TPS record & process data resulting from business transaction such as sales,
purchases, inventory changes etc..
Manufacturing
Planning
Order tracking
Inventory control
Finance management
Human resources management
Sales
Resources management
Customer relation.
AI(Artificial intelligence):
AI is a science & Technology were the goal is to develope computers that can
think & see & hear, talk etc..
A major thrust is to develop computer functions normally associated with
human intelligences (eg) reasoning intelligence, learning, problem solving.
Characteristics of information:
Timeliness:
Information must reach at the right time.
Appropriate:
Only relevant information must be given based on users needs.
Complete:
Entire data needed.
Accurate :
Information must be correct.
Frequency :
Frequency is linked to calendar.
Understandable :
Presentation of information in the eight format so that user can
understand use tables, graph, etc
Current :
Latest information must also be added & updated.
Economical :
Cost of gathering the information must not very costly.
Concise :
Information must be brief and specific.
Relevant :
Only relevant information must be shared.
Classification of DSS:
Classification
Type of operation
Example
Stock queries
Bad payers
Internal sales
Accounting model
Representation model
Optimization model
Calculating optimized
results subject to
constraints
Production planning
What it analysis
Audit authorization(how
much credit to give)
Description
Examples
what it analysis
What should be
advertisement if sales
needed is 10lakhs
Developing the sales
forecasting model
What is the best
advertisement budget
Graph showing
advertisement and sales.
Computer based
system
Organization
Data
knowledge
base
management
Knowledge base
Model
subsystem
User
inter face
management
User
External model
User interface:
User communication with & commands the DSS using this subsystem.
Advantages of DSS:
It
It
It
It
It
Disadvantage of DSS:
Goal of EIS:
To give information regarding CSF ( Critical success factors) of the organization
top executives.
Feature of EIS:
Drill down capability:
Drill down capability allow executives to look for details on any specific
information. Each level will have submenu {eg:oversales, export vs Domestic
sales, state wise sales, district wise sales, area wise sales, salesman sales}
CSF (critical success factor):
EIS is designed with CSF requirements of top executives.
Status access:
Trend Analysis
&
Exception reporting
To get access to To examine data over
latest data on any
over time.
Variable.
Personalized analysis:
Reports on personalized formats.
Navigation of information;
EIS allows navigation is forward tracking backward tracking, skipping of
screen such feature Quick Access.
Present Graphical, Tabular & Test information:
For better visualization.
COMPONENTS OF EIS:
SOFTWARE:
Text based software, database, graphic base & model base.
HARDWARE:
Input device, output device, storage device.
INTERFACE:
Scheduled reports, menu driven reports, question & answer.
TELECOMMUNICATION:
To communicate electronically to all.
CAPABAILITIES OF EIS:
ADVANTAGES OF EIS:
DISADVANTAGES OF EIS:
COMPONENTS OF KMS:
TYPES OF KMS:
ADVANTAGES OF KMS:
Self learning.
Knowledge sharing.
Elimination redancy.
DISADVANTAGES OF KMS:
Confidentiality is lost.
Wrong information system.
Over reliance on the KBS so creativity is lost.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS):
It is a special category of DSS use visualization techniques.
It analysis may be in the form of spatial or aspatial data.
It may help delivery manage to find shortest route.
Real estate develop to locate vast lands geodata base is a database with
extention for storing, indexing, querying, manipulating into with spatial data.
GIS CAPABILITIES:
Global environment
Corporate Global environment:
Strategy for operation abroad
Global environment:
Environment at different countries.
Corp.Global environment
Structure of the organization:
What will be the structure?
What functions will be carried out in different countries. Structure of oranisation
Management & Business:
How to develop & design business procedure.
Technology platform:
Which technology shall be adopted.
Mktg& business
Technology
platform
TYPES OF IIS: