CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

WATER AND WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT 1
JAR TEST

GROUP MEMBERS

NO

NAME

NO. MATRIX

AMIRUDDIN BIN NASHARUDDIN

14DKA13F1058

MUHAMMAD ZULFADHLI BIN NGADIRIN

14DKA13F1008

MUHAMMAD ANIFF BIN NASARRUDIN

14DKA12F2037

MUHAMMAD ARIFF AMIRUDDIN BIN ABD

14DKA13F1004

RAHMAN
5

ABDUL AZIM BIN ABDUL RAZAK

OBJECTIVE

14DKA13F1014

To determine the optimal coagulant does which will produce the highest
removal of a given water turbidity.

APPARATUS

Jar test apparatus with six rotating paddles

blade

image

Six (6) beakers

image

pH meter

image

Turbidity meter

image

Pipette

image

REAGENT
1. Aluminium sulphate (alum) with a known concentration or anionic/cationic
coagulant such as ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride.

THEORY

Raw water and waste water is normally turbid containing solid particles of
varying sizes. Particles with sizes greater than 50 m settle fairly rapidly. The settling
velocities of colloidal particle of sizes less than 50 m are very slow. Thus, these
particles are an courage to collide leading to coalescence of particle to from flocs
particles, which are bigger and heavier. These particle will higher setting velocities
and easily settle out. Colloidal particles do not agglomerate by itself due to the
presence of repulsive surface forces. A process is needed to suppress these forces
so as to allow flocs formation. This process is called coagulation process.

It is actually the addiction of chemical coagulant to the raw water or waste

water. Coagulant that are normally used are salts of aluminium namely aluminium
sulphate and ferric salts namely ferrous sulphate and ferric chloride. The next
process that follows the coagulation process is flocculation. It is the process that
promotes particles collision due to gentle agitation resulting in agglomeration of
smaller non-settle able particles into flocs (bigger particles) which settles easily to
produce clarified water. Addition of coagulant aid such as synthetic polymer will
accelerate settling.

PROCEDURES

1. Select any coagulant aid from the bench.

2. Prepare samples of waste water into six different beakers with one litre each
and label the beakers.
3. Add in coagulant aid with different dosage and one control sample.
4. Run the experiment.
5. Observe the result.

RESULT AND CALCULATION

JAR TEST 1 (Set the coagulant does)
Initial turbidity: 16 NTU

Initial pH: 8.34 23c

pH adjustment (base) : _______mg/L of _________
pH adjustment (acid) : _______mg/L of _________
Coagulant concentration : __________mg/L
Jar No

7.96

7.63

7.43

7.18

6.98

8.05

Coagulant

Control

dose (mg/L)
Agitate

10

10

10

10

10

None

(minute)
Fast (rpm)

40

40

40

40

40

None

Slow (rpm)

None

1.7

2.1

2.8

3.5

11

21

Size

Size

Size

Size

Size

Size

pH

Setting depth
(mm)
Turbidity
(NTU)
Floc formation
(final 10
minutes)

Floc formation can be recorded by referring to the measurement scale as

depicted in figure 1.

Figure 1 : Scale for measurement of floc sizes

DATA ANALYSIS

1. Compare the level of turbidity in each sample.

2. With the aid of a graph, show the relationship between pH and turbidity with
respect to coagulant dosage.

3. From the graph, get the optimum value for pH and coagulant dose of the
coagulation process.

4. Explain the implication of using different dosage of aluminium sulphate in the

treatment process.

DISCUSSION

1. By using aluminium sulphate, the mechanism is:

Al + 3H2O

Al(OH)3 + 3H

2. How the coagulant works?

3. Name three types of acid and base which are suitable for pH
neutralization.

4. What the benefits of using coagulant aids?

5. In what way the dosage of aluminium sulphate in the treatment process

can be reduced?

6. Instead of Al2(SO4)3, name another three coagulant that can be best used
as coagulant aid.

CONCLUSION