OAU-Heat Transfer - Lecture 1-Principles of Convection

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)
July 2014
Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
CHE405-Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer
TV Ojumu (PhD)
2.25 Science Building
ojumut@cput.ac.za
tundevictor@gmail.com
Send request to join

OAU-CHE405: Heat Transfer Class of 2015
Department of Chemical Engineering
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Topics
Tasks
Heat Transfer by
Convection
Determination of coefficient of Heat Transfer

Dimensional analysis of cane experiment
Exact boundary-layer analysis
Analogy between mass, momentum and heat transfer
Correlation for heat transfer coefficient (forced, free and
mixed convection)
Heat convection with

phase change
Drop wise condensation, film condensation, Pool boiling,

flow boiling
Heat Exchange
Equipment
Type of heat-exchange equipment; Heat exchanger

classification; Heat exchanger modelling; Design of heat
exchangers (LMTD model); Rating of heat exchangers
(NTU/Effectiveness approach)
Heat Transfer by
Radiation
Definitions; Basic Laws of Thermal Radiation; radiation

involving b;ack surfaces; gray surfaces and radiating
surfaces; Thermal-circuit analysis; Matrix formation;
Generating view factors for elongated channels; Gas
radiation.
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Convection mode of Heat transfer
Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a

solid surface and the adjacent fluid that is in motion, and
it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection
heat transfer. In the absence of any bulk fluid motion,
heat transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent
fluid is by pure conduction.
The presence of bulk motion of the fluid enhances the
heat transfer between the solid surface and the fluid, but
it also complicates the determination of heat transfer
rates.
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Convection: mechanism of heat transfer through a

fluid in the presence of bulk fluid motion
Conduction and Convection:

In solid, heat is transferred only by conduction, since
molecules of the solid remain at relatively fixed position
In a gas or liquid, heat can be transferred by conduction
and/or convection, depending on the presence of any bulk
fluid motion:
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Convection: in the presence of bulk fluid motion

Forced convection
Free (Natural) convection
Conduction: in the absence of bulk fluid motion
Conduction in a fluid is the limiting case convection
Figure 1
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a

fluid are also considered to be convection because of the
fluid motion induced during the process, such as the rise of
the vapour bubbles during boiling or the fall of the liquid
droplets during condensation.
Despite the complexity of convection, the rate of convection
heat transfer is observed to be proportional to the
temperature difference, and is conveniently expressed by
Newtons law of cooling as
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
The convection heat transfer coefficient, h, is not a property

of the fluid.
It is an experimentally determined parameter whose value
depends on all the variables influencing convection such as
the surface geometry, the nature of fluid motion, the
properties of the fluid, and the bulk fluid velocity.
Heat Transfer
Typical values of h can be found in textbooks (Cengel and

Ghajar 2015)
Judging from its units (W/m2K), the convection heat
transfer coefficient, h, can be defined as the rate of heat
transfer between a solid surface and a fluid per unit surface
area per unit temperature difference.
July 2014
Example 1
Consider the following. A 2 m long and 0.3 cm diameter electrical

wire extends across a room at 15C, as shown below. Heat is
generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating, and the
surface temperature of the wire is measured to be 152C in steady
operation. Also, the voltage drop and electric current through the
wire are measured to be 60 V and by radiation can be neglected,
determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for heat transfer
between the outer surface of the wire and the air in the room.
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Solution
Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
That is, a fluid in direct contact with a solid sticks to the surface due to
viscous effects, and there is no slip. This is known as the no-slip
condition The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the viscous
effects are significant is called the boundary layer
Heat Transfer
A consequence of the no-slip condition is that all velocity profiles must

have zero values with respect to the surface at the points of contact
between a fluid and a solid surface
An implication of the no-slip condition is that
heat transfer from the solid surface to the
fluid layer adjacent to the surface is by pure
conduction, since the fluid layer is motionless,
and can be expressed as
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Note that convection heat transfer from a solid surface to a fluid is

merely the conduction heat transfer from the solid surface to the fluid
layer adjacent to the surface
Heat Transfer
The above equation is valid for determination of the convection heat

transfer coefficient when the temperature distribution within the fluid
is known
In convection studies, it is common practice to nondimensionalize the
governing equations and combine the variables, which group together
into dimensionless numbers in order to reduce the number of total
variables. It is also common practice to nondimensionalize the heat
transfer coefficient h with the Nusselt number, defined as
Nusselt number,
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July 2014
Obafemi Awolowo
The physical significance of the Nusselt number

