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Milner and Goodale distinguish between between visual perception and Visualmotor control. The ventral route is also called the ' what ' and the dorsal easily
called route route is also called the ' waar'-route. The ventral route is responsible
for visual perception and the dorsal route for precise Visual-motor control. People
with Visual form agnosia have a damaged ventral route, but their dorsal route is
remained undamaged. This enables them to grab objects, but they may not
consciously perceive that object.
Furthermore, Milner and Goodale that Visuomotor control more urgent than the
visual perception and that thereby the action will take place earlier than the
awareness.
8. Global workspace theory of B
In the gwt is the cognitive system built on a kind of Blackboard, just like the stage
of a theatre. Unconscious processes compete for being the center of attention to
stand on that stage. This to pass information to the unconscious public in the
room (areas of the subconscious brain). At relaying information, use is made of
consciousness. According to B is the consciousness some sort port to bring in and
to exchange information, but also to coordinate and monitor. Consciousness has
in this theory very clear functions: it provides access to the mental lexicon, to the
autobiographical memory and to the self system; It acquires processors for tasks
in progress, makes voluntary control over executive decisions and facilitates
automatic actions routines as possible. Consciousness is according to B a working
part of the entire cognitive System. Consciousness takes place in terms of ' more
aware ' or ' less aware ' instead of consciously or unconsciously. This he calls '
contrastive analysis '.
9. The concept of a "Cartesian Theatre"
The idea of "the Cartesian theater" means that people feel that in their mind a
place where ' I ' is located. At that place are also conscious images inside and if
they come together, it is called consciousness. The theater show at the CT is the
stream of consciousness and the public is the ' I '. You are an adherent of the CT if
you believe that there is a space or phase in which conscious experiences
express themselves. If the CT exists, then we should able to locate in the head.
10. Dennett's multiple drafts theory
According to this model all mental activities (emotions, perceptions and thoughts)
in the brain by creating parallel processes take place in different brain
pathways. Because these processes are constantly reviewed, our perceptions and
thoughts can be converted. There are multiple designs of feelings, thoughts and
perceptions where the brain work. Earlier drafts are constantly updated and
changed. Some of these ' drafts'worden used to present for certain behavior to
choose. If sensory input coming in, so this can be processed through different
designs. There are multiple processing attempts, but not everything penetrates
to the consciousness. Also there is no itself those experiences has.
11. Libet's stimulation of the brain of patients
Libet is based on neuronal adequacy. According to him, there is a temporal
limit. The temporal part of the brain cannot process all the input and as a result,
but a certain part processed. In the theory of Libet events are only aware where
the relevant neurons have been active for a certain period of time. If the neural
threshold value cannot be reached, an event remains unconscious. In addition,
there is also a certain level of intensity needed for sensory perceptions.
Bundle theories are derived from the idea that it looks like there is a self exists,
but this is really not the case. Bundle theories are based on the work of Hume
who States that it itself does not exist, but that there is a bundle of
sensations. The life of a person would consist of a succession of sensations,
impressions and ideas, which follow each other in a continuous flow at lightning
speed, a lifetime long.
18. William James and the "stream of consciousness"
A thought goes through our head back and this thought, as it were, remembers
previous thoughts and works with this. One thought keeps multiple thoughts so
together, but there is no mention of a special force as a soul.The thought keeps
other thoughts and adds them together. The thought is the thinker. We therefore
feel that we have a self, but this feeling consists of parts. James only sees as a
potential continuity of self: the thought as a temporary administrator of other
thoughts.
19. Libet and the relative timing or conscious willing and overt action
' readiness potential (RP) precedes voluntary movements. Libet found that
awareness to move (W) for the actual movement (M) takes place. However, the
RP is to advance. This means that consciousness comes too late to be the cause
of the movement. According to Libet unconscious brain processes are the cause
of a voluntary movement, but consciousness can (just before the voluntary
movement is running) stop this, or not. In this way, the consciousness yet a
causal role in voluntary action.
20. Wegner and consciously perceived the relationship between will and voluntary
action
Wegner sets date and free choice must meet three criteria: 1. the thought must
precede the Act, 2. the thought must match the Act and 3. The thought must
have no other causes (except free will).
"priority principle ': consequences are as self chosen experienced when the
thoughts precede the consequences.
Intention is, according to him, not the cause of our Act, since we call brain
processes intentions. Exam question: what is according to Wegner no
consciousness?
