Training course on solar cooling

Chapter B :

Basics Principles
funded by

Speaker:

XXXX YYYYY

Most important preliminary points

!

Optimise the building design (orientation, air infiltration, ...)

Insolation of walls/windows/roofs

Protect the enveloppe (solar protections)

Manage air inputs

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Functions to insure

Air treatment

fresh air

! evacuate/ complete thermal

energy
!

evacuate / complete humidity

minimal air speed (0,2 m/s)

air filtering

cooling /
heating with
water circulation

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Comfort concepts

Fixed standard rules

!
!

Comfort conditions (ISO 7730)

!
!
!
!
!
!

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

internal temperature : 25C

relative humidity : 50%

activity degree
thermal resistance (clothes)
internal ambiant temperature
average irradiant temperature
air speed
relative humidity
4

Comfort concept

Efficient standard
29

Room air temperature [C]

German standard DIN 1946 part II
Humidity < 50 %

28
27
26
25
24
23
20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

External temperature [C]

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Principles

Water content
per air volume (g/m3)

1: zone too dry

Relative humidity (%)

! 2,3: zones
favourable for algues
and bacteria
developpment

! 3: zone favourable
for acarians
developpment

! 4: hygrothermal
comfort zone

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Air-conditioning loads
return air

solar loads
(temperature)
internal loads
(temperature +
humdity)

conductive gains
(temperature)
conditioning of fresh air
(temperature + humidity)

supply air

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Loads and their correlation with solar gains

loads, that are

correlated with
meteorological
conditions

internal loads

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

load

correlation with solar gains

radiation gains through

transparent parts of the building
envelope

++
eventually time shift depending on
main orientation of glassed areas
+
time shift due to building thermal
mass
+correlation mainly on a seasonal
level

heat conduction through the

building shell
enthalpy reduction (temperature
and/or humidity decrease of
ventilation air

persons, equipment, artificial

lighting, machines

depending on building type and

use; examples:
office: + (used mainly during the
day)
hotel: +- (high loads in the evening)

Why solar cooling

Zenith
Solar
1000
Solarirradiation
irradiation

93
83

800

Cooling
Cooling
needs
needs

73
63

600

53
43

400
33
23

200

13
0

Hour of the day [h]

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
External
Externaltemperature
temperature

Adequation between loads and ressources..

on the day

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Source : TECSOL

Why solar cooling

1200
190

Irradiation
Irradiation

1000

170

Cooling
Coolingload
load

150

Heating
Heatingload
load

130
110

600

kW

W/m

800

90
400

70
50

200
30

June

Aug

O
kt
ob
er

A
ug
us
t

Ju
li

Jul

Sept

Oct

D
ez
em
be
r

May

Ju
ni

M
ai

A
pr
il

M
r
z

March April

N
ov
em
be
r

Feb

S
ep
te
m
be
r

Jan

10
F
eb
ru
ar

Ja
nu
ar

Nov

Dec

Adequation between needs and ressources. on the year

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

Source : TECSOL

10

Principles

insolation

18

cooling load [kWh/m^2]

Copenhagen
Freiburg
Trapani

15
12
9
6
3
0

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Okt Nov Dec
Source : Fraunhofer, ISE

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

11

Example of annual time patterns

200

150

Example:
Example:
office
office
building
buildingin
in
Madrid
Madrid
Chapter B : Basics - Principles

monthly load, kWh/m

solar

100

50

0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

-2

-50

-4

-100

-6

-150

heating

-8

-200

-10

-250
Source : Fraunhofer, ISE

250

cooling

collector radiation, kWh/m

10

12

Annual loads in different climatic regions

60

50

Merida
Madrid
Copenhagen

Palermo
Freiburg

100.6
kWh

kWh/m2

40

30

20

Example:
Example:
office
office
building
building

10

0
Heating

Humidification

Cooling

Dehumidification

Source : Fraunhofer, ISE

Chapter B : Basics - Principles

13

Disclaimer

This training has been developed in the context of SOLAIR. SOLAIR is a European cooperation project for increasing the market implementation of solar-air-conditioning
systems for small and medium applications in residential and commercial buildings. For
further information on the project or on products of the project see: www.solairproject.eu
The project SOLAIR is supported by the Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) programme of
the European Union promoting energy efficiency and renewables. More details on the
IEE programme can be found on: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html
The sole responsibility for the content of this training lies with the authors. It does not
represent the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not
responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Chapter B : Basics - Principles

14