100% - Stator - GroundFault Protection

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Power Automation
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Generator Protection
100%-Stator-Ground-Fault
Protection
Presenter: Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann
PTD PA13
Phone +49 911 433 8266
E-Mail: Hans-Joachim.Herrmann@siemens.com

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Basic Problem
Faults Close to the Star Point
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U0

V0 Displacement voltage

At faults close to the star point V0 goes to zero. Protection criteria

displacement voltage and ground current do not work.
Alternatives:

Evaluation of 3rd harmonics in the zero sequence voltage

Additional injection of low frequency voltage into the star
point (20 Hz = Siemens principle)

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Distribution of 3rd Harmonics in a Generator

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with ground fault

in the star point

V0 3.Harm
(V03H<)

V0 3.Harm
(V03H>)

without ground fault

During an ground fault close to the star point the measured 3rd
harmonics reduces in the star point (V3.H <) and increases at the
terminals (V3.H >)

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Considered Notes at the Application

of 3rd Harmonics
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The distribution of 3rd. harmonics can be different from

generator to generator - the application of this principle can
be sometimes determined only during a primary test

The harmonics (e.g. measuring location at the star point)

are detectable not before the nominal voltage is available

The part of harmonics depends also from the operation

condition of the generators (Influence of active and reactive
power)

- Application is not always possible

- Application has a restricted operating range

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Measurements on a Generator
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2. Test device

7UM 61
V0

U 0Test device
I L 7UM7UM
1.
61 61
V0

IL

VL

G
606 Ohm
5250
100 V
?3

45 VA
5P20
800/5 A

6 MVA
5250 V
400 Rpm

5250 100 100

?3
?3
3

6 MVA; Yd5
5,25/58,3 kV

60 kV

+
- 5%

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Measurements on a Generator
Influence of the Active and Reactive Power
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150-Hz-Voltage at the star point as a function of

active power; Parameter reactive power
140

Influence of the
active power is
visible

150-Hz-voltage in V

120
100

Approx. 15 V measured
without load

80
60
40
20
0
0

150 Hz at Q =

- 2 MVar

150 Hz at Q =

2 MVar

Release of the
protection function
at a determined
active power is
recommended

Active
in=MW
150Power
Hz at Q
0 MVar
150 Hz at Q =

4 MVar

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Reactive Power 2 MVar

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Comparison of
Measuring Results
between Star Point
and Terminals

300

Progress. Its that simple.

250

150-Hz-voltage in V

200
150
100
50
0
0

-50

10

12

During an ground fault on

the star point the displacement voltage on the
terminal side was lower
than the 3rd harmonics at
full load.
A higher voltage was
expected.

-100
-150
Stator (0= star point; 10= terminal)

P 2 MW

P 3 MW

P 4 MW

P 5,6 MW

Earth fault at 2 MVar and 4 MW

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Fault Record
Switching OFF of a Generators during Full Load
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Generator: 25 MVA, 6,3 kV

iL3

VL3

VE
3rd harmonics
drops
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Fault on a Transmission Line (Ph-E ?) -An increasing of

3rd harmonics on a broken delta winding was observed.
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Spannung in voltage
V
Secondary displacement
(3rd harmonics)

Progress. Its that simple.

10

10
9.3
181

U03h

Calculated 3rd harmonics

from a fault record

3rd harmonics
under load

5.58

knU
( 10 ?tan )

i
4

Pickup generator
overcurrent
protection

Drop off overcurrent

protection

33.344

50

100

150

200
ta
i

250

300

350
312.6

Time
in ms
Zeit in ms

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Logic Diagram
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Preferred
Connection:
Star point
(V3.H <)

Active power
and
minimum
voltage
release

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of a 20-Hz-voltage into the Star Point

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Basic idea

max.
200 V

With the injection of a voltage into the

star point a electromotive force is
available in case of an ground fault

Also during an ground fault in the star

point a fault current flows through the
fault resistance.

This measuring principle is independent

from the operation conditions of the
generator. A measuring during stand still
is possible.
Following additional devices are
necessary:
20-Hz-Generator,
20-Hz-Band pass
Current CT

20 Hz
RE
I

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Power Transmission and Distribution

20- Hz- Measuring Principle is the Real

100%-Stator Ground Fault Protection
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U0

100 % protection range includes VTs and low side of unit transformer

? Measuring principle is independent from the operation

conditions of the generator
? Measuring is possible during stand still of the generator
? High sensitivity (negative influence of capacitive current
will be eliminated)
? Different and independent measuring principle against
the displacement measuring method
90 % protection range with displacement voltage measurement
10 % - 25 %

Protection range of 3rd harmonic, with additional limits

(see previous slides)
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Power Transmission and Distribution

Basic Scheme - Unit Connection

Injection via Grounding or Neutral Transformer
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Load resistor should be

> 0,5 ?