21. The neural correlates of conscious experience in monkeys and humans
By ' binocular rivalry ' occurs when different images are shown on both eyes. As a
result, we get the feeling that both images compete for ending up in our
consciousness. Monkeys respond the same as people. There is evidence for the
fact that conscious visual experiences are not linked to parts of the sensory
routes, but more with the Central brain parts. Koch takes place on the basis of
this given that we are not aware of the early processing in sense perception, but
of the later processing.
22. Phantom pain and Ramachandran's technique
Phantom limb pain can be relieved by means of ' mirror box therapy '. Through
the mirror Gets the test subject the idea that both limbs are intact and can move
freely (if the amputated limb is covered). By the mirror box therapy is there
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24. Crick & Koch and how the brain solves binding problem
Crick and Koch say that this has to do with the simultaneous firing of
neurons. The main role is to a cluster (' coalition ') to help in its competition with
other clusters. The attributes of an object be merged when they are part of a
cluster. that cluster is processed by neurons across the brain. There is no
question of a single brain region where it all comes together. According to them
this is the binding problem solved.
25. Blindsight
The term blind sight is used today to refer to the phenomenon that a patient may
see without that he is aware of is. To this end, three counter arguments were
rejected:
1. Light points of the blind area can be deviated to see that area.
2. Limited Visual features and a weakened qualia
3. They are very careful about saying or they see something.
26. Sensory substitution in blind people
At sensory substitution is one sensory modality (e.g. by the other replaced. See
by hear). For example, in investigations at blind people sight replaced by
information from another sense to use. The subjects had trouble describing the
experience, but through practice seemed more and more on sight. This
phenomenon is only applicable if the person in question though ever has used
that sense (exam question, then with ' see ' as an example)
27. Darwin's theory of natural selection
Darwin described evolution as the existence of variation, which leads to evolution
by natural selection and heredity. According to the vision of Darwin has
adjustment not directly affect the genotype (exam question)
28. Darwin and Lamarck
On the other hand, Lamarck described the evolution as change that takes place
by the adaptation of organisms in response to new needs and by the heritability
of these adjustments. According to this vision, adaptation or affect the
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genotype. Example: If a giraffe getting his neck stretches to reach the highest
branches to come, then get this giraffe boy with a longer neck.
29. Consciousness as "health "
meanings. There is no comprehension. Searle is not the machine that man has
and intentionality. Intentionality is about somewhere the focus to understand
it. According to Searle's intentionality a subjective factor and therefore related to
consciousness.
36. The impact of unconscious signals
Implicit or subliminal perception is perception without awareness. People think
nothing where to have taken, while the contrary appears from their behavior.
Semantic priming means that by the prime (e.g. nurses) faster was responded to
the target (e.g. doctor).
The objective threshold value stands for detection level compared to
toevalsverschijnselen. The subjective threshold value is about the value at which
participants say they could make no distinction between perceptual information
and that their answers by toevalsverschijnselen come.
From brain scans show that unconscious perception also affects emotions of
humans. So lead unconsciously observed images of frightened faces up to more
activity in the amygdala compared to happy faces.
37. Hallucination s
Hallucinations are perceptual experiences, while no external stimulus is. Real
hallucinations are sometimes distinguished from pseudo-hallucinations. At
pseudo-hallucinations, the person himself knows that the hallucinations are not
real.
Many studies show that there is activity in the brain areas at hallucinations which
also operates would be if people really perceive something.
Slade and Bentall argue that a hallucination is an experience that 1. In the
absence of a stimulus, 2. A large impact on the real perception and 3. Not
voluntary can be kept under control.
38. Visual forms in drug-induced hallucinations
Kahn studied how can be explained that certain patterns, wavelengths and bright
colors often overseen at hallucinations. He found that bright colors in various
forms came back at kinds of drugs, hallucinations migraine and epilepsy. These
are tunnels, spirals, webs and grids. A reason causing lines in the visual cortex
are activated is disinhibition. Drugs, lack of oxygen and certain diseases can
affect inhibitory cells; much more than on activating cells. This allows for
extremely a lot of activity occurring on linear manner in the brain can
spread. This allows for the experience of tunnels, spirals, Webs or grills.
39. Psi phenomena
Rhine and Rhine used the term psi if they had about paranormal activities. PSI
consists of ESP and PK.
ESP covers three types of communication where no senses necessary for
that. These are telepathy (information passed on by people), clairvoyance
(information of objects or events from a distance) and precognition (information
from the future).
By HP occurs when someone with influence over his mind when a rad bv will stop
spinning.