Consider a fluid layer of thickness L and temperature difference
= T2 T1. Heat transfer through the fluid layer is by convection when the fluid
involves some motion and by conduction when the fluid layer is
motionless. Heat flux (the rate of heat transfer per unit surface area) in
either case is given as:
for convection
Heat Transfer
for conduction
Therefore, the Nusselt number represents the enhancement of heat

transfer through a fluid layer as a result of convection relative to
conduction across the same fluid layer. The larger the Nusselt
number, the more effective the convection. A Nusselt number of Nu=1 for
a fluid layer means that heat transfer across the layer is purely by
conduction.
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Example 2
During the flow of air at

= 20C over a plate surface maintained at a
constant temperature of Ts =160C, the dimensionless temperature
profile within the air layer is given as:
where a=3200 m-1 and y is the vertical distance measured from the
plate surface in metres as shown below. Determine the heat flux on
the plate surface and the convection heat transfer coefficient.
Heat Transfer
Solution
Recall that heat transfer from the plate to air at the
surface is by conduction, heat flux from the solid
surface to the fluid layer adjacent to the surface is
determined from
If temperature profile is
Then,
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Heat Transfer
Substituting, the heat flux is determined to be
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Similarly we can write that for heat transfer from fluid to wall surface as:
hx = local heat transfer coefficient at certain position x in flow

direction and for given temperature distribution in the fluid flow.
Heat Transfer
Note the disappearance -ve sign

around k
It is important to note that local heat transfer coefficient may vary along
the length of flow, possibly as a result changes in velocity or other
parameters in the flow direction. Our interest is in the overall heat
transfer coefficient, which is an average over distance say x=0 to x = L
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
The heat transfer from the fluid to the wall surface over the entire
distance, L, and width w is:
Heat Transfer
Example 3
Consider that the local heat transfer coefficient, hx, determined
experimentally for flow over a flat plate with rough surface as
where a is a constant and x is a distance from the leading edge of the

plate. Develop an expression for ratio of average heat transfer coefficient,
h, for a plate of length x to the local heat transfer coefficient, hx, at x.
Solution:
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Example 4
Consider the correlation below, obtained experimentally heat transfer over
a flat plate with rough surface:
where Nux is the local value of Nusselt number at position x from the
leading edge of the plate. Develop an expression for ratio of average
heat transfer coefficient, h, for a plate of length x to the local heat transfer
coefficient, hx, at x.
Heat Transfer
Solution:
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Heat Transfer
Exercise 1
Consider that the local heat transfer coefficient, hx, determined
experimentally for flow over a flat plate with rough surface as
where a is a constant and x is a distance from the leading edge of the

plate. Develop an expression for ratio of average heat transfer coefficient,
h, for a plate of length x=0 to x = L, to the local heat transfer coefficient,
hx.
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Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Example 4
A thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of a gas flowing
through a hot duct. The heat transfer coefficient, h, is proportional to
u0.8, where u is the gas velocity and heat transfer rate by radiation
from the walls to the thermocouple is proportional to temperature
difference.
when the gas is flowing at 5m/s, the thermocouple reads 323K and
when it flows at 10 m/s, it reads 313K.
Calculate the appropriate wall temperature at a gas temperature of
298K. What temperature will the thermometer indicate when the
gas velocity is 20 m/s
Solution
It can be shown that:
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Fluid flow classification
We can infer that convection heat transfer is closely tied with fluid
mechanics, which is the science that deals with the behaviour of fluids
at rest or in motion, and the interaction of fluids with solids or other
fluids at the boundaries.
There is a wide variety of fluid flow problems encountered in practice,
and it is usually convenient to classify them on the basis of some
common characteristics to make it feasible to study them in groups.
Heat Transfer
There are many ways to classify fluid flow problems, and here we
present some general categories
Viscous versus Inviscid region of flow
internal versus external flow
Compressible versus incompressible flow
Laminar versus turbulent flow
Natural (free) versus forced flow
Steady versus unsteady flow
1-, 2- and 3 dimensional flow
Class reading
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Convection boundary layers
Velocity boundary layers:

The quantity is termed the boundary
layer thickness, and it is typically
defined as the value of y for which
Heat Transfer
The boundary layer velocity profile refers to the manner in which u varies with y
through the boundary layer.
Accordingly, the fluid flow is characterized by two distinct regions, a thin fluid layer
(the boundary layer) in which velocity gradients and shear stresses are large and
a region outside the boundary layer in which velocity gradients and shear stresses
are negligible.
With increasing distance from the leading edge, the effects of viscosity penetrate
farther into the free stream and the boundary layer grows ( increases with x).
The relationship of velocity boundary layer to shear stress allows the calculation
of friction coefficient
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Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Thermal boundary layers:

If the fluid flowing on a surface has a
different temperature than the surface,
the thermal boundary layer is similar to
that of the velocity boundary layer
The thickness of thermal boundary layer, at any location along the length of flow
is defined as a distance, y, from the surface at which:
Heat Transfer
where T is local temperature in the thermal boundary layer, a function of x and y

directions
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Heat Transfer
Obafemi Awolowo
July 2014
Significance of the Boundary Layers
For flow over any surface, there will always exist a velocity boundary
layer and hence surface friction. Likewise, a thermal boundary layer,
and hence convection heat transfer, will always exist if the surface and
free stream temperatures differ. Similarly, a concentration boundary
layer and convection mass transfer will exist if the fluids species
concentration at the surface differs from its species concentration in the
free stream. The velocity boundary layer is of extent
and is
characterized by the presence of velocity gradients and shear stresses.
The thermal boundary layer is of extent
and is characterized by
temperature gradients and heat transfer. Finally, the concentration
boundary layer is of extent
and is characterized by concentration
gradients and species transfer. Situations can arise in which all three
boundary layers are present. In such cases, the boundary layers rarely
grow at the same rate, and their values at any given location are not the
same.
23

OAU-Heat Transfer - Lecture 1-Principles of Convection

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by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Send request to join

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Determination of coefficient of Heat Transfer

Heat convection with

Drop wise condensation, film condensation, Pool boiling,

Type of heat-exchange equipment; Heat exchanger

Definitions; Basic Laws of Thermal Radiation; radiation

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Convection mode of Heat transfer

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Convection: mechanism of heat transfer through a

Conduction and Convection:

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Convection: in the presence of bulk fluid motion

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Heat transfer processes that involve change of phase of a

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

The convection heat transfer coefficient, h, is not a property

Typical values of h can be found in textbooks (Cengel and

Consider the following. A 2 m long and 0.3 cm diameter electrical

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

A consequence of the no-slip condition is that all velocity profiles must

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Note that convection heat transfer from a solid surface to a fluid is

The above equation is valid for determination of the convection heat

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

The physical significance of the Nusselt number

Therefore, the Nusselt number represents the enhancement of heat

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

During the flow of air at

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Substituting, the heat flux is determined to be

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

hx = local heat transfer coefficient at certain position x in flow

Note the disappearance -ve sign

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

where a is a constant and x is a distance from the leading edge of the

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

where a is a constant and x is a distance from the leading edge of the

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Fluid flow classification

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)

Convection boundary layers

Velocity boundary layers:

Department of Chemical Engineering

by Tunde Ojumu (PhD)