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Scheme Design
Gas Turbine with Neutral Transformer
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K17 +

Excitation

UErr

7XT33
1B1

7XT34

1B4

4A1
BE

Neutral
transformer

Current
transformer:
Direct order
at Ritz
KS60-03 Size 3
15VA Cl.1 FS5

400A R
L
5A
K
L
l

Wiring shielded

4A3

K18

Auxiliary
voltage

20-HzGenerator

20-HzBand pass

1A1
1A2
1A3
2A1
2A3
3A2
3A3
3A1

DC
+UH
-UH

AC
UL1
UL2
UL3

external
block
Device
ready
R13
max 200 V

7KG6
- 11 (Amplifier)
max. 10 cm

UE

R14
J8
J7

+ 12

TD3

+ 31

K13 +

- 32

K14

IEE1
TD1

Wiring twisted and shielded

Shunt: 10 A/ 150 mV

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Power Transmission and Distribution

100%-Stator Ground-Fault Protection

Numerical Design
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Replica:
ises
RE = Fault resistance

RE

20Hz

RB

CE

CE = Ground capacitance in
stator circuit

ises

Vses

1) Filtering
Vses

2) Calculation of the real part

V20 = Vr + jVi

Fourierfilter

ises

I20 = Ir + jIi

(20Hz)

3) Impedance replica of fault

Yers

CE

RE

1
Yers =
+ j ? CE
RE

? I 20 ?
?
Re ?
?V 20 ?

Vr . Ir + Vi . Ii
V2r + V2i

4) Calculation of fault resistor from 2) and 3)

RE =

V2r + V2i
Vr . Ir + Vi . Ii

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Filter Coefficients of the 20-Hz-FIR Filter

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Filter window: 4 cycles (64 filter coefficients)

Progress. Its that simple.

1.989

a
f1
b

0
f1

1.733

10

20

30

40

50

60

f1

af1

2 ?? ?
cos
( f1
32

0.5) ? 1

bf1

sin

2 ?? ?
( f1
32

0.5) ? 1

f1
cos 2?? ?
f1
cos 2?? ?

70
63

0.5
64
0.5
64
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Power Transmission and Distribution

Compensation of Sources of an Error

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Angle error of CT 400A/5A

(measuring currents in mA - 20 Hz current can be max. 3A )

Primary to secondary impedance of the grounding/ neutral

transformer

Angle errors of relay transformers

Compensation of the angle error via parameter
(5309 PHI I SES Correction angle for I SGF)
Primary to secondary resistance from grounding or
neutral transformer can be set (that is New)

(5311 SGF Rps Resistance Rps)

Calibration is only for one point possible, e.g. Trip stage

Final settings during the primary test

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Fault Record during a Primary Test

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Phase to ground
voltage

Displacement
voltage

Ground current

At the device
inputs are
small
secondary
values
The capacitive
current is visible.
This disturbance
current will be
eliminated by the
algorithm.

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Power Transmission and Distribution

100 % Stator Ground Fault Protection

with Primary Load Resistor
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20-HzBandpass

1B1

RL

UN
?3

7XT34

7XT33
1B4

4A1

1A1

BI

500 V
1A4

1A3

Aux.
voltage

20-HzGenerator

4A3

Voltage
transformer

1A1
1A2
1A3
2A1
2A3
3A2
3A3
3A1

DC
+UH
-UH

7UM62

AC
UL1
UL2
UL3

external
Block
Device
ready
R13
R14
J8

CT Ratio 1: 1

Voltage transformer:
two pole isolated,
until VN saturation free
for 20 Hz should be Rps < 1000?
20s approx. 3 kVA

UE
IEE1

J7

Current transformer:
5P10 or 5P15 (or 5FS10)
1A secondary
CT Ratio: 1A/1A
(max. Ampere windings)

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20

Power Transmission and Distribution

Setting Sheet of the

100% Stator Ground Fault Protection
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Two Stages
Back-up
overcurrent
Supervision
Calibration

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Power Transmission and Distribution

Logic Diagram
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