Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Estimating is a PROCESS
Information must be:
Assembled
Evaluated
Documented
&managed in an organized manner
Specifications
- Written stipulations stating
Construction methods to
follow
Standards
of
workmanships
Kinds and quality of
materials to be used
Note:
If
there
is
specifications govern
Two Important
Estimates
Materials
Type I
Type II
Type III
in
Preparing
Working Drawings
- Graphical presentation on paper that
enables the reader to visualize and
understand how the building would
be constructed and how it functions
- Includes:
Architectural plans
Perspective
Site Development Plans
Location Plans
Floor Plans
Transverse
Section
and
Longitudinal Plan
Structural Plan
Foundation Plans
Floor-framing Plans
Roof Framings
Detail Plans
Plumbing and Sanitary Plan
Electrical Plan
Mechanical Plan
discrepancy,
Type IV
Type V
Shall be of wood
construction.
Structural
elements
may
be
of
the
materials permitted by
the code.
Shall be of wood
construction
with
protective fire-resistant
materials and an hour
fire-resistive
throughout;
except
that
permanent
nonbearing partitions
may use fire-retardant
treated wood within
the framing assembly.
Shall be of masonry
and
wood
construction, structural
elements may be any
material permitted by
this code. Building
shall be one-hour fire
resistive throughout.
Exterior walls shall be
incombustible
fireresistive construction
Shall be of steel, iron,
concrete or masonry
construction.
Walls
and
permanent
partitions shall be of
incombustible
fireresistive construction;
except,
that
the
permanent nonbearing
partitions of one-hour
fire-resistive
construction framing
assembly.
Shall be fire-resistive
Structural
elements
shall be of steel, iron,
concrete or masonry
construction.
Walls and permanent
partitions shall be
incombustible
fireresistive construction.
Fire zones
- areas within which only certain
types of building are permitted based on
their use, occupancy, type of construction
and resistance to fire.
one
hour
two
hours
three
hours
four
hours
a. Solid Masonry
10 cm
(4in)
15 cm
(6in)
17.8 cm
(7in)
20 cm
(8in)
b. Hollow Unit
Masonry
15 cm
(6in)
20 cm
(8in)
25.4 cm
(10in)
30 cm
(12in)
c. Solid Concrete
10 cm
(4in)
12.5 cm
(5in)
15 cm
(6in)
17.8 cm
(7in)
d. Gypsum Board
2.5 m
(1in)
1. Walls and
Partitions
2. Floors
10 cm
(4in)
Types of
I
Construction
Fire-resistive
Exterior
b. wood joists
standards
bearing/nonhaving two
layers of
1.9 cm bearing walls
flooring above
(3/4in)
Interior
and a plaster
bearing walls
of gypsum
Permanent
board ceiling
partitions
c. thickness
Vertical
6.3 cm
tongue and
(2
openings,
grooved wood
1/2in)
floors and
floors covered
1.9 cm
with flooring
roofs
(3/4in)
theFinishes
for
laid at
right
Structural
15 cm
angles thereto
interior (6in)
frames
the supporting
and
Exterior
beams walls
doors and
ceilings of
3. Metal
windows
any building
Structur
shall be classified according to their
e
a. Masonry or
concrete
member
s with:
a. Solid
Concrete
20 cm
(8in) in
least
2.5cm
dimensio
(1in)
n 1.9 cm
(3/4 in)
b. Masonry
c. Metal lath
with Plaster
3.8 cm
(1
1/2in)
one
layer
2.5 cm
(1in)
3.8 cm (1
1/2 in)
5 cm
(2in)
5 cm (2in)
7.6 cm
(3in)
two layer
1.9 cm
(3/4in)
with air
space
between
(6.3 cmtotal
thickness)
II
III
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
1hr
3/4
hr
3/4
hr
15 cm
(6in) in
least
dimensio
n
Classifications
Description
Group A
Residential:
Dwellings
Group B
Residential:
Hotels and
Apartments
Group C
Education
and
Recreation
Group D
Institutional
1hr
4. wood
columns
5. wood
beams
The smoke
density shall
not
be
4hrs 4hrs
greater than
that obtain
from
the
1hr
3hrs
burning of
1hr
1hr
untreated
wood under
similar
1hr
2hr
conditions
when tested
in
2hrs 3hrs
accordance
with
the
3/4
3/4
Tunnel
hr
hr
Test in the
way intended for use. The products
of combustion shall be no more toxic
than the burning of untreated wood
under similar conditions.
