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Renewable Energy
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Laboratory of applied automatics, Faculty of hydrocarbons and chemistry, Mhamed Bougara University, Avenue de lindpendance, 35000, Boumerds, Algeria
Department of electronics and electrical engineering, Faculty of engineering sciences, Mhamed Bougara University, Avenue de lindpendance, 35000, Boumerds, Algeria
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 22 March 2010
Accepted 21 April 2010
Available online 15 May 2010
In this paper, a simple control strategy for an optimal extraction of output power from grid connected
variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) is presented. The system consists of a variable
speed wind turbine coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) through a gear box,
a diode bridge rectier, a dc-to-dc boost converter and a current controlled voltage source inverter. The
maximum power point tracker (MPPT) extracts maximum power from the wind turbine from cut-in to
rated wind velocity by sensing only dc link power. The MPPT step and search algorithm in addition to the
DCeDC and DCeAC converters PWM controllers are simulated using MATLAB-SIMULINK software. The
obtained simulation results show that the objectives of extracting maximum power from the wind and
delivering it correctly to the grid are reached.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
WECS
PMSG
MPPT algorithm
PWM converters controllers
1. Introduction
PWind
1
rAy3
2
(1)
Where, r is the air density which varies with air pressure and
temperature. The power coefcient Cp is usually given as a function
of the tip speed ratio l and the blade pitch angle b. The pitch angle
is the angle between the plane of rotation and the blade crosssection chord [3]. The tip speed ratio of a wind turbine is dened as:
y1
r uR
(2)
y1
0:0006 l
(3)
Pt
1
Cp lAy3
2
(4)
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3. Control systems
3.1. Maximum power tracking algorithm
Due to its monotonic characteristics, wind turbines can be
controlled to yield maximum power using search control methods.
Before explaining the maximum power tracking controller, it is
important to understand the basic physics of the system. The
generated mechanical power is given by [3e5]:
(5)
Pe t Va tIa t
(6)
(7)
Te kIa If
(8)
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dPmech
dPmech dVdc due
0
duR
dVdc due duR
(15)
dPmech
0
dVdc
Fig. 4. Block diagram of a typical dc-to-dc converter controller.
Ia
Va Ea
Ra
(9)
Ea kIa ue
(10)
p
u
2 R
Where, ue
and p is the number of poles of the generator.
Using (3)e(10), the power is obtained by
Pe
uR kIf
Ra
Va kIf ue
(11)
Vdc kIf ue
Ra
dPe
Maximum power is at
0
dVdc
Pe
uR kIf
(12)
(17)
(13)
It is noticed from (12) that the power extracted from the wind
can be controlled by varying the dc bus voltage, which is a function of If and ue. Considering the wind turbine characteristics
given in Fig. 2, we know that the maximum power point is
obtained when.
dPmech
0
duR
(16)
(14)
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Continuous
2/pG
[Wr]
powergui
2/4*5
gen speed
1/5
tm
wm
1/G
0
pitch angle
te
pitch angle
wind speed
pmech
[pmech]
pmech
wind speed
INVERTER CONTROLLER
+LOAD
Vo
Vo
[Wr]
Wr
[pmech]
pmech1
wind speed
Cp
1.08
air density
[Cp]
v+
Vo-
v-
lamda
[Cp]
Cp1
air density
2.3
Vo+
Cp
[lambda]
rotor radius
lambda
PMSG+RECTIFIER+DC TO DC CONVERTER
+CONTROLLER
[lambda]
lambda1
Scope1
rotor radius
WIND TURBINE
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Xn1 Xn
f Xn
f Xn
(18)
f Xn f Vdc k
dPe
Pk Pk 1
Slopek
dVdc
Vdc k Vdc k 1
(19)
And f(Xn) as
f 0Xn f 0Vdc k
d2 Pe
d2 Vdc
Slope k Slope k 1
Vdc k Vdc k 1
(20)
DVdc
f Vdc k
f 0Vdc k
PkPk1
Vdc kVdc k1
Slope kSlope k1
Vdc kVdc k1
(21)
And hence,
DVdc
Pk Pk 1
Slope k Slope k 1
(22)
Using this variable step will allow the maximum power tracker
to converge faster to the maximum power point and will decrease
power oscillations due to large values of DVdc when maximum
power is achieved. For protection the value of DVdc is limited. The
DVdc limit can be changed based on the generator size and design
parameters.
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waveform for each phase current with unity power factor. Different
power factors can be obtained by phase shifting the current reference to lag or lead the voltage waveform. The actual value of the
current is then subtracted from the reference and the error is fed
into a PI controller. The output of the PI controller is compared with
a repetitive triangular waveform to turn the inverter switches ON
or OFF.
4. Simulation
The MATLAB-SIMULINK model of the WECS and the control
systems are rst presented. Simulation results with the MPPT in
addition to the comments will then be given for two wind speeds 6
and 8 m/s. The electric machine and the dc-to-dc converter
parameters are given in Appendix.
The dc-to-dc converter parameters were obtained by selecting
a power rating based on the generated power capacity and voltage
ripple requirements for the output voltage of the converter. The Air
density r 1.08 m3/Kg, radius r 1.525 m, initial Speed 20 rps, Gear
Ratio G 5.
Appendix
Machine Parameters: Stator resistance Rs 1.5 U, Stator inductances Ld Lq 0.01 mH, Flux induced by magnets f 0.1194 Wb,
moment of inertia J 2 Kg m, number of poles p 4.
Converter parameters: Low voltage side capacitor C1 500 uF,
High voltage side capacitor C0 3600 uF, Inductor L 200 uH,
Switching frequency fd 20 kHz.
5. Conclusion
References
[1] AB Raju, BG Fernandes, Kishore Chatterjee. A UPF Power Conditioner with
a Simple Maximum Power Point Tracker for Grid Connected Variable Speed
Wind Energy Conversion System, EPE2003. Toulouse, France; 2003.
[2] Kesraoui M. Optimization of a decentralized electrical energy supply system.
Phd thesis. Austria: University of Leoben; 2006.
[3] Spera DA. Wind turbine technology: fundamental concept of wind turbine
engineering. New York: ASHE Press; 1994.
[4] Bhadra SN, Kastha D, Banerjee S. Wind electrical systems. Oxford, UK: Oxford
University Press; 2005.
[5] Mohammad H. Rashid. Power electronics-circuit. Devices and application. 3rd
ed; 2004.
[6] Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K. Design of a maximum power tracking system for
wind-energy-conversion applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics April 2006;53(2):486e94.