IV
Occupancies
shall
includes
dwellings
includes
boarding or
lodging houses,
hotels,
apartment
houses,
convents and
monasteries
(Accomodating
more than 10
persons)
be any building
used for school
or day care
purposes more
than 8 hours
per week,
involving
assemblage for
instruction,
education or
recreation
not include
buildings used
only for private
purposes or for
family group
Group Ddivision 1
Group Ddivision 2
Group Ddivision 3
Group E
Group Edivision 1
Group Edivision 2
Group Edivision 3
Mental
hospitals,
mental
sanitariums,
jails, prisons
reformatories
Nurseries for
full time-care of
children under
kindergarten
age, hospitals,
sanitariums,
nursing homes
with nonambulatory
patients and
similar buildings
Nursing homes
for ambulatory
patients, homes
for children of
kindergarten
age or over
Business and
Mercantile
Gasoline filling
and service
stations
Wholesale and
retail stores,
office buildings,
drinking and
dining
establishments
Aircraft hangars
buildings where
personal
liberties of
inmates are
similarly
restrained
each
accomodating
more than five
persons
each
accomodating
more than five
persons
include storage
garage and
boat storage
structures
where no work
is done except
exchange of
parts and
maintenance
requiring no
open flame,
welding or the
use of highly
flammable
materials
be having an
occupant load
less than 100,
printing plants,
municipal police
and fire
stations,
factories and
workshops
using materials
not highly
flammable or
combustible,
storage and
sales room for
combustible
goods and paint
stores without
bulk handling
where no repair
work is done
except
exchange of
parts and
maintenance
requiring no
open flame,
welding or the
use of highly
flammable
liquids, open;
open parking
garage and
heliports
Group F
Group G
Group Gdivision 1
Group Gdivision 2
Group Gdivision 3
Group Gdivision 4
Group Gdivision 5
Groupp H
Group Hdivision 1
Industrial
Storage and
Hazardous
Storage and
handling of
hazardous and
highly
flammable or
explosive
materials other
than flammable
liquids
Storage and
handling of
flammable
liquids; dry
cleaning plants
using
flammable
liquids; paint
stores with bulk
handling; paint
shops and
spray painting
rooms and
shops
Wood working
establishments,
planning mills
and box
factories, shops
factories where
loose,
combustible
fibers or dust
are
manufactured,
processed or
generated;
warehouses
where highly
combustible
materials are
stored
Repair Garages
Aircraft repair
hangars
Assembly other
than Group I
Any assembly
building with a
stage and an
occupant load
of less than 100
in the building
shall include:
Ice plants,
power plants,
pumping
plants, cold
storage and
creameries,
factories and
workshops
using
incombustible
and nonexplosive
materials;
storage and
sales room for
incombustible
and nonexplosive
materials
Group Hdivision 2
Group Hdivision 3
Group Hdivision 4
Group I
Any assembly
building without
a stage and an
occupant load
of 100 or more
in the building
Any assembly
building without
a stage and an
occupant load
of less than 300
in the building
including
buildings
Stadiums,
amusement
park, reviewing
stands,
structures not
included in
Group I or
Division 1, 2
and 3, Group H
Occupancies
Assembly
occupant load
1000 or more
Group JDivision 1
Private
garages,
carports, sheds
and agricultural
buildings
Group JDivision 2
Fences over
1.80 mts (6ft)
high, tanks and
towers
include
buildings used
for school
purposes less
than 8 hours
per week
Mixed Occupancy
be any
assembly
building with a
stage and an
occupant load
of 1000 or
more in the
building
Change in Use
One-hour Fire-Resistive
Two-hour Fire-Resistive
Three-hour Fire-Resistive
Four-hour Fire-Resistive
Minimum area
room for
habitations
kitchen
Bathrooms
Least nominal
dimension
6'9''
1.50 m (5')
0.90 sq.m. (3')
School
workshops,
factories, offices
Habitable rooms
minimum air
space
Take note
3 cu.m. (106
cu.ft.)
1 sq.m. (10.7
sq.ft) of floor
area per person
Daytime:
10cu.m. (364
cu.ft.)
Night: 14 cu.m.
(494 cu.ft.)
per adult: 14
cu.m. (494
cu.ft.)
per child under
10: 7 cu.m. (257
cu.ft.)
windows should
be 10% of the
total area
Types of Ventilation
1. Mechanical or Forced Ventilation
- Through an air handling unit or
direct injection to a space by a
fan.
- A local exhaust enhances
infiltration or natural ventilation,
thus increasing ventilation air
flow rate
2. Natural Ventilation
- Process of supplying and
removing air through an indoor
space by natural means.
3. Infiltration
- The uncontrolled of outdoor air
into
a
building
through
unintended leaks in the building
envelope.
- Exfiltration is the opposite
process
Light and vent
Maximum occupancy
Minimum area: 6sq.m. (65sq.ft.) with
the least nominal dimension of 67
Mezzanine
- partial, intermediate floor in any story
having an area not more than of the area
of the room or space.
- not having a dimension less than 1.80 m
or 6ft 4in
Building permit
-
Must:
Install pool
Add or change a porch or sun room
Build deck over 30 of the ground
Install new furnace
Painting,
carpeting
wall
papering,
filing,
Requirements:
Composition of Concrete
Cement
- Portland cement is the most
common type of cement in
general use
- Basic ingredient of concrete,
mortar and plaster
Water
- Combining
water
with
cementitious material forms a
cement post by the process of
hydration
Aggregates
Concrete Production
Concrete Mixing
Cement + water
Hydration
Properties of Concrete
1. Strength
- High compressive but low in
tensile
2. Expansion and Shrinkage
- Very low coefficient of thermal
expansion
3. Cracking
- Shrinkage (volumetric)
- Tension (tension may crack
Mix design
- Complex
- Weight of component is specified
by the requirements of the
project and local building code
and regulation
Types of concrete
Regular concrete
- Long term describing concrete
Glass concrete
High-strength concrete
- Lowering water-cement ratio to
0.35 or lower
Stamped concrete
- An architectural concrete
3/4
- 20mm
- Basic size for structural concrete
mix, pre-stressed or pre-cast
- Used in cities, high rise buildings
3/8
- 10mm
- For high strength concrete mixes
used
densely
reinforced
structures, pre-stressed, precast
concrete product and asphalt
S1
- 5mm
- Crushed sand used in structural
budding, pavement seal coat,
pair ways sand cap and very vital
in all concrete and asphalt
Base coarse
- Composite crushed aggregate
material excellent for pavement
base prior to concreting or
asphalting
Testing of concrete
6% air
11% Portland Cement
41% Gravel
28% Sand
16% Water
C
D
5.49
4.82
0.44
0.45
otherwise specified
Coarse Aggregate- retained on No. 4
(4.76 mm) sieve
Fine Aggregate- passing the 3/8 and
pass no.4 and retained on the no.
200 sieve (74 micronsieve)
Gravel
G1
- Concrete
pavements,
foundations, granular buildings
- Filler for asphalt concrete mixes
with coarse design
Class
Cement
Sand
Sand
Cement
Aggregates
- Materials basically used as filler
with
binding
materials
in
production
of
mortar
and
concrete
- Particles of random shape e.g.
sand, gravel, stone or rocks that
can be crushed into particles
- Refers to
the
Class
mineral
particles
which
AA
10.46 0.42
have
reach as
A
7.85 0.42
their
origin
unless
B
6.49 0.44
Gravel
AA
1
1/2
4000-3500
1
PSI
0.84
2
1/2
0.84
C3000-2500
1
PSI
0.87
D2000-1500
1
3
PSI
1/2
0.89
1000-500 PSI
0.91
Gravel
4000-3500 PSI
3000-2500 PSI
2000-1500 PSI
1000-500 PSI
Factor
Procedure
1. Compute the volume of the concrete
member cubic meter based from the
plan
2. Add the computed volume to the
allowance for wastage
3. Check the class of the concrete
Note: Beam Additional 5%
Quantity(total volume)= estimated volume